True/False Questions 1. According to the opening case, today, Cemex specializes in delivering concrete in the most technologically advanced parts of the world. Answer: False Level: 2 age: !1 "ype: F 2. #anagers today face the $ltimate paradox: %eep everything r$nning efficiently and profita&ly, while, at the same time, change everything. Answer: "r$e Level: ' age: !2 "ype: F '. (t$dying history is a way to achieve strategic thin%ing, see the &ig pict$re, and improve concept$al s%ills. Answer: "r$e Level: 2 age: !' "ype: F !. olitical forces are aspects of a c$lt$re that g$ide and infl$ence relationships among people. Answer: False Level: 1 age: !' "ype: F ). "he $nwritten, common r$les and perceptions a&o$t relationships among people and &etween employees and management refers to the economic contract. Answer: False Level: 1 age: !' "ype: F *. +conomic forces pertain to the availa&ility, prod$ction, and distri&$tion of reso$rces in a society. Answer: "r$e Level: 1 age: !' "ype: F ,. "he early st$dy of management as we %now it today &egan with what is now called the technology-driven wor%place. Answer: False Level: 2 age: !) "ype: F .. "he classical perspective on management emerged d$ring the early eighteenth cent$ry. Answer: False Level: 2 age: !) "ype: F Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page 3 /. Frederic% 0. "aylor developed (cientific #anagement and emphasized the fo$rteen principles of management that sho$ld g$ide managerial &ehavior. Answer: False Level: 1 age: !* "ype: F 11. (cientific management developed a standard method for performing each 2o&. Answer: "r$e Level: 1 age: !* "ype: F 11. (ince "aylor was the sole contri&$tor in the area of scientific management, he was awarded the title of 3father of scientific management.4 Answer: False Level: 1 age: !* "ype: F 12. 5ne of the important reasons for the s$ccess of 6( is the concept of &$rea$cracy. Answer: "r$e Level: 2 age: !. "ype: F 1'. #ax 0e&er emphasized efficiency instead of effectiveness in organizations thro$gh his &$rea$cratic model. Answer: False Level: 1 age: !. "ype: F 1!. Fayol7s 6nity of 8irection rinciple emphasizes that each s$&ordinate receives orders from one, and only one. Answer: False Level: 2 age: )1 "ype: F 1). 6nity of direction principle proposes that similar activities in an organization sho$ld &e gro$ped together $nder one manager. Answer: "r$e Level: 1 age: )1 "ype: F 1*. "he hypothetical chain that provides horizontal lin%s &etween $nionized wor%ers in different departments in an organization is called the scalar chain. Answer: False Level: 2 age: )1 "ype: F 1,. Follett and 9arnard were early advocates of a more h$manistic perspective on management that emphasized the importance of $nderstanding h$man &ehavior, needs, and attit$des in the wor%place as well as social interactions and gro$p processes. Answer: "r$e Level: 2 age: )1 "ype: F 1.. #ost early interpretations of the :awthorne st$dies agreed that money was the ca$se of the increased o$tp$t. Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page 32 Answer: False Level: 2 age: )2 "ype: F 1/. "he :awthorne st$dies led to the early concl$sion that positive h$man relations can lead to significantly higher performance. Answer: "r$e Level: 1 age: )2 "ype: F 21. #aslow;s hierarchy of needs started with &elongingness, progressed to safety, and finally to esteem. Answer: False Level: 2 age: )' "ype: F 21. According to 8o$glas #c<regor, "heory = and "heory > provide two opposing views of wor%ers, where "heory = recognizes that wor%ers en2oy achievement and responsi&ility, while "heory > recognizes that wor%ers will avoid wor% whenever possi&le. Answer: False Level: 1 age: )! "ype: F 22. "heory > proposes that organizations can ta%e advantage of the imagination and intellect of all of their employees. Answer: "r$e Level: 2 age: )! "ype: F 2'. "he &ehavioral science approach develops theories a&o$t h$man &ehavior &ased on scientific methods and st$dy. Answer: "r$e Level: 1 age: )! "ype: F 2!. 5perations management represents the field of management that specializes in the physical prod$ction of goods and services. Answer: "r$e Level: 1 age: ), "ype: F 2). "here are fo$r components to the systems theory: inp$ts, o$tp$ts, feed&ac% and the c$stomers. Answer: False Level: 1 age: ), "ype: F 2*. 5$tp$ts, from a systems theory viewpoint, are the material, h$man, financial, or information reso$rces $sed to prod$ce goods and services. Answer: False Level: 2 age: ), "ype: F 2,. ?n systems theory, an open system is open to the s$ggestions and recommendations of its wor%ers. Answer: False Level: 1 age: ), "ype: F Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page 33 2.. 0hen the shop foreman receives and rewards val$a&le s$ggestions from its wor%ers, and this leads to contin$al improvement of prod$ction, synergy has occ$rred. Answer: "r$e Level: 2 age: ). "ype: A 2/. 