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H I S T O R Y O F L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E

L A 3 4 1 3
S P R I N G , 2 0 1 1
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Instructor: Lance M. Neckar, Professor
Department of Landscape Architecture
TAs: Laura Risseeuw, Tom Campbell
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

C U L T U R E A N D N A T U R E : D E S I G N A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
Landscape necessitates its history. Gardens and designed landscapes are palimpsests. They contain extant,
sometimes living, physical records of the passage of time and the imprint of humans on nature.

Landscape is the cultural construction of nature. Though the term landscape originated in western
Europe, the idea of a constructed nature transcends cultures. Landscape, the constituent physical media of
which are landform, plants, structures, and water, redefines ecological, hydrological and cultural resources
in new cultural organizations of geographic space. As informed by landscape architecture, these patterns
on the land trace the development of the highest art and more recently, the applied sciences - of
environmental design amid patterns of cultural diffusion and identity across the globe. In an academic and
cultural sense we can point to and interpret from historical perspectives places of beauty, sublimity and
ecological acumen. Designed landscapes appropriate and reposition natural resources, but must also
respect the cycles and systems of nature both for affect and function. Such environments of sensual
experience, function, and even of instruction are sometimes referred to as having attributes of place.
Implicit in the making of place are first, and sometimes continuous, acts of design that transform, or
conserve, space for human inhabitation and use and inescapably embodying a conception of nature.

The tangible and intangible currents of culture, time and ecological circumstance have been critical
determinants in the resilience and sustainability of landscapes across the globe. And, therefore, these
issues, also overlaid by local conditions, have given shape to the historiography of this field. More plainly,
the landscapes of victors, of the well-resourced, and of well-matched ecologies and cultures, have also
historically been accessible to chroniclers, tourists, and historians. As the world has opened in an age of
mobility, these places are only the core of a young, richly diversifying and still unfolding, global canon. The
comparative histories of gardens and designed landscapes provide a lens through which the histories of
these cultural conditions of hegemony and of loss, for example may be seen. We can see the cultural
imprints in scale, form, materials and use of gardens and designed landscape and the systems of
governance, ownership, and infrastructure from which they derive.


L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S , T E A C H I N G
The inquiry into gardens and designed landscapes as palimpsests of cultural and ecological change presents
significant opportunities to bring historical and global contexts into focus around these resonant, if
ephemeral human creations in nature.

Overall objectives of the course, then, are to help students develop capacities of historical inquiry and
cultural and ecological knowledge about designed transformations of land. The roles of creativity,
innovation, discovery, expression and transmissions within and across disciplines and communities make
the history of gardens and designed landscapes a cultural meeting point between global and local
influences, between group and individual inspiration and across multiple types of political and other
controls. Specific emphasis is placed on cultural definitions, demarcations, and diffusion of landscape form
and use across the globe.


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History Core
In this course teaching is also focused on critical thinking and problem-solving skill building toward a
mastery of a body of knowledge in landscape architecture and environmental design history. The course
considers not only the substance of this history, but also its larger context and how the questions we ask
are framed by commensurate modes of historical inquiry. The course also investigates what significance
this past holds for us today. In this sense, the course forefronts the design of landscape as a tangible and
intangible record of the influences on human experience of beliefs, practices, and relationships over time.

Students will be exposed to ideas, methods, and techniques of critical empiricism via emphases on
research, writing, visual representation and oral presentation of secondary and primary historical
materials and data. More broadly, students will be guided to effective use and evaluation of materials and
processes that will support the following learning objectives:

Problem identification, definition and solutions
Identification, acquisition, and critical evaluation of data
Effective written, visual and oral communication

Global Perspectives
Landscape is an encompassing tangible and intangible medium of public and private life. The evolution of
landscape is continuous in time and space. The study of designed spaces of human habitation necessitates
comparative inquiry into the layered cultural meanings of place. The multiple understandings of diverse
philosophies and cultures within and across societies and ecologies over time are registered in the
landscape. The comparative study of differences in scale, form, materials, and uses of gardens and designed
landscapes in temporal contexts reveals patterns and processes of cultural demarcation and diffusion and
ecological change. Because landscape not only changes but is intentionally changed, the context of systems
of governance, ownership, transfer, and infrastructure becomes particularly evident. Policy and private
decisions merge in the landscape as they also differentiate access to and control of lands. Skills for
effective global citizenship and life-long learning are also intrinsic to the mastery of its richly connected
history.

Lectures will focus on the distinct and interrelated governance, ownership and infrastructure systems that
overlay natural systems as the place settings for these gardens and landscapes. (see below) The
sketchbook will also focus on these comparative similarities and differences of scale, form, materiality, and
use of gardens.

T E X T S
We have several works as texts:
The most current text, which we will use as our main resource, is Elizabeth Barlow Rogerss Landscape
Design: A Cultural and Architectural History. This text, published in 2001, is the most recent
comprehensive survey work that reaches beyond the Western canon. Norman Newton's Design on the
Land and Geoffrey and Susan Jellicoe's Landscape of Man are old standards from which we will also draw
some selected materials, especially from Newton, the formative works of the Italian Renaissance and
French Baroque and from the Jellicoes, some modern sites of global importance. And we will use
selectively Meso-American narratives from Pregill and Volkman's Landscapes in History. We will use all
of these works in a generally chronological way as the course will be generally structured over time. We
will occasionally reflect back (and sometimes project forward) to draw important lines of influence or
connection across formal/spatial, typological and other ideas in a context international and national
discourse. The point of this approach will be to elucidate the development of landscape architectural
design ideas in a way that draws temporal relationships to the larger issues of historical developments, but
also to exercise typological, morphological and comparative historical methods specific to the landscape.
For example, we can look at domestic gardens through history while also keeping up with public space
and civic design and broader issues of technology, domestic life, definitions of gender roles, the economy
and ecological change. In this way we can look many evolutionary strands of the influence of
environmental design and landscape architecture in society. Central among these are the ways in which
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the discipline has arisen and developed into a profession as a part of the specialization of knowledge in
application across cultures, especially in the western world, but more recently globally.

In addition, for our focus on modes of inquiry and the source materials on American landscape, we will
also have readings and discussions from Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the West, for
several decades into the twentieth century one of the academic texts of the professional programs in
landscape architecture.

Finally we will also make directed assignments to read and discuss articles in the premier journal of
landscape history, the Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes, Taylor and Francis,
John Dixon Hunt, editor; and into key historical articles in Landscape Journal, University of Wisconsin
Press, co-edited by Lance Neckar and David G. Pitt.

C O U R S E S T R U C T U R E
The course meets Mondays and Wednesdays. We will have a lecture on Mondays and recitation on
Wednesdays, i.e., a short applications and issues recitation on the sketchbook assignment and upcoming
exams.

