THE ELEMENTS OF AMERICAN INVESTIGATIVE

JOURNALISM IN THE NOVEL OF THE PELICAN

BRIEF BY JOHN GRISHAM
A THESIS
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FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
%IPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG
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VALI%ATION
The writer states truthfully that this thesis is compiled by her without taking the results
from other research in any university, both in S-1 degree and in diploma. In addition, the writer
ascertains that she does not take the material from other publications or someones work ecept
for the references mentioned in bibliography.
Semarang, !gustus "#1#
$wi Susilowati
APPROVAL
!pproved by%
!dvisor,
!rido &aksono S.S, '. (um
)I* 1+,-#,11 1+++#. 1 ##"
ACCEPTANCE
T!i# T!e#i#
Certifie+ an+ A''r(e+
*) t!e T!e#i# E2aminatin Cmmittee
S3$ En&li#! %e'artment
Fa4ult) f Humanitie#5 %i'ne&r Uni(er#it)
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%ate , Au&u#t ./5 ./$/
C!ief E2aminer
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Mtt
Dalam hidup ini arungi semua cerita indahku, saat - saat remaja yang terindah
tak bisa terulang.
3Mell) Ge#la7 3
Setiap orang punya kekurangan, asalkan kita tidak menyerah pada kekurangan
kita dan tetap melakukan yang terbaik maka kita akan berhasil.
3Annim3
Urip Kuwi Sawang Sinawang
3Annim3
%E%ICATION
The writer dedicates this thesis
for%
(er great family,
especially her mother
(er beloved boyfriend
(er friends
and
everybody in her life
AC>NO-LE%GEMENT
Thanks to !llah, the protector in this world, for the mercy and guidance so that the writer
can finish writing this thesis. 'any peaces and blessings are also given by the *rophet,
'uhammad S!/.
0n this occasion, the writer would like to thank all people who have contributed to the
completion of this thesis. The deepest gratitude and appreciation are given to 'r. !rido &aksono,
as the writers advisor, for his guidance, helpful correction, cooperation, time, and kindness until
this thesis completed.
The writer would also like to say special thanks to the following%
1. *rof. $r. )urdien (. 1istanto, '.!., the $ean of the 2aculty of (umanities, $iponegoro
3niversity4
". $rs. 'uallimin, '.(um, the (ead of 5nglish $epartment, $iponegoro 3niversity4
.. Sukarni Suryaningsih S.S, '. (um, the (ead of !merican Studies Section4
6. $ra. !rida /idyastuti, the writers academic supervisor for her guidance and motivation
from the first semester until eighth semester4
-. (er beloved mother for all love, care, support and inspiration4
7. (er father, brother !rif, sister 5ka, and all of her great family who always support and
motivate the writer4
,. (er dearest 8obbow who always gives support, motivation, keeps the spirit, and
accompanies the writer in bad and good times4
9. !ll her friends in 2aculty of (umanities, in her boarding house and /!*5!&! for the :okes
and motivation.
2inally, the writer reali;es that this thesis is still far from being perfect. Therefore, some
comments, critisms, suggestions, or even ob:ections are re<uired and will be valuable for the
improvement of this thesis.
Semarang, !gustus "#1#
The writer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TIT&5.................................................................................................................... i
=!&I$!TI0)..................................................................................................... ii
!**>0=!&.......................................................................................................... iii
!??5*T!)?5..................................................................................................... iv
'0TT0................................................................................................................. v
$5$I?!TI0)...................................................................................................... vi
!?1)0/&5$@'5)T....................................................................................... vii
T!A&5 02 ?0)T5)TS...................................................................................... i
!AST>!?T.......................................................................................................... i
?(!*T5> 1 I)T>0$3?TI0)....................................................................... 1
1.1. Aackground of the Study.................................................................. 1
1.". Scope of the Study............................................................................. .
1... *urpose of the Study.......................................................................... .
1.6. 'ethod of the Study.......................................................................... .
1.-. 0rgani;ation of the /riting.............................................................. -
?(!*T5> " T(5 />IT5>S AI0@>!*(8 !)$ T(5 S3''!>8 02 )0=5& 02 TH
!"#$%& '(#).........BBBB................... 7
".1. The /riters AiographyBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB. 7
".". The Summary of )ovel of The !elican 'rie*.BBBBBBBB... ,
?(!*T5> . &IT5>!>8 >5=I5/B.............................................................. 1"
..1. Intrinsic !spects.....................................................B........................ 1"
..1.1. Theme................................................................B..................... 1"
..1.". ?haracter.............................................................B.................... 1"
..1... *lot........................................................................B.................. 1.
