Professional Documents
Culture Documents
8!perbond 8ocial 8ec!rity ?inances and p!blic safety b!t also informed abo!t other matters like
the problems within the 131 6abinet the ill made decisions by /inisters and incl!ding concerns
pertaining to the 1rime /inister. The problem the media in Belize faces is the lack of investigation
and follow7thro!gh in the news. The news broadcasts from the papers and television follow certain
leads that are important b!t fail to investigate the matter on a profo!nd level. The transparency
iss!e is not a concern since the national archives are open for anyone to visit and scr!tinize any
material available b!t there j!st is not a need from the media to contin!e on the offensive as soon
as another event overlaps the last.
The importance of the media in the "##< elections was their job in voter ed!cation. The fo!rth
power ac+!ired a significant role in inciting people to go o!t and vote. -ewspapers radio stations
and television broadcasters from Aave 9adio The ,!ardian The Belize Times Tibes 9adio and
TT were airing shows dedicated to the electoral process and the candidates2 daily activity. The
excess of expos!re and incessant time the parties were ac+!iring also gave way for personal
attacks on both sides mainly criticizing the personal lives of candidates instead of the campaign or
lack of their objectives of professional career.
$G
This dirty war was directed mainly at government
officials s!ch as the 1rime /inister 8aid /!sa being incarcerated and Cohn BriceUoRs association
with dr!gs.
$<
Along with the television radio and newspaper expos!re the parties gave to their candidates both
the 131 and 3'1 in order to attract and keep their nominees in the mind of the voters applied the
application of propagandistic m!sic. 9egional m!sical gro!ps s!ch as O8!per ,Q were hired by the
131 to fix their known %unta songs in order to incl!de a pro 1eople2s 3nited 1arty message.
The &/B sho!ld work on setting limits and reg!lating the amo!nt of air time the political parties
o!ght to be capable of ac+!iring b!t beca!se this action is not contemplated within the Belizean
6onstit!tion or in the 9epresentation of the 1eople Act the political organizations are able to
$=
131 and 3'1 have their own media d!opoly. The first have The Belize Times while the 3'1 has its loyal s!pport from
The ,!ardian.
$;
In $:<: there was only one radio station 9adio Belize. The following year M9&/ 9adio was born in Belize 6ity. M9&/
9adio was Amandala2s voice which gave a voice to the people of the city. In $::> Love ?/ joined the airwaves in the
northern part of Belize. 9adio Belize closed in $::< which is also when the same year that 6ongress amended the
Broadcasting and Television Act allowing the political parties private permits to start their own radio stations. This was a
significant move mainly beca!se it facilitated the parties hiring air space and special programming to imp!lse the candidates2
image.
$K
(usaLs C8ecuti"e ?*fuscations Eate /ack to 6e%tem*er B> posted on /arch $> "##< in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ$#G$"BfrmsrchJ$.
$G
/orning news host and reporter for Love ?/ and 8tereo Amor Arth!r 6ant! granted an interview in /arch $K
th
"#$" in
which he kindly explained the media2s role in the "##< election process.
$<
&xtracted from Arth!r 6ant!2s interview* also see /last from the %astO 2hen /riceno was a drug dealer posted on #" C!ne
"#$$ in http)HHwww.g!ardian.bzHindex.phpIoptionJcomNcontentBviewJarticleBidJ>"<")blast7from7the7past7when7briceno7
was7a7dr!g7dealerBcatidJ;>)headlines.
p!rchase as m!ch time as desired d!ring election period. The Broadcasting and Television Act V
6hapter ""G 8ection ;
$:
9adio and Television Licenses is composed in an ambig!o!s manner that
allows the parties interested in obtaining a permit to do so. 8ection $# mentions the offenses a
person or persons face if they r!n an !nlicensed station and it does not state any matter beyond
those pertaining to the r!nning of a broadcast signal whether it be radio or television.
