Z Transform Part I

Dr. Shahrel A. Suandi

Lecture #7
Introduction to Z Transform(1)
Why do we need to study Z transform??
This is an important tool in the analysis of signals and linear time
invariant systems
What are the differences between Fourier transform, Laplace
transform and Z transform?
Fourier transform (FT) the major and widely used. But cannot be used
for all systems. Sometimes FT does not exist for some particular
reasons. FT types are Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT), Discrete Time Fourier Transform (DTFT)
Laplace transform (LT) used to simplify continuous systems, e.g., RCL
circuits, controls, etc. LT applies to a wider class of signals compared to
FT.
Z transform (ZT) used to simplify discrete time systems, e.g., digital
signal processing, digital filter design, etc.
The advantages of Z transform
Simplify the analysis of the response of an LTI systems to various
signals
Provide a means of characterizing an LTI systems and its response to
various signals, by its pole-zeros locations
Introduction to Z Transform(2)
What do we need to consider in z
transform?
Basic introduction of z transform of a discrete-
time signal
Investigate its convergence properties
Inverse z transform
Forward/Direct Z Transform
The z transform of a discrete-time signal is
defined as the power series
Z transform characteristics:
It is an infinite power series
It exists only for those values of z, for which this
series converges
Region of convergence (ROC) of is the set of
all values of z for which attains a finite value. As
a result, when z transform is cited, we have to also
indicate the ROC.
X(z)

n=
x[n]z
n
X(z)

X(z)
x[n]
Types of Z Transform
There are two types of z transform
Bilateral z transform two sided
Unilateral z transform single sided
X(z) =

X
n=
x[n]z
n
X(z) =

X
n=0
x[n]z
n
Notice the range for both summation is different
Relationship Between FT and ZT
The following Eq.(1) and (2) are FT and
ZT, respectively.
Replacing with , ZT will become FT
X(e
j
) =

X
n=
x[n]e
j
(1)
X(z) =

X
n=
x[n]z
n
(2)
z e
j
Z in Polar Form
When ZT has unity magnitude (and FT
exists), it means that ZT = FT. Then, FT is
simply where
Z in polar form is given below
Rewrite this in original ZT equation
X(z) = X(e
j
) z = e
j
z = e
j
X(re
j
) =

X
n=
(x[n]r
n
)e
jn
Unit Circle in Complex z Plane
This unit circle is used to
determine the ROC
To determine the ROC,
we use the following
condition
We know that:
ZT is possible to converge
even if FT does not due to
the sequence is multiplied
by real exponential
In our calculation, instead
of using , we use
Depends on the z in the
ROC, given as

X
n=
|x[n]r
n
| <
r
n
r
n
|z|
n
Unit circle in the complex z plane

X
n=
|x[n]||z
n
| <
Rational Function of Z Transform
- poles and zeros -
The rational function of ZT is given below
and are polynomials in
zeros of
poles of
The poles for finite values of z are the roots of
the denominator polynomial
May occur at or
X(z) =
P(z)
Q(z)
P(z) Q(z)
z
X(z) = 0
X(z) =
X(z)
X(z)
z = 0
z =
Examples
Look at the notes given during the lecture
There are at least 3 examples have been
completed