A S S I G N M E N T S A N D G R A D I N G
The assignments include:

Readings in the texts and key readings related to the recitation and sketchbook assignments and tests
with outside readings being suggested, but optional. Specific advisories about the focus of the
readings and the relative significance of sites for the tests will be made in the course of the
lectures--it is therefore imperative to attend class.

A digital OR hand-drawn sketchbook, described in greater detail on subsequent pages. 45% of grade

Recitation periods on Wednesdays will be devoted to exploration and completion of the sketchbook
assignments. The recitation periods will be led by TAs.

There will be two exams, a mid-term (25% of grade) and a final (30% of grade). The mid-term and final
will include image identification with short comparative essays, and multiple choice questions.
Powerpoints of the lecture images will be available via Moodle.

No incompletes will be given in the course except for valid medical reasons. Please consult the instructor
about any issues relative to this question. If you have any reason to believe that you have a medical or
physical condition which may inhibit your performance in this course, please see the instructor as soon as
possible.

Please note that all images produced for this course become the property of the Department of Landscape
Architecture, College of Design, University Of Minnesota - TC

S K E T C H B O O K A S S I G N M E N T
Materials.
Hand-drawn: "Strathmore 400 - Drawing 5.5" x 8" pad, or comparable sketch pad of at least this size; 12
sheets (24 pages) minimum. Black pens will be needed for hand-drawn sketchbooks e.g. "Pilot or
"Uniball" (or equivalent plastic point pen). These should be purchased at bookstores or art supply stores.
Other color is optional. Drawings must be made in ink to be scanned and submitted as pdfs to the
Moodle site.
Digital: If you are able to produce these sketchbook drawings on a computer using Adobe Photoshop or
Illustrator, they may be submitted as pdfs to the Moodle site.

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Format. First page of book is for title and name. Last page is for grade and comments (put your
name...not too large, on the last page). Middle "double pages," or spreads, are for the "site analyses" you
select and execute: 10 are required. One site takes two facing pages. You MUST initial each page in ink
at the lower corner of the side opposite the spiral or in the page file. You may tear out "extra"
sheets...or use them for geographical maps, bibliographies, or additional site analyses. Also place your
name on the front cover of the sketchbook in large letters, and be sure to submit this cover as a pdf.

Research. You are to research the sites you have selected using the books and other resources listed in
the bibliography and those cited by the instructor and TAs. Although specialized books have usually been
chosen for the bibliography, you will find that the general books will often be helpful.

Execution. You are to do a graphic analysis/paste-up collage of 10 sites chosen from the lectures.

Of the 10 Sites, 7 from these choices are required:

1. Villa Lante, Bagnaia; or Villa dEste, Tivoli, Italy
2. Vaux-le-Vicomte, Melun; or Versailles, France,
3. Stourhead, Wiltshire; or Stowe, Bucks. England
4. Ryoan-ji or Dasein-in, Kyoto, Japan; or Beijing Summer Palace or one of the Suzhou gardens, China
5. Central Park, New York; or Prospect Park, New York; or Bois de Boulogne, Paris
6. Donnell Garden, Sonoma, California; or Halprin-designed urban landscape
7. Minneapolis Park and Parkway System

All of these sites are illustrated with one at least a site plan from the Rogers, Newton,
Jellicoe and/or other texts. Also, all of these sites have images that have been digitized and
can be used for your analysis by downloading them to be printed or used in Adobe
Photoshop.

You may choose from the following sites, or another with consent of recitation instructor:
Medieval gardens, Monastic and Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque civic spaces
Botanic Gardens, Oxford, Padua Cloister, Quadrangle, European examples
Alhambra, Cordoba, Spain Generalife, Cordoba, Spain
Piazza San Marco, Venice Piazza del Campo, Siena
Ryoanji, Kyoto, Japan Saiho-ji, Kyoto
Capitoline Hill, Rome Boboli Gardens, Florence
Piazza del Popolo, Rome Piazza San Pietro, Rome

Villas, Chateaux, Palace gardens
Medici villas Cafagiolo, Castello, Poggio, Fiesole, Pratolino, Florence
Villa Lante, Bagnaia Villa dEste, Tivoli
Villa Giulia, Rome Villa Gamberaia, Settignano
Vaux-le-Vicomte, Melun, France Versailles, France
Tuileries, Paris Katsura Villa, Kyoto

Seventeenth and Eighteenth c. English landscape gardens, urban spaces
Chatsworth, Buckinghamshire, England Hampton Courts, England
Blenheim. England Bramham, Yorks, England
Castle Howard, Yorks, England Claremont, Surrey, England
Stowe, England Chiswick, Surrey, England
Rousham, Oxon, England Prior Park, Bath, England
Attingham, Shropshire, England Harewood, Yorks, England
Kew Gardens, Kew, England Circus and Royal Crescent, Bath, England


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Nineteenth c. England, France, Germany, U.S.
University of Virginia Regent's Park, London
Mt. Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts Park Muskau, Germany
Bois de Boulogne, Paris, France Parc Buttes Chaumont, Paris, France
Tiergarten, Berlin, Germany Chicago South and West Parks
Prospect Park, Brooklyn, NY Riverside, IL
Parc Ciutadella, Barcelone Parc Guell, Barcelona
Paris Parks and Boulevards Boston Parks and Parkways

Late nineteenth-early 20
th
c.
Biltmore, NC, Hestercombe, Wiltshire, England
Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Munstead Wood, England
Gwinn, MI estate or town plan Faulkner Farm, MA
Morgan Park, Duluth Naumkeag, MA
Coonley Garden, Riverside, IL Lakewood Cemetery, MN
Billerica Town Plan, MA McMillan Plan, Washington D.C.
Viceregal Garden, Delhi, India Worlds Columbian Exposition, Chicago
Summer Palace, Beijing, China Forbidden City, Beijing
Garden cities - Letchworth and Welwyn U. S. National parks plans
City Beautiful plans for Chicago, Minneapolis, San Francisco, Duluth

Modern, post-modern, international
Lincoln Memorial Gardens, Springfield, Illinois Woodland Cemetery, Stockholm, Sweden
Bos Park, Amsterdam Westergasfabriek Park, Amsterdam
St. Anns Hill, Surrey, England Bentley Wood, England
Monteiro Garden, Brazil San Cristobal, Mexico
Brion Cemetery, Italy Taliesin, east or west
Greenbelt towns FSA Gardens, towns, Texas
Donnell Garden, Sonoma, CA Miller Garden, Columbus, Ind.
Paley Park, New York Spiral Jetty, Utah
Parc de laVillette, Paris Candlestick Point Park, SF. CA
Vietnam Memorial, D.C. Plan for the Potomac River Basin, VA
Sea Ranch, CA Seaside, FL
Crissy Field, SF, CA Villandry restoration, France
Barcelona waterfront, Spain Expo 98, Lisbon, Portugal
Duisburg Nord Emscher Park, Germany Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, Germany


















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Format of Analyses
For analyses--including written notes and titles-- on each "double page" of your sketchbook, provide
labeled plans and drawings- sections and photos or perspectival sketches - to explain the physical
(natural and formal/spatial) and contextual or associational elements that characterize the site. For larger
urban or suburban and regional sites, provide a site plan or map plan. At least one drawing- plan,
map, section or perspective sketch - of each site must be made by you either by hand or digitally.
The following physical elements are to be considered--and labeled and/or described;
Please note that not all spaces will be either researchable or necessarily significantly analyzed
in relation to all elements. In some instances, for example, natural systems are either
invisible or almost completely ignored; the point of the exercise Is to explain the
materiality, form and spatial order of the site, not check off all the boxes.

