P.S.Senthil Kumar M.E. Asst - Prof: Building Science (For Iii - Semester

2152-CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS/UNIT-II/ MODERN MATERIALS
BUILDING SCIENCE
(FOR III SEMESTER)
UNIT V
MODERN MATERIALS
Compiled by,
P.S.SENTHIL KUMAR M.E.

ASST.PROF
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
BUILDING SCIENCE
(FOR III SEMESTER)
UNIT - V
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING/SEC/TIRUCHENGODE
PREPARED BY
P.S.SENTHIL KUMAR M.E.

ASST.PROF
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONTENTS
S.NO
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2.
3.
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6.
7.
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10.
2 MARKS
What are the applications of fiber reinforced concrete?
Give composition of glass?
What are the types of glass?
Give the main steps for manufacture of glass.
What is the treatment available for glass?
What are the special varieties of glass?
What are the advantages for using float glass?
Write short notes on bullet proof glass
Give the properties of Refractories.
What is the classification of refractory materials?
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11.
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15.
S.NO
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9.
10.
What is the purpose for which glazing is done?

What are the uses of terra-cotta?
What are the advantages fro usage of geo-synthetic?
What are the classification of geo-synthetic?
Give the advantages for using fiber reinforced concrete?
16 MARKS
What are the properties of glass?
What are types of glass?
What are the various types of glass?
How geo-synthetics are to be used for civil engineering
application?
Explain the fiber reinforced concrete
Explain the properties of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)
What are the fiber reinforced concrete applications in
building industry?
What are the classifications of refractory?
Write short notes on pre-stressed concrete?
What are the types of polymer concrete?
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PAGE NO.
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Unit V
Modern materials
Glass-ceramics-Sealants for joints- Fiber glass reinforced plastic Clay productsRefractories-composite Materials- types- application of laminar composites- Fiber textiles
textiles- Geo-synthetics for Civil Engineering applications.
Two marks mark questions and answers
1. What are the applications of fiber reinforced concrete?
Airfield pavements,
Highway
Bridges decks,
Heavy duty floors and tunnel linings.
2. Give composition of glass?
The glass is not a single compound. it is therefore very difficult to give any particular
chemical formula for it .but with reasonable accuracy ,it may generally be expressed as
follows.
a X2O, bYO , 6 Si O2
Where a and b are number of molecules.
x- an atom of an alkali metal such as Na, K, etc
y- an atoms of a bivalent metal such as Ca, pb etc
Soda lime glass Na2 O.Ca.O 6.SiO2
Potash- lime glass K2 O pbO. 6SiO2
3. What are the types of glass?
i) Soda lime glass
ii) potash- lime glass
iii) Potash lead glass
iv) Common glass
4. Give the main steps for manufacture of glass.
i) Collection of raw materials
ii) Preparation of batch
iii) Melting in furnace
iv) Fabrication
v) Annealing
5. What is the treatment available for glass?
1) Bending
2) Cutting
3) Opaque making
4) Silvering
6. What are the special varieties of glass?
i) bullet- proof
ii) Fiber glass
iii) Foam glass
iv) Glass blocks

7. What are the advantages for using float glass?
i) It consumes 30% to 40% less energy and is thus environment friendly
ii) It is aestically in appearance and its use has opened unlimited .possibilities of
innovation in architectural design.
iii) It is available in layer sizes and various thicknesses.
iv) It is cast effective as compared to the corresponding cost of brick, finishing
material, paint, maintenance etc.
8. Write short notes on bullet proof glass
This glass is made of several layers of plate glass and alternate layer consists of vinylresign plastic .the outer layers of plate glass are made thinner than the inner layers.
The special care is to be taken for h\eating and cooling of layers during manufacture
.the thickness of this type of glass may vary from 15 mm to 75 mm or more .It will
not allow bullet to pierce through it.
9. Give the properties of Refractories.

