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~!il1acj,ml, 01: ~e:Jm :~ Ihiiill'iln MWnU, ~ 68~ 'W:ifb, Dem~s P~JrC~ ~.If\,em"Lm'l <i1' !tbe: ;s~ftt}' vmc::. 'ill"b~ Q!JIiW~ 'IP,;'oiJi!l further e:l1abm:all.-d on ~y ~iublin,g Ute vnl'l.il1! oo;p, ]f 'rite 11,P"ff~m, iW-~llre '!!rom 'the lfioj~iU' ;eJ;ceede1:f the ''Wetpt. ~~, ~ rel~~ i3[1fKj, ~he p~re !doc~~l :[ ':[1: ~ttll :~l:al: e:uecd ifiile ~1'1h]', tblo: l'~ tl~d rtQl ~~. ~roc1. file pre8Y1.I:fe "]]s9,iille ilh!: ~ooler "'mc~. Thus. ~_he ~g:~t <In the '\i~hl-e ~ f.re!~, the 5:11~R!'~ ~'rure !i}f'~I'te boil 'er..

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The s;p~ ~1:iliitL1l: -co~tt(~lDs, :nu.~ it1m'ftref~ !!ii~~ I[l~~ 'by ~.IJ. Qnb~rd C:@',J)J.pw~e!L' en ~ lime--Wred '~ii:-- ~I1IID~~ iC'a~trol. s¥8'teEllS;, :r.t WDUM'~ 'i~t~e itD gli.rlJr1e idle sIru~ijIe m ~.rtil. ~rnm L~n Oit;.jt !lIT 'C'9 et1Jjl!Sa: 'fitl£ or'ftJ,jr ~1"SltI]";l!jniil "ii~p.Jl1: ~e 00 bila'l1i. :Nf:rrj,·.ipP~im] wl1lCtloO'n.s IFl:rugramanm.l ,inm the _ _Ue'~s ,ciJmptJ..ters use date! fIDltifi. tIleI shu~~~e'S ih."lro.'!N£IIft!Lt! t!rthai'lE'1k ~it;'re positiDfii wild '!ii'C'~[\hy. bL", :en~liim :~ ~ I;;l) th~ 8I.11iA'~ equ.~r01m .boIl;oC~ ooh1te Cio.maml.rt1i's :fo:rUre ~li'IUMIl~~ _Itt roIJ'Ilro'~ ~st~. ~it~ :!d~ lhe sp~~er:;.J,fI_lrn ~"1;,'; thl:: 'Hightcom-.troiI ~m ;im1':i~, (roWM,) 'Ow ~~ g;r'ia.neu~~Jin.g s)'S~m ~) .engDJ1eS :mw a iI100.iJjo,n Itll;:u: f~ t'flrugj rn !El1.e eem m31iirl'&1 djI{'fjJJ.ktn '00 ~I!r {Em !S,P ~B[\r.afL WJnMlIJ ilh.~ .:w1b'·~ ,~n~ rbe .muJt~e; ills ~,~.y ~ ~ 'flrolu the fligmt cnm.llJLi~ ~:s1t.-rn it.Q the aeli'trsutfftt~s:. :S'ncO~ !i:!l's fliie eleoV1ms"

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~1iliE:Mi-:r.uo, ~Sl'l!Ol&. tll~. ila",e 1I:h~ ~S i!=idv..tlVlI:a,ge 01' :g1f~ . acwr~ oom, ~-:[nO,P ~l'~:ns. '1~1~ 3'~ l~ 5~:n5.iJl.b.-.'e it-D mlm...~T- dil."u~3ior£'J;. 3.od clJ2I11,p u.n, dre '~lfr!l.'iru:mmml 'in'l'~·er.t ~.m&e.Wld :Kii~d:¥-:Ita(e error can be: CQn1:~.~:ed M!1fe WJJ.'l,iente.~llly and willI, ~I~r n!:~nb~' ~[! ~~d-~oop ~'i,2t'il~~llli':'ii, d~111 b;y :IIi :sitE'i.P'te ad.PJ~:TjeJ'il-of galilt (,Mp'~ifioa1ro:h'i,) t'lft 'D ~,~~ n'Jd :IDUllairnes by [O~~,. q ('hie- oontr;olS,er., "'b rcJ~r '~O' lhe ~~~ a.~ ~-.flWQti.tS' '~ire ~l5:tem :l!,_Tlij itO

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!Ulle. reru~LI.ng ~rw.rl~w.re 3~ !3 ~~M. "il1 !1!1.Ii;! iOl !l!lfI.""", .~~ .. , ..... "W 5)'Slmnrs

are ~; !!;:jlJll]~;.jex l'Ii'tiil eJ!;peIl!i~,'!W;.'; '~im.n '[J~Ih1Ill-ru:p ~'}'~.Je-Dm_, ,A. ~L ~!:E'I.-ioop !l'OO8tett' set'~ as ;0;1] .ei!o:flJnpie! mIT ~s :!thl1~i1~e .fifld inex~u\'-e . .A ~~~d-loop l~er: (i~1!l '~ more oom;p~.". :p.::l'ld :~ L-~~lm'!l.~ ~~JJ)~ ~~: ~,~ W !Ifte2I!!iure ilOO~h .ooJIl[ ~I]~~u :~~tt re.'Eler:liviiy) am::I. 'hum.ldtty ~ns_0CI~ 'I . '1mI~[' O\le:[I~ 1'b~. Itlte Wi'fmro:~

• .;!\,,~ 1L •. , • .......,.II ._Ei! IL.~~ ...•. - •. _ a, t • '~" ~-..;!I'~ .... .....,;Ii

~ms er.:grru:cl" mm!tt (,m154~r. 'h~ '1LI.~E:-!J..'t~.I. ~S~.I lUill!: sm'i~~~te~ll}" WlJi>!, ,Lt,,", iIoiu.';~,

of 21n {t~D. ,I ".' '-: :S;YSI:e;m and tile !fiC!:llilI,~ ~~dLhi~ ~ of a (,'J~~,OOp :sy5'n!:m~ ~'n ~mmE!!l)'. S}'s11_"~lt.!i, itluiil: ~Bbnn ,~!Ite ,~'!;';Ok.rB'ly ~L"'d imiea~Ufetl'ieJi-.t a~~. ~ ate ~'[~ dosed·[irun'1"ii ((r'[ee~ioont~ 8'1o'1:ilem~ ~t.S~ms '~~ml: (10 IIOC!II,

., ,e •• __ ,.l. ,~_-", -.-,. .. !II ~~-~ .Y;/'. _ "~ .. - ~_~

tlJ.'L1"(: 'cm 1F1T~1t,)" ill ~Iil~UIlNl1~ll: :I:IIJlI~ -!i]Gna::;[l00 me ~~il~1Xi. o,G:litD- no:p ~.Y~.

!CcmpUler-C~tI Syn-em_s,

I~~ many :mooe.r,1II :sy~.s,. il'h, OO!ll~[QU~e [01' ~e~') ~ a d~g9tal wMpiP:kt". 'iIl'hl:: ,:i:I~-R'l'ImlJp:; ilj._f 1I!S5ns, a. ,jj;QDIF,n.[J:«' ~:!:l !I:'D:alm: illlllfi'ly ~ !t'1ill '~ e;{lffJro!l~oo !jJ~ ·(lun'l!:~, '~J' h ~ 'ai !i.ttU' '[hroytJi m~Iii~ to<1ua..m'lg. f"llrlJr . rm I)R'. ~y ~W5ll;:mf.'mB of 'n.ire ;rmJ']~m:mr,{l]' pruaD'ri~e.t'8 requ[re-d '~)) ~l1. ,8. ~d N~Se: ~ .. , ~ 'b~, duin.!:!!:es fit :sanware n~beT 'DIIbm ~r:e, 1"h~ OOI,ll~gf.'ill' emili, lih;o pN.-

,~-, . - 'I ~ ..... ";,, ....... ,. ,1.;. .......... • ~ """,,,'1>.,.,,,, ., .... '~-.aL"I·niJ '""",,'M! liN'i-.'l'Il=~..II 9'A!!!IIii.....-.·i"int:' rc.....

,IIIJr.IJI], !!>1lI,P,",L 'i'·",",U •• ';;' ,I!II"""'ILI ns. i:lu .. ;Jlm ...,. _'I~.'ll ~.o,::'i .'-'~.1' ~~.Iu'E'U. ~,""'!I"'I!I.~""."". II"IU.I,

"run I." ~~!iI&'IMrQ~

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elX<31l:l_, "Ii Ulf: ~,e ~l!.l" .' 'II ~f!le ~,j""'II';"L>J' ~iiJ_i,u,V03' s '", J<.n !l.:,VJlruum 'it\l'Q

d1lgimlil' c, W'S.. ,liEone Mlllrtd!5, 1EI.UIJT:l~r'Qtl!3; e,q-' :fim!i:llllJ1l5_ m: InllJimr.s engbte , '. , ,\!idt ~ _ RfS" ~ - iltIJres,. :~\ :m't-e,s,. :rbop __ ,I) ~ "'1l1'!o"C ~ilmm. :I'I.;IJiiI ~I)gi J~ ~~ Dc'~w.t~r ~_o.ns. The m1it1", :r brtber. IPro~

''I;!- '. ' ,dose(l., ' - :P !l;_ ,- - Ib: 'au' -.' U-.i1l .• ~ c:ratID ~ ;f:'Ei!iltiiJO,

''IIab.'e. ~Cllf~. : I '_', _: "gntt~;t'8.. ,Q!3, '~ .~ ~ , _. ", PilI!'I~ (Rm'k'iYd~, ., D:tmi.tl_illm,

~9S4)~

5

O('.iJtcms. : , p:iIfll1'S'I- ters,

w.n:nlri,g iflRnr.bl Mke~ ~ m"\tr the b~. ~~ We sp'~ iO·f'lI . re~~t:ile 'head"~ rnfJ~'emn.oo,t. ffWIL 0fI~ II: ra 01: om, dl~ d~sk '~O :Ifllonfirt: ~WJfIm.'1OOes 'IllC ov~11 ,~, !tIfit]l!:: ,(i~.

I]] tlll~!S 'book we ~ibli!ih ~,[lwtI![~M:" ~dint~:'iilID~ fuD' b:::!1'I~em re~pOrlsl:'~ v..~ aftetl, ~!'tll~ 'U . ~le;m fm" 5i1iS ~lftmmj haIlHem ~pullse. :Fhl::ilily. 'We ~USl, :p~I'l'l_m.ekm i1)'[' ~~~,Sim, ~~J1J1i:1iiJl~118 to ,.~'rtI, iIJ dl!f!!J'f1¥d b1ImJ.!:ii.~tiJ: ~i}Il'iiS:~iOO.!i.rr' 'i11i'S'~ ruml!t.l~i8 £1M ~esi~i'i ~f~

11~ .... ,. - [15'I~1 v.WJ~ l.

Stea"'~·'-""'Ie fte~n1_

... -~,~~. . .~ ... " ..

Ano~m,w an~l~D:!;. il!i'I~ (I~~m, iBPiI1I1 'ifoiJE.LS'l~ o~ k :st~J-'~'" E~. ,M~"e hi:'il,W::: soon. ~~ ~~~ i[esenfh~ tb~, :t]JfJ!'l[ mld ~s ~Uy w~~ remBiim ~rte,r; me tran~l'IlS ~,~~;!i~ to zt.'ID_ :Fbv~:rI;.m.mpl~. tllSS ~il~l~ mla;)!'!be W'Ii ~~.~ ~~, inell.r 'ailre frnlrtll~ 1 Elm" or Ole Ilead Qf a d:i.8'k, (lri~e 'n~y stop~ ru: 1~ .. our:reot, tr.ad. 'We !i.IIr.e!ODrI~e!lllled mam..: I:hc :i!iI:,~nn:ii:II::y>Dfl~ SitefL~~::.te itii!lSpDI'ls:!'. ,A;rte~eljfru'Ot.Jfl'iUS.E, e :!;e'~e'~ e:[wDtJ- with tile :~wall' fo~ rrlie ~SMnge:fS to ~it. ~'OO, a, re~~~ hei~d ImOllP~t'i!lUl1XI. ~)'!fef" 'Ih:: ~!U'JIln&llIl1d£i!I b'~k ~]~S in,~!irttt e~ M, ~.Dt1f"....t!i11ia ~r.ac'kI~ a sttelIt1:e !m]Il]. ~ ~ ~J]iw wen 'witthm i~1 beam~,ttltli 'in t'lJder flOC: it(!! :to.'ie'I.rnJr..-k._ ]'n il:h;.~ h.':Jl.t, 1i.Vf: ~.f'",n~ ~Il.re errnm iqu.i:'I.n[j.l\I]jl~)~ 21.I'I.aI:y~ a

. d: .• .,~ ...... ~, .,;t.,.;-.,;:;" . , . .,11 ~~ ;Iio:~m;"'n'" - .,..,- . _-. . ,~,..II . " • ft.'!!., " ~~ ......

S}!_e.1:'I1. s _~!.I;~~~ el'f.IJ • au"" lIOllRln ~'\&". oaITe.~iWf;1i _~Jml ", ,I,~~ "1!Le: K~i~-

i5t.ti1c ea:ror~llJ:t MOO"Ii'i.d ~~~as rut~, d~:H~Il, !t!~MiVe.

smtilily

lJtilsQI!I~UIi' " '~I~ll~nt :1i'f~Qru&e ~, ~Wltl_d)' s "1iIte! eH(tt' IS mool: ~f 'O)e sy~ero ~oc~ :Em ~~ ~~~. ]'11 ~ '~O ie~,p1ill~ s~·· UU.~. l'io'e ~il. fruro !the iiiJoti, [h~D: 'gOO '~*l ~~'e of a Sfsl-eJ111 is die, wm d Ilhe itJ'a~UN_r ~~:e and, ,~Iu;!~ ~~.I".5'e_ Wireil, ~ sludil!ll'll~oo~ dif1iorenfial t.. i!t tom 5 , ,~ ,prohaNy 're~ !OO it1l1e~ re:SPO,[I~ as (J:je, hoNol~~ alld tlh~ .~.mi~m~j!' ~oIuf~l;iM .. :r~·ri'Lrd,Y- N~Q~1 ~~ iI1~( es lB~e w~ •. he ,~~:eml dilssD,pae Oil' fjcqubre~ etter,ro.". "[be :fm.,.., Orr :~ m'U is ~~e ~s '~l~~tiIJn'~y 0:.111, dI~ ~ICm".II'IOC: t11Ji: ~npu.t_ Or! ithll: >O:Ihf:D' '~.n~ drJe:fmn -or ~liMllr.e of 'aM fol'eed, ~~!lfjse ~s ~eE'l' ·.!!JH'~ ~ Ei,p,w. Thus. :filJ:t' a, i'near' ~~, W!C ~3'1ii wme

:For e CQJii1!rtdI ~rsrem. ~ iE:Ie us~fu]. the llil~![lnd IUfliVm1!}:!i mtlS!I: n~ ~~lJwly ~,~ 2f«I.lhus '1~ing om.~y 11IJ.e! furced :1:~e...1JT (2Jj; ~i~nate. :[11. Mi~ S[ys. ~m&,. iIlIlJ'W>~ver~ the [I;l~ll(IDd re!:.pJOS''':: ~~ 'wu~h'WU 'm~td lioMh."T 'dJii'!!'i. dim!lii.~b. it(!! zero orQ.~~~nffi1lr.. EwrJb!~l~y., ~MIIttt~Il'~1. ife£p{1m~'e ~5:SO IIiIJL!Ic'b gra!~er tltian (hie :f~ r,-e~p!l\T]S_~ 'E.IIW; ~he 5)'~L'ml ~,~ 1Dtl- ttmlFr Qtrn:tial~L"it This: ~ancl.immn,. .c.i!l~ iIr~lJlJol

:1'DJ;I iI'rI;:Ij' ~1!!'ie'ClJtfu~'lltjrlbi!! 'LIif€IJ..da~~,~. rutd~~"""-E.J1ru't:'d 'H'l"ilJ.il ~oot E'.1:F~re ~,,:i.)'(!!J"aJ1i~iliu~iIlrii:i~;.m;(ll~~r._t,~!JDl3dlll; 1000i-liI ~I)~ tr,.;'imll't~ ne.'uanslienl: ~St! :15. Elil! ~(lm ~~ ~w,~1 mtd:r~ ~~ '~ "!I.h~ ~1IfIiI '~~ is ~...urge, f''!.Y!: ~1Jttc;rJ ilirl:' iI1~l,U;i.ll ~~ ~'~K1f~ Woe wC!1![q~ ~~ .,(1ljt"i.'t! 'nJ~: a.~, rlI~m:!tI;I: ~t'~ ~Ii.ll ~raMIDflt ~C'i of:~r~U'~ ~,ji. Th~ 5k-Ei~ R!ipIWI:it: C!ft6li.I!,IlI1i& ~.J'~ 1l1Ml"n-il: wm ill all:;: iINIIIl.rn.ll ,~13 ii"~, ~~~ txiu [hl! !i'i.ah..."f2'~ :~Mei :h iil1'ifilL "['1Wi" di:81 !ttram;1:I[;'Jl[ liIt;! ~read.~ iSlE!tc:: ~~~~ ~~;Y€l!J ~i'.~'~: 00 tl~[plo'l= III; ~rnl ilrlit!,:r(;r«(!I:~~~ ~b~ 1!:1I'i~r'ty"~ ma:th~~aI iiMIJiJl(i:lllr;Jtii~ of OI~ ~

fntnmEctiOI m a ClIse :Stoo,-

:N..uw !thmn: m.Jl" Q~i~SIII~ f1te :mared • .titm'f do we, :meei them·! '~[j iIll:l~,1!ii ~Iann 'We ·w·rl~~ :100k at :an e:;.,;~;e!Of a 'r'ee~ci:: 0DJii6iti~ ~}'$m. The ,s,yslm ,~ttI!OOced, tieR wil~, b;:, 'w~, iifi :s~eIl'i1 o'h~,ptms as, a nmu~n,g ~ ~1lUd) Wi demolW!!IaW 'n.im.~ dbjed1.¥eS, of. !/lh'~ ~~I'i_ A oorore(l oond ~ik~ th~ Me at fi, '~fl;P (jdnlil;~ ,~e

"J~ ~,JI;~ ";r. ~.., ",;!I:'~ _ I.,.,. ~ r.,~~dI """"''''......... ,It<~. ] cL __ JL." 'Ii.

'W~ ~,:ru'L:DUu,), !IJIle ~ UUi;",r seenen at ~I~ ;i:':W.J, 111~: ~:u] .,;.,;.w:.. ... r.. ~""n~~ , ...... 'i!il~i[:dI;1.

[iJUiJWsdl-~ fimca56!!<]6!1iifty,.c~,P'~ nltede.!i~ ~"8 md ~g~~ :5t~p. w.[h,~M, ,llJ;m.tem,

A.~lemm ,AZimUII'1r. AfIll~dR.:m ,t~ PGlitiGn Control Sys-tems

A ~l!)s[l1ion ~!Jn:~, .~~m oormc:D1:!l a '~~t~~ 'iE~l!.It «Jmt1:iZind ~o. a po~.itiilm OL:llP,'1ilt re_~~" ~iEt(in ~om::~, ~.s~~ms find. w[dC<~:ild ,applL'i:!IL1:iiDll!i in .ii'!nrema.&, robD'~: mm'i,. wnd, !lXmlnplJ~~ dnst >tm'lji'Cs.. ~ :room ~~ ~n'temmli. :~m,

F~u:re ~.8 is .at e ~mp1~ iQf iR ~ysael!n 'g~ml UL~~ p~a.~IJI'~ i1:0fi~, ¥E~a h'l. it1l~:!; i5il!O!J~1ll we ~U, ~~,!in de~aiU iirt M mlren.Il'I.~, 3.zimI!L~h posil~Im i).;!JJJlmli s).'&Il.em ~ cou d be !lJ:SeiII '00 'pu~nmDlII, ~ ild~~ 8nrenm~_ \V,c wm, L~e ho"", it1u~~ ;syS'tUn ~ ~nd ~~!J1W ¥ft': ern !f!rfoot eJt1in8i$ 'm '~~s :~ro:r.malJice,. The (I~C~JS1StiJn 1\(l!11'! '",m ibe Oill. a g,m:im~ti.w ~~ .. w~~, tile lI:f~t~~a,ve of gl'!l:trn,g wi ~~tIl~mYe ~Jiljj'j,g fe ,~~ sys~~~m~ wicih whie!h '!We win ~ de.~'I~~~.

An a III e:M:l;!i wmu~h [in~ unioo ,~ootroil, !S.)'S ~~, ,is. L'iiI~-m !ilit :p"~U:'IJ\f: I, 9{al ~Llt a m~ d~i!rDled, D~1iJ.1 ~fiii1l. :!:idn~m~i~ '[n :A,gu.fa ]".;9tb') ~'[IIi.1, J .9'.(,'1\, I~~tfl.'t::'~y. ,f'~,gUfoe m.9(d) shows ~.f.E,!Ji~til'maJ ~Jl:' aurgll'IITnii;r.i: dll~ 8Y~t The :rl[lftcmfi-a S Me ~~aw~l ~ the b~f~s.. and me . ,eq,uuTd I~~ar:e is ~m:e;an~d imgd~ dll;: 1b'loc'fcs ..

;n,..-.., "",1I"G<Il<I'I'-"; ~ ifI, "" ..... ' [""I!'iI';".",~1i ..... "" "\1" JI".,......I.' , ..... .il'"",,~ ,;;il-.~ ......... ,""" _iRr.... ... ~"'" ,ri1l-~ ~~ .. ~~~'I.,'~ ~J ~ .: .. u;~ ~1II~~r"r.'4~IL'_IJl·U.F.HI ~t I-.ol •. lu1.l~1.J :L ~I'~~r"''''' ,IJW, ,~!U-Il!u. ~ lI,~lIa ~11J~,

~~:I-' 1hOi~b ~1~8 liEiIl,R ~ ~'l!'iii:h Ea~ ~IHi~ Iill!: 11'if! OOU«Aal'd ilmr>E i_j; la~ amnII [i 2n ~ll[~~!'l~OIJli !M1l1 ~m C~!L

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, ~ w:i. I :11101: ,-·trm. TIiIll&,. the.