5ne of the advantages provided &y good coordination within an organization is that entropy is red$ced. Answer: False Level: 2 age: ). "ype: F '1. "o s$rvive, closed systems m$st interact with the environment. Answer: False Level: 1 age: ). "ype: F '1. Contingency theory s$ggests that managers wo$ld &e more s$ccessf$l if they learned the &est way to manage and motivate their employees, and then applied this %nowledge in a $niversally consistent way. Answer: False Level: 2 age: )/ "ype: A '2. "he inherent foc$s of "@# is on managing the total organization to deliver A$ality to the c$stomer. Answer: "r$e Level: 1 age: )/ "ype: F ''. 9enchmar%ing involves finding o$t what the c$stomer wants. Answer: False Level: 2 age: *1 "ype: F '!. "he implementation of small, incremental improvements in all areas of the organization on an ongoing &asis refers to contin$o$s improvement. Answer: "r$e Level: 1 age: *1 "ype: F '). "he learning organization is an attit$de or philosophy a&o$t what an organization can &ecome. Answer: "r$e Level: 2 age: *1 "ype: F '*. Altho$gh team leadership is critical, in learning organizations the traditional &oss is practically eliminated. Answer: "r$e Level: 2 age: *1 "ype: F ',. ?n learning organizations, managers learn to thin% in terms of Bcontrol overB rather than Bcontrol withB others. Answer: False Level: 1 age: *1 "ype: F Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page 3! '.. "he f$ndamental $nit in a learning organization is command-and-control management teams. Answer: False Level: 2 age: *1 "ype: F '/. <iving employees the power, freedom, %nowledge, and s%ills to ma%e decisions and perform effectively refers to empowerment. Answer: "r$e Level: 1 age: *1 "ype: F !1. eople are a cost to &e minimized for managers in learning organizations. Answer: False Level: 2 age: *1 "ype: F !1. eter 8r$c%er coined the word %nowledge wor% more than !1 years ago. Answer: "r$e Level: 2 age: *! "ype: F Multiple Choi"e Questions 1. 0hich of these, according to the opening case, represents a management challenge for CemexC a. Finding an Asian headA$arter given its foc$s on the developing world &. Locating opport$nities in the advanced part of the world c. Finding a &$siness approach that accepted, rather than resisted, the nat$ral chaos of the mar%etplace d. Finding entreprene$rial s$ppliers to match Cemex;s innovative c$lt$re e. ?ntrod$cing information technology in a m$ndane cement &$siness Answer: c Level: ' age: !1 "ype: F 2. (am 0alton was way ahead of open-&oo% management when he DDDDDDDDDD toEwith the employees in the 1/*1s. a. opened the financial records &. allowed decision ma%ing c. gave &on$ses d. developed technology s%ills e. managed the openings of 0al-#art Answer: a Level: 2 age: !2 "ype: F '. A significant changing force in today;s wor%force are the changing attit$des of Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page 3# DDDDDDDDDD. a. s$ppliers &. c$stomers c. generation = employees d. C+5;s and &oard mem&ers e. ind$stry leaders Answer: c Level: 2 age: !' "ype: F !. 0hich of these forces refer to those aspects of a c$lt$re that g$ide and infl$ence relationships among peopleC a. (ocial &. olitical c. +conomic d. "echnological e. Legal Answer: a Level: 1 age: !' "ype: F ). 0hich of these forces comprises $nwritten, common r$les and perceptions a&o$t relationshipsC a. +conomic force &. olitical force c. (ocial force d. Legal force e. ersonal force Answer: c Level: 1 age: !' "ype: F *. "he passage of new laws, s$ch as the Family Leave Act, exemplify the effect of a. economic forces. &. political forces. c. social forces. d. technological forces. e. h$man relations force. Answer: & Level: 2 age: !' "ype: A ,. 0hich of these forces pertain to the availa&ility, prod$ction, and distri&$tion of reso$rces in a societyC a. (ocial &. olitical c. +conomic Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page 3$ d. "echnological e. Legal Answer: c Level: 1 age: !' "ype: F .. ?nterest rates, inflation, and trade &arriers are all examples of forces. a. technology &. political c. social d. economic e. none of the a&ove Answer: d Level: 2 age: !' "ype: F /. "he stim$l$s for technological innovation is often fo$nd in which of theseC a. (ocial forces &. olitical forces c. +conomic forces d. Competitive forces e. All of the a&ove Answer: c Level: 1 age: !'-!! "ype: F 11. 0hich of these is the most c$rrent management perspectiveC a. "he learning organization &. Contingency views c. (ystems theory d. "he technology-drive wor%place e. Classical perspective Answer: d Level: 2 age: !! "ype: F 11. 8$ring diffic$lt times, managers often loo% for ideas to cope with DDDDDDDDDD t$r&$lence. a. environmental &. employee c. mar%et share d. ind$stry e. legal Answer: a Level: 2 age: !! "ype: F 12. "he railroads and internet serve the same &asic f$nction: DDDDDDDDDD. a. transporting information Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page 3% &. connecting &$yers and sellers c. traveling with speed d. managing prod$ct e. developing ind$stry performance Answer: & Level: 2 age: !) "ype: F 1'. "he nineteenth and early twentieth cent$ries saw the development of which management perspectiveC a. "he h$man relations movement &. "he &ehavioral sciences approach c. "he classical perspective d. "he A$antitative management approach e. "he "@# approach Answer: c Level: 2 age: !) "ype: F 1!. 