Chapter 27.

Current and
Chapter 27. Current and
Resistance
Resistance
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
A PowerPoint Presentation by
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics
Southern Polytechnic State University
Southern Polytechnic State University
2007
Objectives:
Objectives:
After completing this
After completing this
module, you should be able to:
module, you should be able to:

Define
Define
electric current
electric current
and
and
electromotive
electromotive
force
force
.
.

Write and apply
Write and apply
Ohm
Ohm

s law
s law
to circuits
to circuits
containing resistance and emf.
containing resistance and emf.

Define
Define
resistivity
resistivity
of a material and apply
of a material and apply
formulas for its calculation.
formulas for its calculation.

Define and apply the concept of
Define and apply the concept of
temperature coefficient of resistance
temperature coefficient of resistance
.
.
Electric Current
Electric Current
Electric current
Electric current
I
I
is the rate of
is the rate of
the flow of charge
the flow of charge
Q
Q
through
through
a cross
a cross
-
-
section
section
A
A
in a unit of
in a unit of
time
time
t
t
.
.
Q
I
t
=
1C
1 A
1 s
=
One ampere A is charge flowing at
the rate of one coulomb per second.
One
One
ampere
ampere
A
A
is charge flowing at
is charge flowing at
the rate of one
the rate of one
coulomb per second
coulomb per second
.
.
A
A
+
+
-
-
Wire
Wire
+Q
+Q
t
t
Example 1.
Example 1.
The electric current in a
The electric current in a
wire is 6 A. How many electrons flow
wire is 6 A. How many electrons flow
past a given point in a time of 3 s?
past a given point in a time of 3 s?
I = 6 A
I = 6 A
;
q
I q It
t
= =
q
q
= (6 A)(3 s) = 18 C
= (6 A)(3 s) = 18 C
Recall that: 1 e
Recall that: 1 e
- -
= 1.6 x 10
= 1.6 x 10
- -19 19
C, then convert:
C, then convert:
( )
-
20
-19
1e
18 C 18 C 1,125 x 10 electrons
1.6 x 10 C
| |
= =
|
\ .
In 3 s: 1.12 x 10
20
electrons
Conventional Current
Conventional Current
Imagine a charged capacitor with
Imagine a charged capacitor with
Q = CV
Q = CV
that is
that is
allowed to discharge.
allowed to discharge.
Electron flow:
Electron flow:
The direction
The direction
of e
of e
- -
flowing from
flowing from

to +.
to +.
Conventional current:
Conventional current:
The motion of +q from
The motion of +q from
+ to
+ to

has same effect.
has same effect.
Electric fields
Electric fields
and
and
potential
potential
are defined in terms
are defined in terms
of
of
+q
+q
, so we will assume
, so we will assume
conventional current
conventional current
(even if electron flow may be the actual flow).
(even if electron flow may be the actual flow).
+
+
-
-
+ -
Electron
flow
+ - + -
e
-
Conventional flow
+
Electromotive Force
Electromotive Force
A
A
source of electromotive force (emf)
source of electromotive force (emf)
is a
is a
device that uses chemical, mechanical or
device that uses chemical, mechanical or
other energy to provide the potential
other energy to provide the potential
difference necessary for electric current.
difference necessary for electric current.
Power lines
Power lines
Battery
Battery
Wind generator
Wind generator
Water Analogy to EMF
Water Analogy to EMF
Low
pressure
Pump Water
High
pressure
Valve
Water
Flow
Constriction
Source of
EMF
Resistor
High
potential
Low
potential
Switch
E
R
I
+ -
The
The
source of emf
source of emf
(pump) provides the
(pump) provides the
voltage
voltage
(pressure) to force
(pressure) to force
electrons
electrons
(water) through
(water) through
electric
electric
resistance
resistance
(narrow constriction).
(narrow constriction).
Electrical Circuit Symbols
Electrical Circuit Symbols
Electrical circuits
Electrical circuits
often contain one or more
often contain one or more
resistors grouped together and attached to
resistors grouped together and attached to
an energy source, such as a battery.
an energy source, such as a battery.
The following symbols are often used:
The following symbols are often used:
+ - + -
- + - + -
Ground
Battery
-
+
Resistor
Electric Resistance
Electric Resistance
Suppose we apply a constant potential difference
Suppose we apply a constant potential difference
of
of
4 V
4 V
to the ends of geometrically similar rods
to the ends of geometrically similar rods
of, say: steel, copper, and glass.
of, say: steel, copper, and glass.
4 V 4 V 4 V
Steel Copper Glass
I
s
I
c
I
g
The current in glass is much less than for
The current in glass is much less than for
steel or iron, suggesting a property of
steel or iron, suggesting a property of
materials called
materials called
electrical resistance R.
electrical resistance R.
Ohm
Ohm