i) It must posses excellent resistance to rapid changes on temperature (i.e) thermal
shocks
ii) Its dimensional stability (i.e) resistance to change in volume at high temperature
should be excellent.
iii) It should be the able to be withstand abrasion and rough usage and should give
reasonably long life with out cracking.
10. What is the classification of refractory materials?
i) according to the chemical properties
a) Acidic
b) Neutral
c) basic
ii) According to the resistance to temperature
a) low quality
b) high quality
11. What is the purpose for which glazing is done?
i) To improve the appearance
ii) To make the articles durable
iii) To improve the decorative effects
iv) To protect the articles from action of atmosphere agencies.
v) To provide smooth surface.
12. What are the uses of terra-cotta?
i) The hollow terracotta blocks are used for various ornamental purposes such as
facing work, arches, cornices casing for columns etc.
ii) It is adopted for all sorts of economical work.
iii) It is used as a decorate material in place of stones for ornamental parts of building
occurs, sills, coping, base of pillars, fire places.
13. What are the advantages for usage of geo-synthetic?

1. They can be the good replacement for score and costly conventional. Conservation
material like cement and steel for several types of applicants.
2. They may be very useful, or perhaps he only alternative, at some of the poor site
conditions.
3. They can be provided economical in mass usage.
14. What are the classification fro geo-synthetic?
1) Geo-textiles
2) Geo-grids
3) Geo-membrane
4) Geo composites
15. Give the advantages for using fiber reinforced concrete?
1. Strength of concrete increases
2. Fibers help to reduces cracking and permit the use of this concrete section.
3. Mix becomes cohesive and possibilities of segregation are reduced.
4. Ductility impact resistance, tensile and bending strength are improved.

16 mark questions and answers
1. What are the properties of glass?
i) It absorbs, refracts or transmits light.
ii) It can be take a high polish and may be used as substitute for very costly gems.
iii) It has no definite crystalline structure
iv) It has no sharp melting
v) It is affected by alkalis.
vi) It is available in beautiful colors.
vii) It behaves more as a solid than most solids in the sense, that it is elastic .But
when the elastic
limit exceeded, it fractures instead, and it fractures instead of
deforming.
viii) It is capable of being worked in many ways. It can be blown, drawn or pressed.
But it is strange to note it is difficult to cast in large pieces.
ix) It is extremely brittle.
x) It is not usually affected by air or water.
xi) It is possible to intentionally alter some of its properties such as fusibility,
hardness, refractive
power, etc. to suit different purpose.
xii) It is possible to obtain glasses with diversified properties. The glasses may be the
clear dolorous
defused and stained.
xiii) It is possible to weld pieces of glass by fusion

xiv) It is transparent and translucent, the transparency most used characteristic of
glass .and it is due to the absence of the electrons. For the same reason, it also works
as a good insulator.
xv) When it is heated. It becomes soft and soft with the rise in temperature .it is
ultimately reformed in to a mobile liquid. This liquid, when allowed cool passes to all
the degrees of viscosity .this propriety of glass has made its manufacturing process easy.
It can also be formed into articles of desired shape. Thus the amorphousness of glass
permits it to be blown, drawn from furnaces and continuously worked.
xvi) Due to advancement made science of glass production it is possible to make

glass lighter than cork of softer than cotton or stronger than steel the strength of glass
however is considerably affected foreign inclusions, internal defects and cords or
chemically heterogeneous areas.
xvii) The glass panes can be cleaned easily any one of the methods;
(i) Applying methylated spirit;
ii) Painting the glass panes with lime wash and leaving it dry and than
washing with clean water:
iii) Rubbing damp salt for cleaning paints spots: and
iv) Rubbing finally powder chalk
2. What are types of glass?
i) soda- lime glass
ii) potash- lime glass
iii) potash- lead glass
iv) Common glass
1. soda lime glass
This is also known as the soda- glass or soft glass. It is mainly a mixture sodium
calcium silicate of following are the properties of soda lime glass.
1. It is available inclined clear state
2. It is cheap
3. It is easily usable at comparatively low temperatures.
4. It is possible to blow or weld articles made from this class with help of simple source
of heat uses.
Uses
It is used manufacture of glass tube and other laboratory apparatus plate glass,
window glass, etc
2. potash- lime glass
This is also known as the Bohemian glass or hard glass .it is mainly mixture of
potassium silicate and calcium silicate.
Properties:
i)
It fuses at high temperature.
ii)
It is not easily affected by water and other solvents.
iii)
It does not melt so easily
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3. potash- lead glass