0hich of these perspectives emphasize a rational, scientific approach to the st$dy of management and so$ght to ma%e organizations efficient operating machinesC a. "he h$man relations movement &. "he &ehavioral sciences approach c. "he scientific management movement d. "he A$antitative management approach e. "he "@# approach Answer: c Level: 1 age: !* "ype: F 1). Fran% <il&reth felt that efficiency eA$ated with DDDDDDDDDD. a. one &est way to do wor% &. leadership flows from the top down c. proced$res and policies d. scientific management e. &$rea$cracy Answer: a Level: 2 age: !* "ype: F 1*. DDDDDDDDDD is considered the 3first lady of management.4 a. #ary ar%er Follett &. Lillian <il&reth c. Carly Fioroni d. #axine 0e&er e. Anne Adams Answer: & Level: 2 age: !* "ype: F Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page 3& 1,. "he three s$&fields of the classical perspective incl$de a. A$antitative management, &ehavioral science, and administrative management. &. &$rea$cratic organization, A$antitative management, and the h$man relations movement. c. administrative management, &$rea$cratic organization, and scientific management. d. scientific management, A$antitative management, and administrative management. e. none of the a&ove. Answer: c Level: 2 age: !* "ype: F 1.. 0ho is considered as the 3father of scientific managementC4 a. Fran% 9. <il&reth &. +lton #ayo c. :enry <antt d. 8o$glas #c<regor e. Frederic% 0. "aylor Answer: e Level: 1 age: !* "ype: F 1/. DDDDDDDDDD is a &ar graph that meas$res planned and completed wor% along each stage of prod$ction &y time elapsed. a. "ime and 0or% chart &. <antt chart c. "ime and #otion chart d. rod$ction and 8elivery chart e. <il&reth chart Answer: & Level: 1 age: !* "ype: F 21. Fredric% "aylor7s contri&$tions were in the field of a. scientific management. &. h$man reso$rce management. c. h$man relations. d. A$antitative management. e. total A$ality management. Answer: a Level: 1 age: !* "ype: F 21. 0hich of the following is not a criticism of scientific managementC a. ?t does not appreciate the social context of wor%. Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page 3' &. ?t does not appreciate the higher needs of wor%ers. c. ?t does not appreciate the caref$l st$dy of tas%s and 2o&s. d. ?t does not ac%nowledge variance among individ$als. e. ?t tends to regard wor%ers as $ninformed and ignored their ideas and s$ggestions. Answer: c Level: 2 age: !,-!. "ype: F 22. (tandardization of wor% and wage incentives are characteristics of a. &$rea$cratic organizations. &. scientific management. c. A$antitative management. d. administrative management. e. &ehavioral science.
Answer: & Level: 2 age: !, "ype: F 2'. 0e&er felt selection of employees sho$ld &e &ased on: a. ed$cation &. competence c. connections d. management s%ills e. efficient systems Answer: & Level: 2 age: !. "ype: F 2!. 0hich of these is a ma2or criticism of scientific managementC a. ?t ignored the social context of wor%. &. ?t ignored the impact of compensation on performance. c. ?t overemphasized individ$al differences. d. ?t overemphasized the intelligence of wor%ers. e. ?t emphasized the social context of wor%. Answer: a Level: 2 age: !. "ype: F 2). 9$rea$cratic organizations approach was a s$&field within the DDDDDDDDDD. a. classical perspective &. systems theory c. scientific management d. learning organization e. management science view Answer: a Level: 2 age: !. "ype: F 2*. 5rganizations, according to 0e&er7s ideas on &$rea$cracy, sho$ld &e &ased on which of Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page !( theseC a. ersonal loyalty &. ersonal references c. Fational a$thority d. Family ties e. Charismatic a$thority Answer: c Level: 2 age: !. "ype: F 2,. ositions organized in a hierarchy of a$thority is an important characteristic of a. scientific management. &. &$rea$cratic organizations. c. A$antitative management. d. the h$man relations movement. e. total A$ality management. Answer: & Level: 1 age: !. "ype: F 2.. Archies; AntiA$es, ?nc., is characterized &y separation of management from ownership and &y clearly defined lines of a$thority and responsi&ility. "hese characteristics are consistent with the principles of a. scientific management. &. &$rea$cratic organizations. c. administrative management theory. d. h$man reso$rce management. e. all of the a&ove. Answer: & Level: 2 age: !. "ype: A 2/. 0hich of the following is G5" a characteristic of 0e&erian &$rea$cracyC a. La&or is divided with clear definitions of a$thority and responsi&ility that are legitimized as official d$ties. &. ositions are organized in a hierarchy of a$thority, with each position $nder the a$thority of a higher one. c. All personnel are selected and promoted &ased on technical A$alifications. d. Administrative acts and decisions are recorded in writing. e. #anagement is the same as the ownership of the organization. Answer: e Level: ' age: !. "ype: F '1. 