Ili: 00 mtu: :m.8.ldk. 'he ~w It1:i:e

fim,lfIo 1..1 ~ 1;~llU!~

f.~~l!IQ

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~1'Ii:IIoI)I'. ~~ .3IId genrn

~:l.J.® R~~ il!'f~j!liQStllC!l mOOm~tcm.. ~i.~~:!cJf,~ .am l3!I!' [~' 8lIFi!i}i'lR~!Jt ~~

, iO~ill' 'WI.tIl , h'ah~iili

nt!~ [[lie ~itiili~y ·ei:l~li, :~Ij)f !fil Hm!Sii.eIili: m~JI'ID1:.~ '~na.: !c{(1ll~ls gf ~ O!~nlhimls ~'~mn'~ ~ sjo!.1s!OOdal ~fQ'I"I~'e '~:hDSe .f.iWO'.pn~~llde dimaa~!iiJ:e:S ~Jlit fl'nll~J :g'b(~.Ii 11 ':s&e:ltd¥~~llIe '\i;a~~ 'Iif itllm t-Wm,:ils. :EbiI'~L 'Wlhm; '~,po;I]ses :ro.ll' ~ow Y1in _ bWt ~in~.re ~9,!lIl ~I[;I ~re 'I J'iV"

~,~!I,e d~~ t'he tt'ru!:;1tm res.pgmre of the [JJOOIl!.~·~ mlJDro:~ sy~]~.

lILe~, !I].S ~ ,d5.r.e.cl·IIJI.m ,EilI'=rll1i[1J]i itO ~e 5Wady ... ~e f~JtiOJn !t\!! ~.~ .t4~~,y tlu. ~ ItlW u;nr:a'Ldm (lie iII,p,UD: afi:ern~ U-J!nsiimt~ di~.Fi!E- Fli 'wre ~ .u) sbDWS:zero ;errOl" :i:m, Idle s~ead!y~:tUle IIl'e!'f:lD~~~ ~~ os • alter the ~raM[:e'iI'I~""'~ d5s:9.~rOO.. 'ahe (I:~m pooL:II\m .t!i'1:s Ithe: CCtt't'iDrumdtd ifIJlu'l: p:i1~~iom- mlili S(io[;TIi~ S]'~s.ltbcel SiIIe'3GY.stttt.e emlf W'5U"m)lJ.t be Rrn; ;rn-li:h.~e ~y-~s, a ::l'iItJ,pIe ,~.~~ Mj~meiiit

'gzy ~~~~e ~';@ i!!!i~m.Ei.i:emd' re~p!lm~ 'is ieint~r lIlon :eH'ecn:i,'IIflC m:' l~:;, 'In <f;j, tl'!ade-©.ff bel,weeslti '~ite des.~rett 'Dr 11 055 E:D It. ,re~"\IjJ!Jnse 1!.'I:r;d, b ~nd ~dyofiiJLl.e ~(lI!1'li!ilC].'~

.~rt:., it/i,," 'i.!I~ 'In~ .~~.,!!. !m.

e ~w .. ·e ~iM!lS :pro""I,i::;~~].~. CQ!Ilro.~, 'W~~II a, !iJ¥r.li:~Jin;t: Ji'e~IL"iC. ~CI!I, as an

emriicm1 fi[rer .. '~ 'l!J~d. ~~ '"',~nn ,[1111 ,:illnp'~ifie:u. '\iVi~1h ..rus.ype' . ,rotITDttirrlcf. 51t as ;~tMe ltD dejgo ·~Ih the ~eq)l.l.~.red tflltnilm;t, ~sp{l]'i~\t, i1J1id tlll:: ir.~~~ ~~~y-, :I:.1~_ijce ~mi!:CY 'Wd1lhOIirt fi§re ~~'-'Drf mq,l!UligtJ by a :&~mp~e elttm,g ,of gaJD\.

~"I .. eT.lite ~!Jnt~.~j,'i!,r is rnJW U1!JiJ'ie oa~l~iIi:. De if.i.lI.'rer:rn '~hi.s (;a~'~ c='il~e.d,

f.i iQcrmp!!!'I~~ ,Mruw S,ysrerniSi lIIso 'wn-; ~Mmt-c 'i!.i~.~I}l. in '11m Ifee.d~k :p.a.ib a1.o:mg w,~mn dre. ot!t;pU.t h'3il1_C~U' m ,i.mprore ~ IJi!e~;Mmt:Lonoe.

kL S!l.II:IJntary .. lheA.· ,~ilgn tlbjLtt'i,~~ :l!iod '~iIte ~~:e.m"'s pe:rf~

m'!,1!al~ :ll![1JE.lllId '~he lraJ]si~~ re,:~~~ me slieady-sli.'1De et.ro:F. _, Sl!.:l'~~'ty, (!Qjj1iIj ad'just:mte.r£Ds esn alI&t.t :~iolnre rnrd, SiJm~ti:me:) '~~~ ltD !trade·G1f'S b~~eft Llhe !Pt:rfu:mJ~ilOE: m~e~ C!!Impe:m,~ iCruI, !Of(eJj the (Iesa.g.t'I.~ ro ,adlhi~~ :pr:\T!fQl!-

"""""""c"! _i"'I-~.-"I"""'" ,,,"," .... : ,,:'Il '" "",-:-_..Ii ,.r',,:-l.IBdc-~ '~1-,_"> rt.''I.~~: ' .. ,,"" ~,_,'r.o "' ..... ~..m

•• ~" ~ ... '"'II:"""'"' g~ """, .... n, - ... ~I.., uOOU, ,~1lI" ~.FJiI~_ 1"fI,~ IIoKr..U ""' .. h ... ", ... e.'I~IIILP..J,

,- (i~j;ea:i,~ Mil ~,of dte :[ne~~tOO~ av;a~~'ble 'DD :~: t~ ~jsct~'05. we ~b~ '~M m..tu]y ,p:ru,gre:ZMon, tMl :~~ u '~O; 'afu;: tlmiIJ sy5l~m ~~.

lIJi.'ilRTEll~ n.~ .~ ~~~

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IL,,6 The Design Prnclt,s$

,'Iit l'tils ~D[j ~ e~blfll&b lin .Qr~ef:~ :S-e!}UMLCIe ik'N. ~h~ ~~.!:tegn ~f:fe~~, !OO:l!1l£O!l ~:eDm 'n~ wiII~ be 'fo1i~~ m 'We :FQi~~ ithrowa:tt the ~5t of d1ie ti~Ok~ H~ui:'C: ~-]:~ ~E1illWS dlle ,~o.r]hed,' ,_' oc~ &I;j weill as IIlte ttl~pft~ in '!Wh5m'h 'Ute ~~ ~ dIiOUme{l. Tilte MD~Ui:a RLziD'itu'H~b]?J:Gi~illrii [cOJiili_rotI ~~m ~is~e(I,illl tB!Ie ~am secUOrI D.!Iii ~,F£c:~iw !Dr il:on~~ :sy~s. that mmst be ;ii'liMi~Y1.:ed ami, -de!>'~re~_ lnben."d, in lPiigllre. :~ .11 ,is; f~arik ,Wi!"I~t ~.ocmntl[ni~:>Iginn ,i!tl!lri~i!!l ~cb :pll!1Se. !for e~;j'mWre. ~f t~s~mg (,~p -6) s_t~~ 1 ' ,R;qlIjr.ewJelLt.~!b.M,-e 'oot'~ :nteE;; the: S)'l!tllc:m nu~: Il'ie!

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ceJillr..ut. be :Q.tt~iilii~ :1'0 ttbe5e- a~. the .req,llIiremen!its. i!la,'!re; 10 '~:~~ecilii~ :Ellil~ th~ '~iJ,n ,proce~ 'r.f\iU'ea~:e(t l.t~ '1!J8 ~"", elhifu;or",~~ mI, ~h Mifoc:~ W. fligure :1.11 .•

,~p I~ lnMform R:equ'WeotenD Into a Phylical ~m

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:sRIcln ~ desi~, i~~cnl :~,~e al1l.i.1 srea,dy-£~are i3.Ci:iIJJf2lCij\, are d'{!nermi.lte~_ Jh'1rIhti.p.s !3lIll!Yilem1l oo~. iWd'i, it'lfi fls,ur.e l_!fI~~ ... '!.'lrolit4 :r~rub.

8mp 2; ~raw a! Fmnn'€:tiot1allBloo"k. DI.f,'8D'I

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M ·we ·6m'e sun. l(roSitm ru'lbd ~\~ C{lmr~ itifo e-:~(\~il. moohHilili~~l. m!ll1. euet:~mm~am!fml, [l[[mpmlr:rtt<l_ M~ :prOOucc~ !tbe &~ptimt 01 a :pl~ysiea] sy~ tern. lite oonti:'QI, SJi~S e~[j~r U~Mf'tlf.mS tbe. u;i1ly,sg(\~'il SY~l."fI1I, ii:m~D it! :!I;tIlJ.~m3~~C ~i~rn. 'trh~ mliioo'~ s:~~m (~~r oc~n '~n ~11111te ~~'Ca·1 de!Kri.ptlilm. as e lai~1 .in :f1~!.:I~e V~;{d) • .ru'1d (leffle ~ sdternbltI.Q,. Tli'i.t; eJttgrn~J' i1WliLSt m.:d~' app~~.l"Jlatinl'l~ aOO][Jf dii~ 8,~~m mllI1, '~l~ cetrtaiml [ilte:ruOJII.e1l'.l, iDi' elise itJJe. oc~'UI~ic \¥i~~, lJ;~ lIlI]lNlfie1ldl'. md:ing h (jUfi'cnUllo mIl'MJ, a nilseru'l 'mlrth~m'~J1;,~,m!l~ dljj[']flg tb~ iliie;t! iF~~ uf'~~te :aJ'l2iiJ~·~ ~l1ld ~~,g'~~ :s~. TIw ~sIgne.r' :s1;~!ji '~lb.a,:si[f~~ 5(·heri~r " ~.lID~~~iIitallmi..and. at mb:sectuedl'l], iP~t;:!!ses (l~ the ;E'I~,'Il.H:l~s tlfid ,~--:::.;:w;, """"C1JU:errrJe.e. dil}rik:5i t1ile "~"'I!I~til!lJij5, 7:'_A~ Hban .. ..-r.~. rrJ-oI!i!~~'i""'~ ;<\"0"""''''=' ~~ _. l.J.I&II4I&-"~'L.li· . -- - - ~ -""-y -'_ ~=I=~ "~_" _~'III~~-~y-OO~~I.qlio·~L-:"U~.

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,jus~: !ilhe, ~re IUemtlmCC UIDi ~ure 1-9t(:~, "Wei ~DIW the 'Gff-ect of the anna W'.I"e

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ft~ ~SilgnN m~.l\;~s ru.o·~ ~llJIIJpti!l1Jl'ls, ~a~[!; nW lru:l(ll, PRie load c·ons.:tls1s o:f a

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lb wmpu~r if, an inwg al'p:M]: of:m e,rn ~ro1 $e:m ~gm.. aru1lli311lY ~,FIJru>Jrirmat IbOoi.iI)!:.:I!!re U~,l!rL'ih!bl~ : m .l(.QUi" !IJ~ I~ 'mliis !book, ~ use ,MA:'1'LA.Bi :fiIC~ tbe 'MATLAB Ol[lI9:'QI, :S)'£~:em ~![{iO:~lbox. '"Ilic'h ~~Lld8 M'JITL,u '~D!~ clui:fe cnm1rol S!fi~.em-spaic ~nd& :rn ,mriDhw~. p~~ed iIlU: ~'"Tal M'A1'.lAEll'orn'~mweme\I,[~s. tns~, gl,W ,&tI.ded fQl[;j~i,mm.1~ll' w.MATLA'B anti. t_he C.Qj]cm·~ Sys~e:m~ 1)bQ9,'1boJi;~ ocgoolXll li!re (~.~, Sill'll!Jlblk. whi>Cft'l, ~ fi em.phi~, ~~u imleifaJJc too,I); (2) me :Lll 'VIi.~~. ",~.ch:~ :WleuwremmUs.·~iJ ~)e lINWe .ai:f.e-ctly, !frem. [1J:lle "uld II! .~J~ :E\..~ts(: CI!J~ (1) the ~ I1i,1!!i~.gn 'Jool. a i[l[I~1-WIll:~ll: D'riIdi ;!iI!O_ ;j:!~~~5: &'1m d~31n wo:~; ;arn;!, ~.in In!ie Sym1rtiltl~.c: 'M'iaJh 1[Qo'llbim. '~~l-c'h Sli\ie~ t.WQl! ""i~ :flfifikb:(g i!;~D~.k:'~OO.~ffi.Uu~ Rt'fU~~, in ~;-Ultntri~ 8j'stern,~ll'iidp·~ ~md d~,~D._ Smne of ~e !l:Jl!lhtmc~le~ :l1Wl.f ~R a{M.~~Doo1. :oo:l1wa;ei ~dgb'~e :fmm ~ "he ""11afb~ :~m;..

M~ILi!'JB ~~:~ as :tm a~~nl~g:e mestlrr(id m w'Gvanu. !OO]JU'OI :srj!MD. ~ro.'b~elnJi!. Yo!.], ar;e ell'ioo~ 'ED :OO:Dve~:p'ro,ib'te!:TIs:m.t ~ :~, imil, ~ 'fury M'A1LAB w 'nUtt i'IDl~gJ!il ~ nOI :ros~: d1mru~ :~'~rJ~, q~~\: !llf caR'.pI,:!~I':~fatTiI». To !~~ ,ern.1. ma.lj)" eJot1llft'tp s i 1i1a~ho.u~:tlre looc~ are s.;,i}iJ.Me{1, bf'ha~clL :fCiprn~,'~ &~~e{I, USE.': ofM'A1UB.

1'0. 3~ oon[!l~1,g l!I~e !t~g W'·ooltL1.roII, ~sn.e~ p.rlnci~~ wi.~l ~lhe1~iim~~!t'!f oo~npmro:r. mdOO(k of ~od~ •• lFu~I1l~~eiic D!IlRlructiull1.-'I;l ,!ijgnil, c·~de !iI"ili oCo-vered ml~)i ii:rn. 'Ute atP;fec .' jM~ W' .~JIi th~ c1ta~rs. '"[]Jrou,ga~Qm_t the IOOmk varrons ~~OJ[5 ~pea:r ~n the Inllre1lll to Wellnofy 'MN[tA'9 tef~re~ tba~: mn~, ~ to Il1;e :~r .p'ro~mr:o. .[nIl the ·.iZF ~pm(li:K a.lJdll.f.\lU. yrnl. w~Li.t ymJ, wiU. De'Zlil':til. ~.ed ~rdE:lpteu. p'~1mI!;; DRid Ci~ S~nriI,:w Chi:!i'lle.JiI.~ iru:], b~ ~.~ !1J!i5~ :MJit.'":r.1LA.18 ~ ~1m b~ ~u wafh ~.~mte .t:oom~, TIe 'ro~ktw~ list iDlru'i:'li:res. the •• , (;i6c oomnplJDteatrcs,gf'MATLA'B mNl,;iIl 'U'Ei.s bmk. th~ ~oon!IJ:tf:d m .ITrL'fl't·ufy ~:;.:cl1.:!lI'Id 1ite IIpp,eCltEi~, ,in '~ih:i£h III ~p1ii.ml. ean be fQUlld::

·M.Ji\TL.A8lCmJrDm] s-,~~n ~Eo!JJbiJX ·ijlltu:r:i.1I1s an{I. 00 de mr.e ·fim.OO i~ A;ppe.mrx.1B 3!ld ~c~~;iUcd .mlli liliIe It'~, mfu, the M'A :.LAB ilXfll1 :s~turw,1l in im.e l]]flrgin_

S1mu~~rt~, ru~oriril:!i ~~, d~RL~~ml;EW.~ fm:W1d ,il1.~~~Ii)l; e ;l:!!Eld .idmt'iJiWd 5i1ii ·thf;.'; '~Il::~[ wiD'h l!IlI'l! S-irn~I1l~~'~ ioan ~i)"m, in 'Uite '~n..

Synibo~.h:i '~tll ~r,gon"!~ ~~'l .l:s 1l:ln{l, ... e me 'foilUOO, in A~~c .' .i~ E ,mnd -de:JJIIOed ~.n the reJt~: ~ ltJe Sym'bon~' :Mmh.looJ'ti f:i~n ln !lite mi.4~·L[iJ.

,.en "'T'P '" 'I'ii ~,.~"""-., •• ......,.!I.r1 .• " ·t . ..JI"".II1-..... .,. ,",~;I;!,"" ITL.~ •. "..... . ......' .. 'II'M"".., .• ·_.:H 1 ... .lI~II.L..-.f .. U' ........... w:: h,o:,o~llI. ~'" nu·, i~"'ll1un_dnl1 ~"'""~.I". • ~Itc: ':'I s, U~~ i()IJu~ ,ru.il~ om !LL2> UIIIU

"'¥U[~Mati®J'I£ tbag, B'"U,wqn; ~nAB. AtthuUJ¥1l nww :lIre (]-ff~r«~:o. ,~ro~n"um.g aJt{I. ~naitl~~~ MAl"'.LAifJ 'fi~. '~do 'Hm ~~. lMm :~]'j; this: Ibmik" J.!JlM.. 'm'~,are !lifitEr!'J'Iy :~ i!:mmnli3ir~ ... :~Iit MA']'LJj,IB, and 'i,!i . MKrLAS tOOlbcoo~· Uiialn;Wrg ~·O\"'iillfedl ~al ta~e .[fPFi~mdln~~e&, ~m.~ e::fplore the 'Il[l'bni[\g~ at .thel end, of dlit ~1iJ;te

a,w~nJiij~.es '~{l; iffind oo~, :~ ahur~ ,MA:TLJ\ll '~re mf:im:~fJ:te'~tt ~lJidl M'AT.LA'[i; [til" :!:.'"'b:1Drt'i.Olil ~ 1lIJJ1: w~, lin, !Dhiis itg_~ook"

'Yu!,:!, ~ ~ncou~, tu'~ ru,mIpW\iilC~Il~, a~!:;i !~hrou~haurI; tbiis Ih~, Those:m:'l)l UG~ng,MA,,[.lAf!; ~DDI1Jrl, ~~~~ i\~[jtli:l'l: G (In 1~ ~,ins CD-B.OM': 'm-:Q i!!I~CI!;:I~l'Qfli. m',!1)t]~1:' ~tter.1'W~~. N!lliw (~IEC: ~ ilii~ ~ntfmll~~ lCQ~ll.rOl, S)'SD:em-s '~1Di ,ym1, ~md ;~!mlJ.f~di ~, l!il~, 'fQ1' co:nlf~t:iO:iGlm_1 aitts te :Ve\rfttt'm ~fi.pilp'h5 mild d~!iil!n,. 'we b1ulJ1cb oor. m~!Of ~nrcli S!J~.~1li'1i!i.

Summar,'

'['.00 ,.~ sy,s~~&lW 'alrm'll~nJle -n:o. e",,~1)' ~m: of inuOd'iem ,~etY. ~'n ~., ~][(mP..s we 'fi.~i.d 'nOOl'l1l"iili !el;'1::rfn :Iliilil,g :fwlIl roaSlle.rs 'C1Ji ,I"teataQ s,}!ster.118 to '~ Cnm.lll~, s:~, 00s1;) ihia-ve 'IIJj.fi~ !3,wlicGnroms i~. sci~K~ mr,ad, iTlQ;umy. from, S~Wl,g 8_b~,ps aM, ~ifU1U to p!:dilng :mis....a~~:i w-url, n~ !5,~e iShl:IU:l~ 'c. .nrd :s.y~ i3Joo e~~St 1Di!~ [".a.J~y,; tOur ~m QOlIt;iir. i!Itt:1!'i:'ieL"WS curilil.'6~ ~'Y~i:rm;- E'II!~lll ~'(I;Jijo.nltc M!.i ~ :roEl~~) ~SIl~m ft:~'iltin"rJlID5. ~,~ ~~, ~~oo-~d bMed 'M '~Gm.rct SJ'"B1ie'~UI, thOOD}'Oumrdl s)'rui'e.:~ are; U&e~ where :P.O'~'er ~~i:'I. f6mDl~ oontooL Of ~ij:~~tOml of ttlle :fntm!Of ime ~rnp!ilt ~8 ,requited

,A.!Cl[([la.a-o'~ ~~e:mhas al1.ll:f;pur. '~,~Plt&t attJd, run tJUlpNl. C!ll'J1nro:~ i!;iJl"~~:a1l! be ~.i~.or d'~i!'oop. OpeiL .. ,IOOf ~~ {lo:Ml mDJlj[ur OD"~: 'lire WI,piII: far di5~m:hmii~ ,I~~f~ lite]' are: s:[m~r. :amrl ~ess ~em>'il"lNc thIn ct~se~:I~~ £y~ms" OW~~~'oopo sy~ li'IiI[lnWor illite !Q:u~;pu~, ~l1Idl ,ca~ it w tile biprul, If: an ,mM;!l de1ie~. t~ ~;J,c!lr~s tth~ IiII .. tp!Wt;li1m.d:Etetf~ ~~ 'n~w eff~ cf d]l5'I~!!.f.'baJiJ:ces,

Carl1TOl, S;lts~m$ :al1la~,lf..s:Rs., ~11I.d d'esign 'fDC!!J~ (i1t !th~ :prlmer.y '~m"~~e~

: ,. Prod_ud~!l.lhe dl"-i!'ii~, tr03rif.d§1l: R~Ons~

,2 .• :~~~ ~!:i~sta;[e i!!r:ro.tIS

3. ~1I"~e~~ ml!b~lil}

,"" ""~- ,_.,.,.,.' '~.,-, ..,;~,·Jl..I~ D".1i ~f if",..,; II'UlI'iA_~ it],;:; ~1"ftIi~ 'h ...... N ... ~ , ... ="'~ "'i~- 2I'Il_

.ttl. Q;I~". , •• IJI.II!-;.]lJ, ~ mJA1U_ ..... ,. ,,~~ II?V ~-"p~ kIo_,_.e:I!Ir. 't'"' ...... lr •. M,y.!u~~~t .. , ~.1n,[l ..,_~ ..... t~[I;.!l!-

~~J: re~1J[lse. llinsleiru1i: ~sr~n~e :lcs import.o.il.m: ·~OOfiUS~ fr. :mf:Ii.~iJ,;Iii . ihel spwd, of *' !&"~eJI!l ~1J.d m~ure~ IbI!J:fJ1l~n :p::tt"r.eI'IDC ~, OmT.fur!l. [f;l!J~, 'UiJi Ine.m-o mee'tt.w.t&l ~. Slle.HJd,r-~re re5,J!i!):I"JS'e ~e.te:rmi[jes the .m~ !IiJf. dill'; IOOllltrot ~~m~ '~~ IIJJV- e:riII:S Ib01W c!lus~ the !DU~~: :rna~'6~~ nire des.tred re5,PDJJS'e.

