Hawaii

1
Hawaii
This article is about the U.S. state of Hawaii. For the island of Hawaii, see Hawaii (island). For other uses, see
Hawaii (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Hawaiki.
Coordinates: 211841N 1574747W
[1]
State of Hawaii
Mokuina o Hawaii
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Aloha State (official), Paradise, The Islands of Aloha
Motto(s): Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ina i ka Pono
("The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness")
State anthem: "Hawaii Pono
(Hawaiis Own True Sons)"
Official language English, Hawaiian
Demonym
Hawaiian (see notes)
[2]
Capital
(and largest city)
Honolulu
Largest metro Oahu metropolitan area
Area Ranked 43rd
-Total
10,931sqmi
(28,311 km
2
)
-Width n/amiles(n/a km)
-Length 1,522miles(2,450 km)
-% water 41.2
Hawaii
2
-Latitude 18 55 N to 28 27 N
-Longitude 154 48 W to 178 22 W
Population Ranked 40th
-Total 1,404,054 (2013 est)
-Density
214/sqmi (82.6/km
2
)
Ranked 13th
-Median household income $63,746 (5th)
Elevation
-Highest point
Mauna Kea
[3][4]
13,796ft (4205.0 m)
-Mean 3,030ft (920 m)
-Lowest point Pacific Ocean
sea level
Before statehood Territory of Hawaii
Admission to Union August 21, 1959 (50th)
Governor Neil Abercrombie (D)
Lieutenant Governor Shan Tsutsui (D)
Legislature State Legislature
-Upper house Senate
-Lower house House of Representatives
U.S. Senators Brian Schatz (D)
Mazie Hirono (D)
U.S. House delegation 1: Colleen Hanabusa (D)
2: Tulsi Gabbard (D) (list)
Time zone Hawaii: UTC 10
(no DST)
Abbreviations HI, US-HI
Website
www.hawaii.gov
[5]
Hawaii state symbols
Animal and Plant insignia
Bird(s) Hawaiian Goose
Fish Humuhumunukunukupuaa
Flower(s) Hawaiian hibiscus
Mammal(s) Humpback whale, Hawaiian monk seal
Reptile Gold dust day geckoWikipedia:Citation needed
Tree Kukui nut tree
Inanimate insignia
Food Coconut muffinWikipedia:Citation needed
Gemstone Black coral
Slogan(s) The Islands of AlohaWikipedia:Citation needed
Hawaii
3
Soil HiloWikipedia:Citation needed
Song(s) Hawaii Ponoi
Sport Surfing, Outrigger canoeing
Tartan Hawaii State Tartan (unofficial)
Route marker(s)
State Quarter
Released in 2008
Lists of United States state symbols
Hawaii from space, January 26, 2014
[6]
Hawaii (
i
/hwa.i/ or /hwai/; Hawaiian: Hawaii
[hvii]) is the 50th and most recent U.S. state to join the
United States. It joined the Union on August 21, 1959. It is the
only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one made up
entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in
Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central
Pacific Ocean.
Hawaiis diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate,
abundance of public beaches, oceanic surroundings, and
active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists,
(wind) surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its
mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native
culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its
capital is Honolulu on the island of Oahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread
over 1,500 miles (2,400km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the
northwest to southeast) Niihau, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lnai, Kahoolawe, Maui and the Island of Hawaii. The
last is the largest and is often called the "Big Island" to avoid confusing the island with the state or archipelago. The
archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
Hawaii is the 8th-smallest, the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states.
Hawaii's ocean coastline is about 750 miles (1,210km) long, which is fourth in the United States after those of
Alaska, Florida and California.
Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas and the only state with an Asian plurality. It and Arizona
are the only two states that do not observe daylight saving time, and Hawaii and Alaska are the only two states that
are not in the contiguous United States.
Hawaii
4
Etymology
Akaka Falls
The Hawaiian language word Hawaii derives from
Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, with the reconstructed meaning
"homeland";
[7]
Hawaii cognates are found in other Polynesian
languages, including Mori (Hawaiki), Rarotongan (Avaiki), and
Samoan (Savaii). (See also Hawaiki). According to Pukui and
Elbert, "Elsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaii or a cognate is the name
of the underworld or of the ancestral home, but in Hawaii, the
name has no meaning."