..1.6. Setting.....................................................................B................ 1-
..". 5trinsic !spects..............................................................B.............. 1,
..".1. $efinition of Investigative Cournalism........................B........... 1,
..".". The history of the !merican Investigative Cournalism..B......... 19
.."... The elements of !merican Investigative Cournalism............... "#
?(!*T5> 6 !)!&8SIS..........B...................................................................... "7
6.1. !nalysis of Theme.B........................................................................ "7
6.". !nalysis of ?haracter.........................................B........................... "9
6... !nalysis of *lot..............................................B............................... .6
6.6. !nalysis of Setting...........................................B............................. .,
6.-. !nalysis of the elements of !merican Investigative Cournalism..... .+
?(!*T5> - ?0)?&3SI0)............................................................................ -.
>525>5)?5S
ABSTRACT
The #n+estigati+e ,ournalism atau :urnalisme investigasi adalah bagian dari :urnalisme yang
tidak hanya meliput dan merekam sebuah ke:adian untuk diterbitkan men:adi berita, tetapi :uga
melakukan lebih dari itu. >eporter investigasi biasanya mencari data dan fakta lebih dalam
sehubungan dengan kasus yang tidak terlihat atau disembunyikan dari publik. Curnalisme
investigasi mengandung elemen-elemen didalamnya seperti ciri-ciri :urnalisme investigasi,
wawancara investigasi dan kode etik :urnalisme investigasi. Salah satu contoh dari tindakan
:urnalisme investigasi yang didalamnya mengandung elemen-elemen :urnalisme investigasi
dapat ditemukan pada karakter @ray @rantham dan $arby Shaw dalam novel The !elican 'rie*
karya J!n Gri#!am. *enelitian ini bertu:uan untuk menganalisis dan men:elaskan bagaimana
elemen-elemen :urnalisme yang direfleksikan dalam novel tersebut melalui tindakan investigasi
:urnalistik yang dilakukan oleh kedua karakter tersebut. 'etode yang digunakan merupakan
metode penelitian yang berasal dari literatur-literatur dan menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi
yang berkenaan dengan hubungan antara karya sastra dan kehidupan sosial yang nyata. $engan
menggunakan metode kepustakaan dan pendekatan sosiologi dalam menganalisis novel tersebut,
maka dapat diperoleh sebuah benang merah berupa pen:elasan analitis mengenai elemen-elemen
:urnalisme investigasi yang terkandung dalam tindakan investigasi :urnalistik yang dilakukan
oleh @ray @antham dan $arby Shaw.
CHAPTER $
INTRO%UCTION
$6$6 Ba4;&run+ f t!e Stu+)
&iterature and society are two things that are difficult to be separated because literature is a
social creation. &iterature is one of the works of art which had been in human civili;ation for
hundreds of years ago. Its appearance is a social cultural reality. The relationship between
literature and society can be described by using the phrase Dliterature is an epression of societyE
F/ellek and /arren, 1+,,% 1-G. /ellek and /arren also emphasi;e it in their book The Theory o*
"iterature F1+,,% 1-G that literature imitates the reality of life, Dliterature represents Hlife and
Hlife is, in large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or
sub:ective world of the individual have also ob:ect of literary imitationE.
Therefore, most of the elements in a literary work have social aspects such as language,
tradition, religion, mindset and etcetera. &iterary works can also represent social problems. These
social problems build the story in the literary work. So literary work can be observed through
social science. Society can be the inspiration for a writer in creating his works. !ll social
activities such as culture, economic, politic and industry can be the reason why the writer writes
his works.
Social activities also create the kind of novel genre. 0ne of the genres which develop
<uickly in !merica is :ournalism. 0f course, it is caused by the fact that in the real life, !merican
:ournalisme develops <uickly. !ccording to 1urnia F"##.% "67G, !merica is a country that has the
freedom of information which is arranged by the 2reedom of Information !ct.
1urnias opinion is supported by Stevenson in %merican "i*e and #nstitution F1++9% +7G that
the development of :ournalism in !merica is also caused by some factors such as the tradition of
reading newspapers, D>eading the Sunday paper is an american tradition, for some people an
alternative to going to church-. 2urthermore Stevenson states the using of newspapers to balance
political opinion D'any newspaper also use syndicated columnist as a way of balancing political
opinion-. Stevenson also <uotes the ?ourt that goverment which can not censor the press, .The
goverments power to censor the press was abolished so that the press would remain forever free
to censure the goverment-.
0ne of the !merican writers who writes the novel with the genre of :ournalism is Cohn
@risham. The !elican 'rie* F1++"G is one of his novels which has :ournalism genre, especially
the investigative :ournalism. The novel contains theme of the small person against a big
organi;ation and corruption in a high office F/hite (ouseG.
The novel also tells scandals, corruptions case, crime cases and etcetera which become the
topics of investigative :ournalism. It is a part of :ournalism which does not only cover and record
an event that will be be published into the news, but also conducts something more than that. The
investigative reporter usually looks for data and facts deeply related to a case which is not visible
or intentionally hidden from public.