The &B6 sho!ld reg!late both +!antity and +!ality of the content expressed on the daily papers as
well as in the airwaves. The material that is aired and printed re+!ires monitoring as well as the
6ommission2s approval. In order to comply with the new re+!irements of Belizean electoral policy
the 6ommission needs to establish a r!le book in which all specifications pertaining to political
parties and electoral proced!res are held. ?or instance in a matter of example which co!ld be
consider by the &/B /exico2s ?ederal Instit!te of &lections or I?& operates !nder the 6Wdigo
?ederal de Instit!ciones y 1rocesos &lectorales 46@?I1&5
"#
. The p!rpose of the 6@?I1& is to
ens!re a clean transparent and fair electoral process to which all parties and candidates m!st
abide by. A similar reg!lator in Belize co!ld be a stepping7stone to an a!tonomo!s &lection
/anagement Body.
SUMMARIZING THE 12#1 ELECTORAL )ROCESS
The "#$" elections were held more than twelve months in advance than the law demands b!t
since the decision falls on the 1rime /inister the dissol!tion of 6ongress was promoted and
approved in ?ebr!ary and therefore the general elections were held on /arch G "#$". 3npop!lar
and weak opposition combined with leadership problems were key factors toward the s!mmons
made by the 1rime /inister 'ean Barrow of the elections.
The 131 was going thro!gh an internal restr!ct!ring process in which the new party leaders were
looking for a fresh start separating themselves from past leaders with a present negative image. In
"##: Cohn Briceno s!rged as the leader of the rej!venated 131 and then again in @ctober "#$$
saw a shift in the top post of the party with ?rancis ?onseca at the helm.
"$
Aith the new instit!tional
administration came the challenge of !nity and fixing the party2s financial problems. The main
objective was taking as many seats as possible from the 3'1 b!t in order to do so familiar faces
s!ch as 8aid /!sa and /ark &spat had to step aside given that they decreased the party2s
pop!larity and credibility. Briceno and ?onseca saw the month of @ctober "#$$ as the perfect
moment to !nite the party and begin their climb back to the electoral approval establishing a frontal
$:
The section ;.74$5 related to the granting of licenses only stip!lates the following) .o %erson shall esta*lish or o%erate any
radio or tele"ision station or use any a%%aratus or installation for the %ur%oses of *roadcasting e8ce%t under and in
accordance with a licence issued to him *y the (inister and u%on %ayment of such fee as the (inister %rescri*es. 8ection :.7
4$54g54h5 reg!lates the allocation of time *y licensees to the *roadcasting and tele"ising of matters of religious, %olitical or
industrial contro"ersy and the ensuring of the %reser"ation of due im%artiality in %rogrammes relating to such matters# %and(
the allocation of time *y licensees to the *roadcasting and tele"ising of matters of an educational, cultural, s%orting or
scientific nature.
"#
This is the bible for holding elections and cond!cting electoral processes at any level in /exico. The advantage of this
codebook is that it is based on a system of sticks and carrots that allows it to be the j!dge and j!ry of electoral penalizations.
21
Francis Fonseca endorsed as P.U.P. leader posted on Oct 31, 2011 in http://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/62634
campaign against the ,overnment of Belize and specifically against the 1rime /inister 'ean
Barrow. @n the other side social problems s!ch as crime social sec!rity and lack of job
opport!nities and fair wages were the o!tcries of the Belizean people
""
. 6hannel G made a
scr!tinizing analysis of what affected Belize in "#$$ and wo!ld also become lighter fl!id that wo!ld
p!sh the nation towards a shift in power.
$B has *een a "ery acti"e year for the news 3 %ro*a*ly the most acti"e since
the tur*ulent $BB,. Aust looking at the *road outline 3 it was the year that saw
4o"ernment take o"er /C9, and then lose /)9 0ust a few days later, only to take it
*ack 0ust hours later5t was also the year that saw the u%roar o"er the ninth
amendment )hat one is done and now the *attle is a*out -.5/A( and /elizeLs
*uggery laws [A]t the state and 0udicial le"el: in (ay and Aune there were the
fiery *us %rotests and the 1hetumal 6treet 6outh 6quatters. And who could forget
the *utane issue, or the fake land documents issue, those mystery ;-;
millionaires, and a new leader of the o%%osition.
">
/eanwhile )he 4uardian 3'1 promoter printed a similar note Pear in Je"iew $B in which it
highlights the 1rime /inister2s achievements. The s!gar cane ind!stry resc!e a tax break on f!els
collaboration with the ,!atemalan government to !pgrade the road from Big ?alls Tillage in the
Toledo district to the BelizeH,!atemala Border at Calacte nationalization of Belize &lectrical Limited
4B&L5 and of BTL the :
th
Amendment along with loans to save the 8!gar Ind!stry and pay off the
3niversal debt from the Bank of Belize and other international so!rces.