[8]
Spelling of state name
A somewhat divisive political issue arose when the constitution of
the state of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state
language: the exact spelling of the state's name, which in the
islands' language is Hawaii (the okina marking a Hawaiian
consonant, a cut-off of breath before the final i). In the Hawaii
Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the federal
government recognized Hawaii to be the official state name.
Official government publications, as well as department and office
titles, use the traditional Hawaiian spelling, with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length. In contrast, the
National and State Parks Services, the University of Hawaii, and some private entities, including a local newspaper,
do use such symbols.
The title of the state constitution is "The Constitution of the State of Hawaii". In Article XV, Section 1 uses "The
State of Hawaii", Section 2 "the island of Oahu", Section 3 "The Hawaiian flag", and Section 5 specifies the state
motto as "Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ina i ka Pono". Since these documents predate the modern use of the okina and the
kahak in Hawaiian orthography, the diacritics were not used. On the other hand, precedent for U.S. state name
changes were set in 1780 when the Massachusetts Bay State changed its name to the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, and in the 1820s when the Territory of Arkansaw changed the spelling of its name to the Territory of
Arkansas.
Geography and environment
The main Hawaiian Islands are:
Island Nickname Area Population
(as of
2010)
Density Highest
point
Elevation
Age
(Ma)
[9]
Location
Hawaii The Big
Island
4,028.0sqmi
(10,432.5km
2
)
185,079
45.948/sqmi
(17.7407/km
2
)
Mauna Kea 13,796ft
(4,205m)
0.4
1934N
15530W
[10]
Maui The Valley
Isle
727.2sqmi
(1,883.4km
2
)
144,444
198.630/sqmi
(76.692/km
2
)
Haleakal 10,023ft
(3,055m)
1.30.8
2048N
15620W
[11]
Oahu The Gathering
Place
596.7sqmi
(1,545.4km
2
)
953,207
1,597.46/sqmi
(616.78/km
2
)
Mount
Kaala
4,003ft
(1,220m)
3.72.6
2128N
15759W
[12]
Kauai The Garden
Isle
552.3sqmi
(1,430.5km
2
)
66,921
121.168/sqmi
(46.783/km
2
)
Kawaikini 5,243ft
(1,598m)
5.1
2205N
15930W
[13]
Hawaii
5
Molokai The Friendly
Isle
260.0sqmi
(673.4km
2
)
7,345
28.250/sqmi
(10.9074/km
2
)
Kamakou 4,961ft
(1,512m)
1.91.8
2108N
15702W
[14]
Lnai The Pineapple
Isle
140.5sqmi
(363.9km
2
)
3,135
22.313/sqmi
(8.615/km
2
)
Lnaihale 3,366ft
(1,026m)
1.3
2050N
15656W
[15]
Niihau The
Forbidden Isle
69.5sqmi
(180.0km
2
)
170
2.45/sqmi
(0.944/km
2
)
Mount
Pnau
1,250ft
(381m)
4.9
2154N
16010W
[16]
Kahoolawe The Target
Isle
44.6sqmi
(115.5km
2
)
0 0 Puu
Moaulanui
1,483ft
(452m)
1.0
2033N
15636W
[17]
The Hawaiian Islands are located in the North Pacific Ocean
A true-color satellite view of Hawaii shows that most of the
vegetation on the islands grows on the northeast sides which face
the wind. The silver glow around the southwest of the islands is the
result of calmer waters.
N Pali coast, Kauai
An archipelago situated some 2,000 mi
(3,200 km) southwest of the North
American mainland, Hawaii is the
southernmost state of the United States and
the second westernmost state after Alaska.
Hawaii, along with Alaska, does not border
any other U.S. state.
Hawaii
6
Panorama of the Haleakala crater
Hawaii is the only state of the United
States that is not geographically
located in North America, grows
coffee, is completely surrounded by
water, is entirely an archipelago, has
royal palaces, and does not have a
straight line in its state boundary.
Hawaiis tallest mountain, Mauna Kea,
stands at 13,796 ft (4,205 m) but is taller than Mount Everest if followed to the base of the mountain, which, lying at
the floor of the Pacific Ocean, rises about 33,500 ft (10,200 m).