Morphology
Landform - Physiography geology soils/topography>landform manipulation, relation to drainage,
structures
Structures - walls/columns/steps > materials/construction techniques
Plants - Communities Ecological issues/Tree canopy/mid- and understory /introduced plantings
Water Hydrology/Natural and Site drainage/ Water bodies - lakes, rivers, creeks, ocean/
drainage/Introduced water elements

Natural Systems
Hydrology: Watersheds
Biotic: Ecosystems, Communities, Habitat
Geology: Geomorphology

Spatial Organization and Scale Devices
Site Organization/Geometry
Boundary/Entry/Arrival/Gate/Edges
Circulation/Sequences of Movement/Rest
Views/"Site Lines"/Axes/ Perspective Distortion

Contextual, Cultural, Intellectual, or Associational aspects of the design refer to attempts by
designers or the rituals of inhabitants or the activities of users to endow or express the
meaning(s) of a place. Please annotate your drawings with your analyses of the following
categories, taxonomies, morphologies, types or associational meanings of sites/places:

Land(scape) Typology:
The large scale designations of land can be geological, ecological, or cultural terms:
Ridge and Valley, Moraine, Kettle and Kame, Arroyo, Wash, Dalles/Dell(s), Palisade, Butte, Coulee, Plain

Types:
Garden( garth), park, pocket park, park system, suburb, pleasance/plaisance/ plaza/place/piazza

Within a space, more integral landscape Archetypes also exist; note that these archetypes
though smaller in scale than the types listed above, actually can cross scales:
Allee Grove
Bosque Clearing, Meadow
Orchard Vineyard
Courtyard Terrace
Stair Landing
Pergola/Arbor Cloister
Mall Amphitheatre
Pool Stream
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Cultural Context and Meanings
Much or the meaning of a place may not be self evident in the form, but more in the use or program
(e.g. re-creation) hunting, sports, rest, movement, > prospect/refuge, enclosure/apartness, contemplation
Political system(s) Ownership, Economy
Time Ecology, Science, Technology
Theoretical Conceptualization(s) Sacred/Profane

Style/Period
While style tends to mirror architectural style for some kinds of spaces in which buildings dominate,
there is a separate stylistic organization for landscape. It should be said also that this stylistic organization
is Western in its organization and does not encompass the styles of native or non-European cultures.
These other styles will be referenced as appropriate in lectures and recitations. The language associated
with stylistic attribution is varied across sources and for our purposes we will use a simplified organization
as follows:

Ancient pre-800
Medieval 800-1450
Renaissance 1450-1650
Baroque 1650-1720
Modern/Naturalistic/Romantic 1720-1930
Modernist 1930-1985
Post-Modern/Post-Structuralist 1980-present
Ecological 1960s-presentSources/Citations
Provide citations for your work and a bibliography at the end of the sketchbook, especially taking
care to cite sources for key analytical concepts, images and maps.


PLEASE maintain an updated photocopy or backed-up digital file (on CD or jump drive)
record of your sketchbook and keep it safely in your own possession. This is your record of
your work. It is your proof of course completion for this assignment.
Attendance at the recitation sessions is mandatory for the interim review and completion of
this assignment; You will need to spend about five hours/week on your sketchbook. Do not
get behind! You may study together, but the final product must be clearly your own.

DUE DATES: Interim submission: PDFs of first four sites: DUE February 23
Use this due date as a study exercise. You may re-do your sketches for extra credit in
the final submittal
Final submission: PDFs of all ten sites: DUE May 4



Some graphic references:

Moore, Charles,The Poetics of Gardens, 1993
Mosser, Monique & Georges Teyssot. The Architecture of Western Gardens. Cambridge: MIT, 1991
Solomon, Barbara Stauffacher, Green Architecture and the Agrarian Garden, 1988







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LA 3413 Spring 2011

Week 1
Jan 19
General Introduction. Introduction to the Library,
Research and Graphic Techniques 1
Rogers, 20-45
Week 2
Jan 24
Jan 26
Greco- Roman sources and development: villa, agriculture and
ritualistic cities
Research and Graphic Techniques 2
Rogers, 58-95
Week 3
Jan 31
Feb 2
Islamic, medieval influences; Tuscan and Renaissance villa garden
and park
Research and Graphic Techniques 3
Rogers, 97-154
Newton 55-66
Week 4
Feb 7
Feb 9
The Big Garden/the Petit Parc in France Vaux, Versailles, others
Augustan England, the English Landscape Garden
Research and Graphic Techniques 4
Rogers, 154-211
Jellicoe, 232-247
Castle Howard reading
Week 5
Feb 14
Feb 16
Native American Origins: The Pre-Columbian City, Native
American landscapes
Research and graphic techniques 5
Rogers, 47-57
Week 6
Feb 21
Chiswick. Stowe, Rousham: Lord Burlington, Pope; Bridgeman,
Kent, Brown, Repton; Pcklers Muskau
Rogers, 232-279
Newton 233-240
Feb 23 Four Sites Sketchbook Due
Week 7
Feb 28
Mar 2
Loudon, Paxtons Chatsworth, Crystal Palace, Birkenhead ;
Lenn, Berlin, Tiergarten; Paris: the park and the boulevard
Review for Midterm
Rogers, 315-325
Newton, 221-232
Week 8
Mar 7
China, Japan
Review for Midterm
Rogers, 281-310
Mar 9 MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Spring Break
Week 9
Mar 21
Mar 23
American cities, American public landscapes; Emerson, Thoreau
and Transcendental Nature; Downing, Olmsted and Vaux, the
park, the city and the suburb. H. W, S. Cleveland
Rogers, 221-231,325-356
Newton, 291-336
LeDuc reading
Week 10
Mar 28
Mar 30
Municipal and Metropolitan Park Systems in the USA.
American suburbs, The Prairie Style: Simonds, Jensen

Rogers, review 325-356.
427-430
Cleveland reading
Week 11
Apr 4

The McMillan Commission: Civic Improvement, 1890-1920; The
National Parks: Muir, Mather and the National Park Service
Rogers, 427-431, 368-374
Newton,400-426
Newton 517-537
Apr 6 Minnehaha Park Tour
Week 12
Apr 11
Apr 13
William Robinson, Gertrtude Jekyll, Garden Cities, Company
Towns, City, Suburb and Park, Country Places and Suburbs,
Warren, Manning, Charles Platt; New Deal landscapes,
Rogers, 377-427. 431-433