This is also known as the flint glass .it is mainly a mixture of potassium silicate and
lead silicate.
Properties:
i)
it refuses very easily
ii)
it is easily attacked by aqueous solution
iii)
it possess bright luster an great refractive power.
iv)
Its specific gravity is about 3 to 3.30
v)
It turns black and opaque, if it comes into contact with reducing gases of the
furnace during heating.
Uses: It is used in the manufacture of artificial gems, electric bulbs, lenses, prisms, etc.
4. Common glass:
This is is also known as the bottle glass. It is prepared from cheap raw materials. It is
mainly a mixture of sodium silicate, calcium silicate and iron silicate.
Properties: Following are the properties of common glass:
It fuses with difficulty.
It is brown, green or yellow in color.
It is easily attacked by acids.
Uses: it is mainly used in the manufacture of medicine bottles.
Manufacture of glass:
The procedure adopted in the manufacture of glass may broadly be divided in to the
following five stages.
Collection of raw materials.
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Preparation of batch.
Melting in furnace.
Fabrication.
Annealing.
3. What are the various types of glass?
1. Bullet proof glass
This glass is made of several layers of plate glass ad alternate layer consists of
vinyl- resin plastic. The outer layers of plate glass are made thinner than the inner layers .the
special care is to be taken for heating made and cooling of layers during manufacture. The
thickness of this plate of glass may vary from 15 mm to 75 mm or more .it will not allow
bullet to pierce through it.
2. Fiber glass
The fiber glass is composed on minute glass rods and each glass rod
resembles the parent material in all the respects .it is soft to the touch and it is flexible in
nature .it does not absorb the water and resign. It can be prepared either in the form of
continues strands just like silk or in the stable form just like wool.
3. Float fiber
The molten glass coming out of the furnace is allowed on the molten tin.
The glass thus formed is known as the float glass and it is then further annealed to remove
all the stresses. It is widely used for residential buildings, commercial complexes, and
furniture articles. It is superior to ordinary sheet glass.
4. Foam glass
The foam glass prepared in the form of rectangular blocks. The finely ground
glass and carbon are thoroughly mixed and the mixture is then melted in a furnace. at a time
12
of melting mixed and the mixer is then melted in a furnace. At a time of melting, the mixture
expands and assumes the form of block foam. the resulting glass material contains more
than 350 million inert cells per m3 .the foam glass floats in water and it can be the cur like
wood .it is fire-proof ,rigid and an excellent heat insulator .it can be used as a sustite for cork
for use in air conditioning and refrigeration industries .
5. Glass blocks
These are partially evacuated and completely sealed hollow units which are formed
by fusing together two- halves of pressed glass .the edges are coated with a grit bearing
plastic material so that permanent and effective bond with the mortar is ensured.
The glass blocks are available insure sizes with dimensions as 150 mm ,200 mm and
300mm with approximate thickness of 100 mm . One or both faces of the blocks are suitably
treated to ensure the glass and to diffuse light.
6. Heat-excluding glass
This glass allows light to pass through it, but it eliminates heat .it is used for windows
of coaches of higher class in railways .in windows panels of important buildings etc.
7. Obscured glass:
This glass is used at places where light is to be transmitted but vision is to be
obscured .it has one surface either ground or made opaque by melting powered glass upon
the surface. It can be prepared by the abrading or rubbing action of the sand blast.
8 .Perforated glass
In this type of glass, the perforations are made in sheet glass with the help of the
rollers. the perforations may be made during the manufacture or after the manufacture .it is
used for panels in ventilators.
9. Safety glass
This glass is performed by placing celluloid between two sheets of the plate glass and
then applying glue to make a single unit. If the glass breaks s, the flying of spinners is
observed .Depending upon the type of radiation as the shatter-proof glass.
13
10. Wired glass