The eight main islands, Hawaii, Maui, Oahu, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Kauai and Niihau are accompanied
by many others. Kaula is a small island near Niihau that is often overlooked. The Northwest Hawaiian Islands are a
series of nine small, older masses northwest of Kauai that extend from Nihoa to Kure that are remnants of once
much larger volcanic mountains. There are also more than 100 small rocks and islets, such as Molokini, that are
either volcanic, marine sedimentary or erosional in origin, totaling 130 or so across the archipelago.
Geology
The Hawaiian islands were (and continue to be) continuously formed from volcanic activity initiated at an undersea
magma source called a hotspot. As the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean moves to the northwest, the
hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. Due to the hotspots location, the only active volcanoes
are located around the southern half of the Big Island. The newest volcano, Lihi Seamount, is located south of the
Big Islands coast.
The last volcanic eruption outside the Big Island occurred at Haleakal on Maui before the late 18th century, though
it could have been hundreds of years earlier. In 1790, Klauea exploded with the deadliest eruption (of the modern
era) known to have occurred in what is now the United States. As many as 5,405 warriors and their families
marching on Klauea were killed by that eruption.
[18]
Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features. The Big Island has the
third-highest point among the worlds islands.
Slope instability of the volcanoes has generated damaging earthquakes with related tsunamis, particularly in 1868
and 1975. Steep cliffs have been caused by catastrophic debris avalanches on the submerged flanks of ocean island
volcanos.
[19]
Flora and fauna
Because the islands are so far from other land habitats, life before human activity is said to have arrived by the 3
Ws: wind (carried through the air), waves (brought by ocean currents), and wings (birds, insects, and whatever they
brought with them). This isolation, and the wide range of environments (extreme altitude, tropical climate) produced
a vast array of endemic flora and fauna (see Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands). Hawaii has more endangered
species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state. One endemic plant,
Brighamia, now requires hand-pollination its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct. The two species of
Brighamia B. rockii and B. insignis are represented in the wild by perhaps 120 individual plants. In order to
ensure that these plants set seed, biologists rappel down 3000-foot cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas.
The relatively short time that the existing main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean
(less than 10 million years) is only a fraction of time span over which biological colonization and evolution have
occurred in the archipelago.
Hawaii
7
The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field.
On a single island, the climate can differ around the coast from dry tropical (< 20 in or 500mm annual rainfall) to
wet tropical; and up the slopes from tropical rainforest (> 200 in or 5000mm per year) through a temperate climate
into alpine conditions of cold and dry climate. The rainy climate impacts soil development, which largely determines
ground permeability, which affects the distribution of streams, wetlands, and wet places.
Protected areas
Endemic Haleakal Silversword near Haleakal
summit
Several areas in Hawaii are under the protection of the National Park
Service. Hawaii has two national parks: Haleakala National Park near
Kula, on Maui, includes Haleakal, the dormant volcano that formed
east Maui; and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeast region
of the Island of Hawaii, which includes the active volcano Klauea and
its various rift zones.
There are three national historical parks: Kalaupapa National Historical
Park in Kalaupapa, Molokai, the site of a former Hansens disease
colony; Kaloko-Honokhau National Historical Park in Kailua-Kona
on the Island of Hawaii; and Puuhonua o Hnaunau National
Historical Park, an ancient place of refuge. Other areas under the
control of the National Park Service include Ala Kahakai National
Historic Trail on the Big Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on Oahu.
The Papahnaumokukea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15,
2006. The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles (360,000km
2
) of reefs, atolls and shallow and deep sea
out to 50 miles (80km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean, larger than all of Americas National Parks combined.
Climate
See also: List of Hawaii tornadoes and Climate of Hawaii
Road to Hana through rainforest
Hawaiis climate is typical for the tropics, although temperatures and
humidity tend to be a bit less extreme due to near-constant trade winds
from the east. Summer highs are usually in the upper 80sF, (around
31C) during the day and mid 70s, (around 24C) at night. Winter day
temperatures are usually in the low to mid 80s, (around 28C) and (at
low elevation) seldom dipping below the mid 60s (18C) at night.
Snow, not usually associated with the tropics, falls at 4,205 metres
(13,796ft) on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on the Big Island in some
winter months. Snow rarely falls on Haleakala. Mount Waialeale, on
Kauai, has the second-highest average annual rainfall on Earth, about
460 inches (11,684.0mm). Most of Hawaii has only two seasons: the
dry season from May to October, and the wet season from October to April.