6( is s$ccessf$l in the small pac%age delivery mar%et. 5ne important reason for this s$ccess is the concept of a. glo&alization. Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page ! &. employee flexi&ility. c. loose standards. d. &$rea$cracy. e. non-&$rea$cratic organizational system. Answer: d Level: 2 ages: !/ "ype: F '1. (cientific management foc$sed on DDDDDDDDDD, and administrative principles foc$sed on DDDDDDDDDD. a. individ$al prod$ctivity, total organization &. organization prod$ctivity, individ$al effort c. efficient proced$res, management &y principle d. employee a&ility, employee loyalty e. employee competence, wor% flow thro$gh the organization Answer: a Level: 2 age: !/ "ype: F '2. #ary ar%er Follett contri&$ted to which fieldC a. Administrative principles approach to management &. (cientific management approach c. "otal A$ality management approach d. @$antitative approach to management e. (ystems approach to management Answer: a Level: 1 age: )1 "ype: F ''. #ary ar%er Follett tho$ght of leadership as DDDDDDDDDD, rather than techniA$es. a. systems &. top managers c. people d. efficiencies e. floor managers Answer: c Level: 2 age: )1 "ype: F '!. Chester 9ernard felt that DDDDDDDDDD co$ld help a poorly managed organization. a. &$rea$cracy &. line managers c. efficiencies d. informal relations e. topEdown flow of information Answer: d Level: 2 age: )1 "ype: F '). "he assem&ly line is most consistent with which of the following general principles of Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page !2 managementC a. 6nity of command &. 8ivision of wor% c. 6nity of direction d. (calar chain e. @$ality management Answer: c Level: 2 age: )1 "ype: A '*. "he principle that similar activities in an organization sho$ld &e gro$ped together $nder one manager is the essence of the classical perspective %nown as a. $nity of command. &. division of wor%. c. $nity of direction. d. scalar chain. e. A$ality management. Answer: c Level: 2 age: )1 "ype: F ',. "he $se of specialization to prod$ce more and &etter wor% with the same level of effort is consistent with the administrative management principle of a. $nity of command. &. $nity of direction. c. scalar chain. d. division of wor%. e. none of the a&ove Answer: d Level: 1 age: )1 "ype: F '.. 0hich of these refers to a chain of a$thority extending from top to the &ottom of the organization and incl$ding every employeeC a. 6nity of command &. 8ivision of la&or c. 6nity of direction d. (calar chain e. Gone of the a&ove Answer: d Level: 1 age: )1 "ype: F '/. A social gro$p within an organization is part of the a. formal organizational str$ct$re. &. informal organization. c. scalar chain. Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page !3 d. reorganization process. e. top management level. Answer: & Level: 1 age: )1 "ype: F !1. A significant contri&$tion of Chester 9arnard was the concept of a. &$rea$cracy. &. the informal organization. c. total A$ality management. d. scientific management. e. traditional theory of a$thority. Answer: & Level: 1 age: )1 "ype: F !1. 0hich of these emphasized power sharing &etween managers and employeesC a. :$manistic perspective &. Classical perspective c. (cientific management d. 9$rea$cratic organizations e. Contingency perspective Answer: a Level: 1 age: )1 "ype: F !2. 0hich management theory states that people have free willC a. h$man relations movement &. acceptance theory of a$thority c. management science d. &$rea$cracy e. administrative principles Answer: & Level: 2 age: )1 "ype: F !'. 0hich of these refers to the management thin%ing and practice that emphasizes satisfaction of employees7 &asic needs is the %ey to increased wor%er prod$ctivityC a. (cientific management perspective &. :$man reso$rce perspective c. #anagement science perspective d. 9ehavioral sciences approach e. :$man relations movement Answer: e Level: 2 age: )2 "ype: F !!. A Bdiary farmB view of management, i.e., contented cows give more mil%, so satisfied wor%ers will give more wor% was espo$sed &y Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page !! a. h$man relations management. &. h$man reso$rce perspective. c. &ehavioral science approach. d. management science perspective. e. none of the a&ove. Answer: a Level: 2 age: )2 "ype: F !). #ost early interpretations of the :awthorne st$dies arg$ed that the factor that &est explained increased o$tp$t was a. money. &. days off. c. h$man relations. d. lighting. e. free food. Answer: c Level: 2 age: )2 "ype: F !*. #aslow;s hierarchy of needs started with which of these needsC a. +steem &. Love c. (afety d. hysiological e. 9elongingness Answer: d Level: 1 age: )' "ype: F !,. "he h$man reso$rces perspective of management lin%s leadership with DDDDDDDDDD. a. top management &. employee tas%s c. floor managers d. efficiencies e. profit maximization Answer: & Level: 2 age: )' "ype: F !.. ?n &$ilding ?9# in 1/1!, 0atson;s %ey to increased prod$ctivity was DDDDDDDDDD. a. &$rea$cracy &. to$gh leadership c. employee centered management d. scientific management e. profit maximization Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page !