The writer is interested in conducting the research about investigative :ournalism elements
in the novel of The !elican 'rie* because the investigative :ournalism is an interesting topic. The
investigative :ournalism will discuss other topics outside :ournalism, for eample politic, law,
goverment and so on.
$6.6 S4'e f t!e Stu+)
In order to make the analysis is clearer, a researcher should formulate the scope of
analysis. Therefore, the writer limits the ob:ect of research and determines the theory to analy;e
the data. This limitation aims at getting a specific and valid result. In this research, the writer
focuses on the elements of !merican investigative :ournalism.

$616 Pur'#e f t!e Stu+)
To eplain and analy;e how the elements of !merican investigative :ournalism which are
reflected in the novel of The !elican 'rie*.
$696 Met!+# f t!e Stu+)
$696$6 Met!+ f Re#ear4!
The writer uses a library research in order to ac<uire data and make this thesis more
accurate. The method of library research is a method that is used to find out, develop, and test the
truth of knowledge empirically based on the fact and data. !ccording to /ellek and /arren
F1+,,% -9G, library research is undoubtedly an important e<uipment of almost every student of
literature, since the ma:ority of students can find their source materials in libraries, and familiar
with their catalogues as well as other reference books. $ata are obtained from written tets such
as books, :ournals, essays and etcetera.
$696.6 Met!+# f A''ra4!
>elated to the scope of the thesis, the writer uses two methods of approach. These are
eponential and sociological approaches. The eponential approach which is commonly used in
literary research that comes from the structural approach. It focuses on some intrinsic aspects of
a literary work.
!ccording to @uerin et al F1++"% 1++G, an eponent is a part within the whole. The
eponential approach is also called symbolic approach. @uerin et al in % Handbook o* $ritical
%pproaches to "iterature F1++"% 1+,G also states, D/e designate this method as the eponential
approach because the inclusiveness of that term suggest at once the several meaning of motif,
image, symbol, and archetypeE. It means that the readers must seek the signs or eponents part
by part by tracing the motifs used in the literary work.
'eanwhile, the sociological approach is used in analy;ing the social condition. !ccording
to >edyanto )oor F"##6% 9+G, (artoko states that the sociological approach is an approach that
learns a literary work in its relation to real social life. 2uthermore, (artoko F"##6% +#G also
eplaines that the literary work sociological approach is an approach which analy;es the
description of the world and society in literary work. (ow far it is similar or different from the
reality.
$6=6 Or&ani?atin f t!e -ritin&
2rom the analysis with methods of approaches above, the thesis will be arranged in
chapters and sub chapters as follows%
?(!*T5> 1 Introduction. It contains the background of the study, scope of the study,
purpose of the study, method of the study, and the organi;ation of the writing.
?(!*T5> " The summary of novel. It tells about summary so that the reader who has not
read the novel yet can get a short description about the story.
?(!*T5> . &iterary review. It consists of the theoretical review that can support the
writing of the thesis. The theories deal with the definition of theme, character,
plot, setting and elements of investigative :ournalism.
?(!*T5> 6 !nalysis. This part becomes the main part of this thesis since it reveals the
discussion of the theoretical review above connected with the story in the
novel. The discussion analy;es the intrinsic and etrinsic aspects of a literary
works.
?(!*T5> - ?onclusion. It serves the outline of the analysis result in the previous chapter.
CHAPTER .
THE -RITER@S BIOGRAPHY AN% THE SUMMARY OF NOVEL OF THE PELICAN
BRIEF
.6$6 T!e -riter@# Bi&ra'!)
!ccording to www.achie+ement.org, Cohn @risham was born on 2ebruary 9, 1+-- in
Conesboro, !rkansas. (is father, a cotton farmer and itinerant construction worker moved the
family fre<uently, from town to town throughout the $eep South, settling in Southaven,
'ississippi in 1+7,. Ay his own account, he had no interest in writing until after he embarked on
his professional career. 2or his first two years in college, @risham drifted. (e attended three
different colleges before earning a degree. !fter abandoning a youthful dream of a professional
baseball career, he settled down to study accounting and prepare for a career as a ta lawyer.
/hile in law school, his interest shifted from ta law to criminal law and litigation.
!fter graduating from the 3niversity of 'ississippi law school, he returned to Southaven
and established a small private legal practice. (e was elected to 'ississippi (ouse of
>epresentatives in 1+9.. Ay his second term he held the vice chairmanship of the !pportionment
and 5lections ?ommittee, as well as memberships on the Insurance, Cudiciary I!I, and 'ilitary
!ffairs ?ommittee. In 'ississippi, attorneys in private practice are sometimes called upon to
appear as public defenders for indigent clients. In this way, @risham received invaluable
eperience of the criminal :ustice system. Inspired by a case he observed in a 'ississippi
courthouse, @risham decided to write a novel. 2or years, he arrived at his office at five oJclock in
the morning, si days a week, to work on his first book, % Time To Kill.