The warmest temperature recorded in the state is 100F (38C) (making it tied with Alaska as the lowest high
temperature recorded in a U.S. state) in Pahala on April 27, 1931. Hawaii's all-time record low temperature is 12F
(11C) observed in May 1979 on the summit of Mauna Kea. Hawaii is the only state to have never recorded
sub-zero Fahrenheit temperatures.
Local climates vary considerably on each island, grossly divisible into windward (Koolau) and leeward (Kona) areas
based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face cloud cover, so resorts concentrate on
sunny leeward coasts.
Hawaii
8
Monthly normal low and high temperatures for various Hawaiian populated places
City Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Hilo 64F /
17.8C
64F /
17.8C
65F /
18.3C
66F /
18.9C
67F /
19.4C
68F /
20.0C
69F /
20.6C
69F /
20.6C
69F /
20.6C
68F /
20.0C
67F /
19.4C
65F /
18.3C
79F /
26.1C
79F /
26.1C
79F /
26.1C
79F /
26.1C
81F /
27.2C
82F /
27.8C
82F /
27.8C
83F /
28.3C
83F /
28.3C
83F /
28.3C
81F /
27.2C
80F /
26.7C
Honolulu 66F /
18.9C
65F /
18.3C
67F /
19.4C
68F /
20.0C
70F /
21.1C
72F /
22.2C
74F /
23.3C
75F /
23.9C
74F /
23.3C
73F /
22.8C
71F /
21.7C
68F /
20.0C
80F /
26.7C
81F /
27.2C
82F /
27.8C
83F /
28.3C
85F /
29.4C
87F /
30.6C
88F /
31.1C
89F /
31.7C
89F /
31.7C
87F /
30.6C
84F /
28.9C
82F /
27.8C
Kahului 63F /
17.2C
63F /
17.2C
65F /
18.3C
66F /
18.9C
67F /
19.4C
69F /
20.6C
71F /
21.7C
71F /
21.7C
70F /
21.1C
69F /
20.6C
68F /
20.0C
65F /
18.3C
80F /
26.7C
81F /
27.2C
82F /
27.8C
82F /
27.8C
84F /
28.9C
86F /
30.0C
87F /
30.6C
88F /
31.1C
88F /
31.1C
87F /
30.6C
84F /
28.9C
82F /
27.8C
Lihue 65F /
18.3C
66F /
18.9C
67F /
19.4C
69F /
20.6C
70F /
21.1C
73F /
22.8C
74F /
23.3C
74F /
23.3C
74F /
23.3C
73F /
22.8C
71F /
21.7C
68F /
20.0C
78F /
25.6C
78F /
26.6C
78F /
26.6C
79F /
26.1C
81F /
27.2C
83F /
28.3C
84F /
28.9C
85F /
29.4C
85F /
29.4C
84F /
28.9C
81F /
27.2C
79F /
26.1C
Antipodes
Hawaii is the only US state that is antipodal to inhabited land. Most of the state lies opposite Botswana, though
Niihau aligns with Namibia and Kauai straddles the border. This area of Africa, near Maun and Ghanzi, includes
nature reserves and small settlements near the Okavango Delta.
History
Main article: History of Hawaii
Part of a series on the
History of
Hawaii
Timeline
Ancient
Provisional Cession
Kingdom of Hawaii
Provisional Government
Republic of Hawaii
American Hawaii
Territory
State of Hawaii
Hawaii portal
Hawaii
9
v
t
e
[20]
Hawaii is one of four states, besides the original thirteen, that were independent prior to becoming part of the United
States, along with the Vermont Republic (1791), the Republic of Texas (1845), and the California Republic (1846),
and one of two, along with Texas, that had formal diplomatic recognition internationally. The Kingdom of Hawaii
was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American (and some European)
businessmen. It was an independent republic from 1894 until 1898, when it was annexed by the United States as a
territory, becoming a state in 1959.
Oahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941. The attack on
Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the
United States into World War II.
First human settlement Ancient Hawaii (8001778)
Main article: Ancient Hawaii
The earliest habitation supported by archaeological evidence dates to as early as 300 CE, probably by Polynesian
settlers from the Marquesas, followed by a second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora in the 11th
century.