"=
-evertheless the
0onorable 1rime /inister 'ean Barrow looked to take advantage of the batch of new Belizeans
who had been sworn in the last co!ple of years and as most recently in Can!ary of "#$"
";
combined
with the internal 131 problems. As a co!nter attack against the registration and approval of new
voters representatives from the Tision Inspires by the 1eople and 1eople2s -ational 1arty
demanded that the new Belizeans be denied the right to vote shielding their demand behind the
8tat!tory Instr!ment $$ of $::G which stip!lates that the voters2 list be cleansed and the re7
registration of the electorate.
"K
Their demands were not met and so they wo!ld look for international
press!re from the external organisms in charge of monitoring the elections as a O1lan BQ.
'!ring the electoral process of /arch Gth "#$" the p!blic of Belize was ready for the long day that
awaited them. A day before the elections were held ?rank Almag!er 0ead of @A8 @bserver Team
22
UnpopularUDP posted on March 16, 2012 in http://.belizetimes.bz/2012/03/16/!npop!lar"!dp/
">
The Images of 2011 posted on #ecember 30, 2011 in http://.$nesbelize.com/sstor%.php&nid'2140()*rmsrch'1.
"=
Year in Review posted on +an!ar% 5
th
, 2012 in http://.,!ardian.bz/inde-.php&option'com.content)vie'article)id'424(:%ear"in"revie"
2011)catid'40:politics)/temid'00.
";
!"#s mass ci$i%enship& rapid regis$ra$ion under fire' posted in +an!ar% 20, 2012 on http://.belizetimes.bz/2012/01/20/,ob1221(0100s"
mass"citizenship"rapid"re,istration"!nder"*ire/.
"K
3/4 56# 464: 7emove 6at!ralized 8elizeans o** 3oters9 :ist posted on +an!ar% 24, 2012 in http://.$nesbelize.com/sstor%.php&
nid'215(1)*rmsrch'1.
to Belize had a team of "" people ready to cover the process in all >$ districts. 0e had positive
feedback on the preparation by the &B6 which he described as follows
All of the information, in terms of the mechanics, are all in %lace, or are getting in
%lace. 2e know that the "oting %laces are ready to *e o%ened tomorrow morning,
as we understand it. 5n the course of the day, weLll ha"e a %retty good
understanding of the %rocess as it is taking %lace, and of course, we will remain in
the "arious communities until the last "ote is counted )here are always issues
that come u% as one *egins to understand the %rocess.
"G
This was the first electoral ro!nd that the @A8 observed in Belize and therefore the experience was
new7fangled. The team had to get ac+!ainted with the political system the &/B the proced!re and
voter t!rno!t. As a member of the @A8 Belize is a 8tate committed to !phold democratic principles
in which clean and fair elections are basic. ?!rthermore Almag!er incl!ded that
Clections are a "ital %art of that %rocess, and we e8%ect 3 we assume 3 that
elections are com%etiti"e 3 that is that they are $ or more candidates 3 that they are
o%en 3 that is that all the "oters can "ote 3 that they are fair 3 that itLs an o%%ortunity
to "otes to *e counted o*0ecti"ely, and in end, for the %rocess to lead to the
formation of a go"ernment elected *y the citizens.
@n &lection 'ay G> per cent of the Belizeans registered to vote $>#>#> of $G<#;= t!rned !p to
the voting stations in the >$ districts of Belize which meant a f!ll renewal of 1arliament. There were
a total of GK candidates G> men and three women competing for the >$ available seats. 8everal
constit!encies showed had independent and local third parties competing with the 3'1 and 131.
/ost of these contests involving three of fo!r candidates were the electoral divisions in Belize 6ity
r!ral area* 9!ral 8o!th had fo!r representative aspirants while Belize 9!ral -orth and 9!ral
6entral presented three each. 6ayo -orth Belmopan and 6orozal 8o!th Aest and Bay also had
three candidacies per division along with Lake Independence %&B'* "##<(. The non 131 or 3'1
candidates represented the Belize 3nity Alliance which was a merger of Tision Inspired by the
1eople 4TI15 and the 1eople2s -ational 1arty 41-15.