TIle c:f.L'"S!1p, af a CilIiItt'd~ :sy~. :~.~.i!)\VS lirest: ~

~ 'I IDe~el'flfiine:l!! :ph~lc~t :s)'~I:em MllI, rs_peanClttjo~iS ~i'O.IwI, ~1!I3re~_ Slce, ,J; DJ~ a rml~ii1R.r1I, 'Mn~, ~iqnll!lJ~

1St. 3 ,[k:p~~m In!le '~,y:s.~] ~Sii:em as a :soheonntir:o:_

~ 4 '~it'hE: Sc:h~m:allC to ~n II, :lIliI1ltem.llttc;,!ll mo·dt.!lo SI!:II:~'h as ,a bi~l dj~BrM11.

!St~,p ,5 ,~l,iic~ ta~e 'b~"Ot (Jj~rnm,

Sk,p ~ Ar.ail,YE wtd ;([C.~fIJ tl~:e sy.slf!_m ro :~el; ~~ ,re,qr£lJt:'~wUs ~.mt! :5petifieatiDml !tl1il1 ~Itdl~~ ~~iliit~tf. !ttru'i!iren!: R:W0ml~. ,f:iM ~'-li~I:e pe.flo fottlili,'i.nn~~

iFJ.i~, ~U, ~'

lri n~ iI'i~1: m~.jj1~r"'i'j,'e (lwt~.Dm:lI~ '~hruus.h th~ ru1.'ftlY.'ih @1rurl,;de. ~DCe ~.11lrl :~~ :lw'rill Dg; ~8'e -rile ~lte:r:mm.-i: W 'OOI~jlll ~ [[ntthemaf[Cfi~ iD]]~t

l. :~rnE: lI:b~ :iJ,PP'~CclJtWIll8 fUf'Wed hIlCt ,CI,1mid ~y;se:enm.

,2. :~e thF:ee '~S fm' ug~ng ~bd, il:'JDliI'nrtill ~'~~~m.."i ~,at ~~ >I;lc!be

Hi!SI(!;;l~ h ~ Il,IStmS thM1~ _.

,3" ~e three '1.':'J'l:.B.~:!ii of ope Dt-,IDC,P S)'!5~eIIm;-

4. Jf~ooti:omd.l:J(. bow a;'jj} " ~,.:rnDp ~Ji.'Sm:ems ffi'rk ,from, ~,-lDIJp' Siyb1t~~

,5. St2!te @lii~ ~@1iid5~iPl. y~er ''i. .. it~il:'h tJ~e eifl'C[' £~~I of a ;f"ee~l~ CV3!11rd1l ~~:ern '~l[d imO~:!be the !l1~ffetetiCe [betwe~ diJ~ ~~w, ~turl, iIh:;:: tiWpU~'_

". ,IJr', itil~l e:rror s:~1. is:nm t!I~~ "iHie.rIIilflCe 'b-1iI~,we ill, ,~n.l'I;]l am d OO1ip wt. by 'wl'J t'1'C:

~rtet~'~ il'iarrre I~n. '~\e de.smb~ 'fItt: esrer :!:i~~I!i~

1 .. :~w,:me two .":mll~ga mfb~,,!{dim,g a c®ullm~r in 'U', ~~. s. Niilm~ th~ three lJtIo~il'IX dcs,1~I~, ,,;;a1!1;oerif4, for ii;:,m~~ 8~~e:rm, '9 ... Name tbe tWO :pal1S,of i3i ~~~rn'~ mptm~.

1.([. f.tl~si:c;;i~~ '!Wh~n !1ru:I1J~I!IS '~~ a S:Y~1Il ~:iat ~s Ulti~~?

U .. m!id:j~~J" ~ II!'t'tDblJru.lllrle '~iJi lP..\'b~: pm;Of' ~c ro: , '[(,,;:S,PDl!Uie?

11. A.djw~el!i,~ oUtre fot'!~r{j, ~lh ,~~~ ron mus~ ;t'h~IIIl;f;!J:l5; ,!D1 'ilre 1irun~t':Rt

Ir!::~O:IIl8e~ TUe !Or 'f.E!i'UEe1 _

13. :lSa:ine three upprtr.idres no 'nre matil1CltlattlJ.I1i~ modclins, or! CIlIllU'fiI, ~:n.'i,

14. :B,riefI~ describe- each of":your allSWetS, 00 Q~UOIlil ~,3.

Prnblems

IL A '\Iarii:tb'~ :r!Bei-"'i" ""::Iil ~ ~ A "l .~th.~_" ~I "1', , .~""" ~" ~'110-~ ~.... ~ IO'~ iIo I,""", I'.il~ 'Ii ' -, ~;:.. ,~

_ Il':!I ~"" .... _ _ ~!;'IJ, .... ,IV~' ~,V 1'i!U~.., .~, •. :i:i MWW.,lI. 1[',L,e,-u "'" r,~ • III. 1C ., ....... !Ii

~ ~s. ''!!la~i:d, Ib-J' mDY.ilmg:tll ''IS-~F arm ,(j'~m,g: a:fured :r:eslS~llr.:e~_ T.~..e :reanstl~T~~

f'rmn AI, ID ,r~!ii ,h....,,~,~ .... , .. "'".,. .. .-]d _ ,;;::...._ '~' ..... ,r< ~ ~'~h ('Ir'" '1!'i~.~-:-;'i"iI'

.... .~_. ~~ 11&1 ... '~ <:!L ,u..l ..... ~" ,iii" !I.U .... "' 8 ...... ~~I" .. ,1, .. ,,,,,,,,mL.l..Y<I,!UJl

me ''!!!i'i!p-:t' arm, If ~l 'IEIke~ o:iD '~I1rn5 to liClln'e '~ht: ~,~r am1. from Al, 1In C. milt ..... a Ibtoct ~H!m ~r 1!l1~~ :~~lmrr.e~~ :mo~q 'Ole ~;~, ~'~e. n~ .nutput wrl-

03' " ~'. aiil~t (inside irhe Me-o'k) 'Iht: ~n\; ¥Y'~lj db ~,~ ,FI, i[;IJ]1si!l!'nt EliId::B!i the :i!I.lltilwrllt b}'

'!R.dit'cb, Itlm ~mF-!:'t 'is illBll[1ilp~ '_ d 'M obta~~ the {J!i!Upl4~ _

:1. ' . itelill,~l.nlfire C!!lDl.1J'W, SJ~IZID'~ ~r.lIIe;s 'bJ' ~fiSiillg 'nile d.~ '~~ iI:~ it'hel1Tt~K.~, ~nl~: a"itd the. ilID~l1d '~~mpemlll:"e [ill lit 'm1iBTIi ~q i!!I, fuel ml'l{t:. Wi i8t.tiQtjn~ lPoo;pt.mlllna~ m "~is diEier-.ence.. :Dr~ 0:1, :rluttib·t. .c~:roop 'blnci: iilta.gram ~,~m~'nar It!- :Poilmf:e ].'r.>{d} ~~~I~jf~n,g the :irl.fUl .3Jiid, !ll1ttJiW; 1tr.~lISdllloers.

~c ~ICrnl~~Il". ,tIIBd, !lhe :p1:lIl~_ :Ft[~f. i.de~~ifJ' !lbe :~rnpt.C wtd ~ ~~gi'lal!l, of:a1~, :;;;l~).~1ems :JI~oosOy desm1.'!~.

~II'~: ~el.,~ ~~&d

Ai~ro:D !lk:f1~,ll1f1\\',11i

,::r

3. Am ai. ~!""!ilf.~ ,,~.' ~e '!,!flrl_eK ~1 r'!:{.h, plt-r!h" er.:d ~' iII~ de:Jli .ilI i!l'i, Fl,gtIre. :P. .. 2, D-.u.w El £urremuulIllmkmik dfimsmm, '00 ill d~e-d", oL'\PJ ~~~~rnl tMl :~lI:~imi~i"~5, tlli! ron as r(il~s.~ De ~,mmn m~tlR.~ f~~ aDi:lml :roll q'[e ''''firh ti i,',ro attd ~", .• 1Pill\~ ,~~~ ~ct~, ml~ angHi!: mDl1,I~e ~iJed, mill ru~t:. The t'I;~ ~mnd ito ~ lii!.1lhifiri.611e e. .!lr ~., iI!I~~(goi~tg ,En]. !i1'llJ§L;iUeir defliN:riOill_ T:~eJ ,afl~jj; ;reqK!~ m tba. iJD1~nr &hl~ •• p"~na ill, m~~ =:i~ rate:. Moomify Orr. U!IlJl]j~: W"lll1 UIUa,.. !pllJt h',;m~rn" ~Jle emuro~'" • ruld 'filtt: I!;itaru, Fu:rin~r~ iL'l~l~ify lib: ~IIJ1e iQt.',~:b s3~1.

lit. ~ny:~ iQ])e.rt.t~ l1m, rnlrerl rnliw.m11i1l1;rt :ffiOIL!iZ."l fi"om ,~, 5Up,~1y Re:] '~I} ~ m:.&ll!lp ~UGll, Typ[,ml'~~y. ~.~ ~~. ~,[I~, 'M~.r.J" <OOJttr(i~ lhe :m2:teti:lJ~ so n~t ~~: ~I'I!,,;\\Itl at a cn.mSlrul~ \."f;i]!Jrity. ~Ji&k: '~rooiU]. Com: )e~" 1W·~S IDse CU"l'" 'm~, 1~n. ~G~']]''ii!te :0' run i:ne.HIa wllll:e ~leraaimg OIl" d~N.1rti!llg • .2!J~d, :uegl!~1i!11e ~l~ra~- ,'~ 'e i} SlIIl:iOOI'l €~'CS.. A. Wilild1:f i!l, !fl'hlJ!Wn m :Bg~n~dl'll.l.

~nl1!~J:i]'J, !I.Irn,.~ml'.::r

~"P1,_~ Wiml~

fli!llli1!,P'Ltl ~ 61 ,a f1_rl.:"'J f rw;:t.r

Tile 'fm:a. Itmn~e.r m~~ tem~Di:m~ ~'e- wili'l~r :~u.1k ~ilim 'n:;1.(l mp roJns." ''Whbl:h 'pKf\l,hle sn ~p'~~ClS fvr:~~ and d'w ~lJjd1~ [.l1i'ON'~i:hs, S:[l1I1.1n {~b'der' W CQlll'penS!illM:: ,f« q;l~gt'cS. m ~'Pf-~d. ~~ lilli!W1'imU 5~ IDOP~, W"GmOCI, iIl.&«lf~.:e~ 'in'1tE::roop '~1I8ntsi :Il',opliil d1'1i:!ir~~ ~-~m !C2Iu.~~ ~~OG~!ifi,'!{@. sDai;l:: !Dr (!~I~1lB lite, ,~ri_~d I'f I(l:1e da~ [jXT::/ Jm ;~ :lil:.~ 'b'y a ~~;Dm~ QrQ~ Idl:!I;'~ ~l!A, '11!4!ri,Biiom i!'[}re 'lD [bu~MIll,';(Iil tb~ m'k-e'-llil,p:~ Qf"{t~ ~;:IJJ~, esn be ~rol~ '~y

~~ ,oIt.." ""'1I"" .. ii~""""'''''I'm I.I"ii"'~ .~ .~, ... - ~ ~~ .. .lil..d ........ ....11 Th' ,.;0., oiL

,-~o.'1t"'~,.,.,g U:I .. II:'~'"'~-'''""'''';'''' '!F"-' ."'"ol:j'; '",_; Ijj"", ",,,,IitJ'I12J.IL!iJ£i:' ,:!i,~, ~ :£y."1LeR} '~J1.e11il

~ tlw iS~e'd ,BJld:rrssetl~ ~ di!~m to me ~ed ptl'SH:ktrl (/'wern. 988). D.~ ii} ili:iIiiO -lIOfml bkiok di~j-illlil W tbe ~ coom-o.~ ~ea1h, rno."!"'1i~ le~, cmnpo:ml!'liIt wu'g .sa~_

5." :m,~, :ll'IlIc]em:~ ~.1In1,g ]J1wJn. :~ fll\ltr!i ~ !l!tm.o:u ~ ~ ito :g!!IJIl~ll!.te !i~9!'m '~'m' rur:'iJ.j~ TbBi '",ata nf." nt~ ·~l!i.:s;_tlm ~!l:lt1:Irifli ~~I!U~ LIle i3lInO~1tt ;(((

m:-itt ~n_e_i!'{1ted.!il~ ~.~ tllI~ 58 ~[~~ fu,y rmI!i 5.~ t'mlD the iliiltl.munh.'~ ;[IDU'"o., ',I~ ~ :r~rl'aK dK: :f!ilJNi,1 of ~ullr,j)'lru-l" [I' the 'ffid,s 1ii~ !lDwe'r~ 5Rtti; Ute '~ilre. h ~!!Jf :~Lm W.m ,~Jmlni.td1~ if'ih~, rurl,i'i- ~ :r~. ~.lt': ifimmt :r~~ '!N,m im,creere.. ~~" :ilI!Ic.o:m:urtiii:il!l1~y oa.rrtraUVliiB tb~ :~i1to:lIi i!lf:~.h.tai:uOO'~ ~te an!ll(J.I;fll Oif hea: gen.erf:li"d 'by ("Itt:~" een '~e Ire;g;ri~d. D.~ :a, fxil1c;t.~l btock d:iEi,gFdm~' nb2 llifll~.r IE"e:Wlo:u corLtI"(i'U ~~i1i sl!lJ!i,I,\ll ~n :~:rllfPlue :p. ~A~ SlhD''A!" gJ~ [~Io~ !l!md sl.8JKi'ls

.Arn.~Il:I. ~ 1m Dr~, altd i!lr;'~· ~r~:~

N~,tro[l ,1l1~~

,6., A uni~ w.amlS ro ,e]i,iMi:s.h :a,'[I[IlIJtroi !5}'B'~1ml mod!::',] thm.D: nw~'im.'tiSi lire iStlJ- 1lkrll: P,O,ptill::itimn :!i!:i an iOllI,p~ll. w- nj !l:h~ ~~~, is: !.tl!!mt :p;:ip!rlat~ ifi_j, ~11 ~~PL't. The ~i"ifiiliiig~~ ~erfnUies ("It,.t Ji'1i:I1e {!r i'I!iirn~!it.on'!i ib}o ~Olll1parlng ~ !t'~Il1C: [ln~ idf2'i~rod srt;IDtl~I..r prpu'~fo:n~_ Ttlo'r. ,~~ui!s:s~ offioe 'g~,ean uses 'H'iis. mIe 'DD adiOIll; :s~e.rus. :D.~" ill ~llll'1elbu~ h~ di~i?,IiD ~-bow~~lg '~he F.ldm~mi!:!1MIt.km iBiiId, lire adlil1i~"1.iI)J'!S ~ 2!B blodtti m'tIle S:-),!i]"efIlJ_ M~'O ~ dti2 iE"'(j]~i:m.I :S~1I'b';: ~ "e.sl~, ~~ :~~mmn.:~ i1et:ua~, fit!jMitt ~'[l:amWlil. U~ ~red ~n.u~lC: ,mli:: ~,"ii d~~m::::dY'~ ~fu!: ,stlmirlts1milJ~ dE ;E£~1lJi!1 !'iI!lL4~i1g::Ii1IC;e ~~ ~MM~ bj' ft oomissliOOlS (l,lffi~'. !the ii.'1,~ t :~.a~:e. ,Blttoa t~ :fi~ 'mI.e of: i -f;lIII~.

'7. 'WI.': eoam, IbwiM 3 ODJl'trO~ sy.wem tn1tt w['I~, ~~~nJ' ~U&t ,~~~~"'s 1,dio vet.Wine as W lw5se gut.' .ti)led by t1.. :1IDQ'~e dIEl*"!1" Ttoo: :mm!ic ,geru:r;i]~ 'hlf. t1-~ :mDtrn:;,yd~ ~!I'I.il:.~:!.~ ",1111 ~iili!l ~ dI:e ~i1~ :i:m~. ~. sy~ :~mi~J:e,~ I[l!;e '~(1h:tme ,~f tI' , ~tD. ,~e ntat ~' "~lllDU: of:~fJise ,!t:-illm

'~ ~~~~fi'ffi.d. bl' !i:i ~lil#' ~1M"~tedl'lt:v '~e ~~A.o:UJl~tff'§b:re, MliLilJ In-e wD1ln'l~ i!Jfill1;'jg :r!Hfiii):~ ca[f~I~ ID.)' a d~ ~~3;e [,H(tlll·m., ~,9S!S). If 1t1 'de ~~ iI:'eu~J;'e~ :seJ1i'm d" ~esi.IM ~~ ~ 'm:f 1~ IIImlGrcyc're '&wise.. dra.w tn.c :fu.l'l~llIJEl:;il 'tiJ]u, dimgmm <[ff,~hL'; ~JJlQn'I:ttic ~ iCfflltrJ:!U !;o~'Ilem. sllrowin,g ~' , Wpwt !trJ,:;lIS~r. 'i~~ ~~: Q!}~, IClf'Wlt uIDilIi· :N,~ lr~~ t'I!1 iQr,ocb., AJ!iQ t!-.obcrw k 1ff'(j'~~11iIg i!ii~~~ 'lh~ desa~ '\'O~[Ime iI'!!-l. 311 ~.~ 'title iI1ct!ml ~~me O'!:s. an iOUI.J!tlt a~ '\ioal~S :~[(Iim,g ~, t1e~...:irM, ~-u:lume. wt:d ~1I::tuaJ ''I,l(lXum~

;1" 'Yoor ibru:htllb 8.: I13rulC:ns ill !OOI"dro'D !'I.~w.te~Il, iIlhI:rt],:~ Itl!;e; '!WJlIeT ,. ,e:~ rofi~~. A ~:CIow from 'ltte t'I,p, ' 'J:; iI. COilstil!l], W~' h,,:'!!'ot. ~Hru~ t1re:ftcw Irilk. '~~, !the dwliJ, :iEl['rea5(2] as iIlll~ '!.'i.'F.m=- !Bi~ :til1l;:a'e~, an~ decreases as 'tihe 'wm~r :revel ~~a~ At'l~r eq ][mi.bf.iwn '~l:aI:oi, b!!'.e!1i! :reOOIred. itl-o.c '~,'t,~ ~ 'hi:: ~00'r'~mcd, by !licf[r~rlIlg ItliL'; an ]1 iF.Iaw :rm~ A low ~rI~,,1; 'fi:gw :1!'aC;!;! ydt~~,:a ~iJ"'fflr '~e'~. '!t~~re, ,9.\Bher btP!.:n. [i1M' .i:;U~ ~'~d" a hi~~ ~~~~.