Newton, 464-516
Week 13
Apr 18
Apr 20
Modern gardens; Avant-Garde in France, Britain Vera, Tunnard,
Eckbo, Church, Barragan, Burle-Marx,
Rogers, 433-456
Tunnard reading
Week 14
Apr 25
Apr 27
Suburban Development, and Corporate Landscapes: Halprin, Ian
McHarg and ecology, Post-Modernism
Review for final
Rogers, 457-469. 481-486
Week 15
May 2
Preservation, Conservation, New Urbanism, New Ecology, the
New Public Realm Review for final
Rogers, 473-481, 487-513
May 4 Review for Final Final Sketchbooks Due
Week 16


FINAL EXAMINATION ROOM TO BE ANNOUNCED



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L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E :
D I S C I P L I N E A N D P R O F E S S I O N
This particular course focuses on landscape architecture as the design of land, as a core act of
environmental design. In some of the landscapes to be studied there will also be important histories of
ecological restoration, hydrological management, horticultural science, and agriculture. This history of
landscape architecture, even in this enlarged scope of the term, is, technically, a short one. And though as
a profession, landscape architecture has distinctly western roots, the cultural significance of designed
landscapes has a much longer global history. The phrase landscape architecture was not widely used until
the nineteenth century, first in reference to the English garden architectural design in the work of
Humphry Repton. American Frederick Law Olmsted and his British partner, Calvert Vaux, are usually
credited with the coining of the phrase in its current usage. However, the first text to use the phrase in
its title and to describe the range of professional activities and projects that are now associated with the
intervention into, and ordering (i.e., architecture) of land was H. W. S. Clevelands Landscape Architecture
As Applied to the Wants of the West.

Landscape architectural history bears relationships to, but is not directly correlated with, the
chronologies of art, gardening, agriculture, horticultural science, engineering, and architecture. Arguably
landscape architecture has been engendered as an amalgam (or series of evolving amalgams) of all of these
activities. Created to compose and give human (and increasingly a new ecological) order to ever larger or
more complexly organized lands, it grew through the activities of gardeners, farmers, scientists, forest and
park stewards, surveyors and architects variously charged to provide a larger design for these
increasingly multifunctional environments. In the late medieval period through the eighteenth century
landscape design began to be defined as its own discrete activity as the size and complexity of "gardens"
exceeded the range of capabilities of most individual artists, gardeners, technicians, or architects who
were strictly bound by their disciplines.
In England in the eighteenth century, a theoretical debate on the natural bases of the landscape and
questions of the place of humans, and specifically of Britons, in nature set the stage for the nineteenth
century events that gave rise to the birth of the profession of landscape architecture in the West,
especially in the United States. In the twentieth century, landscape architecture also gave rise to physical
planning across larger scales, from campuses, to cities, suburbs and regions. Today landscape architecture
embraces broad cultural, technological and scientific issues, while also stressing themes that reflect the
crossing of scales that characterizes the profession. Issues related to the richness of place qualities reflect
landscape architectural preoccupations with the character of landscape. Sustainability, a theme derived
from agriculture and from ecology, is another.

As noted earlier, however, the roots of landscape architecture, however, run more deeply into the past
and broadly across environments and cultures. The garden is the original archetype of human control in
the landscape in many cultures; it is the fundamental beginning of landscape architecture. The archetypes
of the garden that will be studied in this course are among the foundations of designed landscape space.
Ancient and medieval urban, agricultural and ritualistic complexes that expressed larger composite scales
of human spatial organization have also underpinned the evolution of landscape architecture.

This survey course will focus on works from the period 1300 to the present, but it will also cast back to
reference gardens and landscapes from 3000 B. C. to the medieval period. And while most of the focus
will be on western traditions, the gardens and cities of China, Japan, India, and the Islamic world will also
be introduced in both their separate and relational narratives.


N O T E S O N R E S E A R C H I N L A N D S C A P E A R C H I T E C T U R E :
H I S T O R I O G R A P H I E S O F D E S I G N E D A N D P L A N N E D L A N D S C A P E S
In the study and construction of this kind of history, more often than not, one is doing research on a
placea garden, a park, a city space, a model farm or suburb or some other sort of designed siteand
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the people who made it and inhabited it. Sometimes one is also doing research on an individual or group
of designersan office or a teamand their works. Increasingly there is also research on the clients,
their cultural and social milieu, and the critical reception of these designs. The changing social fabric and
and changes in the environment itself are critical elements of investigation of this temporally charged
milieu. Finally, the histories of these landscapes in time as seen from local and global environmental
footprint (e,g, ecosystems services) perspectives are on the horizon as next research topics with
potential for use of quantitative data.

Usually, but not always, a historical question is formulated by some kind of contextual encounter with
secondary sources. In the landscape, there are canonical designed places. However, the explosion in
recent years of work by historians relative to increased access to previously inaccessible places, and to
interest in vernacular design, revisions and reinterpretations of canon across a whole range of contextual
questions now abound. Sometimes, on the other hand, one site presents such obvious, and perhaps
important anomalies to existing interpretations, questions can begin with primary materials. Regardless
of point of beginning, a researcher plays a historical question, a hypothesis, or a sense of discrepancy in
interpretation or his or across both primary and secondary sources in a rigorous empirical manner.

Research methods, then, in this area are similar to any historical research. Perhaps there is only a
heightened sense of temporality and vicissitude about landscape which contributes to the fugitive nature
of the data and sets high standards of rigor in interpretation across such data. And because some of the
data is visual and spatial these are critical skills that require development. Rigorous description underpins
the best interpretive and analytical work. Here description is manifested both in narrative and visual
representations, usually across periods of time, and, therefore, of change. This course is structured
around assignments that build facility with descriptive and analytical tools that underpin history-based
inquiry, but also serve design-based learning objectives.



Time and landscape: lecture, recitation, discussion and representation
The search for the Picturesque, to appropriate the title of William Combes satirical poem is both
literal and historical. The debates about the Picturesque have historically been fought on the grounds
of aesthetics and practicality. Regardless of position in these debates, however, the issues of time and
associated change have been accepted by all. Using several eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century
landscapes for which there have been successive designs such as Castle Howard, Stowe, Chiswick,
Parc Monceau, Monticello, Attingham Park and the Bois de Boulogne an emphasis of the significance
of time as the medium of landscape affect will be illustrated. In this the period of the greatest debate,
framed in terms of search for the proper meaning of the Picturesque, the aesthetics of time, nature
and design approach, there are seminal writings which underpin the delight of private dilettantes such
as Uvedale Price and Richard Payne Knight (and the professions current bedevilment) with
uncontrollable change, especially in the public landscape. This discussion will come into a historic
comparative focus with a look at Chinese and Japanese aesthetics of nature parks and gardens, and
the influences of these ideas on major public landscapes in Europe and the iconic and influential
American parks of the nineteenth century Central Park, New York, the West Parks in Chicago and
the Minneapolis Park system. These landscapes, which by their engagement of natural systems, scale
and public ownership added further dimensions of problematic change over time - some controllable,
others not Including pluralism and urbanization and, now, impacts of global migrations and
ecological change. The discussion will culminate in the late twentieth century and present critical
milieus of anti-picturesque high-art, ecological correctness, and cultural relevance.