# Answer: c Level: 2 age: )' "ype: F !/. "he classical perspective on management, according to 8o$glas #c<regor, is consistent with which of the followingC a. "heory = manager &. "heory > manager c. "heory H manager d. "heory A manager e. Gone of the a&ove Answer: a Level: 2 age: )! "ype: F )1. "ommy &elieves his employees are responsi&le, creative, and a&le to wor% with minimal direction. :e is a a. "heory = manager. &. "heory > manager. c. "heory H manager. d. "heory A manager. e. contingency theory manager. Answer: & Level: 2 age: )! "ype: A )1. 9eth 9rant, prod$ction s$pervisor at "r$stworthy "ools #fg., ?nc. &elieves that her employees disli%e wor%, avoid responsi&ility, and therefore they need to &e controlled and directed. 9eth is a a. "heory = manager. &. "heory > manager. c. realistic manager. d. "heory H manager. e. "heory I manager. Answer: a Level: ' age: )! "ype: A )2. According to yo$r text, which of the following organizations s$ccessf$lly practices "heory >C a. 6nited arcel (ervice &. (ignet ainting, ?nc. c. 6.(. ostal (ervice d. Alcan Al$min$m Ltd. JAAK e. All of the a&ove Answer: & Level: 2 age: )! "ype: F )'. "he &ehavioral sciences approach is &ased on which of the following disciplinesC Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page !$ a. Anthropology &. +conomics c. (ociology d. sychology e. All of the a&ove Answer: e Level: 1 age: )! "ype: F )!. 5rganizational development is one specific set of management techniA$es &ased in the DDDDDDDD approach. a. management science &. systems theory c. &ehavioral sciences d. scientific management e. A$antitative Answer: c Level: 2 age: )! "ype: F )). "he management science perspective emerged after 0orld 0ard ?? to treat pro&lems associated with a. modern glo&al warfare. &. environmental iss$es. c. employee involvement. d. <ermany. e. improving man$fact$ring. Answer: a Level: 2 age: ))-)* "ype: F )*. "he management science perspective applies all of the following to managerial pro&lems +=C+" a. statistics. &. A$alitative techniA$es. c. mathematics. d. A$antitative techniA$es. e. all of the a&ove are correct. Answer: & Level: 2 age: )* "ype: F ),. 0hich of the following wo$ld &e classified as inp$t for Coca-Cola, ?nc.C a. (oda &. Advertising c. 0ater d. +mployee satisfaction Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page !% e. All of the a&ove Answer: c Level: 2 age: ), "ype: A ).. 0hich of the following wo$ld &e classified as an o$tp$t for Coca-Cola, ?nc.C a. (oda &. rofits c. +mployee satisfaction d. All of the a&ove e. Gone of the a&ove Answer: d Level: ' age: ), "ype: A )/. 5perations research grew o$t of 0orld 0ar ?? gro$ps and is &ased on DDDDDDDDDD. a. gro$p dynamics &. employees in crisis c. prod$ction in t$r&$lent times d. mathematical eA$ations e. a h$manistic approach Answer: d Level: 2 age: ), "ype: F *1. According to the systems theory, a &ea$tician at a hair salon wo$ld &e aJnK a. o$tp$t. &. environment. c. inp$t. d. transformation process. e. none of the a&ove. Answer: c Level: ' age: ), "ype: A *1. For ?9#, according to the systems theory, which of these wo$ld not &e an inp$tC a. Faw material &. ?nformation c. Financial reso$rces d. :$man reso$rces e. +mployee satisfaction Answer: e Level: 2 age: ), "ype: A *2. 0hich of these is not a component of systems theoryC a. ?np$ts &. A$tonomy Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page !& c. Feed&ac% d. +nvironment e. 5$tp$ts Answer: & Level: 2 age: ), "ype: F *'. 0hich of the following, according to the systems theory, is transformation process for a &$sinessC a. ?ncoming trainees &. Fetiring employees c. #anagers d. "raining e. Fecr$iters Answer: d Level: 2 age: ), "ype: A *!. "he teamwor% philosophy is &ased in part on the ass$mption that five people wor%ing together can prod$ce more than five people wor%ing individ$ally. "his philosophy is consistent with the concept of a. transformation. &. entropy. c. synergy. d. feed&ac%. e. A$ality. Answer: c Level: ' age: ), "ype: A *). 0hich of these m$st interact with the environment to s$rviveC a. Closed system &. +ntropy c. (ynergy d. 6niversal view e. 5pen system Answer: e Level: 1 age: ), "ype: F **. "hen tendency for a system to r$n down and die refers to a. entropy. &. synergy. c. open system. d. case property. e. contingency perspective. Answer: a Level: 1 age: ). "ype: F Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page !' *,. ?t is often diffic$lt to ma%e decisions a&o$t s$&systems, &eca$se they are DDDDDDDDDD. a. interdependent &. independent c. managed differently d. filled with employees e. organizationally &ased Answer: a Level: 2 age: ). "ype: F *.. 