:8'0 S~.:;tdli,(li OOI'TbOll s;yBtml'(ilzt ~,b';!!s ~li.a-: pr,jp:;:~re '~:© IPMlM~Y CUl\tfi,;i~ lite~ :H.uM :le'Ih'd :l:m. a '~Llnk. sml.EfW 'itte in.ta'l~ ilmd dra]n Ym~"C::!" '~Iu~ lIlailL mI}i' !E1l5-iJn: alu!] '~W1!!id:toc~~ :!:I.nd '~hc in'l~[In~i."tioo oJ 211 C4):n~~

b. ID'i.ai'iJi.'!fl. flJf~ciuliallli~!.i: ti.i~,f'.tLm 1[!f"~i1~ ~em. ~lfyjLl.! .nJ;l~ i.n[plfit mld m..ltpu~ s9 glIal s ,illf ca (:1] 1b'&!I'£~ _

:~~ ,II;, ~met'ti· i .. ,jJ dt~tl~ 'llg.d, ito DlWBrure ro~lle :illlitil s,pc~ iiUliiS '~iJ ~ !fuel '~B.d on ml afi DB ~~ r~ d)',[i~~~~r gpe,r.aws. es fmlm"lo'S 00 ;eo.B'I1'!1~";c ' 3.l:'ItOU.lft of: [Qrq~'" l'~, hydr.J1I10C; H€bH'ltDr !I1U.Klted M Ibe :8:'l:re 11ll~ ii:l'nir~ !fI_P[lt'i~ :Eli :rnl:Hfrn,S :Ry'IM&1~iiL ~fm grg::rJOO" iIll'1ll! displIi~rn: o:f itlle .llctoomllil'. , ' " mu:re fui:'Oe' 'itiGt :~, ;t"~~, W 'Ole [QruIt5ng Hj'~tt.c~. Po 211Lmin ,~gc ~!lJ'lId, €c'~~ ~~s. tbe '~_ ,[lu:: d~~'C~Ii"i£n]: !Dfilll1e iii e;mm lo, i'i!-lilAtiiliirollLOO llJ.y an ,e~ijJ:l~ly (ipd'ii'tced ~\ie ,'W'~ d~1[~J~ 'iiI: :re;gul~c.e:8 Rrnd. :~D'W,ID,g mliJ ~,~ iI.I.i.1ft].:ttoc to'Smma.. ! ~E.). iD)['WW a :[UJtdwna1. 'b:lilld, ~.iim aif 8. ~£I;1S:~J-I(iQ',p $"~m nl.~ uses nli~ ~~il~ (I(~El'allJl)fI~_l'€l ife:g!.it~:e tli;e :Jbf(e ~~,lil~ 'I~ dlJij~ k:i~:o,g. 8~ 8.11 s'~ 11IT1!!1:5i .E'I.od, s}.'~ :Wllri~w~ iI1!"~~~~~ffi, ~;m :~r Ili.'e '~,w~ I[] "wal~! Itbe Ifj,C!I;!.f;3rot m ~~. {-J[ld, the fi~

:IW. l::mrlrng: ia! :Dlli:~d[{sa1 i.ilper:B~-D,1'i ::m a[j~tlre~Ifrqsi:s!; &(l,II~S '(tie ~ (I,f ~1itC6b'i!'" :scdJJW~SS !by a!~.~ftg [he ~ee.ItIli:Ilti.~~ oJ iMftu:Il'!lIlm ~n a 'If~, ]l]1i:';lUU: ",with !D~]I,~EI wld ni~ m;mde_ "'lIM:: dt:flit oJ .:f1lii?Ii!tMSirll is :rneiWJJed,~' tth:e :gJilUe"~'"s' [b:~ ,p,r.~r.e. 1l!:e ~.~ '~w:r~i~1: a~ rf.,.ogillm~ .'flltilE'ftimn, :&Urnd ibl!iliill.'tii'C". mLd, the ~mjlI~tmiiJn;[if ml:'iI!T dru,~ '[Iii !nr:'\ier!bO ~ n~ ~~gtie-s~ oo;de~ ,bl'iilite t1mt '~D 'gtie ~;an'ti· iIml"i<, ilU1Ji1 5n ni~ 5me~!: iDflhbl:' ,pa~~'1"~t~ ~r~)i:" 'W~ ~ itO :E!.1ltmmal.u:iu:: di!f,lth of i1InfL'i'lfb~.;g, ~ 8'Itt1~iD1B '[M! IOCIlltroti, (If:!lsiJiillil~ mn:e ~~mltm. D.~ a :fuljC'l1Il,fi~fl b1~~, ~ia,gr.m:l, flf' il1te ;S)!:',.:~~1l1J ~mg ,PW'n.5 fit I'im: ~n~f; EUld. sw'- syml:llG. (Mci:e-r~ I~>-

ll. 'l1le 'li!'!ertl~l,~IIi' ,- • ot(s). ((f ~ grm.~~Ug ''!!!i'b~~ ::oilwwn in 'Fv.!§111e Fl.5 ~s IBlJliIrotl,~d 'by:l!! c'~~:[,mp !i~n'l_ "'E,~ i[l,pul ~~ iIl1.'e ~~~m ~ ~.., t'lesj~, ~b (If ~rim_d\. : . !lid, ~. "Ol.¢_pW ls no: actual ~tb ' ' giiruj,· '[[e d~~ren~ ~e~,\~'!f~]l il:bc ~~ dl-,pIb, mrd 'dte w:bla] ;[[,::,~"I drlW!ii '~ilf1i 1IiIl:lDii:or~ ~'e'Ktl'[ti~ ~n ~, : o'~ !11,~~~, In!til~ ''W1)I't. TIihs ifalfOe ,~£U:U,'S :LIi, i3i :Jif.:ed ~'el~Lt)i' rot ,mhe ~rimdijng wb.~ (,hm'~Dl5. -!9'1h ,[Jnw a djPS!W-ilJJa,p :[\lJtUIDmil 'bld, d~~I:'UIJ. 00:r. Ute irtll~~l1S ,proceS!,. s~_ll'1'e in,,,, ompilE. ilhr.a:'. iI:Ul~ ~rim!ile.r:E'~ ru.tf~

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:pt~l)nruitiil m,U, ItJ~ '~!illJi.'U ~ltiOO 'Ch' ~I~ ~;;;..,;,..., ~ ~io.. ~.1J.1OC.i me ~!Jl~. 'iIi1te

,rel!iMl~ng IMgn.e:~tt: '~dI :proi1lu~d'~ ~~~ ('urr~l1Jl in lire ~oi~ ~ file ~h!re '~D ~'e. A [U!(ish 'piml C!.:Irr;[I~ ito -rrne ~r~ :I])I)~ ~' "sp~. A :lllI're<'iu '""d~~ .diiffN.eJu-~I!I1. tralU5,[in.rmti" ~[,;VD''O :lbru (i!!l~,p.las. ~ Y111'iI~iJ,5C :~oo.naJI, ~ "TI!o'~~I~ 'rn!m~, se~s (me. ~ljjJiJl'\; ~J.iElUb. This. v.o'[t;':i8B cam be: '1jJg.1~ gl'i,;a :~edb~~, ~th ro :~KI]:!iNlllu~t c'[o5ed-:~ 'i;i~= ,J ~1;I1fi.!U'I. ~,996.JI. Thuw ~,rW"~~'iel1. 'Ij)go~ ;d~~J!1 oj Itl'ie 'v;al~. ~['fwiin:g ~liput [In[J] mll,plI.E: ~[:~i:om:, ~il 'Vdflit_gi!!. eui~, eur~ ili\eltn'. ~i1d ,~~'~ fo:ro~~

iR;gturn, ~t8

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n. ~'elt '[he ellea:not ilm ..... a~ ~,~JI 1Fi~ I?'~ .1.,

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h, ~,Ye tb·~ ,d1~]'~reF.ftWli ~(l,[i 'tau me: a~J:la. iC:lt)._ if'~b:ue is ,rnJ! im-tiall i!1J!er.lJ}' ~n Ii~ !I:li:t~

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FT,fU1ft !PI. J fl'tillim'.m.

F~r~Pl..3 Ji'LC 11~'Q!'1

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IS. S;ol~ ,the r:01lIEm':~ diffi!:renEi?'I, eq,!lI!ftioos '~Illfll ~~lc~] D"i!~~d'm~s. Ass[Jnu:: ::l~ [ri ~ar.:ll, !CO '11l~lits.

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,16. ~R itfLt. f~lo!Wil'!ft d~O''ejJ:m~i~ e~0~s iw.si~ ~Cfil :11IlI~lurtds all:d k ~ :Illt" 1;:;(1 ~ elJ'ItJ5:~~

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I lF~el'e.uM AJlwl,..w ,~nd D~S!i~ ,Pm'bfeilml,

I I'" U~~ Ir.ll.~l :pattO&t'tltilL, Some ~1~~speed Jif~] 5'j'm.em.s ,rute 'pn~ '~ e'lettnci~y ~b1p~ed '~:€! iI:I lPall~ M dIe tUa1n'· .. :mof 'riroon :I! t.\Irte[ijfJr~' iQ-\1'eiJ'hea.d, as, S:~)l)'Wn 'in ,F~,gtl~ :Pt;~~ '1[b~? tbli're appl.led 'by the ~I1I:€1,gn-ph ro 11t~ ~P!illY 'a.s, ~)l~al~d ID mrolJil m of' iCOJlIaot due ito en;:s£~c il:1E1l~'ient mmi:Oii1.. A 'P,ft~pMledl '[_l1d:hotll'~ in.:'"glll~me !lJhe fuD't;~ uses a dimeo!:l, .. lo((gI! :f~dOOdk ~y~ ~i~ a bee, .f'~. ~s ~H ID ~~ 'ooamn of whc pa.~rapb .. re!i1!IUing un M utU,pln 'rome ifLp· ,~, ito 'ria:: Gltenl!l:)' ,nl itbc m!Jp.. The U"ln.tad: be-D\.Ij.'eeal (M: 'head of 1m;; ~.~1h1 .mn.~~, I[lte ~nlEl:)' is Iep:r~Jc.~d '~ tI! &pliilllll- ~ w~m iFuat;"'e ~& JlU),~ijOl..rl, t'fi llul

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C'as.e! Imtl, OIJ1ec~lves.

Y'6U W,m 't.le @'r=e 'rodellJlJm;trar~ :~.f:km:.rw:rooglt IDl' fiIre ~:er dt!lleahve~ 'Wfilb QSe S~.llld~ as f:rn ~iDM{s\',

ii!i C(J~.,~ I it@ gl:Ta~~ azlmu'Hh :~~itm {IDn'Lm{I s~, ~WWiI1 M i~i!e nG~i-'t ,tlttlp;:r.pers.. j,ffil.ii "#' '~able '00 'liM !the Itnimf« fUI1C.cj[I~ of ~ac'h ~ubi.:!iMi~~Dn,.

II (]~.Wt13 mD~ at a :hurnmlle.8\.Of a :DUl1ii'~im.e'ar·,~~ectci!l;!ill t&re~.Iii!.}n!Rli, MU '~~ aIJ'[e ibu ~ineatiife fi~ mudt~, am~ il:b~iii. 'filllJil [be tr,aIl5f.er 'fWf..1ID:ilI.

Ih. tb;;k ~I ornl ~1!1mn~ mm~!dIIJig d

2.

;N, . ~ 'l~ T(ir.). Sl;li:rJ:!il~ :fo,[ ntjel'«r£~ ~r;.

1lt!: U -Ll . .em.. .~ fm eu.F.u..clrd ,~~"

2,.2 laphtcG If'iiflisfcrm RErV~GW'

A sy.ne-m ~nta1 !iJ~ a (I'tfferewDiml t.qIJtifoo Is d~lffi:c~.if~~' 1:0 'mOOe'~ ,;;!is. a 'h1(!o!.,'t,Q,l~ W,mi. "l'I1U5i. '~ ItO"IS 'by inlte gmuoo,~, fc~'nire I.ufilli:Dt-.e ~mitSr®rm.. with whldl vre ean '~~'~1i'l1 tl1:Ii.~ ~npllJ!t. om~l. "'00, ~Ktem as ~ie enttt~.' - -:heir:.ltbe[r:i~ relI,s~km~;'hjr m~llb,l; simp~y ,~,;i~'brci:L~r..l. 'LdJ, us :1Th~ ~e Ihc lruJ?l8te '~mr:JsfnillTI iWrl(IJ I fIlen show :~m, tt :sa!lI!pl~fieb tlle '~.~i:iTJD:aE ton ;l'(f ~til)'sfi:C"lJ ~.y.aa~li'mllNilt";"'"1:(n. ] q~tio~.

1',he la,~iree tr!i:1J1!':if'~ ~8 debed as

II fc[f:.1 - ,Fil 'I; ~ _ f '" .((J'~ .. -:il dt jl.-

wilJere s - U + jfiJ:'J. ~ ~eJo;. '\lruW.llle. 'm',hru~ b~ng [(rf1 illl.Id, that i~te i.mlr..gn1i In ,Eg .. (z"n e~~D~. 'Woe can, :ifi~ a mtlC1iID:n, ,F(s]~ ~; 150 ~Ued flue ,~~ t.n:m~ off(j}.1I.

"~:h lliio~~~mn ,~[ t~ ~O'LWJ" :~urnjt OC~rui. '0 ',,~ :~( Itt) ~s dl~i[Jw!.:Js al: ir,' = 'ifi. we am :liil'mt 'hf'~ ~~i'-IltfIoo prior to tbe ~~smt~rml!."it_]!' ~ ~!i'm~ [Ii!:l inile ~I'" ~egnl ~Gm.i'Oli1je~. 1I'b~lS. '~ csn 'ftlil~, tlre :LaP~act! lraM1fClti'r'l ,;nf 1]J:ipL,~e :FUricttan5. This vropen,y has d.~.m"Lno~, ~.vamr~~ '~whf!1il ~p~i~yg~ '[~re 'L1:tplil~e l'truU.fonn '~cG !~ire siJ!lltfOCrrll iDf dlJrercrn'lat !Oij,!lI~~O~ wh~>\li the Im~, miI!;:rlll~, 3R d~ntU.I'JJi,~ ;-11 ~' = ,~l. U:S-Itl'g .rYlier.eIlrtfuJ." eq,~Ib1lS;, we hlO'l,'I!e tu ~"''e 'fDi' fi'~ inmlO!1 OO~inDmi mfter im'lte (I.~.~rnrim.i.UlU[~ :kIOCiIW"rnS 'r~ 'Drn~~l OO!!lilitioo!J Wm~ Ibl1e ~is.~01gJi,l:jmJj!t)'. lIlJ'~q! e :~~ ~J",msfurtu, '!We'~ ml'Djr '~maw tlre ~n~~~£l'I'l OOltd5Hwts iht"fo:re ~~.~ d.~rnrtinu:ilY.' S~i! :Kaiil~~h ~ ~,~_.'O) ror'!iI,:~ ~~!l:d~, ~ji~1.s:silJR.

~[be illJ~er~ .'. _pjacedtr,alKfmm. w:~i~h a1HO'Ws; IijB lu ~It~,f~~ g~, .f(i).:1:s

~/)-l t>Q

~ 0 it<:O

is 'Ire' In-', ~erp :[UEiii.:D~on .. :MMn~pH~GiiJn Qfffrl'~ if{(() y~e'l~ a t[mt~ :f-lt'I!'IClifln '~mt '18 :zero f,O]', r -e o~

i",I'il'=' ~H: ~r~rlJfJlJI '!:liisllG :if'cro: :~I~~ro'l m-:1Bq. .,1..~) m~ .. 'I1tc: D~~ ~lcll OOIIT't;er_ge 'if J:'lf{t]~~' m '< ~ [of w'~1 <: j.f~. 0 <: ,~"<: 0:.. mm ~r~l '!....:rn COJ"tIj,lojy,gti ill' ~ :> iIiil e- ~. 'Wi!; Ii::~il-l ~ a.~iil!.&..w'i'r'HjlI 'l'f,'(j.-~~~ iillPil! U i:!i the 'Jiml'l~::;!I' ~m ~r (I!' .'~~l'!:1 """ U +,j{JJ. :rGr 'Mlllih iii:.: ~rr !!8ro] ~s!i:&.

F~J
~lj)
l.. lift) -
$
m(1)1 ~
~
f1I-l(t) ,itII!
~'m
S. B-dE,r4i1'~ 1.
.!i-l-D
!Ii :-n~(r1 U!
.,. ,;'2
&-
ca'::;~fl) 8
ll. J+'Wf 'sa : Eij_ (Z, ),.,:i1 ,- . W !de'n\Ie iii ta'fl' ,:reWin '/01' w . s·. :Ij , .

cases, Th'" . 1.1. . OWs. the :I'~bs It I,*, i, :Lati.w ~mp i, oJ ,f! l{;ailM!i.,'· '~!:!l

UR ihe iIIri~r:ti. '~ " :nat ul:'IIe ito 'use Bq. (2:2). 'Which ~i~ oC,oml;f~ imll;: ,LIt-, ' w MdJ(I) gi¥en F(~). In ithe: ~ • ": . ' me the use Df Eoij.

(2. J '1:0 fim' itbe ace It,.1IS'

L..QIIa 'tfilntldrm III a time ~lm

iPnJ6k!m Pi ':'~ m.lBlIIsfmm,D" (tt - Ae- 'ij,.

l:~f.!O S(m~ ~ dune :f!JI ,ri·. do.es 'Ut !tmtl~jl:l s.m. im . '1Se f!l;lJ~D ,ID.,U\ 'We ' ·,11

'r' 't;c.e t '. _~er ~mm[t,' 'Eg. eLl-) with fi ' " ee,

R$} ::IE f~ 1(,ne:-.H,r1~' - L'"" A~-OlJr~dt = A to;" l',-~HQ.!1 m

A _ .......... ..J..[ Ai

= --e If·~"" _--

3 *0. 'C 3-"6

rl~ J!d(r, .ion W' L~fiue 'mm:m:sfu.rmJ:lIltJ,~. 'ld:l e ') .. ~ we C,lilil'nlSe l:f~ U'IlIUiform ~':, ," i:l~ '~is~dl 'in T;' ' 2.2. 'I;O~. ' in trail ·rmhag between/Oj:lm ~

II~.... ' .... ~ . .,,~.. .', 1' ..... .Iii.~~~~.~", ..... t'l.",: "!'i.I!! ... f: '~ ...... l~"'" iI'_ ..... : " ,v ••• IL.~."",,:, ....

lIJ,lIlJ :iM:J ~ .13 ~ U~'iU~I1.HJR:I':IW!U.I._ru. . '"~ ~-~ v· ~§r. lld.@.Ig .M!I U1fOI.Jl!W

~:iD~m in ~c ,2..2·ro ·iid.f~) .firen 11~

1_

~fifb~l = J~!b" = ~~.fnn~~'iilt., ,[c~

2. 1.

~¥iflifM' - .kF(~)

!l[JH'Q -Ii- h~J~' - f"~'(s}-I!- ~{tJl !f[.~-;l]1<:~] = ~ -1- aJ !ittf[t - n~ = !E'-.s'l'~)

,LI~ly ithL'1!Xml LT~nly ith~r;em 'fK~iireilCJ! sl!liJI: t~ lJrm ~hlft, QreQ~

s_

. [41]

!e, th' ,

,~

:1!!lt

j{~)i fiO·E-l

_ .5'~-.,r~ - ~ 1L

1I;"1f=IJ. J~~ ~

Rd

'=' -

~

~ l;m~.I,) ,,-(I

lit :Ii[l:], ~'fl~}

:~"-"':o::

tlMlilifH L_ce!tl-.sf~

'irO'c~f!ND H'.m'!ll'be ~nvel1l~ . pJ~!'c~ ~~ildUrrll of. j:1i~~~ .. I, (f +- 1)1.

~ :1For thi.:5i ~~~ '!l!i{C lI'm!!\:g 1IJI:sl.': oJ! ~te r-rtq'll~rr@)' 9hift I:h~ 4 . em 4 '~111 Table 2,2~ _, ,[be :~Th¥~'e lr~[;1M£ili'm ill~ /(t] - 1~. ~~~m:3 of faMe a" ~ •. f d:.~ ~n'IfNlie '~mmd'arnl ,m!' fl.5i) ~ ] i'~' ~ tu{f} .. the ~~lI\I1::i',se ~il'U.1~0fiI'Q'~ ;(if 1"($ + t1;) =

~ ';I',. 1;~ - .~ i' 'j; 'IU' ,fi -Elii,.-l!r .r'ft '~. 1t.J, + .a~, ~s ,10:' ' '~jlj!Li~. ,1!I,i~.iD(~" - ,.., "I!U~}r

· ,~~(li!l £ruI1 er of ~). tbem,

......... _. ,.,'. ' .: hese

'~!lm1 .. e ~1lId3il:i:lm]}d ~-'Y:-" nmil we it:ib'l:a'i'IIHI.IIr...,. ...... T-ider IIbose fi - ~II'i3lof :i.i!1 o.f erne' ~.~ tlml ful deR'J.!l}.JIJ]~IWIrrT HeI1;ee,.

Ttd::i11€ it'l:te: imo'St::' aplllce n~sf.tlmJ. mu, 'l1I.~m 1 m TIlble Z. L :t!Icm;g wilh '

, , '-eruJ:lu"on ,~ (:I:e.lIll) mr{j, - . -e,arl-,)"~' -m ,(Irem ,l ((Ta' ll) ~

([bt:i.~n

C:lln .'

.'. to .•

,."."""""-, .... Ii··.. e Di!filImll1Jlter . :1: ,f'(iJ Aft lileal ,1111 Dtitilld; Ar;) eEiU'i:'i:p .. moo fir) ''iJ!i, rh 're:tI,.aJ1J!I ~.,-incII: 'fOIJIS; mn 'nlre: det!Ju _ '", "r i~

The ro~ , . ,,"rlre ,de'Clom1na~~ iiR~' .. ,«m'. :!'i1nL"C ,~, 'fauor Is ~ 0Ii!}~ M IImItJ' !POO'f:f~ ~ . an .' '. me pmfal-: ac -. on e' ·p;ms.ln R~, of t'1iln!i. w~ I ~1O:r' of. 'm'lgiIlElll iderlQ ·J~t!iI:Gr ·fcrr.~"flI:R, [l:II~ d.mClmlrurlOr Q(' ~ ita'n\, iIl1ld OO:Ill-

:!I:!I.:a!rt't::t. E,aU .. . " .~ OOJ'm ii, . um:U:l

mu.bip;" Eq~ (2. 0., ~- + U. 'lIIi - ~ isu . Kg. -hIDS.

.2

(;s .. ~ .. (2-9)

,dtiJ1J,P' ',' QiKf:I. + l dim .. _s ~,~i:l.Ste.rna, <,peM~ K. = 2. :-

can be oomd!by .t Uif)'Ym.t· (20.1) 'by ~~ Z).··, 'DM:l ~miD'!1S s ,m.If)J·~, O~

:hewce,., 1.(l = -2.