(e has continued to write enormously successful legal thrillers at the rate of nearly one a
year. Some of his books are % Time to Kill F1+9+G, The )irm F1++1G, The !elican 'rie* F1++"G,
The $lient F1++.G, The $hamber F1++6G, The (ainmaker F1++-G, The (unaway ,ury F1++7G, The
!artner F1++,G, The Street "awyer F1++9G, The Testament F1+++G, The 'rethren, F"###G, The
Summons F"##"G, The King o* Torts F"##.G, The "ast ,uror F"##6G, The 'roker F"##-G, The
%ppeal F"##9G, The %ssociate F"##+G, Theodore 'oone/ Kid "awyer F"#1#G.
)ovels that @risham wrote have some special characteristics. (is novels were made up of
his eperiences in his previous :ob. 'ost of them told about law, goverment and politic. (is first
novel that published was % Time To Kill about the struggle of a white lawyer in helping a black
father whose his daughter had been rapid. % Time To Kill and The !elican 'rie* are @rishams
books eample who have a theme-a small person againts some powefull people.
.6.6 T!e Summar) f N(el f The Pelican Brief
The !elican 'rie* told an investigation which was done by @ray @antham and $arby
Shaw. @ray @rantham, an investigative reporter, put himself in danger by threatening the
*residential office and big business with his story of why two :udges had killed. It also happened
to $arby Shaw. She was a law student of Tulane 3niversity in )ew 0rleans. Aecause she wrote
her theory, she put herself in danger. They had to use all their informations and evidences to
escape from several attempts of killing them. They did not know whom can be trusted. Aut they
took many efforts to investigate and solve the case together.
In the beginning of the story two Supreme ?ourt Custices, !braham >osenberg and @len
Censen, had been murdered. @ray @rantham tried to investigate it. (e got information from some
believable informants. (is first informant was Sarge who worked in the /est /ing of /hite
(ouse as cleaning service. Sarge gave him the list of :ustice candidats who would replace
>osenberg and Censen. @rantham felt strange why >osenberg and Censen had been killed and
why the candidats had come from >epublican. Then he wrote the story in The 0ashington !ost.
Several days after the killing of two :ustices, @rantham got a telephone call from a so-
called @arcia. @arcia told him that he knew who had murdered >osenberg and Censen, and also
some details of the assasinations. Aut he postponed to give @rantham information because he
was afraid of his familys safety. @rantham waited patiently and looked for other informations
from other informants. (e also got someone investigate who @racia was.
/hen @rantam was waiting a telephone call from @arcia, he got a telephone call from
$arby Shaw. She had :ust lost her boyfriend because the brief which was written by her. The
brief was called the *elican Arief. She told @rantham that she was the author of the brief, and
that unknown people were behind her. She also asked him for a list of the people who had
contributed the *residentJs campaign three years ago. She hoped to find the suspect out with the
help of the list.
!ctually, Shaw made the brief :ust depend on the brilliant perception. She began it by
reading books and documents in the library and collecting the evidences. She also learned some
great cases which had ever been handled by Supreme ?ourt and then made a summary of the
suspect list. She showed the brief to Thomas ?allahan, her boyfriend. ?allahan handed the brief
over to his friend @avin =erheek Fhe was a special counsel of the 2AI $irectorG. That was the
way the I*elican AriefI went around, through the 2AI, the ?I! and of course the /hite (ouse.
The president had to restructure the ?ourt now because of >osenberg and CensenJs death.
That was =ictor 'attieceJs aim. 'attiecce was a tycoon from &afayette who had drilled for oil in
South &ouisiana and had found a large amount of oil in 1+,+. Then he had started <uickly to buy
that land. ! lawsuit had ordered them to stop the dredging and drilling. The plaintiff had been an
enviromental organi;ation which had been called @reen 2und, arguing that 'attiece would have
destroyed a natural refuge for waterfowl especially for the &ouisiana Arown *elican. !fter .#
years of contamination by $$T and other pesticides, the &ouisiana Arown *elican would have
been eliminated then. Initially @reen 2und had lost the trial but then Cudge >osenberg and Censen
had kept the in:unction in place. 'attiece had started to fight for the right to get the oil with
hundreds of lawyers. (e knew that it would take him a long time to win the trial.
(e was so sure that the *resident would help him because he had contributed the
*residentJs campaign with four million two hundred thousand dollars. /hen the *resident had
been the =ice *resident , years ago, he had been in )ew 0rleans for a >epublican fundraiser.
Somehow a photographer had snapped a picture of 'attiecce shaking hands with the =ice
*resident. The )ew 0rleans paper had ran it in the net day. They had been grinning at each
other like best friends.