In this type of glass, the steel wire mesh is placed in glass during rolling operation.
The mesh may have hexagonal or square units .if this glass breaks, the pieces of the glass are
held by wire in position .this glass is also fire resistant .the wired glass is used for roofs,
skylights, fireresisting doors and windows etc.
4. How geo-synthetics are to be used for civil engineering application?
Sub-grade stabilization:
A geo-synthetic can be improved the load carrying capability and reduce
rutting when constructing roads over weak soils. The geo-synthetic provides a separation
barrier to prevent fill from punching into he sub-grade under construction traffic. The subgrade can develop its full bearing capacity and the fill can better distribute the loads from
traffic .the geo-synthetic mat also provide filtration and drainage functions if required.
Asphalt overlay
When installed between the old and new asphalt layers, a geo-textile helps
retard reflective cracking and improve the overlay service life. The geo-textile absorbs the
tack coat sprayed on the surface of the old pavement, formulating a permanent moisture
barrier.
The barrier created by the geo-synthetic protects the sub-grade from water
intrusion and sub-grade strength loss. Pavement services life is extended, maintains costs are
reduced and costly resurfacing is postponed considerably, when compared to conventially
repaving techniques .the pavement overlay fabric or geo-grid asphalt system also retards
reflective crack development I the overlay by proving flexible stress relieving layer between
the pavement and overlay.
Reinforced embankment over soft soils.
If the foundation soils underlying the embankment are too weak to permit the
construction of an embankment to the required height, then geo-synthetic reinforced
embankments can be provide considerable savings over conventional construction method
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including soil displacement and stabilizing berms. Both geo-textiles and can serve this
function.
Steep slope reinforcing

In high way construction, roads may be the wide with out increasing necessary right
of way by replacing a efficient land use .in private developments, the amounts of useable
land with in a given area is increased with out the cost of a traditional retraining wall.
Geo-synthetic reinforced-retaining walls.
Geo-textiles and geo-grids in interlay reinforcement of the soil mass, creating a stable
fill area behind the wall face. These have been found to be quite economical in forest and
hilly area.
Erosion control reinforcing
Three dimensional erosion control mats are used to establish a rein forced turf in
ditches, channels, and slopes. The mat entangles with the root and the stem network of
vegetation to greatly enhance its resistance to flow velocity. Top soil cover may be used to
enhance temporary erosion protection and early vegetative growth.
Erosion control under rip-rip
To prevent the erosion of the soil through the armouring layer of rip-rip. Geo-textile
is used as interface. The geo-textile is in lieu of a conventional graded aggregate filter. In this
application, large armory stone or rip-rip or in some case flexible concrete mattresses.
5.Explain the fiber reinforced concrete.
Conventional concrete is modified by random dispersol of short discrete fine fibers of
asbestos, steel , sisal , glass, carbon, poly-propylene ,nylon ,etc. asbestos cement so far have
proved to be commercially successful. The improvement in structural performance depends
on the strength characteristic, volume, spacing, dispersion and orientation, shape and their
aspect ratio (ratio of length to diameter) of fibers.
15
The tensile cracking strain of cement matrix is about 1/50 of that of yield of steel
fibers, consequently when FRC is loaded ,the matrix is crakes the composite continue to
carry increasing tensile stress, provided the pullout resistance of the fibers and the matrix ,the
number of fibers crossing the crack, the length and diameter of fibers and the aspect ratio.
The first flexural cracking load on a FRC member increases due to crack arresting
mechanism of the closely specific fibers. After the fibers continue to take load provided the
bond I good. Thereafter the fibers, reaching the breaking strain fracture. The neutral axis of
the axis of the section shifts and the fibers of adjacent layers on reaching the breaking strain.
Failure occurs when the concrete in compression reaches the ultimate strain.
Advantages
1. Strength of concrete increases
2. Fibers help to reduce cracking and permit the use of thin concrete sections.
3. Mix becomes cohesive and possibilities of segregation
4. Ductility, impact resistance, tensile, and bending strength are improved
Application
16
Fiber reinforced concrete is useful in hydraulic structures, airfield pavements,