After the polls closed the votes were co!nted and the 3'1 was able to retain $G of the >$
parliament spots !p for grabs leaving the 131 $= places. This new selection of
representatives meant that the 3'1 lost eight seats in 1arliament in comparison to the ";
won on "##<.
CONCLUSIONS
'emocracy as a method periodic elections and the renovation of the political cond!ction j!st as the
votes determine so prod!ces by its own means properties or defects of ingo"erna*ility that keep
"G
!() !*server Team Read+ To o posted on March 6, 2012 in http://.$nesbelize.com/printstor%.php&*!nc'print)nid'21034.
mo!nting !p with the co!rse of time* or democracy is then the ca!se of this phenomenon and has
no c!re or remedies to heal it.
In order to help the healing process there are several points that need to be considered. ?irst
governability is a problem faced by every political regime in every nation* Belize is not the
exception. It has faced a series of socio7economic events that make diffic!lt to govern. The
economic crises the slow economy serio!s internal problems with the s!gar telecomm!nications
and financial sectors as well as the social !nrest have t!rned Belize into a boiling pot that is ready
to explode. The act!al government !nder the 0onorable 'ean Barrow has to face the growing debt
the incapability to create new job so!rces the growing crime rate among other problems. 6o!nting
with the s!pport of the majority is not a g!arantee that this administration will prevail b!t rather
sho!ld look to establish p!blic pacts with the opposition looking fortify their credibility and sec!re
the s!pport of the entire 0o!se of 9epresentatives.
Also the co!ntry needs to establish strong a!tonomo!s instit!tions that altho!gh depend on p!blic
f!nding do not need to answer to the 1rime /inister and th!s the directors or heads are not fearf!l
of losing their job for any reason !nrelated to their efficiency. The best example of an instit!te that
needs that sovereignty is the &lections and Bo!ndaries 6ommission. Beca!se it is dependent of the
,eneral 'irection of government it is perceived as s!bjected to the 1rime /inister and the party in
power. Another need of the &B6 is the installment of a code that delineates how the elections are to
be held and respected and how the political parties and partisans m!st behave not j!st d!ring the
election period b!t also o!tside of the political race.
8econd p!blic opinion of the act!al administration is conflicted. This is not new given that the
people assigned to r!n the government has str!ggled to ca!se a change in every term. The first
1rime /inister of independent Belize ,eorge 1rice enjoyed a strong approval in the p!blic eye
which gave the idea that only he co!ld get the job done. The following elections and given the poor
economic sit!ation that the co!ntry faced proved that there was no s!ch thing as an !nto!chable
leader. /an!el &s+!ivel leader of the 3'1 took over with no change in the p!blic opinion front. 0e
str!ggled to present any positive change in the economy and instead had to deal with an oil crisis
and another with the prices of s!gar a main commodity of Belize. This res!lted eno!gh to have the
press and the p!blic in contempt.
By $::< a renewed 131 formed by leaders with college gro!ndwork helped restart the economy
and took Belize to the world. There was also an enco!nter with the 6entral American 8tates looking
to improve the relations especially with ,!atemala as well as with the 6aribbean. All of these
improvements kept the 131 in good grace of the p!blic opinion and for the first time in independent
Belize a 1rime /inister was reelected. 0owever shady financial movements involving the sell and
b!yback of BTL ac+!isition of the 1ort of Belize and the mismanagement of monies donated by
Tenez!ela and the government of 0ong Mong drove to internal problems once more in the 131.
This chain of events withdrew the p!blic2s s!pport and in "##< 'ean Barrow took control of the
government seat which he s!ccessf!lly managed to keep in the "#$" elections. The p!blic opinion
on political matters so!ght to p!sh Barrow and his people o!t of office in the final chapter of
elections d!e to bad financial decisions that have taken the co!ntry f!rther into debt.