H I S T O R I O G R A P H Y A N D A N A L Y S I S
Analytical research on designed landscape (usually) means testing the relationship between what is
hypothesized about causation or another sort of relationship significant to the understanding of the
creation or change of designed landscape (e.g., of the significance of ideas or controlled or uncontrollable
forces on designers, design thinking, action, or places), The measures of verity of a proposition and rigor
of analysis brought to bear upon it are found in the connective or dis-connective relationships across
11

primary datae.g. events, drawings, physical changes, written and other communicationsand the larger
issues embedded in the secondary sources, sometimes part of a developed or developing historiography.

In that there are primary and secondary sources, then, this kind of history is both similar to and different
from other specific veins of history and more general historical investigations.

Primary Sources include the sites themselves and the usually unpublished (manuscript) material both
visual and narrative relative to their creation, maintenance or legal and proprietary status:

Private sites
Drawn site plans, maps or other graphics or models produced by the designer, or the owners
Sketches, drawings, paintings by others especially during the periods of significance to historical inquiry
Photographs by the designers, clients or other interested parties especially from the period of significance
Property, estate or other land records specific to a place
Unpublished or published letters, journals, diaries, drawings, paintings by or for the clients, (e.g. by critics)
in the period of significance

Public sites
Drawn site plans, maps or other graphics or models produced by the designer
Sketches, drawings, paintings by others during the period of significance
Photographs by the designers, clients or other interested parties from the period of significance
Public records and archives, including minutes of municipal bodies, engineering plans

A person or persons related to the landscape
Manuscript collections, including
Drawings, photographs, home/personal movies, videos
Letters, diaries, scrapbooks, travel narratives, personal and family effects etc.
Records of employment, especially office correspondence, job logs, drawings of designers
Professional and personal photographs of designers, clients

Near Primary Sources in the arena of designed landscapes sources include:
Pamphlets, annual reports (e.g. of park systems or boards), advertisements and other small-printing-run
publications, including books by or about designers or owners of landscapes in which the work,
the person, or its/his/her ideas are directly discussed

Secondary Sources are published sources, readily available in the academic or mass market, regardless
of period, though contemporaneous publications often offer insights embedded in personal relationships
to a site or individuals associated with the research. These include:
Books, magazines, journals, movies, videos, web-based data


The play of inquiry across secondary and primary historical research will have focus on two sites related
to the development of landscape architecture in the nineteenth century in the United States (and in
Minnesota.) One is a major American work of landscape architecture, the Minneapolis Park System,
designed by H. W. S. Cleveland; and, the second is the William and Mary LeDuc house and grounds, a
significant American pattern book house and landscape, copied and adapted from the designs of Calvert
Vaux and Andrew Jackson Downing. In each of these works is embedded an idea of progress borne of
improvement both uniquely American and broadly Western. The notion that improvement of land was
associated with improvement of the human condition arose in the eighteenth century in England. And it
underpinned the thinking of leading American intellects and political leaders in the nineteenth century.
These ideas, which gave rise to the shaping of these sites, so intimately tied with the birth of the
profession of landscape architecture, are also tied to such diverse concepts as the American public
university and public education in general and to suburbia, now in question on planet too small for such
patterns of development.

12



T W O L A N D S C A P E S I N M I N N E S O T A :
L E C T U R E , D E M O N S T R A T I O N , F I E L D S T U D Y A N D S K E T C H B O O K

In the examining Cleveland and the local advocates of the parks, the students will look
particularly at the relationship between the kinds of primary and published materials that have
given rise to the current historiography of American public and private space, and to Olmsted,
Cleveland and the parks, largely framed by Lance Neckar and Daniel Nadenicek. Neckar has
developed his fast-tracking framing of Clevelands ideas of American landscape articulated in his
book, Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the West. Neckar has focused on the
records of the park board and of Clevelands practice, and on his business and personal
correspondence, principally with his partner William Merchant Richardson French and with the
president of the University of Minnesota, William Watts Folwell. Nadenicek has focused on
Clevelands family and professional connections to important literary figures, principally
Longfellow and Emerson to frame his aesthetic theories of environment and nature. These
professional practices and theories plus the narrative of the invention of the parkway, an
American idea (but with clear European sources), will be contrasted, compared and related with
work in New York, Boston and Chicago by the dominant American figure in the field, Frederick
Law; and with the work of J. C. A. Alphand, the designer of the much admired Paris parks and
boulevards.

For the LeDuc House, the focus will shift to the role of the magazine and the pattern book as
seminal contemporary secondary sources. In this course we will first look at the rise of the
magazine in England in the eighteenth century as a contributing medium of literary discourse in
the formation of modern landscape architecture. The clashes across political and poetic lines
between Addison and Pope will be illustrated in landscape terms in the contrasts between the
Popes own garden and his support of Lord Burlington and, by implication, the design of Chiswick
versus the design and reception of Castle Howard by the dramatist architect John Vanbrugh. By
the nineteenth century, magazines became expressions of popular and high culture and of
specialization. We will focus on the Horticulturist one of the most influential nineteenth-century
shelter and gardening magazines. Founded by the dilettante gardener and writer, Andrew
Jackson Downing, this magazine attempted to straddle the conflicting streams of landscape
creations around the emergence of the middle class, of professionalism, and mass-marketing of
products and ideas in the face of the disappearance of nature and of the cultural associations of
place. Downing also spun off a series of pattern books and essays from his writings and the
designs published in the magazines. Before he died in an 1852 steamboat accident, he had
partnered with the English architect Calvert Vaux (later the partner of Olmsted) who created
some of the designs for the magazine and who also authored pattern books following Downings
premature demise. One of these books found its way into the LeDuc household, and here
begins that story.