highway, bridges decks, heavy duty floors and tunnel linings.
6. Explain the properties of fiber rein forced plastic (FRP)
1. Aesthetic appeal
It is available with super finish and can be adopted for eye catching aesthetics.
2. Corrosion resistance
The FRP has excellent resistance to moisture and chemicals. Over large temperature
range .it does not rust, rot, corrode or swell .the cost of replacing the corradal equipment has
reached .the staggering proportions especially with the growth in the chemical and
petrochemical industries .it is estimated that about 40% of the worlds steel production is
used to replace other steel which has been destroyed by corrosion.
3. Dimensional stability
The FRP component holds its form and shape even under severe mechanical and
environmental stress.
4. Easy to repair
The damaged portion of FRP can be repaired very easily and quickly .it requires
common skill and little or no equipment .the strength imparted to the repaired portion is the
same as that of the parent body.
5. Durability
The performance of FRP under fatigue or creep is known to be superior to that of
metals. It is therefore durable and has a long working life.
6. Effect on health
17
The fiber glass is itself inorganic in nature and hence the FRP is one of the safest
materials an its products can be used to virtually stone anything as they have no ill effects
even after prolonged usage .for instance ,the FRP containers ,both large and small ,are used
to store milk.
7. Energy saving
It requires far less energy for production .for instance of the energy only required to
make identical steel part and only one third of the energy required to make aluminum part.
8. Freedom of design
As the constituents of the FRP have no inherent shape, they can be easily fabricated
in any desired shape with necessary properties .its is thus possible to make use efficient
structural shapes requiring a minimum of material for maximum strength.
9. Light transmission
In thinner sections, the FRP products transmit a great deal of light .they can be there
for provide a unique combination of a strong enclosure with adequate day lighting.
7. What is the fiber reinforced concrete application in building industry?