?rom this s!mmarized history lesson on Belizean p!blic opinion and its impact of transition of
power we can see that two parties leaving the thirds in the shadows control the power game. This
is a res!lt of the vote by tradition scheme that takes over on &lection 'ay in Belize
"<
. Ahen asked
why they %Belizean voters( took the liberty to cast their vote the majority of the voters responded
that they were voting for one or the other party beca!se it is their right. Ahen trying to obtain more
information on the matter many j!st answered that there were many reasons b!t failed to go into
detail on the matter. There were few o!tstanding cases that seemed to be well informed on specific
iss!es b!t always took a side either with the 131 or 3'1. @ne acco!nt managed to expose several
of the tro!bles that were ha!nting the present government b!t beca!se of the tradition of voting
blocs stood by defending the party in power.
The media plays a strong part in the development of the political game in Belize. The last decade of
the "#
th
cent!ry bro!ght abo!t a comm!nications revol!tion that allowed the emergence of
newspapers radio and television stations and most recently the paid television programming and
the world wide web which permits anyone with a decent internet connection altho!gh somewhat
expensive to extract the most important news from their locality or national affairs and therefore
form their own opinion of the political scenario. The parties looking to advance in the polls !sed to
the s!rge of these telecomm!nications options. The Internet allowed the people to be !p7to7date on
the actions and events the parties were holding. The parties on the other hand looked to
!ndermine each another with yellow press where discrediting the competition res!lted as a mean of
tilting the scale either towards the reds or the bl!es.
The newspapers television radio and Internet were priced possessions d!ring the election month.
The !se of cell!lar phones played an important role in the campaigning game. Text messaging and
phone calls were promoted by the parties in search of improving the p!blic opinion of candidates for
6ongress. This practice was strategic in the main cities. The virt!al social networks also played an
important part in spreading the parties2 propaganda. 0enceforward the media will contin!e to
slowly develop a stronger voice in forming p!blic opinion b!t it is also important to acknowledge that
these need to be reg!lated as well by a code of cond!ct pertaining to the electoral field.
The importance of the formation evol!tion and revol!tion of the political parties signifies the
evol!tion of the electoral democratic system set !p in Belize. Ahenever a political instit!tion has to
reassemble their main players it has to be done with the goal of strengthening their position
looking to establish a new path and therefore a new party manifesto is sent o!t into the world. Both
131 and 3'1 have a yearly manifesto p!blished* !nfort!nately they set o!t to change the entire
co!ntry with excessive objectives. In the "#$" manifesto the 3'1 vows to give the co!ntry a >K#X
"<
;he intervies ere held on the #istrict o* Oran,e <al= and 8elize >it%. ;he intervieed ere people chosen at random as the% al=ed o!t o* the
votin, centers and their names are le*t !nmentioned as to not violate their ri,hts.
shift in every field from the financial sector to the health oil and national welfare.
":
The 131
>#
looks
concrete the oil drilling referend!m as one of the main objectives b!t also plan to set a fixed election
date every fo!r years.
Its permanency internal pl!ralism and organically binding representation co!rse of action
characterize the Belizean electoral model. The pl!rality principle expressed thro!gh a complex
reg!latory set of r!les allows a healthy development of opposition in the form of a second and third
parties involved in the political game. Belizean model of the Aestminster system with a high
degree of centralization of power embodies the expression of !niversal voting.
The Belizean 1arliament has total control over the &xec!tive branch which means that the
government can enforce its decrees witho!t the jeopardized approval of the opposition. This can
t!rn dangero!s when the opposition obtains close to fifty percent of the seats in 1arliament as has
happened in the "#$" process.
The m!nicipal elections were a different story. The 3'1 won == city co!ncils seats leaving the 131
with "> representatives. This may seem like a cr!shing victory for the 3'1 b!t when seen how
many co!ncils are of majority red the almost do!bled n!mber is red!ced to a K city co!ncils !nder
3'1 and > went to the 131. The 3'1 won in Belize 6ity 8an 1edro Town Ben+!e Tiejo del
6armen Town Belmopan 6orozal and 8an Igancio B 8anta &lena Town while the 131 took the
city co!ncils of 1!nta ,orda 'angriga and @range Aalk. This information t!rns important towards
the evol!tion of the democratic b!ilding process in Belize given the fact that the present government
!nder 'ean Barrow holds an absol!te control of the system leading to a virt!al control of relations
with the local or m!nicipal administrations and local co!ncils.