s Law
s Law
Ohm
Ohm

s law
s law
states that the current
states that the current
I
I
through a
through a
given conductor is directly proportional to the
given conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference
potential difference
V
V
between its end points.
between its end points.
Ohm
Ohm

s law allows us to define

s law allows us to define
resistance R
resistance R
and to write the following forms of the law:
and to write the following forms of the law:
' : Ohm s law I V
; ;
V V
I V IR R
R I
= = =
Example 2.
Example 2.
When a
When a
3
3
-
-
V
V
battery is
battery is
connected to a light, a current of
connected to a light, a current of
6 mA
6 mA
is observed. What is the resistance of
is observed. What is the resistance of
the light filament?
the light filament?
Source of
EMF
R
I
+ -
V = 3 V
6 mA
3.0 V
0.006 A
V
R
I
= =
R = 500 O
R
R
= 500
= 500 O
The
The
SI unit
SI unit
for electrical
for electrical
resistance is the
resistance is the
ohm
ohm
,
, O:
1 V
1
1 A
O =
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Rheostat
Source of
Source of
EMF
EMF
Rheostat
A
Laboratory Circuit Symbols
Laboratory Circuit Symbols
V
Emf
-
+
Factors Affecting Resistance
Factors Affecting Resistance
1. The
1. The
length L
length L
of the material. Longer
of the material. Longer
materials have greater resistance.
materials have greater resistance.
1
1 O
L
L
2
2 O
2L
2L
2. The cross
2. The cross
-
-
sectional
sectional
area A
area A
of the material.
of the material.
Larger areas offer
Larger areas offer
LESS
LESS
resistance.
resistance.
2
2 O
A
A
1
1 O
2A
2A
Factors Affecting R (Cont.)
Factors Affecting R (Cont.)
3. The
3. The
temperature T
temperature T
of the material. The
of the material. The
higher temperatures usually result in
higher temperatures usually result in
higher
higher
resistances.
resistances.
4. The kind of
4. The kind of
material
material
. Iron has more
. Iron has more
electrical resistance than a geometrically
electrical resistance than a geometrically
similar copper conductor.
similar copper conductor.
R
R
o o
R > R
R > R
o o
R
R
i i
>
>
R
R
c c
Copper
Copper
Iron
Iron
Resistivity of a Material
Resistivity of a Material
The
The
resistivity
resistivity

is a property of a material
is a property of a material
that determines its electrical resistance
that determines its electrical resistance
R
R
.
.
Recalling that
Recalling that
R
R
is directly proportional
is directly proportional
to length
to length
L
L
and inversely proportional
and inversely proportional
to area
to area
A
A
, we may write:
, we may write:
or
L RA
R
A L
= =
The unit of resistivity is the
The unit of resistivity is the
ohm
ohm
-
-
meter (
meter (
O
O-

m)
Example 3.
Example 3.
What
What
length
length
L
L
of copper wire is
of copper wire is
required to produce a
required to produce a
4
4
m
m
O
O

resistor? Assume
resistor? Assume
the diameter of the wire is
the diameter of the wire is
1 mm
1 mm
and that the
and that the
resistivity
resistivity

of copper is
of copper is
1.72 x 10
1.72 x 10
- -8 8
O
O
. .
m
m
.
.
2 2
(0.001 m)
4 4
D
A
t t
= =
A
A
= 7.85 x 10
= 7.85 x 10
- -7 7
m
m
2 2
L
R
A
=
-7 2
-8
(0.004 )(7.85 x 10 m)
1.72 x 10 m
RA
L

