RESOURCES 2 Slide presentations for Training of Facilitators for farmer leaders and local extension staff in Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia, 16 - 20 June, 2014
Original Title
15. Roles of Soil Types and Heavy Metals in Cocoa Productions
RESOURCES 2 Slide presentations for Training of Facilitators for farmer leaders and local extension staff in Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia, 16 - 20 June, 2014
RESOURCES 2 Slide presentations for Training of Facilitators for farmer leaders and local extension staff in Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia, 16 - 20 June, 2014
STDF - CABI - ICCO PROJECT: TRAINING OF FACILITATORS
MOUNT KINABALU HOTEL HERITAGE & SPA KUNDASANG, RANAU SABAH
Roles Of Soil Types and heavy metals in Cocoa Productions Edwin Mujin (MCB) Introductions What is soil? Soil is the mixture of minerals, Organic mater, gases, liquids and a myriad of micro- and macro- organisms formed from combined effect of physical, chemical, biological and anthropogenic processes working on soil parent material Parent material? Rocks What is soil to cocoa plant? Where the plant are planted. Main source of nutrient uptake. Source of water Where the roots of the plant grows Introductions Common Soil Taxonomy Oxisols- Have Oxic Horizon less than 16meq/100clay Good structure Low Fertility
Ultisols- 20% increase clay, less than 35% Base saturations Argillic horizon Low fertility Common name red clay soils Alfisols Simmilar to Ultisols but higher fertility. Aridisols Soil with aridic moisture regime (Dry Soils).
Incptisols Young soil Entisols Recently develop ( light development) Have man made horizon. Vertisols Cracky clayey soil Shrink and Swell with moisture Mollisols Have mollic epipedon (high organic matter) Soft when dry Grassland of former grassland Common Soil Taxonomy- cont Spodosols Sandy/ Bris Soil Have Spodic horizon Iron Accumilation. Histosols Organic Soils More than 20% Organic mater
Common Soil Taxonomy- cont Soil Chemical properties for Cocoa Soil properties Suitability pH (H2O) 5.5-6.5 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) (cmol(+)kg-1) > 12 Base saturation (%) > 35 Organic matter (%) 3.5 (2.0 % C) Conductivity (mmhos cm-1) < 1.0 Fertility: i. Total N (%) > 0.16 ii. Avail. P (ppm) > 15 iii. Exch. K cmol(+)kg-1 > 0.24 iv. Exch. Ca cmol(+)kg-1 > 2.5 v. Exch. Mg cmol(+)kg-1 > 2.0 Aluminium saturation (%) < 30 Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N) > 9 Soil Properties Suitability Depth of soil (cm) > 100 Depth to acid sulphate layer (cm) > 100 Slope/gradient (o) 0-30o (0-60%) Gravel/stone content < 25% or below 75cm from soil surface Soil drainage Good, water table below 90cm from soil surface Flood None Thickness of peat < 20cm Texture 25-40% clay, 35-65% sand, <30% loam Soil physical criteria for cocoa Soil physical criteria for cocoa 25-40% clay, 35-65% sand, <30% loam Soil where Cocoa are Planted in Malaysia Peninsular 3 types of soil where cocoa are planted: Coastal Alluvial Clay Soils. Alluvial soil that formed on/from sea silt Example: o Selangor (Kuala Selangor dan Sabak Bernam) o Perak (Hilir Perak dan Manjung) o Johor (Batu Pahat dan Pontian) Selangor, Briah, Bernam, Tualang Alluvium Soil soil that formed from new alluvial riverbed Example: o Manjung and Inland Johor Briah, Telemong, Akob, Carey
Soil where cocoa are planted Sabah Region There are 14 main soil group in Sabah 42 units and 103 families Tawau The soil types are derive from various parent materials such as alluvium, basalt, larva and basic dust, basic and intermediate igneous rocks, sand stone and shale and acidic volcanic ash. In general, the fertility status of majority of the above soils are low, particularly phosphorus (P). . Darau, Numatoi, Lumpongon, Talid Sandakan The dominant soil parent materials in the Sandakan division are sandstone, shale and a combination of both. All the soils are generally acidic (pH 4-5) and liming is essential for cocoa cultivation. The main soil units and families are Ferric Acrisols (Sipit, Batang), Haplic Acrisols (Kumansi, Tanjung Lipat, Kapilit), Ferric Luvisols (Lumerau) and Haplic Luvisols (Lumpongon). Interior and West Cost Areas suitable for cocoa are along riverbanks in Tenom and the main soil families are Darau, Buran, Sabor and Pegalan poor texture and drainage shallow soil depths
Sarawak There are 11 main soil group in Sabah 45 units and 145 families Main family and soil series are: Semilajau (Semilajau, Sebako, Julan) marginal (tekstur) Alluvial Bemang (Bemang, Sebat, Dapoi) Seduau (Seduau, Malang, Paku, Sekati, Terbat dan Ramun).