Primary Source Applications Lecture Demonstrations
For noted landscape designers and their clients the move west provided the landscape of emergence,
a culture of experiments in American improvement. The focus of this exercise will be the LeDuc
house and grounds in Hastings, MN, a picturesque scientific farm, built (1862) and planted by
William and Mary LeDuc who used a pattern book house design by Calvert Vaux, architect of Central
Park, New York; a carriage barn (copied from Matthew Vassars estate); and landscape designs
adapted from A. J Downings ideas of an American villa. Students will be given an intellectual and
practical toolkit approach to understanding the way in which a designed landscape site is read in the
field and in relation to drawings, photographs, manuscript narrative descriptions (including family
diaries), the public record (principally in this case, the census), and publications (including newspapers,
magazines and books of the time and current sources). These primary materials will be cast into
historical context. Since the house was constructed during the Civil War, the temporal/intellectual
context of this exercise will be pre-Civil War and post-Civil War changes in a framing period of
13

national identity. In this period of American ambition and western expansion, the LeDucs lives in the
Hastings house and grounds played across shifting ideas of progress, mobility, race, the place of
women in American society, the role of the everyday arts in American life, and the rise of science in
agriculture. The barn also became the temporary home of an African-American man, George
Daniels, a freed slave, who oversaw LeDucs other farms. There was also an experimental orchard,
which LeDuc used to demonstrate some of the earliest cold-hard Minnesota apples. Using the
documentation and research that led to the adaptive reuse of the LeDuc site, the professor and TAs
will demonstrate techniques of assessing landscape change through site visits, rephotography and
triangulation of data from other primary sources in relation to secondary contexts.


Reading the Designed Landscape Lecture Demonstration, Field Trip and Sketchbook
Assignment
Students will then apply the toolkit learned in the LeDuc exercises to Minnehaha Park in Minneapolis.
In lectures and in an assignment, students will experience a field investigation and the use of primary
documents associated with the design, planning and creation of the Minneapolis Park system. This is
a system of hydrological and civic conception, connecting major surface water elements as public
spaces to the Mississippi River and providing in this connectivity a civic identity base in nature and
recreation. The focus will be on Minnehaha Park, the park made by a national poem. Minnehaha,
named after the Dakota woman (cast as a maiden and a princess in the Song of Hiawatha,
Longfellows poem of manifest destiny and the destruction of the native landscape and its inhabitants,
is known for the falls and the laughing water. Drawings of the park system by H. W. S. Cleveland, his
letters (principally to William Watts Folwell, president of the University and later of the Park Board)
at the time and prior to this work, the records of the formation and land acquisitions of the Board of
Park Commissioners, documents relative to work by Cleveland in Chicago that informed this project,
and documents that gave rise to Clevelands thinking such as Emersons Consecration Address at
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery) and his own published writings on the native landscape and on the
importance of parks and park systems in the making of an American city will be assigned (e.g the
chapter on parks in Landscape Architecture as Applied to the Wants of the West, and Aesthetic
Development of the United Cities of St. Paul and Minneapolis an address (printed) that was given in 1888
for the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts on behalf of a city of natural beauty known for its literary
rather than its monetary values, reasons for the unified planning of open public spaces in the two
cities and of the preservation of Minnehaha Falls and the public way along the Creek. These
documents, contrasted and compared with the controversies around the 1989 reconstruction of the
park, and current efforts to address erosion in the gorge are only one of the most recent complex
problems of this contested landscape, inextricable from its history and its critical place among the
regions environmental resources. Students will be assigned to document one of the major elements
of the park and parkway system as one site in their sketchbooks


N O T E S O N G L O B A L P E R S P E C T I V E S
L A N D S C A P E A S P A L I M P S E S T O F T H E W O R L D
Landscape is the representation of narrative of recursive layering and de-layering, of addition and
subtraction. The history of gardens and designed landscape is replete with stories of national and
international ideological influences. In this course we will examine the ordinary cultural determinants and
apocalyptic impacts such as nationalism and racial and religious strife on the making of landscape. The pre-
20
th
century imperial Chinese landscape is a document of the sometimes destructive succession of
dynastic rule. The European medieval garden shows the mixed metaphors of pleasure and of religion, and
even of transmission of Arabic cultural influence. The Italian villa is almost entirely a spatial narrative of
the power of the church and its inextricable relationship with global economic power. Portuguese and
English gardens tell stories of maritime muscle and especially of Indian and Chinese adventure and
business, all based upon the division of the world between Spain and Portugal by the papal bull Inter
caetera of 1493. The story of the making and destruction - and then restoration - of the petit parc of
Versailles and its political causes is. In the 18
th
century the English created the landscape garden, and
exported it everywhere with some still lingering ecological damage. In the 18
th
and early 19
th
centuries,
14

European ideas of nation and of liberty both within and across national boundaries transformed the
monarchical hunting park to the public park. Public park makers appropriated the scale and form of the
landscape garden and political and aesthetic associations with nature to invent this democratic settings of
multiple uses and widened access. The invention of the public park is coterminous with the rise of the
new profession of landscape architecture if it is not, in fact, the invention of this new profession. In the
United States, the parks and park systems including famously here in the Twin Cities are founded on
these European political, social, public health and design precedents as they also appropriated exotic
themes from Asia and Latin America. Exotic themes were also partly supported literally by plant
exploration and use in gardens.

In the late 19
th
and throughout the 20
th
century, the garden becomes international and then modern. The
national park is invented in the United States, but becomes almost instantly an international idea. By the
1930s, elite designers would suggest that there ought to be an international style to match the
architectural idiom emanating from Europe. By mid-century, concerns for cultural and ecological losses
generated movements for garden preservation and landscape conservation. Garden and landscape history
as a global academic discipline was born in the late 20
th
century.

One focus of the course will be on the tumultuous period of change before, during and after World War
II. These apocalyptic narratives of the recent past will help explain the interrelated patterns of global and
local citizenship. The destruction of or dislocation from landscape is a paradoxically telling human
intention. The redefined or restored landscape is an affirmation of human will. The Tiergarten in Berlin is
today a document of the German democracy in the 21
st
century. This narrative of political reconstruction,
economic recovery, and cultural reconciliation is only the most recent layer of a palimpsest of this park.
Established by Hohenzollern rule, the parks physical bones evidences still the aesthetic order of this
period and of the 19
th
century, but in its making of national memorials has not ignored the radically
destructive century cycles of misrule, presumptions of racial and national superiority, punishment, guilt
fall, and division in the 20
th
.


G R A D I N G
Numerical grades will be given for each of the assignments and the test. Grades will be given by
instructor and the TAs.

A = Represents achievement that is outstanding
B = Represents achievement that meets the basic course and assignment requirements in every respect at
a level that is satisfactory
C = Represents achievement that meets the basic course and assignment requirements in most respects
in a manner that is minimally acceptable
D = Represents general familiarity with material presented and achievement worthy of credit, but does
not fully meet the course requirements in every respect
F = Represents achievement level unworthy of credit