(e hid his illegal activities behind an impenetrable ma;e of limited partnerships and
corpoorate associations. ! =ery epensive law- offices like /hiteKAla;evich helped him to win
the trials. (e knew that the president would choose conservative :ustices who would vote for his
plans of gaining the oil. 'attiece also became aware of the I*elican AriefI and decided to kill
everyone who was involved in it to keep his plans secretly. (e hired the killer I1hamelI who
also had killed the two :ustices to murder Shaw, ?allahan and =erheek. ?allahan was death of a
car bomb and =erheek was shot to death in a hotel room.
/hen running away, Shaw asked @rantham for help. She called him and they met each
other in a hotel in )ew 8ork. She told him everything she knew. Then they both started looking
for @arcia, the only one who could verify ShawJs dossier so that @rantham could write a story.
They started an investigation in different libraries for some days, and opened a file about Shaws
theory of why >osenberg and Censen could have been killed. They thought that 'attiece must be
responsible for the two deaths. In fact Shaws theory was completely true.
They tried to look for @arcia depend on a picture which had gotten by a photographer had
been asked for help by @rantham. They investigated /hiteKAla;evich, and asked to law
students who had clerked in /hiteKAla;evich. Then they made disguise and collected the
evidences from other sources.
They found out that @arciaJs right name was ?urtis $. 'organ who was one of the lawyers
of /hiteKAlacevich whose client was 'attiece. Shaw and @rantham decided to go to
/ashington to meet 'organ. They found out that @arcia had been already dead. *robably,
'attieceJs people had murdered him. So they visited 'organJs wife to tell her that her husband
had not committed suicide, and to ask for her help. She gave them a key to a lockbo in the 2irst
?olumbia Aank. In the lockbo, they found a video cassette and an envelope with affidavit and
some papers in it. Those could prove ShawJs theory.
They went to the office of The 0ashington !ost to write the story. Aefore writting the story
@rantham contacted director of 2AI, 'attieceJs lawyers and the /hite (ouse. The /hite (ouse
decided to tell everyone what 'attiece had done, and denied any connection between 'attiece
and the *resident. 'attiece and his people hade been indicted, the presidentJs image was badly
hurt and would not win the re-elections. Then Shaw and @rantham was safe.
CHAPTER 1
LITERARY REVIE-
16$6 Intrin#i4 A#'e4t#
The intrinsic aspects of literary work is some aspects that come as foundation for its works.
!ccording to Semi F1++.% .-G, intrinsic aspects include theme, plot, setting, character, language
style.
16$6$6T!eme
Theme is a central idea of the story to develop the whole story. In (ugh (olmans opinion
in % Handbook o* "iterature F1+9#%66.G, theme is the control or dominating idea in a literary
work. In poetry, fiction, and drama, it is the abstract concept made through its representation in
person, action, and image in the work
Theme may not sum up each story but theme may describe a central idea in each. To get a
valid theme, the statement of theme should be responsive to the details of the story and based on
evidence within the story. In )urgiyantoros opinion in Teori !engkajian )iksi F1++-% 99G, ma:or
theme is a central idea in general and includes the whole story.
16$6.6 C!ara4ter
?haracter is an aspect which leads and has a powerful to influence a plot in the literary
work. It can be a moral messenger or the center of story. !ccording to '.(. !brams in 1lossary
o* "iterary Terms F1+91% "9G, Dcharacter are the person presented in dramatic or narrative work,
who are intepreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and distortion <ualities that are
epressed in what they say and what they doE.
?haracter can be divided into protagonist and antagonist characters. *eople often see
protagonist as a good character, and antagonist is the bad one who symboli;es evil. *otter F1+7,%
,#G eplains protagonist as follow%
The protagonist is always the focal point of the action of a story, the character that the story
is most obviously about. (e is usually in the forefront of the action, and usually has the
most to say, whether we like or approve him or not.
In accordance with *otters statement that the protagonist is the character that fre<uently
appears in the story and has a lot of parts in delivering his dialogue, protagonist, then, is usually
recogni;ed as the main character. 'eanwhile, the antagonist in *otters opinion F1+7,% ,G is the
main person or thing that opposes the protagonist. In other words, antagonist is everything that
prevents the protagonist from reaching his goals.
?haracter is very important in a story. Its function is to tell the idea, motive, plot, and
theme. ?onflicts which happened in the story come from the character relation with environment
both protagonist and antagonist. In fact, character is a story maker which has many important
things to give influences to the plot, conflicts, and make the theme more powerful.
16$616 Plt
!n author creates a work of fiction that makes a reader accept it as real world in the novel
although it is something new for the reader. >eaders are brought into the authors fictional world
by the plot. *lot is the authors arrangement of incidents in a story. Through plot, author or writer
has a right to select and determine the events that she will use to shape the story. 5vents can be
arranged in chronological arrangement begins with what happens first, second, so on, until how
the story is related and end.