Red-Yellow Podsolic Interior Oxisols
Soil where cocoa are planted Heavy Metals Definition of Heavy metals A heavy metal is a member of a loosely defined subset of elements that exhibit metallic properties. It mainly includes the transition metals, some metalloids, lanthanides, and actinides. Other name toxic metals
Types of Heavy Metals Can be group in to two: Cationic heavy metals Metallic elements whose forms in soil are positivly charged cations Mercury(Hg),Cadmium (Cd), Lead(Pb), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr) and Manganese (Mn). Anionic compounds elements whose forms in soil are combined with oxygen and are negatively charged e.g., MoO 4 2-
Arsenic (As), molybdenum (Mo), selenium(Se), and boron(B).
Hazard of heavy metals Excess heavy metal accumulation in soils is toxic to humans and other animals. Exposure to heavy metals is normally chronic (exposure over a longer period of time), due to food chain transfer. Acute (immediate) poisoning from heavy metals is rare through ingestion or dermal contact, but is possible. Chronic problems associated with long-term heavy metal exposures are: Lead - mental lapse.
Cadmium - affects kidney, liver, and GI tract . Arsenic - skin poisoning, affects kidneys and central nervous system.
Factors that contribute heavy metals in soil Impurities in mined mineral fertilizer and soil amendment such as phosphate and dolomite. Organic fertilizer such as chicken dung due to the usage of saw dust and animal feed that consist contaminant. Even the use of mill bio product are high in heavy metals contaminants. Such as POME and EFB Atmospheric pollutions. Existing heavy metal in soil. Naturally or antropogenic.
Heavy metals in different soil types mg kg 1 Soil Order Avail. P As Cd Co Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn All Malaysian soils (N = 241) 375 16.8 0.12 2.8 25.9 16.4 0.147 13.7 26.4 38 Alfisols (N = 4) 7.9 7.2 0.05 18.4 8.6 22.3 0.07 13.4 28.7 60.7 Anthropogenic soil (sand mine tailings) 471 7.1 0.13 2.2 18.5 22.1 0.1 8.9 30.2 54.8 Entisols (Flooded paddy) (N = 7) 19.9 3.9 0.06 2.2 26.3 6.2 0.09 8.2 27.2 31 Entisols (other crops) (N = 15) 125 14.6 0.07 0.91 16.1 5.8 0.07 20.5 15.5 24.8 Histosols (peat) (N = 8) 510 55 0.4 2.2 22.1 47.2 0.24 6.8 23.9 40 Inceptisols (Acid sulphate) (N = 6) 29.8 16.4 0.06 1.9 26.5 10.1 0.12 8.1 29 27.6 Inceptisols (Flooded paddy) (N = 11) 29.8 10.9 0.09 2.2 27.7 10.9 0.06 13.2 28.7 25.6 Inceptisols (muck) (N = 22) 519 12.4 0.17 1.9 22.8 20.8 0.2 8.7 28.4 33.1 Inceptisols (other) (N = 8) 1340 34.5 0.17 2.5 31.7 37.6 0.1 12.6 26.3 58.1 Oxisols (N = 41) 697 14.8 0.1 4.2 30.2 17.9 0.13 12.7 18.8 33.8 Spodosols (N = 17) 246 1.7 0.06 0.21 4.9 8 0.06 2.2 6.4 11.6 Ultisols (N = 58) 288 22 0.12 3.5 38 13.6 0.14 20.4 31.3 53 Assoc. of Ultisols and Oxisols (N = 27) 208 6.7 0.08 1.1 17.8 6.9 0.14 19.7 36.8 31.1 Ultisols (Acid sulphate) (N = 3) 18.2 8.9 0.02 1.5 19.3 3.7 0.15 5.5 20 18.5 Heavy metals in different soil types Arsenic in different soil types Cadmium in different soil types Cobalt in different soil types Cromium in different soil types Copper in different soil types Lead in different soil types Mercury In different soil types Nickel In different soil types Zinc In different soil types Heavy Metals in cocoa plants As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn Soil Plant Soil Plant Soil Plant Soil Plant Soil Plant Soil Plant Soil Plant Soil Plant 30 1.21 0.11 0.666 35 0.49 11 14.1 0.16 15 13 4.5 26 0.29 39 52 mg kg1 except plant Hg g kg1 Management of Contaminated Soil Soil and crop management methods can help prevent uptake of pollutants by plants, leaving them in the soil. The soil becomes the sink, breaking the soil-plant- animal or human cycle through which the toxin exerts its toxic effects (Brady and Weil, 1999). The following management practices will not remove the heavy metal contaminants, but will help to immobilize them in the soil and reduce the potential for adverse effects from the metals - Note that the kind of metal (cation or anion) must be considered: 1. Increasing the soil pH to 6.5 or higher. Cationic metals are more soluble at lower pH levels, so increasing the pH makes them less available to plants and therefore less likely to be incorporated in their tissues and ingested by humans. Raising pH has the opposite effect on anionic elements. 2. Draining wet soils. Drainage improves soil aeration and will allow metals to oxidize, making them less soluble. Therefore when aerated, these metals are less available. The opposite is true for chromium, which is more available in oxidized forms. Active organic matter is effective in reducing the availability of chromium. 3. Applying phosphate. Heavy phosphate applications reduce the availability of cationic metals, but have the opposite effect on anionic compounds like arsenic. Care should be taken with phosphorus applications because high levels of phosphorus in the soil can result in water pollution. Impurities In phosphate fertilizer also may contain heavy metals.