11 L 11 M 2) reflects which of theseC a. +ntropy &. (ynergy c. 5pen system d. Closed system e. 0e&erian math Answer: & Level: ' age: ). "ype: F */. ?n which of the following perspectives is every sit$ation viewed as $niA$eC a. A $niversalist view &. A contingency view c. A case view d. (cientific management view e. Gone of the a&ove Answer: c Level: 2 age: )/ "ype: F ,1. DDDDDDDDDD is often considered the 3father of the A$ality movement.4 a. 0e&er &. <il&reth c. Follett d. 8eming e. <ehr%e Answer: d Level: 2 age: )/ "ype: F ,1. 0hich of these foc$ses on managing the whole organization to deliver A$ality to c$stomersC a. 9$rea$cracy &. "heory H c. #anagement-&y-o&2ective d. "otal @$ality #anagement Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page #( e. 5rganization-c$stomer relationship Answer: d Level: 1 age: )/ "ype: F ,2. +lements of "@# incl$de a. employee detachment. &. foc$s on profits. c. &enchmar%ing. d. accidental improvement. e. all of the a&ove. Answer: c Level: 1 age )/ "ype: F ,'. ?n order to determine how to deal with a pro&lem employee, (haron eval$ated the employee, the pro&lem, and the context in which the pro&lem occ$rred. (he is applying which of the following perspectivesC a. articipative view &. 6niversalist view c. A$tonomy view d. Contingency view e. :$manist view Answer: d Level: ' age: )/ "ype: A ,!. A cons$ltant who recommends the effectiveness of sensitivity training to every organization he serves is violating the &asics of which of the following perspectivesC a. +fficiency perspective &. 6niversalist perspective c. Contingency perspective d. (cientific management perspective e. @$antitative perspective Answer: c Level: 2 age: )/ "ype: A ,). 0hich of these is a process where&y companies find o$t how others do something &etter than they do and then try to imitate or improve on itC a. "@# &. Contin$o$s improvement c. 9enchmar%ing d. +mpowerment e. #95 Answer: c Level: 1 age: *1 "ype: F Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page # ,*. ?n a DDDDDDDDDD organization all employees loo% for pro&lems. a. contin$o$s improvement &. &$rea$cratic c. empowered d. learning e. total A$ality management Answer: d Level: 2 age: *1 "ype: F ,,. "he implementation of small incremental improvements in all areas of the organization on an ongoing &asis is referred to as a. &enchmar%ing. &. empowerment. c. systems theory. d. contingency perspective. e. contin$o$s improvement. Answer: e Level: 1 age: *1 "ype: F ,.. 0hich of these teams is the f$ndamental $nit in a learning organizationC a. ?nformal &. Nertical c. ?nd$strial d. (elf-directed e. 6nion-&ased Answer: d Level: 2 age: *1 "ype: F ,/. ?n learning organizations, isJareK a manager7s primary so$rce of strength, not a cost to &e minimized. a. technology &. competitors c. government d. levels of management e. people Answer: e Level: 2 age: *1 "ype: F .1. 8eveloping a learning organization involves ma%ing specific changes in all of the following areas +=C+" a. leadership. &. empowerment. Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page #2 c. participative strategy. d. adaptive c$lt$res. e. government controls. Answer: e Level: 1 age: *1-*2 "ype: F .1. 0hich of these means giving employees the power, freedom, %nowledge, and s%ills to ma%e decisions and perform effectivelyC a. +mpowerment &. "@# c. romotion d. 9enchmar%ing e. C$lt$re Answer: a Level: 1 age: *1 "ype: F .2. DDDDDDDD &ecomes extremely important in organizations that deal with ideas rather than material goods. a. (cientific management &. 5pen information c. "heory = d. #an$fact$ring e. +conomic forces Answer: & Level: 2 age: *2 "ype: F .'. DDDDDDDDDD are information systems that $nite a company;s ma2or &$siness f$nctions, s$ch as order processing, prod$ct design, p$rchasing, and inventory. a. Onowledge managements &. +-&$sinesses c. +nterprise reso$rce plannings d. +xtranets e. +-commerces Answer: c Level: 1 age: *2 "ype: F .!. DDDDDDDDDD are organizations that sell their prod$ct or service over the internet directly to individ$al cons$mers. a. 929 &. 92C c. 928 d. C2C e. 829 Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page #3 Answer: & Level: 1 age: *2 "ype: F .). DDDDDDDDDD are organizations that sell their prod$ct or service over the internet directly to other commercial entities. a. 929 &. 92C c. 928 d. C2C e. 829 Answer: a Level: 1 age: *2 "ype: F .*. "he notion that 2o&s are so str$ct$red that employees don;t have to thin%, stems from what theory of management practiceC a. scientific management &. h$man relations c. h$man reso$rce management d. total A$ality management e. &$rea$cracy Answer: a Level: 2 age: *! "ype: F )"enario Questions )"enario*+asmine ,-e "he opport$nity to gain a foothold in the snac% crac%er ind$stry had 2$st &een fo$nd. Iasmine Lye, an acco$nt exec$tive manager for 9a%ed 0heat ?nd$stries had developed an interest in wheat crac%ers two months ago when one of her newly hired acco$nt execs, "ricia ar%er, had convinced her a&o$t the high margins and promising f$t$re associated with that mar%et. Lye had always &elieved that if yo$ do yo$r homewor% in hiring the &est people then it only ma%es sense to listen to their recommendations and implement their s$ggestions. Lye had given her approval to ar%er to explore opport$nities to move into this promising new mar%et. "his morning, ar%er had reported that the Iac%son Corporation had severed its contract with Feel <ood Crac%ers ?ncorporated. Apparently, the Feel <ood salesman had shared sensitive information a&o$t Iac%son at a coc%tail party. ar%er had already esta&lished a good relationship with Feel <ood &$yers and so recognized this as an opport$nity to expand her mar%et into wheat crac%ers. 1. Lye7s management style reflects a &elief in a. "heory >. Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page #! &. developing her employees thro$gh control. c. grieving theory. d. all of the a&ove. e. none of the a&ove. Answer: a "ype: A 2. Lye7s &ehavior provides an example of a. the $se of scalar rope. &. division of organization. c. the principle of inversion. d. $nity of direction. e. all of the a&ove. Answer: d "ype: A '. From a (ystem7s theory perspective a. Lye sho$ld increase teamwor%, leading to more entropy. &. Lye sho$ld listen to and reward her people well to increase synergy. c. the Iac%son acco$nt was lost &eca$se Feel <ood was too closed to its environment. d. all of the a&ove. e. none of the a&ove. Answer: & "ype: A !. Contingency theory recommends a. Lye sho$ld manage all of her employees the way she manages ar%er. &. the goal of every manager sho$ld &e high ret$rn on investment, so Lye sho$ld expand her mar%et only if it increases F5?. c. ar%er sho$ld foc$s on her expertise, recognizing the potential ris% of fail$re with a new mar%et. d. all of the a&ove. e. none of the a&ove. Answer: e "ype: A )hort./nswer Questions
1. "he can &e defined as one in which everyone is engaged in identifying and solving pro&lems, ena&ling the organization to contin$o$sly experiment, change, and improve, th$s increasing its capacity to grow, learn, and achieve its p$rpose. Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page ## Answer: learning organization age: !1 2. DDDDDDDD refer to the aspects of a c$lt$re that g$ide and infl$ence relationships among people.
Answer: (ocial forces age: !' '. refer to the infl$ence of political and legal instit$tions on people and organizations. Answer: olitical forces age: !' !. pertain to the availa&ility, prod$ction, and distri&$tion of reso$rces in a society. Answer: +conomic forces age: !' ). A management perspective that emerged d$ring the nineteenth and early twentieth cent$ries that emphasized a rational, scientific approach to the st$dy of management and so$ght to ma%e organizations efficient operating machines is called . Answer: classical perspective age: !) *. List three of the &asic ideas of scientific management.
Answer: Any three of the following develop standard methods for doing each 2o&P select wor%ers with appropriate a&ilitiesP train wor%ers in standard methodsP s$pport wor%ers and eliminate interr$ptionsP and provide wage incentives. age: !,
,. 0e&er7s vision of organizations that wo$ld &e managed on an impersonal, rational &asis is called aJnK DDDDDDD.
Answer: &$rea$cracy age: !. .. A s$&field of the classical management perspective that foc$sed on the total organization rather than the individ$al wor%er, delineating the management f$nctions of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling is called . Answer: administrative principles age: !/ /. According to Fayol, similar activities in an organization sho$ld &e gro$ped together $nder one manager. "his administrative principle is %nown as DDDDDDD.
Answer: $nity of direction age: )1 Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page #$ 11. A management perspective that emerged aro$nd the late nineteenth cent$ry that emphasized $nderstanding h$man &ehavior, needs, and attit$des in the wor%place is referred to as aJnK . Answer: h$manistic perspective age: )1 11. A management perspective that s$ggests 2o&s sho$ld &e designed to meet higher-level needs &y allowing wor%ers to $se their f$ll potential is called aJnK . Answer: h$man reso$rces perspective age: )' 12. List the three ass$mptions associated with #c<regor7s "heory =.
Answer: J1K ?ndivid$als have an innate disli%e of wor% and will try to avoid itP J2K #ost people m$st &e coerced to get them to p$t o$t a reasona&le level of effortP and J'K "he typical person prefers to &e told what to do.
age: )) 1'. A management perspective that emerged after 0orld 0ar ??, and applied mathematics, statistics, and other A$antitative techniA$es to managerial pro&lems is referred to as aJnK . Answer: management science perspective age: )* 1!. List the five components of the &asic systems theory of organizations.
Answer: inp$tsP a transformation processP o$tp$tsP feed&ac%P and the environment.
age: ),
1). "he concept that the whole is greater than the s$m of its parts is %nown as DDDDDDD.
Answer: synergy age: ). 1*. "he DDDDDDD view of management is an integration of the case and $niversalist viewpoints.
Answer: contingency age: )/ 1,. "he process &y which companies find o$t how others do something &etter than they do and then try to copy andEor improve it is %nown as DDDDDDDD.