1. Concrete shuttering
The moulds and forms of FRP give cast concrete shapes of very high quality .the
complicated concrete shapes can be moulded in the FRP eliminating in most cases, the need
for initial finishing.
2. Domes
The domes in en-hanting shapes and unique designs with wide dimensions can be
created for catching aesthetic .the translucent FRP dome- lights can be used on industrial,
18
commercial and public utility buildings and as the structure is self supporting, it requires less
support.
3. Doors and window frames
The light weight flush doors and factory made standards window frames of FRP can
be suggested fro housing schemes due to their long life, easy maintenance and toilets
eliminates the problems the problems of rotting and warpage as well as swelling.
4. Internal partitions and wall paneling
It is possible to adapt flat, corrugated or fancy FRP sheets for internal partitions of
industrial and commercial buildings .the various designs of FRP for wall paneling and
ceiling can be the made in shape, form and color for long lasting tribal free effect.
5. Roof sheets
The translucent FRP sheets a versile medium of lighting .the sheets are available in a
variety of forms with the corrugated type being common. The corrugated sheets are available
in a variety of forms with the corrugated type being very common. The corrugated steel and
asbestos sheets.
6. Structural sections
The available cross section profiles a versatile medium of lighting .the sheets are
available in a variety of forms with the corrugated type being very common. the corrugated
sheets are made in a large of profiles which match corrugated steel and asbestos sheets.
7. Temporary shelters
The FRP modular systems are ideally suited for temporary shelters; vehicle parking
sheets .the can be easily dismantled, carried and re-erected at the next side with minimum
labor cost.
8. What are the classifications of refractory?
1. According to the chemical properties
19
The refractory materials are made divided into the following three categories
as per their chemical properties
a) Acidic
b) Neutral
c) basic
2. According to resistance to temperature
The refractory materials are divided in to the following two categories as per their
capacity to resist temperature.
a) low quality
b) high quality
The low quality refractory materials are used in the manufacture of firebricks ,as
lining material for furnace ,etc. the melting point as such materials is more than 1580o c.
The high quality refractory materials are stabled even at high temperature and they
are used I the construction of modern aero plane s such as rockets, jets, etc. these materials
are composed of either pure clay or metals or combination for clay and metals.
The high quality refractory materials containing puree clay are pure clay of oxides
of alumina ,magnesia ,etc or nitrides or corbicides .those metals which melt at a temperature
of about 16000c can be used as the metal refractory .such metals are molybdenum, tungsten,
zirconium ,etc. these metals and their alloys are used as the refractory materials .
The term cermet is used from to indicate the refractory materials containing a
combination of clay and metal. The usual percentages are 80% clay and 20% metal. The
usual metals employed fro cermets are aluminum, chromium, cobalt, iron etc. the cermats are
widely used where shocks due to the sudden changes of temperature are to be resisted.
9.Write short notes on pre-stressed concrete?
In pre-stressed concrete high strength concrete and steel are desirable .the former is
required because of following:
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1. The use of high strength concrete results in smaller cross-section of member and
hence smaller self weight; longer spans become technically and economically
practicable.
2. High bearing stress is generated in anchorage zones.
3. The shrinkage cracks are reduced, with higher modulas of elasticity and smaller
creep strain resulting in smaller loss pre-stress.
The loss of pre-stress at the initial stages is very high and for it high strength steel is
required .for pre-stressed concrete members, the high tensile steel used generally consists of
cories ,barsor strands .high tensile strength wires with used ultimate tensile strength up to
3010 kN/mm2 are available.
Pre-stressing is achieved by either pre0tensing or post tensioning .in the former the
wires or cables are anchored, tensioned and concrete is cast. In the moulds .after the concrete
has gained strength the wires are released. This set up compression in concrete which
counteracts tension in concrete because of bending in the member in the post-tensioning the
pre-stressing force is applied to the steel bars or cables, after the concrete has hardened
sufficiently .after applying the full pre-stress the cable passes are grouted.
It is widely used for construction
of pre-cast units such as beams, floors, roofing
systems, bridges, folded plate roofs, marine structures, towers and railway.
10. What are the types of polymer concrete?

Polymer impregnated concrete
Is a conventional concrete, cured and dried in oven .a low viscosity monomer is then
diffused and polymerized by using radiation, heat or by chemical initiation. the mano-meter
21
used are ,by using radiation ,heat or by chemical initiation .the monomers used are,
methylmthacrylate (MMA) ,styrene .
Polymer cement concrete
Is made by mixing cement ,aggregates, water monomer ,such as polymer-styrene
,epoxy styrene, furans, venylidene, chloride .the plastic mix moulded ,cured, deride and
polymerized.
Polymer concrete
In this type of concrete cement is not used and the aggregates are bound with a
polymer binder. it is most suitable for structures with a high ratio live load to dead load and
composite construction.
Partially impregnated and surface coated concrete
Is made by initially soaking the dried specimen in liquid monomer like methyl
methacrylate and then sealing them by keeping under hot water at 700 c to prevent loss due to
evaporation. The poly-mersation is achieved by adding 3 percent by weight of benzoyl period
to the monomer as a catalyst .it finds its application in improving durability of bridges, decks.
Application
Polymer concrete fids its application in the production of prefabricated elements, prestressed concrete,rein forcement products, marine works, nuclear power plants and industrial
applications. Because of its high sulphate and acid resistance properties it is most suitable for
sewage disposal works.

P.S.Senthil Kumar M.E. Asst - Prof: Building Science (For Iii - Semester

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2152-CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS/UNIT-II/ MODERN MATERIALS