In Cames & *otters opinion in lements o* "iterature F1+7,% ..-.7G, structure of plot can
be divided into five structures that consist of eposition, raising action, clima, falling action,
and conclusion. 5position is a situation in which a potential conflict can be perceived. !fter the
conflict is perceived, the built up actions are brought to the clima Fraising actionG. ?lima is a
point in a narrative in which the conflict comes to a head, is strikingly intensified for a time. In
order to solve the conflict that appear and reach its clima, some actions are done so the conflict
is let down. This part is called falling action. 2inally, the story is closed with a resolution of the
conflict.
?onflict can be divided into eternal and internal conflict. 'eyer F1++#% 6-G eplaines that
eternal conflict is the opposition of the protagonist to another individual, nature and society.
/hile internal conflict is a conflict within the protagonist such as those which involve moral or
psychological issues. *errine F1+99% 6"G, divides conflict more detail into physical conflict,
mentalLemotional conflict, and moral conflict.
! person may be in conflict with other persons, with society or nature, and at the same time
he may be involved in conflict without being aware of it. *hysical conflict happens when
protagonist is in conflict with the ideas of other persons. 5motional conflict happens when the
protagonist is in conflict with him self. 'eanwhile moral conflict results from the struggle
against the action or idea that is contrast with the value of life.
16$696 Settin&
Setting is an important part of literary work. ! writer can make the story become real based
on imagination or eperience that happened before. !ccording to /ellek and /arren F1+,,% ""1G
Dsetting is an environment% and environment, especially interior, may be viewed as metonymy or
metaphoric epression of charactersE. 2or eample, a mans house is an etension of himself.
/hen you described it then you have described him.
!ccording to Cosephine 2. !blamsky F1+9.% 6-G, setting is a vital element in fiction since it
has four ma:or roles%
F1GIt makes a story more credible or believable.
F"GIt aids in establishing a mood or an atmosphere in the reader.
F.GIt develops a source of conflict.
F6GIt develops the characteri;ation of a performer in a story.
Setting in the fiction is the time and location in which the story takes place. The setting
provides the main backdrop for the story. In order to develop imagination of readers, the writer
can write and tell the setting in detail eplanation. Setting has a strong relation with the character
in the literary work. That means setting can build an identity for the character. 2or eample, a
character that lives in a village has a different characteristic from a character that lives in a town.
Aut in fact, according to )urgiyantoro F1++-% ".#G, setting is not usually known as a place,
time, event, or artifact settings. It can be the way the character feels, the attitude in the
community, streotype, or even a lifestyle of people in order to solve the community problem. 2or
that situation, it can draw imagination and interpretation to make the setting itself as an element
of literary work.
Setting can be eplained as setting of place, setting of time and social setting%
F1GSetting of *lace
The first thing that readers want to know is the place of the event. !ccording to
)urgiyantoro F1++-% ""G, setting of place must be correct and details in order to eplain the place
in the literary work. To tell a good story, the writer must know the detail of the place which
becomes a setting in the literary work. Sometimes setting could be changed depending on the
event and location where characters stay and the plot happens. In order to get the readers
impression, setting must make positive imagination relate to the story. So, the reader who has
read the story, she or he can imagine the place.
F"GSetting of Time
Setting of time means that the time is important for the story and related to DwhenE the
event happens. 'eanwhile it is important to check the time details for an accurate information.
!ccording to (olman F1+9#% ..G,@ennette states that sometimes time refers to when the literary
work is written and its time line, on the other side, it refers to the event in the story and when it
happens.
That event must take place according to the time details in the story. !nd it must be
accurate for its eplanation. Sometimes the time when the event happened is more important to
get an accuracy of details in the reader imagination than a place where the event happened.
F.GSocial Setting
Social setting is related to the spiritual tradition from community. !ccording to
)urgiyantoro F1++-% "..G, social setting is relates to the tradition of some communities which
tell the literary work. Some social settings are customs, beliefs, social status, etc. It can be
understood that social settings become a setting which comes from society. It makes a special
sign for the literary work which describes in the social details that build the story.
16.6 E2trin#i4 A#'e4t#
16.6$6 %efinitin f In(e#ti&ati(e Jurnali#m
The only workable definition of investigative reporter is a reporter who spends a lot of time
in doing investigatons. Aut uncovering information, particularly information on that has
been deliberately concealed, re<uires a certain type personality F!nderson and
Aen:aminson, 1+,7% .G.
!n investigative reporter spends his time in conducting an investigation so it can be
concluded that investigative :ournalism is a part of :ournalism which needs a lot of time to
conduct an investigation. In investigative :ournalism, a reporter does not only cover and record
an event that will be be published into the news, but also conducts something more than that. The
reporter usually looks for data and facts deeply related to a case which is not visible or
intentionally hidden from public. It will make a reporter enter into the dangerous pro:ect which
might cause a death.