E~l coJmpt1'ent :p,H11{lof' Q. ~2.1). ~iS sn .F(~~:m 1I:aht-e 2J,. :He;~f{Ir" ful 'me :S!!ll:J1 (lof the, :iJilW~ :LaF&~ '~mmdQ:nm. of .each tem:J. fiT

ft'J~, '= ,iJ:L;!,--i2 - '2~-~)riftj ~2-, ]C,~

:h ,gene"mJ. ttua~ gJ~~1, an f1~d W:~fj d~.lJmilul~iJr hl!i5 ft'Q], :I!!.D'td dk~;mtt men.". 3 :~am :lHctilrul. !C:~.p:mcLt5on",

, ~+~~~~)

~ ~ .~)F($b· = , ~.~ , ~ '. ~.-,.. .'" Co , '

~ ~".i!'l)(s'-+ p~,u •• '(s+~' .. ,~ ",Prt)

1':', . , ~ ~~ ~ ,

I. ll'{.L ;f!'-.'ii ". .. !~~t.- + ""'.=~. .. ,,,., +~ ,II'" .a, ~.,

... T .!l'",J' t'!: to p~') r ~- ~ if."~,~~, I l'i)' '," ,J!~m T

+ ,~.,~ .. iIli ,'Ii ,~ 1"Ii ] "!I 1;

Ii'" .. ,~--"",' (.~ + ,rn) !!;.-"_,' ,4-

If'~ ~~~~!1 ,[J,ppuo~h -'~~ BI~, '[ems (In the rigtdAl:urn:d ~i~ or~, tl.l:;f) ~ Ito ~ e::tltiepl '[lie '~e:rm iGc. trecNWg

~Nt~), K.

~ ~E- pu11s + ~'11·""f~~ •• , {~+ .-:1,-'): = , .• ,.

. ,r';::J!" __ • ilf"L', ~ ,:Il--,p.,

nc f~]~ng ~~e d!e:rnmJSk~~ tbe use cl,~~ ,p':mij'H!~nkm ~i,'UlS.to:lll '~~. :solw,~ ~il£eH:rniBl ~:fDt{f~l. ~ \Vfi~~ see ~1~ 9te :La:p'nue lr.alllSfo:[';M 're-dm::e:s 'c1lte '~mk, Of'fitt~i~l~ the ~'~lfJtiOfi, it!!) slmJ'fe ,ml~-a,

LI~!nlt!i iInInIdorm !£I.Qhrl;Lwir' 'Illf· ~ltiaIl-i'ii1LafI''i}::rn

~, . ~ , ~ _ ~. . ~~~ ~ __ .,y. ill, ~~ ~ ~ ~ C"IJ L "

~fem Oil/1m il11:e f~~~ll,g (I1lftmtJ~i~'1 tl4UiD"!J~ :sdi~ fiW Jin ~f ~1~ :1J1~llall'l'\"D,. d3U.5ens !I!!I'e ~O'. Use !Iii .' ~I!i!i C(l! 'l.nUli!:J'f4c:iD1..

iPy. -"j;dy "".i!"I' ~"!i

dtl- .it' :D,~ dt + 3£);0 ,. U~~(~

$litrntM ;£U'W:SIl~lJJre !Ilhe ·cc;~cr~dirlg F{8} Iw·~, term :~~ Er (~.l4)~ LrS.mg lefJ], 21n ~e 2J,~ It.e:1ml 1 ;fIiUU} S ~n "f~'Me 2'.'2;. c£!imr:1 fiire -inlw.l1l.!OItd.i'lii!Jm5 ~ .~$) ~, dYt~'dl. gi~1'1 ~y rtTI-) = (I ruW,~O-) - 0. ~pet1;,'iL~. ~-.. Ute ,~'[t'.::r:e

'm.IBllI!!5Urni ~;' ,&:1. (l. 4,\ _ S

~f{s) • 125 ''(&) J2' 1]&) = 12

, i!/

(2W6)

(21'7)

Heaee,

SiDlU' e~~ at tb~ '~ oo.wtporiCDll paRos m 1Sq., (lJ 9) :[,s. '1'il1J1It.~D1e(1l ~ 8lI1

Fe's) _ " e,. 2].. }>.I)) a~ he un of the ,_ [l\ ,'., . • ,~, lmm!Jl1RS [If m,eml,

I' -00...

,~ ~(Z) :iUl ,Eg,. ~2.2.o,. ~tflM}S ,r 'r 're~ ill ~ D_" ess

odw:ilw.ii:se, sp~." :E!'~~ :~lItpll1,ts IruJ S)-le:ms :m the ~ ~.].~ 'm :s:lm n I = n Ttl' , wmp.m K8p01JSe!!i 'lUj.'nm ' '," be,;guu III ," I' - Q. ' , «J.~";e1! 'W "", _ I

~ ·off·-: . m[~') mot.a1li.JD:o, from mm tOll. A~.ngII~. ~ \'N.l.a:e. !the OOD.PU[]'&

• ........,L...,.._. iil~

r = ~-ltr

(_,"asfj..1. Root~iOI\lb ~mllldm"or,f\~~,A;re Gpa~ ana .R'Q@O'I'~: An ~p're (if an .fOO winE. 'reElII amd ;~~Irted ~ ~n the ~~I1mW:K!r is

TH' " '. ft1. O'f~"", -t l.~ U!I 'me {Ie:IlOlJJ~n;ilo:r m~ 'fp:rH,,~;ed ~~Bljj;e .he :f~rua.:~:!> 1',j.JJ~~J(i, ilh

, ~ [QO ." "<'~. 1-·· .. __ I. ... ., '~r~-' .•

l~J'lPa"'ef h~te![ ·riI=r..n I, Irm,lm... case !tbe 1~tiQ.Wi~mtror :roOl:~. -2 :~ Jj, mul~ wm!f;lf: })~ull:rp.ii('!)y 2.

~ call w.r~ Itil:e p;ariml-:fr:at.~fDn iCl!;,~~W1.i:'1.S a S!Ul'lJi <do ~.~:TIl'I&,. '!iIiD:l~~ eadh'~ '~'!l)f Gte den~JID~OIl" oort:ns dte {l:entl}(J(l~DfJQ'~ of~, telJIl. ~l M.(!.i~BuIil" ~l. ITIl1~.· l1~te :root P~'nt~ .mrldLtlll)]iuIl, Lll'[inS OOlIi.~S~I!ig.of ~.~.mtot mC'tm~ nf re~ mru.!ll1pnte~y., For' ~mpIe.. 'n[

, :2 .I'D, ""'I. K~,

~ iii: ,~+ ru~_(i""{+2j2 = ",·+U {- (2;'+2)2 o!I ~+2)

!tileD1 K'~ = ~. 'IN .Wh ~n be 'fm:nlli!, as P~tO'W~~' de~l~t:d. l(_'j. ~ Iti<e ~$!l~ by :rulltl[tiNIE1S iffil.· (21.]) •. ']I , ... + 2~"'. "reMhtg

2. ~ "'i,1 K. ~':f. ~\,~'

- =' i-~.!I' .. -II- f1i.2 +~8.·+Lm,'!i

s+'~ ,(8+ n

Lell'iq s ~'i'b -2,. E.2 ~ -2 .. ' iD ~li'Id K] \I;,"'e see 'mt :uf l'-'e ~iffu_f:il'e' Eq. [2.24) 'wim .r~~c~: to s.

2

t.f ~ ,_

K] ~~ ~~t:i~ :ilDd iClilillhc 'f];t'!,:Ir~, :~f"we h,1 is ~J!ch ~,t :H'~-J"~, ,I{j -2.

&c'h oC(illljpi1went ,pm: of' ~ .. (2.2~) is ~ri, F(-2i) in T:e-h(le 2.'1 ~ ~'Jflt'ire.f~ ~s -riLe !H~1!l. Qt' drie ~1I1R.,[~:ilpt'4~e II:ral~ror.m·mf e~'61 itelln.. !D]'

If (l~e ;;lel\lOttliootor 'r{LiJC: is. o,f"trJrg'ker.' 'm.'iJt~~lcl~¥ i~1J~1!l 2. ~nGre~.~ ~UFf-ereil .~n9tinn !OOE!1i 1~. :~i~fI~ce it£I~'I!I :~~i~:l.re in II:b@ ~.fI~. iIlf"[fM; I1itiUipt~ ,1iti!Jl.

In ~:l1;:!D':a;1, tbem, 8'E'I.~n:eiUl. ,l-l,r) w:~ ~RQIi11;~ Ih~!'i ~ ~ '[~~~,I'OQ~ a ~rtralJ-'frllii1l1an ~

_ N(~

~ {- pUyl~ i' pi)' .. (.i ,{- }J,J

ImI be made jf ttl:, ' ner d. ,N~s U 'I~ than, ,_ of.l)(i) wtd, ,"

rootS are (t,f mbl,~,I:IPJ.Q_.ty- 'at -PL. To flM Kg 'Ih.m , '. ,I(J" 'fur IDe ro(iQ. o:fmulhQJa tit)!

~,regle 'Iharn U -'.' " '~,' Eq. (2.7j) 'by ftc -t, ' Y ge' -ng "]1(:&,). '!Whi~' i.

J'mm;e l;:[Wy" :, CUD, ~\fC :fur ,fi:1 'if we I~ If, jJffi'2loh -PI. \lie tan :S~,'Iie f ,~

" w~ ,- , _ li.~~ Eq,. {2..28) -rb :qm~ '~D s. :l!Ir , t'tum ' li -

&-eqll, dlffim.'eJi'lli rtf w:i n ~U)!)l;,1," us 1:G 'lil!l:ti K 31 tl1:ro:I;J,~~ ,~ .. 'iI1re

fa lfg ~~" ' T for the r.rn.tUlp "footbl - ~

If rIFI!(slL

i (i- n! d~-~ " , -:J'I

r.-

, '1! '0".

11 ~ - • '.'iI r,: ··Ii = ,I,

CiB.. 3. Rg~1sl lUI. 1u~: D: '_, lm:nmW" >fit F(s) ,: ,ft Co,mpm: m I,~,mt:r~'

An:, ' ,,', F{.N) 'With C:mJ] , femE" the d,~ramM ts

',bis :fl!lnt'l~ ean b'" ap.IlIl~, in, the· r~m,g 'fbrm:

3 KI filS K31

51 :2 s-. _"' + l - :5 (2.ll)

oft" +,1; - ~ s s 2,~, '

K ,is; fuuml in !h~ I!,J" ~ wa)' to'~ ;. :K2 .rut1l ~ an be ,Ut'it1 by i!irnl mu:taiFlJ':iQi

(2.3) the _ we!'ij' OOmrr:tl1 "0 ,,' (I, ,ft.l '_, +:5) clem' , I~

,. . - .. - ' .- . -._ . ~ ~: -:.' , - :~ .. '. ., ,.~ ~ ,~._ ~ .. - . . ~ , '. ,

fradl S. Af~,1I" M, 'fia lOin W3,ntil I: I-'s", l'iJ1iili .uhamn

,~ _, (K2 ~~ + ~1 ~l~ '* s a~~

:r;JDJjl emf "1.";[Jm (K:::!! + il, = c. 8J'td, (J( + ;) ... 0. ~. fI'Ji - ~ amd

K~ _' -r.!TTh~

"I::: 'b!i5, 'em ' sll 'own 'mlJ- be 'Ow WIll of -[he 8.00 mnms.~, 0: ' an

~m - T dlampcd si.ntl and,~: .. mng Iktm 'I :Cllt c, Jble.<l.l, wtd, :kmms 2. :iI,rnI

.. I.in nhl'e. 2.2 we g,e:f

~ .. i."!II"In_-~."~] B~

..:r..,Il.m1lo~' ... ScUl,il:riIJ' = , . . 1

(s+.~,+ ~

.AiMIlltg [&p. {2.~,·n arlod, (2·.'3::;1 ~.get

i{,-~r.jL~-,ml.,...",",. ',LI! ..... , rm;,...-iil!' ., .... ,t''''',] ... ,A@ "I ~J -to B,&) ~"'ioJ;(''h

~tr ... ~ ",,,,,,,;Em: ,1l\IS ""'"ll IjlH (s + ~J~ -E- ~:ili !I;.4. lJi.!!

'\\"e ~vw ,:'Ouvet1,'W-~ :~1!I5a:!'eam af:Eg. '(2.3,3)!L'O Ute fet'!M ~~,'by ~ (236)1 Ib.y ~,~)ieiti~ Ir~e, S'q:wnr.es Jn ! ihel ~JJmb.il;!!~roP.ntll ~w~n~ 'E.ertn.s. btl f~ rIlI'nter.roor '1P{(lliiJU;t dt~l.ng:&lls. valee, Hell-re,.

~.;'j, ,_ 301' 5 3 (s -t. n + (rni 2)(2)

,W "''',,I' _ S '-"5' (s + l)'i -t, 2i

C~l'lg ~ (21t1} w'liDJ~ ::;L:~ Hll'ld IE4 ('2.36)~ we:IilM

:1'ifijIDIiC1u. w \,,~ooUze tfue ~ "ia~ Bill i!liIte:~, farm of rtJ). o.~;aimt.":d 'by 'mtMO-

'me.tric i . , ~e. 'U:rim~ ~11~ mitpl.iit.llJ~ of the iOOS 311ii1i SfL'll1e.m~ ''''!.'!e

f~~-'OI" (Jll.tl ,J' + n. 2~l~ 'fro.ifI], It'ftie, itU,m ~I1 ~~nmtli~50 arltli ,W~~·IiIl,

t'(t) - ~ _ 3,J;" u. 2)~S~(" :~ ros2J -t ]/,2; Sin~')'"

"', , 5 s ",]fd -I- ~:~liJi:;: J]'l -t' (l.':l)'~1

(1.3-9}

__ . , J";lj'" J?"i/r; ..l.. _.5 "iii ...,', .t.ti2 '~ ..... "'2 .'

r~mng I} ,:.,~ i -It ~l:,";"tI!'" - CO:S"'f" m'UJ,(_III, :z~~,"!!.! ,e ' + (11.. ,.t:.'i! = san,~

"(~:J = J _ ~ ,j~, '1. + U, 2,e -2'(CruH~ ees It' -I- :.'i5n ~ !i5.n 2~;) ("24{ij

wtJlo~ " - mt1:i:Ui [t.;5 - 16. sr. l]jl~!~~ ri$) :UR ,iii, !ODI1l!S'tarn. :piJ.ls, ,mn ~rcer:r~ar~JI ~ofjlJ[~ sl'liI US'f( 'ii

'I' '~..,_ '. ,~. ' ........ ~..!I. • rL 'ILc 'Ii-. ••

,ll'l.~J. t!ll~ ,gl'l;,\fljjl>i:1i.ll't;r.' ~;O W,g~ !!.I!e.liluliflllta!M.r~I~5,wnm,pLe:;or iDE Pw:g.i:If~·

'~RilI)' N(M'S. !H, pMt_iilJ.- fJ:~t'ilJn eJI;'P,2m !'i:5nl'J11.

F(~]- _ ,N(i) .., .. ~~) : .

,D{8) ~ -I~ PI! Um- ohm" + ,i,1) _ ....

_ ,r:. -B~ tK~-s + ,Kj;) . +. •.• (2.4Z~

(kY + PL~; ~'+lm+ bl,

COOl, be IIJ~ if ~~ ~ of ~)j Is ~ ilian Owl OI!.1er.' 0:( D{J'D. • .P,~ i5 'recl. ~, ~ -y~,~ +. bi) luis COOJ~~, ;WE p!ilireJW ~rn:p,aP~ :rnots. Too ~ex or' ~~'~ary :ronts are. e:~,~L-d -witl]. ~'P: +- K.l~ 'i:en'1J't8 'in 1 '1 Jjmtl~ :r.1i~ ~ i~bJJ .D~.~: rillIl,P'~ ,I(~~ M lim itlire eEmE:: o[J.eail IDoD'S.. n~ ~'Rg ~]], :Eg, (2.4~ 1I.r.~ fh'imd ~ll[ro,lJ@I~~~ntiQ'

fl.~3· ).

= 0 in Eq. <,2A,2,}_ ~

tile ~'b: - . ~ " . I' . eo . e;", ami inwgmary mD1s .lire IlCf:' trail:!;'., ,

fi . 9mnp:~ Ilre :~vlo.us .fOO IL"IlIii 8h.'O .3

e'lip.il ' ell 'in 'pirUai ·r J,

F~ -] ~:!' C:!_. , ~

~ - .(~ + 1- JZ). --]i-ft = - :il:l' + )

S . . y." ,. ~ is: f(r ~ " 1;0. be tl!lia;:o: ' ~ ~ ";u,g1lJte of ,K:i,. , .. ,K] , Illlnil. ~~ pre-

.~y desa:lboo.. ,CIl'Q;I:.

,(.0 = ~ - w a +'J~)e-.' -+;,mr. 1(.1. - J ,)'c .... n-/1i1J]

S - foe [4e~ ~ ~-~)+ l~ 1'. ;r~)]

. Hqs. (;2.43) UId, (2..44),. we,get:

i~"'" .) 3 -f.{. ~ l )"'Ii.f, 1f'j,1It -r J!"".!

~I.!' !!!!!! S - -=:of ' \OOS.d + I s:mli ,1 = us - 1~'1 ~ . ~{!S.""L.t -' )

, :here,. -= MCI~P",5 = ~T-

(1,,49)

~ilm~~ment bE!oo~ 2.l

PiI'lIl:fiE.m FDrn~I,'~r.e ,u.plEillC tf.'2I~S'~n'i.!Of Ji~t) - tg-~. ,AMw~r' ,F{~')' = ~ (£ + 5]'l!

T!I~ ~:e~~ S'OhJjjiil:xn :~(l[J;'~ ~IX'DEIlp::rn~~ffi..OOM"

~l.it!J~t5:!!lll'l11e~ Ellsr!t6:e 2..:2

il?~ f~rod,'~M'G~ l~ace iOIl~!:wm m,:, l'8)i = :10 [S(s .... Z){S -4-l~.].

, :5 ,_ H) 40 _,

AM:wu 1l0'" ~ - it! 11 + T~-.:tr -+ 1fF .if

~ il3WJ]P]E~ ~.Iilt.l'ilIiL ~!!. i!J 'mre O100lJm~JjalVJ; '::.; ,l\'OM~

'[)n, 'Rlire 'prt.~;;;; ~rl.M "f.'l,'e OeruleiE {he Urgi~ lnrf;lS[UITill and ajJ,,~ 1It\f~'. ltV'~ ]pn::'~elllelil, iIfu~ tI(li:a, ~ 'miu: :pilrriP.i~-fr;::re~~1JllIl !l~mfun ~d ~Gl'i'itmd '~Ite ,ri!lE'i~e,P1l" m [6 ' !'iiiil!U~ion ef .r~-r:rweMlaJ eQ,u::LtaHll.S.. we.tire :mow ~:e~i.1~~ ru ro:rmu'n~e 'Ure ~fSt91U re,~m::~ntruii:a1:1 !&~Ii)l"'" 'in FIBI,lR;: t.1 'IJ} ,e~.Mis'hiil1l.g:.J '~.WJ:re detiniLmm,:Pill" a :~wmtifln '~Br.1t ,FJI,gem-ru(',fj.~Cj irelm~ ,ft ~'SEem"'s {t" IUplJ~: •. "lli b~I!I];. 1:'~i:!; fUTIO~!J~ g~, !9UiMlV &-epaflUtfJ.l/I, (If ~ ,,:~npul. "'l'~n. ;lind, !D:U~fu~: in~o 1I:ib~ :!Sc,pMe ru1.rl d,if.l~~nt[ parts. ut'i~~'ke mire dnrf~fi1:i~, eqiI~tOC(n. 'if.lle iflJ.ncfi:ORi. w,"U !HIM:! ~UDW IUS '~)J tli~-wt.y c~.Re r~:lC:IIIlID~C@~ re~ntI1.tbkll!i, oDf s!l.!ib:!:"Js~ml!!; ro ~d iil 'I.omnl ~j~ re,~~U;afoJ'l.

'Let us 'hegm'~ ~~·,riti.u~g a P -[';:jl ntb-m"der,. li~,1ime-'~mtari;lDU de~Ii.t~ if'1U al C[l n.

.dH~l dfU-~oil1t) . ,

~~ + If:a-I dr"! -f" ~~ -B-- lI'tif~i!',~l

, d"'n/;,) d"1-~ r\ij , _-

= b..,.,. Jp' + f.!Ht-~ d,m-I . -I- ••• + ~n ttSID')

'WJbe:re {'(ir" ~ill Ilil~ CIllIlP.Illt. ~,.) K ~1.e i!llprult, ,mnd ~:ih~ Q~'!1. 1;;" ~ H.Ii~_ du,: 'fOJ\':ln iiJ!' ~be (IUlf:rM~ii!!'g eq1'ill~rnn :rea~lre.~t ~jlJe' ~iNtem. ·fa'kirl,g ~le LIlP'li!c~ ·~rIlD5fo.!flIl ~ ~ ;s-Ltes,

~~C:{s) +. ~ 1~J1'- ~a~li ""'~ - - ~ -+ iii1'QC{5') + ~mi!l CO'r~i.iJtjml

tftl'l'H. 6i11'1,'!;.~,¥,rn~ diil)

- i!,j .. .tlf"R[S:)·1l- ~_dfl;""-Dffl'~~ -II- • ~. -I~ ~~:;!,;} + ~.[(ill.~i!!'1 ~~~iml

~ ~"v.o,']\,'q "'$~ (2.:$ ~ ~

:Eg,W!tlIilm (2..:51 ~ ~,a :pu~ :I!~~.lc exp~"Si0n. If''WP'e f:lSSli.lfl1\e t1ti~~: «II OO/~ ~~ ii1rIk:m.~ ~Jre ~. :&1. (2..5l) [e~~ to

,(~tJ +- '~_I8-.rr-1 + - r" -t- ,~C(.rJ = I(ft,.~ +- b...-IP-II _.. ~." + ~]R(8} a.52J'

ie1 ... "' ..... "li. "!Ii' ... ~;'P.~

,~.