O T H E R P O L I C I E S

Publication. The College of Design (CDes) reserves the right to retain for archival or exhibition
purposes any student work executed as part of a CDes instructional program. In addition, the College
reserves the right to document, reproduce and publish images of any such student work in collegiate
publications, printed or electronic, for the purposes of research, publicity and outreach, giving publication
credit to the creator/student.
Scholastic Misconduct. Scholastic misconduct is broadly defined as ...any act that violates the rights of
another student in academic work or that involves misrepresentation of your own work. Scholastic
dishonesty includes, (but is not necessarily limited to): cheating on assignments or examinations;
plagiarizing, which means misrepresenting as your own work or any part of work done by another;
15

submitting the same paper, or substantially similar papers, to meet the requirements of more than one
course without the approval and consent of all instructors concerned; depriving another student of
necessary course materials; or interfering with another student's work. Scholastic misconduct and
scholastic dishonesty will especially not be tolerated and will be grounds for expulsion from the class and
course failure.
Disabled Students. Students with disabilities that affect their ability to participate fully in class or to
meet all course requirements are encouraged to bring this to the attention of the instructor so that
appropriate accommodations can be arranged. Further information is available from Disabilities Services
located in 230 McNamara Center.
Sexual Harassment. University policy prohibits sexual harassment as defined in the December 1998
policy statement, available at the Office of Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Action. Questions or
concerns about sexual harassment should be directed to this office, located in 419 Morrill Hall.
Equal Opportunity. The instructor and TAs shall make every attempt to treat all students equally,
without regard to race, color, creed, religion, national origin, gender, age, marital status, disability, public
assistance status, veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. I encourage
you to talk to me about your concerns of equal opportunity in the classroom. To inquire further about
the University's policy on equal opportunity, contact the Office of Equal Opportunity.
Language Barriers. The course instruction is in English. If there are issues related to this practice,
which may affect your understanding of the course material, please notify the instructor and the TAs as
soon as possible.


S O U R C E S

Because landscape design history covers so much territory, the books written about it are quite diverse
and the materials generated in contemporaneity with gardens and parks are often quite unusual. In a
sense this, these sources constitute examples of the types of works, more than bibliography for
specifically targeted to this course. In other words, it simply reflects the kinds of published (or
"secondary") sources that you might examine by using LUMINA. For example these sources generally fall
into two time periods and two publishing categories:

Contemporaneous books
Contemporaneous periodicals
Current books
Current periodicals

Some books and magazine are quite narrowly focused on a subject, country or period, or even a person
or landscape, while others may be more general histories, not necessarily primarily about gardens or
landscapes.


************
Powell, Antoinette, Bibliography of Landscape Architecture, Environmental Design and Planning has a
dated, but broad overview of works. Another good older source for works is Hubbard, H.V. and Kimball,
T.H. , Landscape Design.

************

Andrews, George, Maya Cities: etc. Norman: University of Okla., 1975.
Bender, Thomas. Toward An Urban Vision. Lexington: University of Kentucky, 1975.
Berrall, Julia. The Garden. New York: Viking, 1966.
Brown, Jane. Art and Architecture of English Gardens. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1989.
Brown, Jane. Gardens of A Golden Afternoon. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
Brown, Jane. The Modern Garden. Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press, 2000.
Byers, A. Martin. Cahokia: A World Renewal of Cult Heterarchy, University of Florida: Gainesville, 2006.
16

Cautley, Marjorie. Garden Design: The Principles Abstract Design..Composition
New York: Dodd Mead, 1935.
Chadwick, George F. The Park and the Town. New York: Praeger, 1971.
Cleveland, H.W.S. Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the West. Chicago: Jansen
McClurg, 1873. (UMass, 2003)
Clifford, Derek. History of Garden Design. London: Faber & Faber, 1962.
Coffin, David R. The Italian Garden. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1972
Conan, Michel, ed. Emulation, Sublimation, Subversion: Baroque Garden Cultures, Dumbarton Oaks:
Harvard, 2003.
Downing, A.J. A Treaty of the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening. New York: Wiley and
Putnam, 1841.
Downing, A.J. ed. The Horticulturist. various numbers c. 1840-1850.
Downing, A.J. Rural Essays. New York: G.P. Putnam, 1853.
Downes, Kerry. Sir John Vanbrugh: A Biography. London: St. Martins, 1987.
Downes, Kerry. Vanbrugh London: Zwemmer, 1977.
Eaton, Leonark K. Landscape Artist in America: The Life and Work of Jens Jensen. Chicago: University
of Chicago, 1964.
Eliot, Charles W. Charles Eliot: Landscape Architect. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1902.
(Farrand, Beatrix). Beatrix Farrand's Plant Book for Dumbarton Oaks.
Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 1980.
Fein, Albert. Frederick Law Olmsted and the American Environmental
Tradition. New York: Braziller, 1972.
Giedion, Siegfried. Mechanization Takes Command. Oxford: Oxford University, 1948.
Gothein, Marie Luise. History of Garden Art. London: J.M. Dent, 1928.
Griswold, Mac & Eleanor Weller. Gardens of a Golden Afternoon. New York: Abrams, 1992.
Hancock, John Lorets. "John Nolen and the American City Planning Movement."
Ann Arbor: University Microfilm, 1964.
Howard, Ebenezer. Garden Cities for Tomorrow. London, 1902.
Hunt, J.D. Gardens and the Picturesque. Cambridge: MIT, 1992.
Hunt, J.D. The Genius of the Place: The English Landscape Garden, 1620-1820.
New York: Harper Row, 1975.
Hunt, J.D. ed., (Walpole) History of the Modern Taste in Gardening. New York:
Ursus, 1995.
Hunt, J.D. William Kent: Landscape Garden Designer. London: Zwemmer, 1987.
Hussey, Christopher. The Picturesque: Studies in a Point of View. London:
Gass, 1967.
Hussey, Christopher. English Gardens and Landscapes, 1715-1750. London:
Country Life, 1967.
Hyams, Edward. A History of Gardens and Gardening. London: J. M. Dent, 1971.
Imbert, Dorothee, The Modernist Garden in France. New Haven: Yale, 1993.
Itoh, Teiji. Imperial Gardens of Japan. New York: Weatherhill, 1970.
Itoh, Teiji. Japanese Gardens: An Approach to Nature. New Haven: Yale, 1972.
Itoh, Teiji. Space and Illusion in the Japanese Garden. New York: Weatherhill, 1973.
Jackson, J.B. American Space: The Centennial Years, 1865-1876. New York:
W.W. Norton, 1972.
Jekyll, Gertrude. Wall and Water Gardens. Country Life: London, n.d.
(Jekyll, Gertrude) Judith Tankard & Michael VanValkenburgh. Gertrude Jekyll:
A Vision of Garden and Wood. New York: Abrams, 1989.
Jellicoe, Geoffrey, et. al.; The Oxford Companion to Gardens. Oxford: Oxford University, 1986.
Jensen, Jens. The Clearing. Chicago: Ralph Seymour, 1949.
Jensen, Jens. Siftings. Chicago: Ralph Seymour, 1929.
Karson, Robin. Fletcher Steele, Landscape Architect. New York: Saga Press,1989
Kowsky, Francis. Country, Park and City,: the Architecture of Calvert Vaux. New York: Oxford
University, 2003.
Lazzaro, Claudia. The Italian Renaissance Garden. New Haven: Yale, 1990.
17