16.6.6 T!e Hi#tr) f t!e Ameri4an In(e#ti&ati(e Jurnali#m
!ccording to 1urnia F"##.% -#G, >ivers and 'athews state that the history of investigative
:ournalism has been begun before !merica eisted. In 17+#, Aenyamin (arris investigated some
events in society and reported in !ublic 2ccurrences, 'oth )oreign and Domestic. The report
was considered opposed the policy of 5nglish colony. !ccording to 1urnia F"##.% -.G,
?harneley stated that in the history of !merican press, crusading related to muckraking period
that eposed anti-socail attitude and crime in goverment and bussiness
In the net phase, the spirit of crusading got more formal through &ew ngland $ourant
!ress in 1,"1 which was published by Cames 2ranklin. The terminology of investigation had :ust
appeared in the first time when )ellie Aly was the reporter of !ittsburg Dispatch F19+#G. Aly had
to work in a factory to investigate the life of under age workers who had been worked in bad
condition.
2urthermore ?harneley eplained that *resident Theodore >oosevelt had even given name
a muckraker to reporter who busily had focused on mucks and had not seen the positive side of
!merica. In 1+#", investigative :ournalism was an influential movement. It was influenced by
the policy of some media which stated their :ournalism of social reformation. The society also
welcomed enthusiastically. Aecause of the phenomenon of muckrakring period, investigative
:ournalism appeared into society. Society needs information to keep the truth of corruption which
is done by some people. The investigative reporter has duty to reveal it.
!merica had some scandals which had been investigated in investigative :ournalism. 0ne
of them is a /atergate case. /atergate appeared in the seventies. It was the first case which made
the resignation of !mericas president. The reporters who investigated were two reporters in The
0ashington !ost, ?arl Aernstein and Aob /oodward. They became well known because the case
and the illegal action which were done by some people in /hite (ouse official.
The first time, the *ost related the case to *resident )ion was caused by Aernstein who
found that a che<ue of M"-.### had been deposited in 'iami for )ions campaign. The che<ue
came from one of burglar F'aurice StansG who was also the )ions ?hief fundraiser.
In 'iami, Aernstein learned that a M"-,### check for )ionJs reelection campaign had been
deposited in the bank account of one of the burglars. The resulting story, IAug Suspect @ot
?ampaign 2undsI reported the check had been given to 'aurice Stands, the former
Secretary of ?ommerce who served as )ionJs chief fundraiser. It was the first time The
*ost linked the burglary to )ion campaign funds FDThe *ost InvestigatesE.p.1 par 7G.
To get their story, Aernstein and /oodward used credible informants, for eample, the
member of 2AI who also investigated the case and a police who told about a man from 'iami
who brought thousands of dollars in a cash. Aecause that was a dangerous pro:ect so /oodward
agreed to protect his informants. The informants were concealed their identity. The identity of
informants had :ust been published in "##-, .. years later.
(e also could tell them what leads to pursue. /oodward agreed to keep his identity secret,
referring to him in conversations with colleagues only as I$eep Throat.I (is identity would
not become public until "##-, .. years later FDThe *ost InvestigatesE.p.1 par ,G.
!fter the story was published, the following day, )ion and his Staff ?hief discussed
privately with ?I! and 2AI to back off them from the investigation. In a few weeks, two reportes
reported that @rand Cury who investigated burglar had sought testimony from two mans in /hite
(ouse who were the )ions people. The results of that case were the resignation of *resident
)ion, the failure of *resident )ion in the net reelection and the lost in :ob of )ions aids.
The net day, )ion and chief of staff (.>. (aldeman privately discussed how to get the
?I! to tell the 2AI to back off from the burglary investigation. *ublicly, a /hite (ouse
spokesman said he would not comment on Ia third rate burglary.I FDThe *ost
InvestigatesE.p.1 par 6G.
16.616 T!e Element# f Ameri4an In(e#ti&ati(e Jurnali#m
16.616$6 T!e C!ara4teri#ti4# f In(e#ti&ati(e Jurnali#m
A$B Smell t!e In(e#ti&ati(e Ne7#
In 1urnias opinion F"##.% +7G, an investigative news is begun by assumption. The reporter
smells news, then follows and writes a hard-hitting story to society. In other hand !nderson and
Aen:aminston in #n+estigati+e (eporting F1+,7% "#G, the best place to begin searching for such
conflicts is in the various campaign contributor lists now kept by most states and in most
counties. It will be many conflicts and illegal cases in the campaign contributor lists.
A.B In(e#ti&ati(e Jurnali#m
The terminology of investigative :ournalism gives investigative atribut, the curiousity and
special mission from a reporter. 1urnia F"##.% +,G states that a reporter enters into a new sub:ect
when the reporter is interested in knowing something. The work of reporter is not limited by time
pressure.
Some investigative cases are disgraceful case, power abusing, factual base of actual case
which is happened in society, corruption of the truth, manipulation of financial report, the broken
law, the difference between proffesion and practitioner, hidden intentionally case , and etcetera.