All in all in both cases general and m!nicipal elections there were eno!gh provisions set by the
&/B to g!arantee an efficient election r!n. There are still some b!gs that need to be cleared in a
more specific electoral law b!t the standards established can be +!alified as s!fficient. The
elections in Belize are improving in efficiency and transparency opening the way for citizen
involvement tr!stworthy jo!rnalism political party evol!tion and transition of power in parliament.
The best proof is the involvement of the citizenry in political activity in the formation of civil societies
and associations. Also the media2s involvement in the political arena is evolving towards a more in
depth investigation comm!nication so!rce. There are !p and coming reporters and newscasters
who are not afraid to challenge the government and its co!rse of action. @n the other hand there is
a clear renewing of the major instit!tions that look to keep !p with the changing international
practices of democracy.
":
?!ll version o* the @#4 Mani*esto can be *o!nd at http://!dp.or,.bz/@#4Mani*esto2012/mani*esto.html.
>#
5 cop% o* the 4@4As 6ational Mani*esto can be *o!nd at http://.p!p.or,.bz/national"mani*esto/.
B%bl%o+ra*5( Con$l!ed
Ballington C.
"##> )he 5m%lementation of Quotas: 9atin American C8%eriences. International Instit!te for
'emocracy and &lectoral Assistance.
63-I- &lisabeth B 0@??/A-- @dile 4coord.5
"##: /elize: ethnicity and nation. Aorking 1aper -o. ;. /exico) A?9@'&86 1roject.
'IA/@-' Larry and /@9LI-@ Leonardo
"##= )he Quality of Eemocracy 4Aorking 1aper5* 6''9L* 38A.
"##G Assessing the Quality of 'emocracy* Cohns 0opkins 3niversity 1ress.
&lections and Bo!ndaries 'epartment.
"##= 6tatus of the C/E. Eata*ase 6ystem to Eecem*er $BB&* &lections and Bo!ndaries
'epartment* Belize.
"#$" (unici%al Clections $B$* &lections and Bo!ndaries 'epartment* Belize.
8elwyn 9yan
"##; OAhile political parties in Belize are internally well organized there are no external or legal
reg!lations in ,riner 8teven and Fovatto 'aniel2s Hunding of ;olitical ;arties and Clection
1am%aigns in the Americas* @A8 and I'&A 8an CosY 6osta 9ica.
Men 6r!cita
"##G Belize2s -orthern 9egion* Its &conomic 1erformance in the post7independence periodQ in
1alacio Coseph2s 46oord.5 )aking 6tock: /elize at $, years of 5nde%endence. Cconomy,
Cn"ironment, 6ociety and 1ulture* Tol. $.
/eighan 9!th
"##> Annual Je%ort: Clections and /oundaries Ee%artment. $BB&* &lections 9eports) &lections
and Bo!ndaries 'epartment.
"##< Annual Je%ort: Clections and /oundaries Ee%artment $BBF* &lections 9eports) &lections
and Bo!ndaries 'epartment.
/orlino Leonardo
$::K OLas democraciasQ in ,ianfranco 1as+!ino2s (anual de ciencia %olRtica* Alianza &ditorial*
8pain.
"##: Eemocracias y democratizaciones* 6entro de &st!dios de 6iencia 1olZtca 6omparada*
/Yxico.
1alacio /yrtle
$::> 2ho and 2hat in /elizean Clections +,' to ++&* ,lessima 9esearch and 8ervices Ltd.*
Belize.
$::: Annual Je%ort: Clections and /oundaries Ee%artment. +++* &lections 9eports) &lections
and Bo!ndaries 'epartment.
"### Annual Je%ort: Clections and /oundaries Ee%artment. $BBB* &lections 9eports) &lections
and Bo!ndaries 'epartment.
"##$ Annual Je%ort: Clections and /oundaries Ee%artment. $BB* &lections 9eports) &lections
and Bo!ndaries 'epartment.
"##" 6electing ?ur 9eaders: ;ast and ;resent. @ow the Clection ;rocess Ee"elo%ed. &B6*
Belize.
"##" Annual Je%ort: Clections and /oundaries Ee%artment. $BB$* &lections 9eports) &lections
and Bo!ndaries 'epartment.
"##= A Hramework for Moter Cducation* &lections and Bo!ndaries 'epartment* Belize.