!Nc;m.r ,filj")';;

Gt".tt = R:i[s)(i, ~ I.e : ~.ilP.~ _, . (:!tIncep' (!of ,m, '11UIlSk-r !FUll" to 'fiiITd tile ~,sp:ilJ: ,of.. . ~

"'....,"' ... ""'.,~

~.~ IJc ll:1llEfer fll.lllcBoD ,rc(JJ~jj]:ed! 'by

dq:J!j .' . ~.

dl -t 2{'ft~ .... rill")

S!ilfdtm 'laking' tn· ~~~ fJ11MI'orm (If Ml side.sf ~~ zero Bni[w iOOlIdl.· '[ilOOl!'l. .'. Ita"",e

.5 ( ,-t 2Q',s:"] = R€J') - '1r:a:fi~I fl ~ .. t '. G( ). is

eis ;to = C(s) ... ___L_ 'IJ .. S., R.(..Jt,'l s -I- 2

(;2.S6)

." •• ill; ..... ~S WEl] as iI1rr,Dro¥e ~~. lfw!W "tearn tiIDIN 'l'Oo M'ter a ,~jimbolt[; IIJgfi&f~1' J~ifi >find

!tUfliJlli't n 1:0 ~ mn~J.efl21nt: ~L'Ib ~: ~ P;I":i!.5Ji;;·nt~ ~Jl Appern:[~ lB. ~!it

S:~t;tt:m nlSJlIDiItSf! 'hm h nl1i!i'~et' fun~~

mmi'run' lIs~ ehe iOOSu1t of&~[IllJJt'e l_4"ED:find itll1::':ue~O'fif;(' .. dt)", (I u,:[~_~. ril.) ~~li}'. ~ '!jln~, :s!l~,p. ~~n~' zero [illmoal co:ndLtoollW.

:~~ml To li01~ :~~ problem!! we'~ :~. (J.54'D. ''WII]~r~ Gtt~ = I {s -t. 2) as (u_, :irl! :B~IIIlP.~e 2A. S1i _~ wtfi = ,[:~(t;).. £f.~,) = :1 J s~ :from l'~~e 2..:1,. Since itb~ ~ml:-&E!I.i C(Jrnrl~lililJt5, :mre ZINO.

;ry 'j, ,!Ii- 'ilif"d ~Ij, ~,

...... ~,s:,I' = .i;~)(,,$ ... ..u1i.:§:1' = l{isi -Ii- :i~

lE!!;pnndtn,g '~J}' polrtm~ (1l'aaimtS... ~ ~c:

" ~:2 I '2

CtS:1! = - - --",

Ji .1+.2

.Fhmj~y. It.illi;:;. 1illJ1:!' !i'rn,",;'1':Re L~~i!!: 1i~::'Ii~ftrm !I'I1f~, term )"re:!lIs

~~1!~,At;s:~~~~1II1E~~1~c' :2..~

Pdltm F,~ltid the tram:i~~im0tkt~. ~); - q)~ R4 .. ·). C~Dbl~ ro m~ dar.

dJ~ ;dll. de lP:r Jr

:ferc:ntial,~,~D;J,1!J, Jt~ +, l m'~ + l'd't ... 5(' = ~ +'4icli ... !r·

III' ',' Gr' - C($} i!-t-4'ii-&-3

, ,~tJt) - ,R(s) = ~~., -I- ~ + 7(1 -1- :5

=:Ile mtt'i,~ete ~ntlo:lti, 1& en dre m(')OO.um.pU!rJyB~ c:D-:oo:~~t

:m;U_~ll~5lmt..1iIl: ~~::.1C' 2.5

• hl~I!I~ ,~ flll,l[1l ~ . :mIlp wsprrLill.~ :jEw a. syete:rn, ~ J)se~ itr.3Dsf.a' :fi.J.~cm~iln ls G(~:) =

's;.CJI.~.". S

(s +4Ms -t. 8)"

In p_eu.al. a pb,~ia:lill2.J'sI£m it'bm!:c.en 6.M:: re,~.!:i!:]IJl!Id b;y ill l111I!l:liI'. it'irnc-jjm,'!f'.m~nt diff«e~r~~ ~inlll, ~Il ibe !RI1OOei1ed as a Itramfa- f~nciJj,O;D. "[be R~ gf Ii~~, c6tap~ te, "Wnr~ be dt:vm-tg] to itbl!: E~l!Ik of mudding ~,OO5,~m~, ~~~Ie:mn~. lVi:: wm.k.m:n 'Mw iI.O ~,~DU d:eC!Jru:all, ~'~. ltI!'ambtl}l.~I(I_~~, [[ii,xbamcal ~)':!;l~ [O~mIDmtl 'nwd~:._-ntca1 Sl'~. W'lil ~~~rull'i'LC(i'~'iI!I, ~}':ru..'m'.i, ,E1~ lm.n~fer': mm~o~. A":>, ~ 'need ~~ lJre'[e~'ii,:WlIl:0R:!;1JlIl the :Eij~j.l!1!lI~Y ru tbe e!Uld o:hb,e ttuwg:e r:rW' dl'Scll.m[oms (If (j~~ !I.~s.;(1r s.~'ilti:'i8;, Si.lrlil as 'pmClltlit'ili'!rlf:..lE\!(!dntu~~(i'. ,EII~il.Ited-MY['l~« !i.~~erns (U!'lmJ4[l. ~9{t7]"

rn.Iil'nhl.i'ii ~.~.~.ilm ~ 1f''Qm1!1~~Y a,~~"~'h(:'~r1.tl1~![ f1!illl'tt.:tiOlil, llOll~~ rnmbc.\!m!f!~'ca'U !!1l10~ 1.1f ,~~ocm£ c5~,,(;liIj18 :n~oo~~~, ~~ilf,i~'I.-'e :1!ie['W(Ju],;,~ 31!1d op'.n~r~md iil.i!'t'iJ~lUlfrer rittlitlA.8.. Su'bfiequeimm' ~lJttiml:'ii Cfr'!.""er 1Ii1,1~clnu"d!l3~~ amd e3~Cllm:tll~~:iln1!13i1 !!1r:!ri~~rmR

:E:qu~Yil.ent d.r.ClI~gE ifl.."ii"!the tl]ce,.:;:ir1c. m~~t~, ititim: ~ ~ ~.tb, :Dirm ~;;,:Il: of three ~iI~,'Il.\e ~meilT (fflll1,~E:Dl~~ ro~OOi, [:alH!,il3~ror.", ami h~eKiI:CIJ'!i.. ~ Ta'~£ 1J :!iUmilR'.fl:iz~ Ute cm[lpillJe:Il1~s .and ~e, r,e'n-.ttroJtI~i,ps betweeJi, l'QU~ !PilJid, cumnt aJjjj, 1m.'WBru1 'vcl. rJJtirl, dUIi ~'e: llllrle1r urn im.~.~.Dal !IXJ]l1il'i:OOJll&'

we :Iil(!oW" ;comb [~eleC'ltrica1 iCilmpO:rle~ :rllllu ruCll~b~ .' en 'g oupu:t ~tlit

(JL"IpU.t. 1I!1iIrl; Ji~ld '~ire Ir.umfer ifIl~j.[i~D1L Ou]' pttTl,ng ,...ml!l:~,gli'~ :nR. ,i[iudribof'" .. :n~"S.. '~:!;~ "ffi~e£ ~olfa1td, :roo-pa. or ~m ~r,re~ .tit ~~o~. ce,~em:I!~ 00, ~k:b!tecll-ulqruf: m'll1l1],~, m~ ,~,iI!:lft"hr:l m :I1!igebrau:: mlJim.pl.!l.nBlrm~, ~liIi!I, n:bg~b il3g,l!HL1:e n:bE msruilJ:

'Ii~.~ ... _'-' -.", .. '!I!~o.Q!i!t'e",b.Io

lmps di!i]jt~e ~5~ =

\i'i~e, \i'~ ~j;~

-H-

!LapatI..'KI[

,es ~
u ~
Xi = G
,L.'I ~
L ~

1R~~r

:~tL'e .. 'IDr.e IfuD\'w.iDij ~. ;;Jf ~!fI!I1l:t,jJ':s ~, Wli:l!!i fI.'> l!~ '~~{lm 'tID;; II:ti;:d£ Y(.r~ ":I: "i,;" ~"dI~:;J. '1'111 •... Q .cooIDin'bn C _ . - (w~~ ,iR _ ~~ ~;~rmj~ G _. :jiJ ~~!. !... = H ~,b.~~~\

"'fli2.ai lIlCn...~.

to~. ,m It'hl~e :r~~ti.GnKbjlP~ ~ ean wriCe the dWferelm1 ~ll!1;:Ltj'(Uts for '[he ~~I:. '1betli '!Nt: 1D.i!1l '~ii'!h lite :b!plmoc ~:r.:3.IliSrlil1:illS f.If·~t~ di~re,nt:i:nI. ifqllatlilJn1~ and fnmJ~ iiOl'!j.\e rw.ltbe ,r~[~ iJ CD;OR.

~Ifef ~~. k1!ilCi '!l~!i Ih8 ~ .. o;uaf"1M

fimli18m Emr~ lli1lL'; Inil~ IfI!IDl,cmlll. :MatIDB ~1te1 ~~[ "VOlia,ge,. Ve[~i,.~)Jo !~bel ill,p!JI: ,.tiU~ ~~),.ln F~,gnre 2,3.

!E',_r.,..;","" ~ .... "'1l'I'1I' 1:NI'oI"i!I'I'n~ ';,~ .Ao<i"~"""'::;" _,'l .... ' ""...,._ ,.J""",:.J .. u.iL. ...... 1<"',' "iif'L ..... ,.,.~.~ ... •.

~.J'!!.L!!. Jl.!!!1. "L,;)' :F' .• ""'I> ,. 'I!lJ,!li1 iU.~ ...... ' HI. ;:;(L ~lh.", •. !U .. ~W ... ' ..... uo:u. lil~~ ~"~I!.lL ..... w. ;';''U'':-

'pWD: !5'hDeaod. '~~ ~m, 'DiWi :m~'!NQrt, 8CiCi~liJ ~'b-l).1S l~tUIM. '~~ Ib~~ . .c~e]l1)Jo be; I[lie OOB,I~l:(~:fm' eJ: =:I mple. Ole lfid1fi.flfClt' "'f!t~~t"i ~l1e !i]~1tot ~~e,. ~ ,~cji~i;)f ~DI~:~"l"., f(l).f '!he. ir'~Jrrevlt. '1.b~. :~~lT(;m i!1~er~q. ihtlWe'~r. :~, deal: an ItlI~S ~.:re;: 'Vl.-\li are to 'ifu.t 'the ,~,paamt' ~~~ ;:j,:;;' f~ (f~ rutd the ~~ed wrw,g~ as ~ ~nput.

'swIImiaJ.Sl itb~ '~~':iIl{)!.l1 d. ~ ~'~ a~5UJn:lDJ. v.;m :~~tl!al ~wt:!~fons.. '3~1~~ due ~me'~Heir.emln~jjl eguat1Of1 :foOr . is rret~ as

From l1i11L'; '!i{jJ~y~ '~'fi;gkt!ns!!i!~p :fOli a, ~wr :[:m, 'lablll'- 2..~. !!J1J.tl ,a~ (1) SdJ~itl,:!tiD3 :Eq. Q2li3J.). ;OIQ &"g. ~) ,yield§'

[C,tPl'C(1\'! R!C tvc 00 . t:i!i. = ...... , ,d(:il +. . dt:' + ii1c" .... 'f!! ~~\f.l!

~:ZA

~tl;l'k d1~.ml ~ ts.i:r'I!I~m..c~~ ~'Qr~

~8kilm.B. tl1tl! !u:gl'l~'e.. 'riMiSfQtfn ... mrn,g ~ro mn'i.!!!'1 C1lIfi.dii.tl.uE'l~. ~BJI~g tem'l!5:,. mi sa.l~jf.Jin,g· }i~:eldi8

(ocJ' +, iJC.l; -+ ~, Wc·Q;r) = 'V(-.!i) SQnvl~ :fOl' ItlIe, il'n.in.Sfer if,'ll~[orll:. 'VC[[~)f ~] .. W.L'; !IJ'~[iI

l':c i[S} _ "1.£

--.-~~~-

~) ~ R , ~,

oS: -I- -.:§i-I--

L .1£

:L~ us I[l~' dv\l\.~~ a vec1Jmque fur slIrJ,~f'}i~g Ilae &l)b.Jt~1lm ~ mimi!!; ~ro1lle:ms. Hm. 'D:ake (lire Lap'n~ '~riL.rn:ilfmrm, of-nfte ~'qU~tro~lS ~n I[IL~ wt~geGliil'e.ll1 ~urrmu.u.tf T:abre tl a.~Jii(oS: zero ~Jili~[a] coniilti.m'iS;.

,Far. fl1~e 'C1Ipat;;: ~ ~:C1~

IIIts'~ ~ ,1_dltfj NO'!ik" deiELiI1e 1lltJ~ 'jjUowim,g IrlMlSfeir. :6illnpmmn::

Notj~ rbm: '(glif:s iDl1Iotro.Ltli '~, ~!mn.ih.li" 'til ~te dehnltlM of ~S'tallce,. d1ti ~. ~ lII'utili) of '!ii'~. 'COl C!a.(Unt. lEuD'. 1IA1Il'li\;.e reill~c~. 'iil'LL.;;: :ftmlc;lion ~8 i8!pp1~~e 'm,Q~'

- ~~ -..A' AI, '.' - il" • .~- .. ,Alum n rL...1... •• - ir .. ,

[pa,C! i)f8 :i1111J! hL!lJ~ W'liJ< Cili:i:f:::eS ,ll'hlliDrultl!!m '!lHiI 'ml~ ""!iJ'~!I.Jm]~ l!Ifo;}ll\i:I!!o'.IDr (h, L!.IlI!!

~po:t'lem_l;; :sb~,1Je :rm. :.~a;~t~m~s !!ijJ ;eq!l.i~~l~]~ diffe.,' 'ia] eq,uat~iIJ. '\lIe clliI·~ OL~ piltlwCa'r; u~er fu.Ifi~-iln ,U;_~. 'irt..c :i.lnpdI.ruta.'; :f't.:r t:'~h ,of tlLi;, ~~O~Vj~· e:meilhi i.5 MOClWJ'I in T--a'bll!- 2..~.

:Let, US 110W' denwns.D:r~te 'IMW M~ '~Oncept, offui~dia~~ t!ilimp'lifi~5 ille ~hJ_~!)]l - Ellt.e troailt!llU-fumEC.l!!JJil. The :L!lp~e mns:tbnu oflEq_, (2~'1,]. 3.~.illg' 2.UO fmi1'ieil ~IJitirniiS. ms

f~;U ~s~~ (j i?IO;rl4

~-""I'l'~'" b.~""""1~1_· ~I."

:NOOoo iI:'b~,Eq" f;2",11).'Wti!;;!h g:!> ~n ilhC fotm

rs1!lm of -rr,r~di!!1'I~] l(~) ~ [Smn of ~[5L~ ,,"O'~]

!i~!i!1'ii ithE!: serre ... .gI,]"CIlJ.I,t,SIw.~ :~~.~ 1E1il, u~:z.~. A~~ lm~lCi; ~hd ~11~ aD;uit d~"r 25 &mild ,_fll!Fe !teen ' ~a.a.Re.d im:~~~ 'from lihe d~-G-mt <i RgJJt'e :Z~J ~~~ '~J) ~~~ .• eD, d.ef'~ffijn 'm~.n ~~ :~nj5e_ 'We (l~in '~hi._" :E!lltf:,~d !l;O~t iWJ~ 1~8-

~~,.3 ..... ~"" .... ~., 1!:!::"'~.~'11 "" ... jj,-I"""'. ~~_... ..... ~, h~~"""';'" ...,,,,,111 ....;.....,,, ... it '11...~..!l~ ~_,:;jlr.I~.~~ iii ~ ... 1~"<-.-fnI!U !l.l1Il!'~mV",_ JL1JlJi4U;iI-c1i lIJol:v!L,~ItI!,~ Il-IIJ,";d.IU_~ uliJ.[I:2[~~ .• IJI~U ~, ... ~_ .I.C-i1IHiJ ~-ilJI!I!II!I!'_~'l.Ini~,f ~D. ~

(2..j'1~ if '!We [J/iUmpo~:!-l run !'ime''-'i S!,'i,''WC RJdd res.5!'OOr5i 5i1!l :!iC'rie~ TIu!Sa i~r ~I'I '!WriUn,g ill ,dIHeM1Iim] ~bIAi!1. [lntt 1iM1,'ij 'm 'ouilll,g'dJe U,~'U'LlIjBfmllti. 'Woe ~Ij drm¥ tbc tt.r;3ns:~od ;cUcm~, ~md,fih2!.in it'D£; :~Ii!iJC ilt_form ~'~iQ; (loff~~(Lii'~

~I [ " -""",-il ~ ..... 'li.....,.ll. ~i ' 'K ,'Ill "0"£' it"l;~'~ te t:b "-. 'rorrne-d" ~~ \~

~_~ J~ :s.~ •• ~,y "-';J' .-'\I_'!V"~"i!I~, j:,i~ . ~il. , .. " ,~"", .. '.. . _e [i'ilE15 ,.. ,(]C'C!iJ. "

:Sl!Lmm~ ~i.C SiOOJIS I[!i!:i ~~B~

:I. ,~rnw Ute nri~i.cral ~reI~~ s!wM~~ 1I1~, ti~m: '!j,f~mb~~ srum a.s 'ij.!~\r.J~ £~,t ~wLid, ~" ior'li as III ~..JI"'ii:,r:: tran .. ~ V~.dir ,~~~ ,;aRid, 'E'! ,;f~1r,. £C:iI!'L~t'i~~,

([''It'''''' _ ~~ _. , '!I."" ..... 'OJ, ',. - _ Co,:J!~ ,~-"."'''"'''\1'

1. ~p'~iM,"e irhe ("UlIlprul.ent tialnilts ~~ itlwi.r. :~:S;[jre 'lj,IfI].~ This ~,~eane1Itt is s[nrimr1:0 'l!w ~~~ ofd£ ci.ww~18. W!m:ce 'We iIOO,pre5~nLt res,fi~ 'Io'Ilim ~~-I']'e-. ~~i1IQe vIi ues,

we IIl(!<W ~ 1B.xa'IT\~e 1'~ us~ It:be tJiaM:rnr.m .meI!b_QdS,jR' (iescribed, mid 'byp~ ~11~ '~ti~ of Il'liie !rliff~remil!il m;ui3'Dm~l!.

Trallllftr~ kM1~~J!I!ltrml;~~rm !Im~.

,PR1!!JJsm Re:FiHD: 1E~!IlmJ~ileU lms-anz: r~,.I1I!'Ia1,.y.s~H~nd !tUI.IllSf-mm [JJe,~:i 'WiLlltiOO.i!l w.l:itifi,g a (liH~_re:~m] ~m~jQilt..

e~!I'.~~~, !II"I'~;iFlO "i"'~Ii1"o':r' '':Il ~ ,,,,m.;ll .·......!)~-llIiiJI ... rm~~~'~ iP.r'1.''''fl'''''' .""'"Iiliilr ill "''-'I~'''''~.' .oz.~

~~ 'u ...... ~-!.l .. 1J:i ~iIIl.!l~'~.J! ~..J!_IU ~III _.~ ~ ~ltHl~1 _-IjI,~!;I __ ~!·IU ~!:,;';b,~"';l WI J_I=~H!~ ~

~e '!.'!IOuM. i!!ire :t,-esis~g.r '!j,'a'KIli~S, in m.lPurtlt '(aijiMtve iliiamm~. we dhwlII

M"1,.II,'ii, "IIiI-lIl!~~

]B'1I~. ~C '!j;rit~~ ~!:i, !I:'h~ ~!ll.~~~W. f:ir (s:~ .. is !~]H~l iPID~1iItt ;(If ~ OUm.,.'fIl [lltd t'h~ ~m~oce (!'j:' (be C1.pccitm, L~.bllls..

SoO.~.~ng·1ffi4 (1..1S} fur 1{5).. :su'b.s~irutim ,;F:(.!il,inoo lIE4 (J_.¥ilt an{! .. jrl'lp~.grJ1~jl® Y.i~M~ ~ mrIlfe :m~U: as :~. ~~).

Simple Circuit,;, via Nodal AIiI_,.

JmtJ~«IfU1llQII:wDls :a~oo ~m be {lbE!9Dllted il1~Q iKirdhmif"s wm;n~: ~~I.'L1.'·sm[l ~nill1"illnJ iO!jJmD~S iOOtm"glDg '(IroJ!Il ruXles.. ,~ !l)E'(]~. !fu~~ ,mt.'lWad iJliliW m.ra{vsJs. ¥Ie now d:emnlll~rlItlle 'lbi! f~im;ipl~ by ft,~rns lE!JiJnple 2L6 u5tq Klrcltb!lR\", enrrent hlW ~lITIoid. !I:b~ !f:MllSffW;m rn~rbtods j.lJS~: ~bedi to 'llyp:3~ 'WriIill\B ilibc d~ffe~~i'Ji] eq~8Ut(!ft,

1h1f:l5're.r"~n-=Bi_ ftQ.~ ~t.a '.rarr.dwrm mllh!ild .

PliCiblml ~el!it E~~r~IflJe 2JiS 1L!15Ulg !tiDiI;a~ ~ffi11l~ ~ alI!~ ~tbt1~1 wnni~1g u !d~ff~Mlisi ~l!lflJDII.