Answer: &enchmar%ing age: *1
1.. means giving employees the power, freedom, %nowledge, and s%ills to ma%e decisions and perform effectively. Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page #% Answer: +mpowerment age: *1 1/ "here are three types of e-commerce. "hey are DDDDDDDDDD. Answer: &$siness-to-&$siness, &$siness-to-cons$mer, and cons$mer-to-cons$mer age: *2 21 "he efforts to systematically to find, organize, and ma%e availa&le a company;s intellect$al capital and to foster a c$lt$re of contin$o$s learning and %nowledge sharing so that a company;s activities &$ild on what is already %nown is called DDDDDDDDDD. Answer: %nowledge management age: *! Essa- Questions 1 8isc$ss the advantages and disadvantages of "aylor7s (cientific #anagement.
AG(0+F: "he advantages of scientific management incl$ded the standardization of wor%, the systematic st$dy of wor%, the lin%ing of performance and pay, and improved prod$ctivity. "he disadvantages incl$ded its fail$re to consider the social context within which wor% too% place and its fail$re to appreciate wor%ers7 needs, other than their need for money.
Level: 2 age: !*-!, 2 "he writings of Fayol, "aylor, and 0e&er provide the fo$ndation for modern management. ?dentify the school of tho$ght associated with each writer and compare the foc$s that each writer ta%es in relation to the organization.
AG(0+F: Fayol is associated with the Administrative (chool, foc$sing on the manager level. "aylor is associated with (cientific #anagement, and foc$sed on the wor% level. 0e&er is associated with the 9$rea$cratic #odel, and his foc$s was on the level of the organization. Level: 2 age: !*, !., )1 ' 9riefly descri&e what happened in the :awthorne (t$dies and explain the res$lts and concl$sions of these st$dies.
AG(0+F: :arvard researchers, wor%ing $nder the direction of +lton #ayo, were st$dying the effects of vario$s lighting conditions on wor%er performance at the 0estern +lectric plant in :awthorne, ?llinois. +ach time an experimental change was made, performance improved, Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page #& regardless of the change. "he early concl$sion was that wor%ers perceived that their wor% was important eno$gh to hire researchers to wor% with them, and this recognition of importance was s$fficient to motivate improved performance. "his concl$sion led to the development of the :$man Felations #ovement, stressing the importance of satisfied, happy wor%ers. Fecent analysis s$ggests that money may have &een the single most important motivating factor. Level: ' age: )1-)2 ! 9riefly descri&e systems theory, incl$ding synergy and negative entropy.
AG(0+F: (ystems theory s$ggests that an organization can &e considered a system composed of a n$m&er of interrelated s$&systems. "hese s$&systems incl$de people, str$ct$re, technology, and goals. A change in one s$&system res$lts in a rippling effect on the other s$&systems. #anaged properly, the s$&systems wor% well together and prod$ce more as a whole system than the parts co$ld prod$ce wor%ing alone. "his is synergy. Gegative entropy is the a&ility to resist the nat$ral tendency to disintegrate.
Level: 2 age: ),-). ) 8isc$ss the differences &etween the case view, the $niversalist view, and the contingency view.
AG(0+F: "hese viewpoints relate to the applica&ility of management principles. "he case view holds that every sit$ation is $niA$e, th$s there are no $niversal principles. Conversely, the $niversalist view &elieves that the same management principles will wor% across every sit$ation in every organization. "he contingency view is an integration of these two, i.e., while there are no $niversal principles, there are common patterns and characteristics. "he manager7s tas% is to identify what principles will wor% when, &ased on an analysis of %ey contingencies.
Level: 2 age: ).-)/ * ?dentify and &riefly descri&e the interacting elements in a learning organization. AG(0+F: "he answer sho$ld foc$s on the following elements: Leadership, open information, empowered employees, strong, adaptive c$lt$re, team-&ased str$ct$re, and participative strategy. Fefer to exhi&it 2-1 in text. Level: 2 age: *1-*2 ,. 0hat are the three important ad2$stments that need to &e to create a learning organization Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page #' in order to promote contin$o$s learningC 0hy is each importantC AG(0+F: (hifting to team-&ased str$ct$res, empowering employees, and sharing information are the three ad2$stments that need to &e made. "eam-&ased str$ct$res are the &asic fo$ndation of the str$ct$re. +mpowering gives employees the freedom, reso$rces, information, and s%ills to ma%e decisions and perform effectively. (haring information gives the employees the a&ility to identify needs and solve pro&lems &eca$se they are given the information a&o$t what;s happening in the organization. Level: 2 age: *1-*2
.. 0hat ma%es cons$mer-to-cons$mer e-commerce possi&leC 0hat are some examples of cons$mer-to-cons$mer e-commerceC AG(0+F: Cons$mer-to-cons$mer e-commerce is made possi&le when an ?nternet-&ased &$siness acts as an intermediary &etween and among cons$mers. +xamples of these are e9ay and other 0e&-&ased a$ctions, Gapster, and (hare9ear. Level: 1 age: *' Chapter Two * The Evolution of Management Thinking Test Bank * Page $(