"##; )he Clection (anagement /ody: /elize=s C8%erience in ;ost3inde%endence* 1aper
presented at 6onference on Improving the .!ality of &lection /anagement sponsored by The
6ommonwealth 8ecretariat.
"##;b Clection Eay 4uidelines for ;olling Agents* &lections and Bo!ndaries 'epartment* Belize.
"##;c 4uide to Clection ?fficials* &lections and Bo!ndaries 'epartment* Belize.
"##: A Je"iew of (unici%al Clections in ;ost35nde%endent /elize* ,lessima 9esearch B
8ervices Ltd.* Belize.
"#$# /elize S 1rossroads $BB&3$BB: A ;ers%ecti"e on Clectoral (atters# Belize.
"#$" Clectoral ;olitics /elize. )he .aked )ruth. ,lessima 9esearch B 8ervices Ltd.* Belize.
1ande 9ohini and ?ord 'eanna
"#$$ [,ender .!otas and ?emale Leadership) A 9eview.[ Backgro!nd 1aper for the 2orld
Ee"elo%ment Je%ort on 4ender.
1atterson 9obert 4coord.5
"##< /elize 4eneral Clection > He*ruary $BBF: Je%ort of the 1ommonwealth C8%ert )eam.
9obinson 8t. Cohn
"##K ;eo%ling /elize. 1ha%ters in migration. Belize 6ity) -ational Instit!te of 6!lt!re and 0istory
Instit!te of 8ocial and 6!lt!ral 9esearch.
8eitz Marl 8.
"##; (igration, demogra%hic change, and the enigma of identity in /elize. /.A.) Arizona 8tate
3niversity.
Ailcox 6lyde
"##$ )rans%arency and Eisclosure in ;olitical Hinance: 9essons from the -nited 6tates*
,eorgetown 3niversity.
In!erne! So$r"e
- ,B+F 4ot 1itizenshi% in Aanuary posted on Can!ary "# "#$" in
http)HHamandala.com.bzHnewsH$#:<7got7citizenship7in7jan!aryH* cons!lted on April 15, 2012.
- , (illion 5n Ee*t Jelief from -.T. posted on A!g!st $: "##; in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ>;$"* cons!lted on -ovember " "#$#.
- > 1a*inet (inisters )hreaten to Jesign posted on A!g!st $" "##= in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJKGK;BfrmsrchJ$* cons!lted on -ovember " "#$#.
- /arrow e8%ects *ig crowd at %rotest posted on A!g!st "G "##= in
http)HHedition.channel;belize.comHarchivesH$"<:<* cons!lted on -ovember " "#$#.
- /last from the %astO 2hen /riceno was a drug dealer posted on #" C!ne "#$$ in
http)HHwww.g!ardian.bzHindex.phpIoptionJcomNcontentBviewJarticleBidJ>"<")blast7from7the7past7
when7briceno7was7a7dr!g7dealerBcatidJ;>)headlines* cons!lted on April $; "#$".
- :enaida (oya ;owered *y ;eo%le or 1ash< posted on @ctober G "##<.
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ$">=$BfrmsrchJ$* cons!lted on -ovember " "#$#.
- Clections N /oundaries Ee%t. ;re%ared for He*. >th Clection posted on Can!ary $: "##< in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ:<G$BfrmsrchJ$* cons!lted on -ovember " "#$#.
- &lections and Bo!ndaries 6ommission $:<= Ann!al 9eport. http)HHwww.ip!.orgHparline7
eHreportsHarcHB&LIF&N$:<=N&.1'?* cons!lted on -ovember " "#$#.
- Hrancis Honseca endorsed as ;.-.;. leader posted on @ct >$ "#$$ in
http)HHedition.channel;belize.comHarchivesHK"K>=* cons!lted on -ovember $ "#$$.
- 4?/=s mass citizenshi%, ra%id registration under fireO posted in Can!ary "# "#$" on
http)HHwww.belizetimes.bzH"#$"H#$H"#HgobL&"L<#L::s7mass7citizenship7rapid7registration7!nder7
fireH* cons!lted on -ovember " "#$#.
- @ouse Ee*ates U&D million /ond posted on ?ebr!ary "$ "##; in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ"##"* cons!lted on -ovember " "#$#.