SoI'L~ 'The: ItrW~N :llilfJ~m~o~ cam. be: dbtaIued '~' 9Hm6f'cln,g; t'iw.t.'im'J's :6cwim.er ~rul: i!Jf il:b~ lI!lo@: Wlba:se '~~~~ge ~.$ '~c·(. .. ), in IFtiSWI!: 2..$_ 'W~ assume ihat Wfl:'eI1lJs ~'~ .. l~ ~he :Ulll:irle :tilE 1Pil.~IO,'!,;~ ~:nri ~~ ek11e,r~l:\g liti'ie Iwde ~ ~.a.ti.~. Ttu:: ,i15 ~ fIeJ:1U:; CilmSisl m ..ale ~0!eItt g'j-dmlB'~ii tlu:: i~:!'p'I'iIIJC~jJr' amJl.l. ti~· " !ti,l~reDlt :~'Wb!!g 'lflronge. 'rliie S~r1e5 ~~5W:r ~]j~. i;Q~c;it{][. ,f'rJJEU', t2...1Dt ~~ 1(s) = vf,"~, nn ,il!:h=m.c~1o

v .... ~·.!i'" M~~~~· - V($~ .il'i

....... J'I- iCl.:J. . -'U

~Jr',f - oR + Es -

'w~;e Vc~} (]. C1F."~ Is !I:'b~ cunent fl\[J",tm.g 0'11]1 ,OO"'~ . ~~~ lh~ '~ire. !I;:il[i!1,d.~jJ~" ~md ~,Ve ($) ..... ~~(S)I] (}f-Ir.l.s} ~~ Itlle oof:['{':fif 1oIMn_ . o1:Il:.r~re !lliOO:e ~JlJ(i.Qgti.l "~. ~n]' ~,:Em.du~~ail. ~'hJin,g :Eg, (2.16) fm ~b lr~El.5!fe.1:' fwta'im1. Vc(:s!) Vt~}. wtl mriy:e g~ the ~~IXi:e ~!lIl,1.it as Eq. (:~L66~.

IlI!npIe Cifallm ~aa Voltage DM "! n

~Ii." 2.,6mn be ~.vM.dtre~ ~ u~ '!oIO.n"I,~ d-'IlII~:Jm], i!m lite .• '~Il:SfQ:I1II.e4 De:t/W01:k" '\I\'e :r~ ~~W1E!tr;,1me ['his; 'l~nI.oq,ere.

~tIr ~~ b!<~ m w.llljiti ;1ffi'fJ11M

~ ~~1: :E.~8.inpl.e 2.60 !!>I5lIug ""~-B.e !L'!~.Yi~[{i:lfl, ~ru:l tbe !I!mE~d !I;~lIiI3Ilil'_ ~ 1.1:e ,\!DID~ ,~e~ i~le C~ci~DT ~ wow: l(~arr- -II. (!of ~oo 'inprn 'Ilmlt~ '~~:ty il:b~ ;m~rJj:~ ((hite ~'tor [I~""'tded by h SUi'll ~:l:iI:"";:' ;lIII]liCd~~

~ 'c.

!lei";) = ( " I tal

,,&+,1(+- .. I

, C5.'.

SdlN1rl'g :~QT IilE irl:'3.rwf~ :fWJcoiom;. Vctf~ V,S.]'. J1reJd~ '[ire ~me :remJh: M lEg. ~;U\fj).

Re-v,[ew ~rn,~J:'~ 2";fiI ithrou£b :2'!P. Miil:llllilJll:ahmd (IiI!] "OM itbilllk. i!'i! eGI~:fm [liDs ,[rmlr.?-

'~~ro!!lS e.:tafflJi~e .iM'!!ll\ieg a simple;. ~ingfe·~~,e.~ectrlC11l. netwm'k. M'li~

, .. ~ • 1 ,~-'I_ • f _.i!\,,' I ~ ~.I ,_ . ..!I ,..Ii f! .. _ . b ..,

~.E~m.i1C'.ij1. 11i1~I'WIQr:l'i:!!> !G!Ii'T:I;Sud 0 ' IIInlli(l[l ~ ~oop!1 ,mLIllI noo~ m.no :u:ur it, f!c5~ cl!reml:S. '!.,\~

, allll& 'WN.'i~el an oj solve Sinll.!1!tai1l e-GU.S d~ffere. '"it.l.. W:[~fW1S ~[l. iQr.~eritlf~ ii.r:u:i ~lh e tn.iD'!ifu :fU[II;lDi:on,. (If" ro'~R': : ur dre ow1:p1!l.t.

[C'''m~ arooi~:s via Me.1m AnraIy.si$

1'0 ~~~elQ!lm;ple::'li,~~,e!."tr],;al:netWOQ";till-U .~ w,Ltl;],:mum,~ ~oop,s ~d [ffiodes----u;sing ml!i!ih :iliwtyl!S5:!& ~ ~~In 'FfitrG':J'llltl:'i~ :~~IJt'W1.ng :fime,p;!:~

1. ~epJmre :~D'V~' e~nf!~: '\\'al.D!:J; v..ii[,h ![]1f!~II" im~e~.

2. [[.tCfi'~ .amE £JiJ.U~~, and l]~ '!o'aTI~)lMe~ winh it1Jed'r .L~~ 'u:aru.d'm:r:riI_ 3.. Ai's'l.:nfre~, il:l:'angfrum ~f. ,Wld a «In'Mt d~.jon iiI'!l ~h ~

4. 'W:a'- Ie K.1.ircJ:loolf·:!' ~., ~ iI'Irm.m·[I, ~ m:e-sb.

:S. So,'i,'II.'e itb~ ;5;ErnuttFl.ll~OIII~ eq-~.~.illns full'" (hI;:; Lunp.ttE'_

itii .. htm i:bl!; itranSJe-E" M!.;'1:OCJ.1fL

~ij: lU~ DIOOk itt an ,eDIIi,ple

r ...... 1f irnJli:cr-w~dij!lI~ ton.JilS

At~ iGi'l.'Cll it'he 1li"ic:~,wou'k,o:l: ~.ute2bt(l'~ •• krill t'1'I~ ifl:'amd'e["hm.C:!loltt",I~~:s)~ IV[~).. ,S~1UUOR '['Ire '11m. ~ ~n '~he :Rrilru.lnrt h-l '~O COIlVe."1. [~ :m'J.WlI(k W~D iLql.3cOf: 'u· • an ....... '~ for ;1I"II,p.n~ an~J ci:r:em_·.t l.\:iI~±itL".s·. :In'!il!(rni~l~ :zero ~.nitnlli Gr'"_JJdJjtiilmii. 'thE! :I!\"'...w~~: i8 s'bow,n ili'il 'A,!wre~). T.iu:, ci~xll1~i 'wttlb, M:i~. '!W'e are. d~lfil:i,g :requ;t~ t,w(i i!;DlroIu~n~El~ eq;u:iJ!f[]1Mo; W ~,11.1C fuu- I:h~ 'tI;j!i!il~f:r 'furiJl:~mm_ nL.t:~ eq,e.!.ll;t5il'ID!i C.P.:IJ ~ :frn1iM ilJy ::mIt"Ubting 'v~ arollmd ~I mm. 'kr.~ '~I~ dw ~!jl!t,e-d, ~l":n-en1!5-., r'p~'v.)i ~11d ,12[~~. fiO'W:. Arroum~ ~1 l. 'L~iBle'rel ,~~",~ :~

R,.l:oUJ-"~ [sJ:~i[J'j' - W~,~1t .. '!Lis~ ,Am'!Jm:H. MedIi 2. \'ire li!(fi) 'tiows.

Fii .' 216

~ 1F"Wil'l00Ci ~e;t.

(2-.s&J ('2.m1b)

1" . i~ u~ CI1I "'s' ;(01 en, •. th. ~1tt.ru"'1

'g].) ro .. ~' (2"BD) :mr ,~~~)...;! Hmce.

ItRI_ +. Ls), 'V(s)

1Z:ta) _ . :La, 0

4.

uV(lr)

_

s:

I (:s.), Is f..£!?:

'U(.8} -; ~ = -, ' = " . r . . . _ ,.e , . (:t8]~

V(sl il ~R~ +. ,RlJlC~ 1- ~,R~:,1(~C -v 1.Jt~ + R:~

.iI.~ sttmv n h1 'R,gure 2-.€( (',.

"We ~'e ~~~ ~n :~][~ a pq~tca'l :EleJ'WO , .. as a lr.l.l~r :~D1:iflw. 11l~e 'b"'~utk t"d' ".g.Ute 2}6{Q~; [11. '~WW ,nroiIEl~~d BiG, l[ire '~r;aIif:Sfur fL:UiI~.mmiJJI o;f'Fii~llD"e Z.6(d. ~er'QlJ(: 'm~ing: 'be ~Il1Ple,. '~'e ooti-ce~. ~ lee-ell fiiNt m~~~:ed .~ :~" {l.?2). liI~e 'fom!Il\IjEl~,~. (2..&0) ~ n~

[ :~ru!I=.!. ]1'.~1- .n!:!..:." b" ~i(5) .... [:n~:.:::] (:i:_83.E'I)

__ I 'Ii. ~_~ '~ cmrJffiiD,tl itrD it C l;1I'~,~

81iGli1nuw J:n~ .u 'II.-. ,I."U~I

, it'Ai (!! mesn es

:~~OOPUzQ tbe form will 'heap iUS 'w,f .e :wdtI. ~uttPDrL'" 'D'apid.l)'~ lot eJ\~mp:te.. m,,cl:l~ft'~I .: ~~n]uUJ!i Im:rnmOO:m, (~\"C[erl. i~l SIXtIDn~ 2Jl' DOO l'A) ~'Ll-e t'hg smne :rMIl.

--.----

!C®mp'lex Circui~s vla Nne] A1!Ialysi'

OOe,n. tme ea:s~; w~ to 'fioo '~'Ite itto1DSJel 'fLlb1£lij~ ~ !to 1L1S'e ttOOtI~iI iillliJI1.yru& ~tt[' bn mei.'.i6li nlliItj'~,s.. T~te liW.mb~u iQ'sjj,mmn.m.a~~.Mi:d;eq~L" Cb;tt m_be~~n iS~",n~'~·~f!,·~'ile .W'lJhernfiIDO(fes w~ ml't-:. ... e ·suriknw!i. te itI.. ~~. O~:l'irr",,·- .

, .,' , ""':IF'" ' . ,10 -,,' " ,~L,. ~" ,n .r.-.~'Ir'g.1J:!II!i

e::tfi!tiIi,pte '!/}it: 'i.'!lro:~t': !1irnunnif.]ilOOQl!i; :mesh e{Jwlfi~, 'ruciIJ,i :Kmr"dh'h'QEf"s \\oI12l,ge: ~~ H:;il!' :nn~1ii,~ ,j :ee8. 'we me JKj[o1JJtoJf~s iC~m Il&'w WMI wm w~ !Ilfuw:~ 'from, eac;h IWde~ A,g.min" ~ u cog)Vol'!]l~'ilOOU" I[;UIreoD!5. '~DWin; from '~h£ node ~~ ~tJ~, '~f!' be [~~.~ aOO,OIlmnts iIlOl'!!'Uit,g~. !j) ['he ao.~ iMe ~;'tled, 'G'o be !i!'ie~~i'!j,'e..

iBef'Oi'e :1IM~S8.i:rlJt 'no ,~In !C];~rilJ?'re. :ret '[I!l 'fiv8t de6~ ~j'!~. 'ml]'. as ~n~ ~ci,pmcrd Qr'~,mpedlmce, Ci'

~' -1(',' ,m.w<c ~:um '. ~ mf_ '51 m'O,th'hf'. m~Ji~ :0 FI,gme 2.6(b~, h ",m of enmnl!. mwkoo. 1'1.00 li.niI lfcl~) me. W.ipmn'e. J~

R' 'gin, ~d ~ -.~~~ ..... ' itbc ~i!j:t· a.'IlC!~ (q - I ,~. 'W;o'e ol;t,lli.1IlI,.

(0. G~ + ~.) 'L~ ,

-~ l~l.(s.l! -t I[~ T C.s;,)Vc l,f) = G 'u.:msfer-]i' '~r "on. vc[s) ... ' ~b,). :yie. . '

(j'Pi

--5 C

Am;;Ither W3]" 'f!' wnte ttl'" .' ,\.,'{l " : ;e. smmrt~ by !l]lIr:Fe _. '

~[fItIC~" A. " '~e ~n:e ~.. 8. C'il~'111 v~ ito all)' ~ ," 'lie ~, CU.I'rCIIJ: ~' ~ ce deJm''!refS. II11tOIl!;ll:;'ilil.!l. CUnei 'itO Wl}·lue:d. rl:l!crc&l~. a. ~tJ~~It mu: a: can be CQ' " Im.- a 'ii.- I~~ ~ ifme 'b)o iP' -'. g \8: ,buge rc~- " - n -" iii wii ,,~ , '~ suu.~~ Thu,.,." 'Iii'aJiafula' m ~:m ioElil do ItlCil ,',., ec ilb!y IC'h'mlF the <CUJJe.m:, eeit~'f .e ,:e-m" ~.I e;iLa- ~ ·matear~ the ,!large ,ies:redsll~iJIT ,runJ f ; ~I~ :B08fre, .. hoo:miull;' '{Il;'e my , Nmlii1f.!:::J ~. which ~s

Ff~i2JB Tf&mm.1j !'in.m4iMt!!((ti' !OO1ii~lS

~ !ll ~e ~'1)urce.. !Vul. ~ ~ :seiies w~Jb 3ill impBd!Uice. Ztb·).~, .~ r~lmced. '~)I' 21. ~'1Un:t:.ti:t ~])tJree. Ii(s} = V(s), Z.~~·,~ ~tI. pru'"deiJ. ~'~Oii ~t·8).

In a~~~' to rut. . .~ muU-p'Je"\iliCide e3J~t:aJfuallJi~. ~ can ~11)Jb'rn 'E'he ~ .• ~Ij)W~n:: ~te<pt.

ru,. :R~ . lioe ~s&ii,'!;.'e ~ne . J' ''l.'.ahle~ WiE'h~. "II" ~n~ttallce1ii.

:];. :~a~oe: ~~. ~1i''!,:~1'ii ~nd thli1li;' 'L'~r~i~~ with !~hrar u.pl~oe GRSrornl.

,:;t, :~~,p1@._~ tr.i.lDS JtIJ1Iru..~. -m31i1se SiJ;UUC~ 'W'u~h '~.rnrlii:!i.&:rrlIl~d IOOnem ~~ ,~ 'Wi.i~ K'ilrchhoft'\~ ~nt ~aw at ~c1l! ~e..

,s. :$dUyl': [~te ~m:u~ti1ru!1/I,'I!'S, ~.nl1luilru:e. :r!J~' 'fib ol!tlpWt 6. Fbltm, !h'he tr~rem- :nD1C~.I!:.!mL

Let us ro o. m: all Oltlftl.lfL

'Tr.&ni'ht' fiin~fim:'i~:t-@J9 ~I!!i wrtN 'li:lI~".t: ~rt:e.s!

F'1i1!Gk'm fOt itbe itlCm,w(lri;;: (if rR~nJ~ 2.6. fir:Jd '~Ire Ir""rHsif.er fll~OII. Vii:' '·{~·l 'Vt~ !1tQ':ti1g oodal ~1l~Jy~~, at:id I t~m'ru:rmed, Ci1rcuSn; w,iOl iC'i,lrren~' 80~~Ces.

~ Gnn1.'Mt ~~. i,IT:l~~ !to oHid.mitt~DN':S gud :plI~ ".'Ol~~· OOlirrc~ ~n ~-:,le~ '~~ilih ~n ~Jlt',P~!tO iClll11'eII . waJ.ll'Ce~ itt ~rn~~e'~ wi~'h atl. adtt"WE~e U~[rtIjl! '~rt{rn"~ 'dt:ellm!lilll..

~d]1flp,i'ilDl: ~ 2..6(b}. to ~fie'l"t t1l.e ~~.~ 'L~'Obl~l fiWiJi[l~ 2"8.,, wlbe:re G~ . .= ~ R~.!~ = ~ .. ~,. arid ,~'Iire :rLod~ \l'n[tag(!R.-ll00 ~m~~ aeross itbe ~,~111!1C'~Qif :II.Dd ith~ !I1P'..pJiO:~r£i~e iheen ~~eilllnined IL~ V.d:"',) ~od t':c (.r~. £etip~'ei!.ii.WIIJ', [),sing • ~ glM eraI. :1tie:'nati.ilttlShip. ltt,s), = :t't~')'V{J;), ~M ~Im.ijng >ClJ1rre.t!i'1l.s. m. t~, :~liJHJC ~d.5!~.

,sIJ,lIDIi1tJImB 'ihe ilJlJ,lrwn~~ ill Illll.-:: iliIiJL1e l!c'~'bo"') ,~.d5,

CsVc~} + G2 [Vc'~) - V.lt(sllac: Q

~2,S '1bBP.~ eliectm:al ~Il~

A p~ TecMique

~~ ii'JU,~itl:'te ~re\'f:mJiS e~ll'n '. '!.!Ife.,ma,ve, ~n a:~tims [pW~m il'l.'~'1lre equafo:lllS ![] Htt ''We ean i!J.~ IrO ijllU " ':P.Jd~.1'f 'Woe ~ n ~.z.e 'dti.S tpmUi:e,rnt., 'we: 1IJe~, IIDt w,ri'I:e itbe ngl!Jru~1lIftS OQntpfJJ!'If\1itI: it}y oomp'{(~~m;. ''We ~I] 'Wim iliJJpcrlIo!DL\~_~ ,ru'6L1nd a mesh :ilti, [lIe ~ m:~h C'ijUP-ti:am,"ii!OJ!' sum aibT:li~efi~~~:.R ooL1 ,~[t the C~~ of'lIl~ e{l!JJi1ti(!'II~ Len: U!!I. mOW ~~,!aI a '~Jl~e· ~rp d:et.m~, ~,wor:k :I!HJd write lotte ~e.Sh ,~~~ 'bi' ,- '[I~lQJ;j ro klITilOf"lI9l.roiLte ,ti~ :~!:.'i&

, .. ,_ .. c'li. :'-;,,1iI ~ iill ~.iI .. iIio.!'l'':'1!;:;cllin..

_l1~ il!"' 'l'I L_, '!!!'!IB, !'U~~_ .. ,_,~,

,~.!1:!~1:C'lI1 Wfi1e. ib!i.!l4';i !I1I(l~: iroU\l~. itb~ m~1 CQ;' .ilt'roms for '~ netwrrn.'k sborwclll! :[Ii"i

lFi~2~t

SoIuIloIi! 'E:«ih o:r 'rile ,pn=vtlOO.!l~ ]l'J1i1llil:erns fm~ miOO!lratW. tllalJ i!l1:u? mes'h ~,m[[mIDM ~md !E'I~l eQjrwa.timiS 'Ila'l,l'e 03, ,p:red!iJt~ble fwt:rl. '~ 1I;l~ 'ihld ~.edge· itoj) scl.vt:; (JU5 Ithr('''!l-k;Qp ~~~~m. "n~ eq'l!l!rtrut 'ftir ~te~. ~ wm. iIh~, ... e b .f'il~l{f",,~mi8 fmm:

:Stun, ,', ~.rn.ped~, - COODPlIG ito[) :Mesb. .I. amiII '''''1es'bJ

~·;2.:~U

I Sm,o(

• imp:!d'wDres ClOOlJIOO.D ltD S'm (i~ - M~esh ru rnOCI,

~s!13

~um !Df 'u~~ ~w ,~'h 2: ,Jin~,

,~sil~

[ &Jmof] [!wm C(f~'?ired]

~~ im,p. erl~Jl~ , liC~) III '\'~~ aJIlJ. -, ~tt{t (2..'3)

81'(I1I[IilirJ M~ ,3 ,~ 1

S.lm.mLtllUn,g tbe ¥Jl~I~ fmDl1, :F~re 1., i t-Q~. ~~'9n ~~~, [:l.'~n") ~M:!O

-a .. (ls + ~l~~'~<8} - (~+ U/~(.s) - .1B(s) - itt&) {2'9Aii.J

--;[2A" +- U~'D(s}.g~ (~ II- Uh(i1 - ~~~{$) = 0 (2.94b)

'whim clO!IliIlbe :!:;' , '.e~ siDiW'~I3I[I~W~'~y ~!;;.r lllliJ' ~m'd .ramf~ :fIl.lnCtLml. mE'"e~:;!i.rnpre..

h(s),l!(&}

~!:I~j i8;' iQp:mrt]maJ ;e.:ftI(!cl~"r.

ib~ .Ii~MJ.®c IMiln 1i1Ui;jl'1lft,!; !i,lp!tij'Ili'ti'li!d

-er.

~.IiJUW'I~

IIlIii!f1l1Joo.ill ~~r oonPl,giJi"el'j '&!:if ~f aJi~' iful:o.l..1J.o.n H~n. "fli,'P1CcIf...v, '~~ amJ:fl1i eJ' 8i'W1" 1\ is [ilffil"1mL

vJr!')

I.

-

-

:f~lve de~ar~~ ~~~~ Vit:~ tme 'gOPi;;;i i!1~ (I~~mn ~ '~iJ illb~ pojro.., lr~'1ID'!N .~L'1~~ fl (~fiss. of ii:td~,,'e ci~-ClSJ~m ithe'r WIl be '~1k.""li 'go 'irnplemeID:t itr.:an8:~U :hlli'iJiII!i!Zms.. "I1IEiCj£ ~ !fdITnUit5 blJ~~~ @rmllmii:li :I-!l'1ii .D11[5i1tIJa~ :It"'f~~~fic[.