Leighton, Ann. American Gardens of the Nineteenth Century. Amherst:
University of Massachusetts, 1987.
Long, Elias. Ornamental Gardening for the Americas. New York: Orange Judd, 1884.
(Loudon, J.C.) John Claudius Loudon and the Early Nineteenth Century in
Great Britain. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks, 1980.
Loudon, J.C. An Encyclopedia of Gardening, etc. London: Longman Green & Co., 1871.
Loudon, J.C. The Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the
Humphry Repton, Esq. London, Longman & Co., 1840.
Loudon, J.C. The Suburban Gardener & etc,. London: Longman, 1832.
Lynes, Russell. The Tastemakers: The Shaping of American Popular Taste. New York: Dorer, 1980.
Maccubin, Robert, and Peter Martin, eds. British and American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century, etc.
Williamsburg, VA: The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1984.
Major, Judith Downing. To Live in the New World: A. J. Downing and the American Landscape.
Cambridge: MIT, 1997.
Mann, William. Landscape Architecture: An Illustrated History in Timelines,
Site Plans, and Biography. New York: Wiley, 1993.
Marx, Leo. The Machine in the Garden: Technology and Pastoral Ideal in America. New York: Oxford
University, 1964.
Masson, Georgina. Italian Gardens. London: Thames and Hudson, 1966.
McLaughlin, Charles Capen, ed. The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted. Baltimore: John Hopkins, 1977 -
Miller, J. C. and Reuben Rainey, Modern Public Gardens: Robert Royston and the Suburban Park,
Berkeley, 2006.
Miller, Wilhelm. The Prairie Spirit in Landscape Gardening. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station,
circular no. 134, November, 1915. Reprinted Library of American Landscape History, 2003.
Moore, Charles, et.al. The Poetics of Gardens. Cambridge: MIT, 1988
Mosser, Monique & Georges Teyssot. The Architecture of Western Gardens. Cambridge: MIT, 1991
Muir, John. Our National Parks. Various editions.
Nadenicek, Dan, and Lance Neckar, Introduction, Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the
West, University of Massachusetts, 2003.
Neckar, Lance. Berlin: Topology of Contemplation, in Krinke, Rebecca, ed., Contemporary Landscapes
of Contemplation, Routledge, 2005.
Neckar, Lance. "Fast-Tracking Culture and the Midwestern Landscape: H.W.S. Cleveland, etc."
in The Regional Garden in the United States. Washington D. C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1995.
Neckar, Lance. "Strident Modernism: Ambivalent Reconsiderations": Christopher Tunnard's Gardens in
the Modern Landscape, Journal of Garden History, Winter, 1990.
Neckar, Lance. "Developing Landscape Architecture for the Twentieth
Century: The Career of Warren H. Manning," Landscape Journal, 8:2, 1989.
Nolen, John. City Planning. New York: Appleton, 1915.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in
England. Columbus, Ohio: Joseph Riley & Co., 1859.
Parsons, Samuel. Landscape Gardening. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1891.
Platt, Charles. Italian Gardens. New York: Harper Bros., 1894.
Price, Uvedale. An Essay on the Picturesque, etc. London: J. Robinson, 1794.
Repton, Humphry. An Inquiry into the Changes in Landscape Gardening. London: J. Taylor, 1806.
Robinson, Charles M. Modern Civic Art or the City Made Beautiful. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons,
1903.
Robinson, William. The English Flower Garden, etc. London, John Murray, 1893.
Roper, Laura Wood. F.L.O.: A Biography of Frederick Law Olmsted. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1973.
Saumarez Smith, Charles. The Building of Castle Howard. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
Schuyler, David. The New Urban Landscape: The Redefinition of City Form
in Nineteenth Century America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1986.
Scott, Frank J. The Art of Beautifying Suburban Home Grounds. New York: Appleton, 1870.
Shepherd, J. C. and Geoffrey Jellicoe. Italian Gardens of the Renaissance.
Princeton: Princeton Arch. Press, 1986.
Simonds, Ossian. Lansdcape Gardening. New York: Macmillan, 1939.
18

Sutton, S.B. Civilizing American Cities: A Selection of Frederick Law Olmsted's Writings on
City Landscape. Cambridge: MIT, 1971.
Tate, Alan. Great City Parks. London: Spon, 2001.
Thacker, Christopher. The History of Gardens. Berkeley: Univ. of Cal., 1979.
Treib, Marc and Ron Herman. A Guide to the Gardens of Kyoto. 2003.
Treib, Marc, ed. Modern Landscape Architecture: A Critical Review. Cambridge: MIT, 1993.
Treib, Marc and Dorothee Imbert. Garret Eckbo: Modern Landscapes for Living. Berkeley, 2003.
Tunnard, Christopher. The City of Man. New York: Charles Scribner's Son, 1953.
Tunnard, Christopher. Gardens in the Modern Landscape. New York: Scribner and Sons, 1938.
VanRensselaer, Marina G. Art-Out-of-Doors. New York: Charles Scribner Sons, 1893.
VanRensselaer, Marina G. "Landscape Gardening: A Definition." Garden & Forest vol. 1:1,
February 29, 1888.
Warner, Sam Bass. Streetcar Suburbs. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1962.
Waugh, Frank A. Landscape Gardening. New York: Orange Judd, 1900.
Willis, Peter. Charles Bridgeman and the English Landscape. London: Zwemmer, 1977
Waugh, Frank A. Landscape Gardening: How to Lay Out a Garden. New York: J. Wiley and Sons, 1911.
White, Morton and Lucia. The Intellectual Versus the City, from Thomas
Jefferson to Frank Lloyd Wright. Cambridge: Harvard University, 1962.
Wiebenson, Dora. The Picturesque Garden in France. Princeton: Princeton University, 1978
Williamson, Tom. Polite Landscapes, Eighteenth Century etc. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1995.
Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim, ed. Nature and Ideology: Natural Garden Design in the Twentieth Century,
Dumbarton Oaks: Harvard University, 1997.
Zaitzevsky, Cynthia. Frederick Law Olmsted and the Boston Park System. Cambridge: Harvard
University, 1982.
Zucker, Paul. Town and Square. New York: Columbia, 1959.

Several historical magazines of the 19th and 20th century and current magazines and journals may be
helpful:

Architectural Record
Architectural Review

Country Life in America, Bailey, Liberty Hyde, ed.,1909-1920.
The Garden
Garden History, the journal of the Garden History Society, UK
The Gardener's Chronicle, JohnClaudius Loudon, ed.
Garden and Forest, Charles Sprague Sargent, W. H Stiles, eds., Boston, c.1885-1897
Garden History: the Journal of the Garden History Society, UK 1980s (?)- present.
Horticulturist, 1840s-1850s.
Journal of Garden History, now Studies in the History of Gardens and Designed Landscapes, London:
Taylor & Francis, 1981 to present
Landscape Architecture Magazine, 1911 to present, first published as a quarterly, now monthly
Landscape Journal, 1981 to present.
Park and Cemetery
Society of Architectural Historians Journal
Suburban Life and Countryside Magazine
Sunset
Pencil Points

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