- http)HHwww.elections.gov.bzH mod!lesHarticleNp!blishHItacJTheN6ommission* cons!lted on @ctober
$< "#$#.
- http)HHwww.elections.gov.bzHmod!lesHarticleNp!blishHItacJTheN'epartment* cons!lted on @ctober
$> "#$#.
- (usa on ;ending 6ale of 5ntelco to ;rosser posted on A!g!st > "##= in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ$$"<BfrmsrchJ$* cons!lted on C!ne "< "#$$.
- (usaLs C8ecuti"e ?*fuscations Eate /ack to 6e%tem*er B> posted on /arch $> "##< in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ$#G$"BfrmsrchJ$* cons!lted on C!ne "< "#$$.
- (usaLs C8ecuti"e ?*fuscations Eate /ack to 6e%tem*er B> posted on /arch $> "##< in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ$#G$"BfrmsrchJ$* cons!lted on C!ne "< "#$$.
- ?A6 ?*ser"er )eam Jeady )o 4o posted on /arch K "#$" in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHprintstory.phpIf!ncJprintBnidJ"$:>=* cons!lted on C!ne "< "#$$.
- 1eople2s 3nited 1arty @fficial 8ite. http)HHwww.p!p.org.bzH.
- ;olitical 1onstitution of /elize http)HHwww.georgetown.ed!HpdbaH 6onstit!tionsHBelizeHbelize<$.html
- ;-; looks for *ounce from a rousing con"ention posted on ?ebr!ary "$ "##; in
http)HHedition.channel;belize.comHarchivesH$$:<G* cons!lted on C!ne "< "#$$.
- 6iete datos que hicieron histVricas estas elecciones posted C!ly ;th "#$" in
http)HHm.cnnmexico.comHnacionalH"#$"H#GH#;Hparticipacion7electoralBnextJ$* cons!lted on C!ly "$
"#$".
- )he 1rush to /eat > %m Moter Jegistration Eeadline posted on Can!ary $# "##<
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ$##K;BfrmsrchJ$* cons!lted on C!ne "< "#$$.
- )he 5mages of $B posted on 'ecember ># "#$$ in http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpI
nidJ"$=#<BfrmsrchJ$* cons!lted on April $; "#$".
- )he )ruth 3 a*out the nationalization %rocess posted on Can!ary $: "#$" in
http)HHwww.g!ardian.bzHindex.phpIoptionJcomNcontentBviewJarticleBidJ="G<)the7tr!th7abo!t7the7
nationalization7processBcatidJ;=)highlight* cons!lted on April $; "#$".
- )here is no *etter teacher than history posted on Can!ary $: "#$" in
http)HHwww.g!ardian.bzHindex.phpIoptionJcomNcontentBviewJarticleBidJ="G<)the7tr!th7abo!t7the7
nationalization7processBcatidJ;=)highlight* cons!lted on April $; "#$".
- 3nited 'emocratic 1arty @fficial 8ite. http)HHwww.!dp.org.bzH.
- -n%o%ular -E; posted on /arch $K "#$" in http)HHwww.belizetimes.bzH"#$"H#>H$KH!npop!lar7!dpH*
cons!lted on April $; "#$".
- TI1 A-' 1-1) 9emove -at!ralized Belizeans off Toters\ List posted on Can!ary "= "#$" in
http)HHwww.Gnewsbelize.comHsstory.phpInidJ"$;<$BfrmsrchJ$* cons!lted on April $; "#$".
- AI1roject* http)HHwww.nationalwomenscommission.orgHAI1roject.htm. "##<*
http)HHwww.belize.gov.bzHct.aspIxItemJK<=Bct-odeJ;G#BmpJ"G.
- Pear in Je"iew posted on Can!ary ;
th
"#$" in http)HHwww.g!ardian.bzHindex.phpI
optionJcomNcontentBviewJarticleBidJ="=<)year7in7review7"#$$BcatidJ=#)politicsBItemidJ:#*
cons!lted on April $; "#$".
In!erv%e4
- Interview with Arth!r 6ant!n /arch G
th
April $G
th
"#$"
- Interview with ,aspar Tega /arch G
th
"#$"
- Interview with /arcel 6ardona /arch G
th
"#$"
- Interview with /yrtle 1alacio April "G
th
"#$"