Dp~ :AollIDen

.An t1poi.".rm.limu:if.a~' - ,!lred n ~~[Jre:2:. Ulttl)." ~I1. eiLecDroniic llIllJj,~ufiiar wei!, a.s, i9! lOOs"c '~I~tt1;,~ br[j~l!;: W. bwlll~remE:ml: i[t~'lfiunetiM!i. til,'. 'blm!; ~~il)'!,~n.g d1lilr~ .fi .'e,rjm.~:

l. :mMfen;Hf!I;!II1 ]'np:u~. "'2Ii:)} - 'l>'1(f~

2" H~lli ~npllJ~ i6l~dai~ 4 = o;'(ooEElI,) J.. l4lIW' (fut,p.i11: imp~:lIilce'. ~ = ~ ([,,)gal)

4 :H~p OOR'S'tiJI'!l. ~i!1). ~rn,J~[~a.tl\rm. ,,A - OO! I~t~l)

TbE: !lrum~~:. 'Ii',.A'fJli, i.s gi'l.'L'YI by

I~ ~ ItmpIfter

~f w,:{:r, ~~ gtll!l1tl~, the i!lmp'~~~er i.'cs. a=lI~i:di en ~''i!!}~ffllIg o,Pi!1raJ:r.rIi'iK~f: t;lmj).[~ ,i1J:i! sI~1t:i ill, :F"n8IIfre:2:.. ~,C(b)... f'rn- itb~ "ll\ll."l1Cng ~mt'i!i1Il~~ :p..'III,pfifiet.'~ ib~!~re

,If ~ ;~~ rue OOnIllectH, !to the ~Itl''!!ef!jim~ ~r.aflOO.~1 !II1JlI,~if.ie:r >1'15- ~fttltJj,'i'i, rrm. F~.u.tut; 2.:li~~ii.}.. 'w,e (iru~ d.tij:",e; ~D. ITi~:e~ilti,g reBlIWt if I:'hl~ ~nJ1Ufte.r. !Wl

lRM2rl~ fn\~ 6j1e r.mooaIJ ~'~fur ~:2..'~1,l

ib dtar'mnct'!ii~~ IDl~JjlrlllJJll~ ~ 'ti,6te b~~lll1i1~~~ d nrii:1l Kibsect1DrJ. n tbe ii:J, ,c:

Dn!!pe_~ 10 (be amp,~~fi.er ns. Ih~J. ,~',&red1 '~y :~~ff'!; Itl.lrn.m: ~U'la." ,1'(1(8] - 0 rut~ 'tfs) = -,~,ds~- A'~G. @lreC itbe :pIn .A. ;s .brg.e, 'Va:~~') ~ !ill. 'T'bu.\ }'.Ul= V~('d ,Z', (;:S). ar,jL1-I~)_) = -l!iJ(.() Z20{.!.). :E'.q,[lJ.(ijjng Ute m,\\\Ownmts,. V~.(w) ,l~[~)-l~(!') Z~ (.s:~. ut ~te rr;all~fetr. :6':UJlJdtion oJ'itbr: ~liJ'vert~g Q.Pf.manl3l1 m:rli,p1~fi~ cCJJlfIW~" 'ureiil :liS ,s'11i(I'wlll '~mi HStlr~ 2J.()(O js;

Tlralllhlr fuin~=im'iia~ @J1iCraf~ iIili!VI.lii'fLfilr:f i&inuH

PRibltm .F~nrl 'nke 'Dr,;1Js-e:r ru :ti:o-.o. V~.t) 1~($)" fm 'm~ druuim: ~,~ in :Fi~D'e z.u,

~.q= 4=

:2;20<Ul 0,.0 UP

'\Nv---1

-

~

hfllUi\'N TIre ·Dr;aIil!1~e.r funftliDJ'], o:r'c~ .~pe[]!~]Qoo'I, ,~mp~m:e:r dm'- ;s ~iven 'b; ~,. (2.$f1]. ~r~ '~' 'admjiJjta.~.g.f iPm~Ue'l. t":Om,potiiB:O~8; ~t1.1i~) i!1< the ~[pma.rrl Qf ['tie sarn r;1' ~re i1dm,iI!,~::I!i1~.!i" !D;t'

(,2':, ~OO)" ',,'

.,~" " .

,

~rm~' ~l~' c'lreu: :

VU]

.. ".,

..

" ,Z'~~

Nifl.nIn.wGI..t.Tng ,.mill' MM AlI'I'mIImY'

ADo[ . drom.j~ OmJ:!Call be ~M . UT " s itI:amr[er' fnmE:IW]lI is. ft:mJ -UV!e:1:'!I:1ng

~l:JMi!imlai mil, .Jl tan:· t ~1JI;;MA'D in :Fii ..... )2,_ 'We oow den" the iUi~erf '_ .

.• W1eSM'1Iw

a,l~l)

&:bst'tIUingEij,. ~i,m) mlIl Eq,. (2,~O[). ~mg.IBRd,siri1p.lifyins. wooht3ti

VJ:SJ .it.

-=

'VJs) ] + AZm:(s) .r (2' (.1\) + 2~o5l))'

1\ we '~HUil;)'.1iI the '. . ·DUij;1M Mi' .:SQ. f,lJ(8) ~.~

l~il) Z, ~ -I- :!~)

Vj(~) = Zo,u·g

f'mIJ71~m ' !I'tid the ttaM'Jer fDl1ctiM, V dC,di'r.~($). '. . ~ eireu [, Diven in :F:~ 2~,1,!.

''''~. :find ,eildL O:f'l~ in>'l'l..""'r'I~I"""""

Sil:ItLJJ~c [the, ,-, (2J(M:).. "Itt!,.

ii""'ll"~' ~ .lUV.

UE'!iDoc~iiJ~~ ~:r0l

ilmrrJl~ ,;U!iii

~ilbsilillt]~ :f.Q.~ (2J.![i5} mod (,2J!~Hlirt{i Eq. (:2 .. 'I.'[i;:I,) ytc'~

'~lJ$]

'V~! - -~-=-:~---::::-----:'=-::~--=-~--::---

M' '~ifIrn\. ~;E. __ ~,~lIl~

~ -.I':I...:u:

~ lne <i«i'j, fOr ~iEsrn~ 115;1;wcs l~

:oH

,A1JliiW~r' i.'l_,t'ill 'Il(5) - (~~I- 2s of U] (8:1 -I 'IS'''' 2) 1M OO!Mp~ll:~e ED[ulior~ ~~ il'iJJl it1n~ rttOl~,Dll~ CD-lK(~1.

:5'kIJ~e5<Snvmt; ~~~e 2...7

,~ If. ZaJ"i~ lis -rite I~l~,~ of II. U~ ,,_.,F- ict;~);Lfo.r md ,Z~) is ttl!: '~mpe-d,!IIntOe mf,i ~,OO 'kU :mrii'i~DIl;, :fml~ the 1D.i8JiJsft:'t :flUfWtlOOiJji G(s) = V,d(,i;) ·V~ ~.). ~m these

~a 1.!m:t.'fiI3l ,!ilr~ IIlSed ~i'l:h {tal an " ·~ns .~ .. " {I ~iJf.icraru:l (b},a mamn'vming gnpii~M ~ -'i;!u;iWII :00 n,gl!ll'm 110{.c.) .mnll, 2 .. 12." J~~C'drveb

Amm"M'l ~} = +s fu.F :E!I.E1 lIi'Venq Op.e,Ti.1 mm1.am. E.f.'e:r! a31 = s + ] tor a

mani:II . :rn.ID· . ~Iifiet..

n mmp ".. .' m:ion iBm t.he iI:r£.tut1pIn"]~.(i,I'. '.~.

Table 2.4 IFM!I}.ilS1ili:li'~ 'rOI"C~II1J1t~mt aOO ~rn.p@fli1lll~ '~!~oo1IIDOnWl m1a.bOfUllfH):s fer $llfin~s. ~~ d,mi;~r!i. and mass

f"OI'C8L ",61Kitlj

's~

, -~- dtl

m~"

'., "., ',,' ."{~~

... ' .. "

K

~~ T,~ ~rID'l!l!i.~ :001: of ~bnli:5. iilll'lJ m1m; iis !U5!."\1 '~hro]_JjOOMl. "115 II:!!;jti~~ !fin - r;r (~$WI:0:tU). L~n ru 011i~t.l?m,_ ~1-Q - m' is,~' I~l'o Ir = N tm (fi~W1~ :Jme~~j; - :N-i; m ~m:,.wt1l~iTId'iij:IJ1ld~I1'). eM = !k~ l[J.;t'lIJ,HI!'-1.1~ = 'nt!w'O'1t:iJ'iio~::r :Ifru."a!:t)!,.

''!.!'O~ wrmen ~n ~e,Il'JIts.' .' 'oCulI~EIlI" :Ind Irb~1 ~!i!lI[jq IflJiCdInIlIca'l d'iifltililn~] Cq,Dil.'D10D;R.,:illl,'; ilrllP.i[c(glDlJS. ~Il) m~'ib eq.llIm.l~m!1.. Ifl.il~·~: OCCIf~ ,iilre ¥'1r:mc:m. ~!Illlmn~m:~·no'. the :~~!in,g:. ~alll-~1 eQ'IJ~ltgM :E'~[t.].e:. b'!,J~ il"4Fe oot 'illOOi'.rvo~!Oi'~ 'fi)u;:, nte-.!dh ~~I:Il'IIIDmf,.. ''We-., ,~r. w.ig~ use di~5: roodel 'ft\r .ned't.ll1Bm] ~~:;,:!beiin;, S(io ~1

- - , ..... ~ '1., - r ,'~- mil

'!Me CHill ~,!lt,:Ue ;e.q,!lIatlNitS 'i.IILIe<;.'t~ 100 E~ Q Q!!S,rac~UIiI~nt.

.Alill!1~~r :Illl'l ill kI.gy esn 'bf: [rI~WI. by [(')[IflIXW'tJ1It,g die loor{$.o~[l.OllY ~.1W:TJ1ll {[f:Th,~ bl:e ,204 .II! the w~nt-Y(it. iCO~~lI!nmTl!ble1.3 ~n '~~m:Jer.. Hl!re D~ amI~V is bm~ r:u~e silil c!lrt'J"e".l1Im: :and b~, ~DdQ:y 3r~: ¥ol~. ,ACRQ~ tbe s;prtir\g as ~m'I.ogow; '1'0100 in:dmoc;,. ~ '!i'~~ dar~ ~"" ~.IJ}'l iJ:;Q ~h~ H~:srJm. :l.!lTlldi ~he

-. .... "", ".., ,," _" ~fIm_ ... jl.' • ." "' 'D~io~, ....... ""';'j~ • ..,."'~ "1!"1..~H' "".-'~""'it'iil'i' ,i1''''r'''''''~ '1WI ... "#mn. ,~", "' '" f'~ • .:;e,,"'_.

',I_"''''~''' ,..1li3l~~'!J'U'"' r~ ".l~""""'."" . .II, []~ ......... I.ID .... ~!Ii!..f """""_ ~ ,~"'!!oll , ... ""'"" , '0""10."""

~,~y'~ ;aml~~ itIO ~m:!:n~n.& cl;ln-e1IDil w,r::i~~efl ~.IIJ t.e;1:'Ji.ruj oJ m~.e :l!!od It'he ~sn.i~e[m,t n~LtJruil~aLdif~mm:tnna ,eq;tl~n&linr.; are :m.i'I.~'iflg.o.tl.s: ~D l1IodD'Lequations. ~ w~g~ ditwu~ these allm~~ 'in mo:r~ ~ta]1 En S~¢I!mn ,2Jt

''We !Lire 'M'I/¥ re\t~ 'DD I]n{j, '~rilIiS_ futJ~to:[JS :fOT 'IIIEis3Ii flJJm1il m~!:fu;antcal ~')';S .. ~. (D;!.lr ~t ~n,~e. :!i&'1,Il)'I,1.",O :em. ~'i~UR: :~U5i[a)~ m; :!;'~mi~ii.IX 'Do tbe:" wmpl~ RLC fJelJ1ri.~ of :B1l~iI'il~:e 2~6 ~e figure 23). llte medr.:m"~'~ ~~ :r~wil~ j~~t Q!ae. ~~m~lI1. (',~rt:m. cmlred'~ BqL!:atwn ~ ffl.fI'1ion" itO {lmSi.'l.ri'h~ : ~. ~ w,~n

IL.""",~, 'Ii., ' '" F , " ,-~" ,.r1" ,~- .. ,_,!I",,",J'.-ti" , ~"" - ' , -'i'~ .. ,~, i~ '" ... ",'~t '7"1..~ • ..,

!D!:1Eo"iI1I uy ~lm1 \g a ~~ilve l!.Ilrec~lo:Jl 01 ~)lNU!j. Dill':, ~:Or ~'amp~e.~ ~-O ~. e ,. o,e!' .... ,II. UI!2i

a5~lIItrncd F,imi!i.vt:: dem:;:I~DJ1 of mDlion :fuo ~1IlII~la'r ~D ~lJnt"lJ'I,g a ~un)0f.l~, diree~ [In [f.I en '!l:'m!&i~~l ~:O~ u~u, OUII" :I~~d ;da[ec'tW:JlI. !M pa,s;lj:~ .. e: :mo1i~n. ~ 'fIlISt. M!W

Ai/1lfll :2':.111

_, """ dm~mm d mtI~, :5"1fOO.G:" ~Ad

'~ifu~" " In oflfNliti0Q 1-'nm1:«m find the ~rami',

...... 'mftl!

If~(i.} dz JIA7i '

Md~" ib"!

~.r) WKW'

'Vk now wIi tl1~ dilF "erenmhd e!;JEH!.t~ of rnolimL '~ ~""s ~ilW" W mill r o zero aU '"f th~ ~, ~ SIt1I;MII _ file mass:lm Figure 2,1 :[9~

ThkIJu,g 'Ote '~ 'lr:l!l5i.arm. a8S1lnUJnt,g :urn 1Il1l!li.Iii.1 .' 1 '.' , : 5, ~K(&) j.8K~ +- KX(S)I = flS)

(2.100,'

Soh~ ~ ~~If' ille tr.;a;m:fer fw~otio:[Ij 'f.~~~

, ,X(sj! ~

~) - -- .1 '---:",-----

, f-"(~fll ,~~ i- ,fll'ti -11- K

'Wc~Jdl ls ire,pt~II'iJ:ed if!!, ~ 2.1:5'{li)..

u~ define '~~~iI't~c fbr :met]jftiJ~t (\tIUlfJfKiHt.t!:::. m; {[.;:a\im. ~. ~95)

, ,r£u

.Zl'l<l~"~ = - ~,!I,~

and ~p1:y ttiedefutm{tl]'ttoEqs... (2.:~:~ 2) DIltu~ (2. ~.1;4,~·'L'!IC wii.~~ iIlt'~he ~m;Fdan~~ of L"ac'h itSOl"itpiJl1:il:n~: ~ is'Um:1:T:1ari~:n:d. in ~fab[e 2i"~'l'

Re,pjru:::ing e~db. [nD'~ m f'dgur.e :2· a , ~.6li!il) ~)' :~:s. ~rune ilrHmf'.o:li'tn.. ,."rhtcll ~~ :m 'Du: fl[lliITIB'1

~ iOli¢d~;l figure 2. ~ ~(h). fram '~]-Ch we a::ould, ~~(lbtaiIted lEg, f2. ~109,> ~.9]~1If~· ~lc'~,Y '!j,'iiilhoUli, ~nif~ lime dilEferen .. i~t eqw~illm_ From DlllfW!ilIiI. 'II&'t~ '1lIBC tt1~~ ,~p;p~h. f.:1lUI~;~Y. fI!JE~oc ~mlllEq.. ~2.1I{l) j50 of !the [urm

I' .81lin11 [if 'i.Ultp~Mt:<~ 1 X~:S) "'" r Srum 0" ~~~~ 1i:'0IiCeS I i~2. :1.:1.1)

wbi.m. ~ ~-ml~!aI~ tJ '" Ii!iD'I' aMfQ~ to a :me.s!b, !l':'I.1lJ1a~~QIil [see foo~lto:Ii~ 1JI"

:Mi::!D:)1' m~;(.P1'I~~g S~'tlL'W!i are !!&Um~~al" m ][1 'l~I~-!lliIDIP sild m.u1~.pl~-[ll~ elwuriil:"iiti neC,wur:b .. wlwr~ mare 'DOO'll OIIe si.rn'Il~l4Inem.~ [iuff:e.m. ". equmtoJli ~8 reqL1l.rOO, :~IJ desoritre me S'},'slt:m. Wn medliI!D!ra'E !iJMm~ ~b~ ]Illlll1Jlwl" of equ:i:irmnS'ii or m;{i~~~ RqCJljr,ed I~ equal ro lhe !IiI~r' (!If li\!;I'Mrl~' ir~epN~ motro.Ill~, :~fW'

~',",LKC:(;li.-~:Hm ~m.~~<II~ ~1:umfl.t!rTl!'.bJ!:'2.4 ~~ad:il!:CI!ii~[!,S~ l"'ill:i::l~iL~~!I.OOImnof 1J}.ih~ 1_'l,. 'S'lm~c: iii, i!: (hoomIJlllOOrlfif:Eq_ ~ l~'~ d S )~~ ,dl;p[looelln~t. A. dm!eu alE" il;M'<OOiJ Ii 'I!K!' 1i1I!1I':I~::i llij' ;d~~u'l.a: ~;;lIiti':;!il ~~~~' g!l! 1~1~ m''''~~r ~I~ "'1):. V.~),'W'c ~ :~ (2J ~!jJ Mill Qii[~'ru:M!i ~D:ilI 'r:~ ~ the: 'Il:ijIWlilUm}; {( mu 00 tbi-mi'i ~,f ~pIlti~em~~', if.llIIllIr EIii~1l ve~s:. 1ll'1 . .aJte,r:n.ti!T!lJ!'1o ~'M!!iMr. ~ ;8,~~'I!i!'.

~' ... .,. ..... 'i1-~. 'I']! 111' ~.~~~ ~~ I

1Ff.i:~I,U ~1J'~~ ~tf~~1!~ ~~la:t!1t:6l ~I;:.!!W l! bl!d ~ ~Ill

iH(j~(;e rrrn,~liif~ nihurt iY: F,iflrnm: {l'f [llOflJJI ~I~ a sy,Et"e.m Ciln Slill !I:ll!J~ u: iil~' mber :~XU!i ~"R'Ill)!:tfli(J ~r~ he~d, 1m. JliilliIaht.r'~ 'E'vt '~~te IIJUJJilin..'1r of :1 GDlt.il rt' ~nt'lt!:p~ diem !t1]cr~tof'lq ~ the D'I.mn'~ of d~)'H!.'!' fJjf~f~ This (I~"-:!lJ5.,\'iiron is ~,'O~: :mellM ~t.) irnp1t:!f i1h!Jt 'Iho:~ moomo are :not ooIJ~e(t 'Co- oOlite an,(.1fi1M~ :en F~I,ef'21~ tbl:Y ~re. fiM' e,~3mple. ~n iillWo.-l:t!o,gli e!I~~rll[~~ lil..et'Lvori:'. ~ wm,p t:l! .1~~: ~di!! ~iti 'ITS\~ {it1~et taGP .c,I:JT(l,lJg. 'bilE, n v..~ o~"rwlt 1ml: eae ua! d.!It~ ~oop-... tb~ otW.er ~mTem~ call S&m exi'l.t :';nh~ ls i3i '~~e ~mllla:: ;1IJ,'~hErt [m.!f. SimH!3ri1y. :~Ill!;.Ii m~i~::rJ.;:!nica~ ~~. l,;111i1 1I'WO ~t'~ >Of ~m" 0: eo; [puint ,af'mftCion aiD' 'fu;.f E~{I, ~r~u '!E'Ih~&e tbe iIl.1:bCllf :p!li.1J[ of nrottoll'l, ~ uo*r 'O~: htlu~D1Ee Of,;;ill! a,l1p~~, :~~rree.

]'01 ~ '~Q 'L'!!{ifJk !l.1.u,h ~,:~brem. '\~'e (lraw ~b~ :~~-bD~ dli:il.@lriilm :for i~~ , poi, ' oJ~. "Mrt and 1I.Ihe:~ii nI!:.'~ :!:.'wperprel£tmn. m !t'~h :rree·lmd,y I!!Ij~ilm '!ME'. ~g:m by ,&D,ry'Mmu a!I~ !OUwr [li][Jrul> (If miJfon ~B~ a.rld ifiM~~' iltb~ fo[Cft; ~1~~j.R8' OL1 Ilbe hody dReont '~(ji its ~m :D11ii)l!j(m_ , ".rn~, we iIh~d lIl]te bm1;; S'tin aJltCi mfi.~ illbe. iElnrnflll' pni~l1:s of mn~kUli {[!fie !I'll, ,it 'Dime. pl~u~ m~ ~ltt; orlgmilll ~Qdy fhe fJQ~e"i. [o~t-cd, '~ the adj&cMt ~11iO'MDn ..

's5n,m: Ni!;.';'L~'!1.iJlfs ~. '~'e :Mlm the fmreE iOn.eit&i ibcdy :9:111[1 ~ 'filru Jilmn '~O zero.. 'fhe resu[t :~s a :sy.;;mn (I~I~inlllll~ooD.b; iBlJ,IEtoc.:lTli\: QffllUlaoo.}'\!S :Li1:p'Dace .r~~,Il1$, tb~e ~urui)l)J;J!i are ~tQI~ ~~]veiJ:1lil d]!;! iQ~ ¥3J1:ab{Ie ." D.lI'll~~t :m irer:JU't;f; nt'Rite: ~~. ~aJ1a'ble fl'fi1n ~~litl;th Ore tr.":Elm.fer-'flJi1.l.';I~·m1·~"" t'lAattl:llJe-iJ. lIEJ:a:mple 2.]1 dL::~rwl" ~:r.-d~~!;. tbii!lo ]J.'1'!J:b[en,l-s-o~"4nl ~e~tmiQ~

........._ .. I' .... _'"-'"'!...._ ."", ""'-F.oi'i .. i'i·.....i "~~~"'~m

.~ il'll!1'I!~er ,nl'll!l!o;IM~n iOoL ... ''':'''''' VJ 1~'!li_'IIlUU

~~ Flm1 the ~rnmJH" :rWticDiml, .N~~~ F(&)+:for rtl.'e ~:!f~CelM (If ~re l" ~,1(a:),

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