O
= =
O
L = 0.183 m
Required length is:
Required length is:
Temperature Coefficient
Temperature Coefficient
For most materials, the resistance
For most materials, the resistance
R
R
changes
changes
in proportion to the initial resistance
in proportion to the initial resistance R
o
and
and
to the change in temperature
to the change in temperature
A
A
t
t
.
.
0
R R t o A = A
Change in
Change in
resistance:
resistance:
The
The
temperature coefficient of resistance,
temperature coefficient of resistance,
o
o

is
is
the change in resistance per unit resistance
the change in resistance per unit resistance
per unit degree change of temperature.
per unit degree change of temperature.
0
0
1
; Units:
C
R
R t
o
A
=
A
Example 4.
Example 4.
The resistance of a copper wire is
The resistance of a copper wire is
4.00
4.00
m
m
O
O

at
at
20
20
0 0
C
C
. What will be its resistance if
. What will be its resistance if
heated to
heated to
80
80
0 0
C
C
? Assume that
? Assume that
o
o
= 0.004 /C
= 0.004 /C
o o
.
.
0 0
0
; (0.004/C )(4 m )(60 C ) R R t R o A = A A = O
R
R
o o
= 4.00
= 4.00
m
m
O
O
;
;
A
A
t
t
= 80
= 80
o o
C
C

20
20
o o
C = 60 C
C = 60 C
o o
AR = 1.03 mO
AR = 1.03 mO R = R
R = R
o o
+
+
A
A
R
R
R =
R =
4.00
4.00
m
mO

+ 1.03
m
mO
R = 5.03 mO
R = 5.03 mO
Electric Power
Electric Power
Electric power
Electric power
P
P
is the rate at which electric
is the rate at which electric
energy is expended, or work per unit of time.
energy is expended, or work per unit of time.
V q
V
To charge C: Work =
To charge C: Work =
qV
qV
and
Work qV q
P I
t t t
= = =
Substitute
Substitute
q = It ,
q = It ,
then:
then:
VIt
P
t
=
P = VI
I
Calculating Power
Calculating Power
Using Ohm
Using Ohm

s law, we can find electric

s law, we can find electric
power
power
from any two of the following parameters:
from any two of the following parameters:
current
current
I
I
,
,
voltage
voltage
V
V
, and
, and
resistance
resistance
R
R
.
.
Ohm
Ohm

s law:
s law:
V = IR
V = IR
2
2
; ;
V
P VI P I R P
R
= = =
Example 5.
Example 5.
A power tool is rated at
A power tool is rated at
9 A
9 A
when used with a circuit that provides
when used with a circuit that provides
120
120
-
-
V.
V.
What power is used in operating this tool?
What power is used in operating this tool?
P = VI =
P = VI =
(120 V)(9 A)
(120 V)(9 A)
P = 1080 W
P = 1080 W
Example 6.
Example 6.
A 500
A 500
-
-
W heater draws a current
W heater draws a current
of 10 A. What is the resistance?
of 10 A. What is the resistance?
R = 5.00 O
R = 5.00 O
2
2 2
500 W
;
(10 A)
P
P I R R
I
= = =
Summary of Formulas
Summary of Formulas
Q
I
t
=
1C
1 A
1 s
=
Electric
current:
Electric
current:
; ;
V V
I V IR R
R I
= = =
Ohms Law
Ohms Law
1 volt
Resistance: 1 ohm
1 ampere
=
Temperature coefficient of resistance:
Temperature coefficient of resistance:
Summary (Cont.)
Summary (Cont.)
or
L RA
R
A L
= =
0
0
1
; Units:
C
R
R t
o
A
=
A
2
2
; ;
V
P VI P I R P
R
= = =
0
R R t o A = A
Resistivity of
materials:
Resistivity of
Resistivity of
materials:
materials:
Electric
Power P:
Electric
Power P:
CONCLUSION: Chapter 27
CONCLUSION: Chapter 27
Current and Resistance
Current and Resistance