Some investigations concern the activities of public officials, such as corrupt politicians,
others concern activities of corporations, political organi;ations, charities and even foreign
goverments. 0ften, investigations uncover some sort of financial fraud F!nderson and
Aen:aminston, 1+,7% -G
@enerally, the corrupts do not fear the :udgement of history as much as they fear eposure,
prosecution, conviction, and disgrace. That is why they conceal their activities, and why reporter
often must go to unusual lengths to uncover them.
A1B Mral Cm'nent
The aim of investigative :ournalism is tell to public that there is a hiden truth. *ublic are
epected ready to actively involve in conducting the prevailed law. 'orality is the aim of
investigative :ournalism.
!ccording to 'encher F1++,% "7.G the aim of investidative :ournalism is DThe desire to
correct an in:ustice, to right a wrong and persuade the public to alter situationE. In other words
1urnia F"##.% 1##G supports 'enchers opinion, the reporter conducts an investigation because
he is motivated by the willingness to correct the :ustice and shows the mistake.
0bviously, if the person conducts something wrong and it is important known by the public
, the story should be printed. If the paper has information that the practise is common, that should
be printed too.
A9B %e(el' t!e fa4t 7it! %an&eru# PrCe4t#
!ccording to 1urnia F"##.% 1#"-1#.G, investigative :ournalism is allocated as dangerous
pro:ects. The reporter faces people or group who do not want their business are investigated,
evaluated and reported to public.
>eporters have been indicted, convicted, and :ailed for stories they wrote, for acts they
committed in gathering their information, or for refusing to answer :udges <uestion. In at
least one case, an investigate reporter had to find work in another state to avoid prosecution
F!nderson and Aen:aminston, 1+,7% 7G
!s a dangerous pro:ect, investigative :ournalism has many risks. The stories which are
written by reporters can make them be indicted, convicted and :ailed. The risks also can caused
reporter commits in gathering information or refuses to answer :udges <uestion.
A=B A Hi+en Area
!ccording to 1urnia F"##.% 1#-G, the reporter often finds an area which is opened
intentionally, looked for by a special assumption and contacted dilligently in finding the
informant to disclose informations .
Therefore, in conducting an investigation, it needs a reporter who wants to spend his time
to investigate and take a risk bravely. The reporter must enter into the area and investigate it.
Sometime, it is needed a long time to investigate and finish a case. It can take a week, a month, a
year or some years.
A0B Bet7een Pa'er an+ Pe'le Trail
!ccording to 1urnia F"##.% 1#7-111G, paper trail is a work to look for the documents from
newspaper, maga;ine, television, radio, reference book, thesis, dissertation, computer database
and public networking. The investigation of document is needed to check the truth of what the
informant said. *eople trail is a work to get information from credible informants so that the
facts and the evidences can be reported.
2urthermore 1urnia F"##.% 11,G states that every document which is used as data will show
the location of the informant or human resources. ?oncealing of the informant or place is :ust
done if the informant needs the safety of identity. In (aryantos opinion F"##7% 1,G reporter can
state without the informants complete name or :ust states the informants proffession or inital.
!ccording to 1urnia F"##.% ""6-"6,G there are two sources in the investigative :ournalism,
primary source Fa work to learn paper, correspodance and noteG and secondary source Fa work to
look for data from source which has been published before thatG. The eamples of primary
source are personal eperience, observation and volunteer staff Fpeople who want to help in
giving information without payingG. !nd the eamples of secondary source are library,
newspaper and book. Aeside two sources, the reporter can get information from public
networking, the ?ommercial Information Service, Spreedsheet and $atabase .
16.616.6 In(e#ti&ati(e Inter(ie7
5very investigative reporter has his own special style in conducting an interview. There are
some interview styles which let the informant lead, out going interview and intimidate interview.
In the interview process, related to the credible data, it must be appropriated by the :ournalism
ethic.
!ccording to 1urnia in ,urnalisme #n+estigasi F"##.% 1#7-"-,G there are four kinds of
interview, those are%
F1G 0n the >ecord. !ll statements can be copied by giving name and title of person who
gives statement.
F"G 0n Aackground. !ll statements can be copied but without name and title of person who
gives statement.
F.G 0n $eep Aackground. !ll statements can be copied but it is not in direct <uatation form
and without name and title of person who gives statement.
F6G 0ff the record. The information can not be disclosed.
To avoid the refusal of informant there is avvidafit. !ccording to 1urnia F"##.% "76G,
>ivers and 'athews state avvidafit is the written statement which is made under of oath, in the
front of notary public.
16.61616 T!e In(e#ti&ati(e Jurnali#m Et!i4
!ccording to 1urnia F"##.% 1#,G, Stanley states that !merica has Society of *rofesional
Curnalists which contains the ethic of :ournalism%
F1G >eports well Fhonest, fair, brave, credible information, showing identity and asking for
informantG.
F"G 'inimi;es the mistake Ftreat informant well, reali;e the right to keep informantG.
F.G !cts indepedently Fresponsibility, recogni;ing the fault, detailing the storyG.
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