Polynesians from the Marquesas and possibly the Society Islands may have first populated the Hawaiian Islands
between 300 and 500 CE. There is a great deal of debate regarding these dates.
Some archaeologists and historians believe that an early settlement from the Marquesas and a later wave of
immigrants from Tahiti, c. 1000, introduced a new line of high chiefs, the Kapu system, the practice of human
sacrifice and the building of heiaus. This later immigration is detailed in folk tales about Paao. Other authors argue
that there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers, and that Paao must be
regarded as a myth.
Kalanipuu, King of Hawaii
bringing presents to Captain Cook.
Illustrated by John Webber, artist
aboard Cook's ship.
Regardless of the question of Paao, historians agree that the history of the
islands was marked by a slow but steady growth in population and the size of the
chiefdoms, which grew to encompass whole islands. Local chiefs, called alii,
ruled their settlements and launched wars to extend their sway and defend their
communities from predatory rivals. Ancient Hawaii was a caste-based society
much like that of the Hindus in India.
European arrival and the Kingdom of Hawaii
There are questions whether Spanish explorers arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in
the 16th century, two centuries before Captain James Cook's first documented
visit in 1778. Ruy Lpez de Villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that left
Acapulco in 1542 bound for the Philippines, with a Spanish sailor named Juan
Gaetano aboard as pilot. Depending on the interpretation, Gaetano's reports
seemed to describe the discovery of Hawaii or the Marshall Islands. If it was
Hawaii, Gaetano would have been the first European to find the islands. Some
scholars have dismissed these claims as lacking credibility.
[21][22]
However,
Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands in the latitude of Hawaii but with the longitude ten degrees east
of the Islands. In this manuscript, the Island of Maui is named "La Desgraciada" (the unfortunate), and what appears
Hawaii
10
to be the Island of Hawaii is named "La Mesa" (the table). Islands resembling Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai are
named "Los Monjes" (the monks).
[23]
For two and a half centuries Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific along a route
that passed south of Hawaii on their way to Manila. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade
monopoly against competing powers.
The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was Hawaiis first documented contact with European explorers.
Cook named the islands the "Sandwich Islands" in honor of his sponsor John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. He
published the islands' location and reported the native name as Owyhee. This spelling lives on in Owyhee County,
Idaho, after three Hawaiian members of a trapping party that went missing in that area.
Cook visited the islands twice. Upon his departure during his second visit in 1779, a quarrel ensued, involving
Cook's taking of temple idols and fencing as "firewood",
[24]
and the taking of a ship's boat by a minor chief and his
men. Cook then abducted the King of the Big Island of Hawaii, Kalanipuu, and held him as ransom aboard his
ship for the return of the boat, a tactic that had worked for Cook in Tahiti and other islands.
[25]
Kalanipuu's
supporters fought back and Cook and four Marines were killed as Cook's party retreated to the beach and launched
their boats.
After Cook's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the Hawaiian islands received many
European visitors: explorers, traders, and eventually whalers who found the islands a convenient harbor and source
of supplies. Early British influence can be seen in the design of the Flag of Hawaii which has the British Union Flag
in the corner.
These visitors introduced diseases to the once-isolated islands and the Hawaiian population plunged precipitously
because native Hawaiians had no resistance to influenza, smallpox, and measles, among others. By 1820, Eurasian
diseases, famine, and wars among the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population.
[26]
During the
1850s, measles killed a fifth of Hawaii's people.
[27]
Historical records indicated that the earliest immigration of the Chinese came from Guangdong province: a few
sailors in 1778 with Captain Cook's journey, more in 1788 with Kaina, and some in 1789 with an American trader
who settled in Hawaii in the late 18th century.
House of Kamehameha
King Kamehameha receiving Otto von
Kotzebue's Russian naval expedition. Drawing by
Louis Choris in 1816.
During the 1780s and 1790s, chiefs often fought for power. After a
series of battles that ended in 1795 and forced cession of the island of
Kauai in 1810, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single
ruler who became known as King Kamehameha the Great. He
established the House of Kamehameha, a dynasty that ruled the
kingdom until 1872.
After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819, American
Protestant missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians to
Christianity. Their influence ended many ancient practices, and
Kamehameha III was the first Christian king. One prominent Protestant
missionary, Hiram Bingham I, was a trusted adviser to the monarchy
during this period. Other missionaries and their descendants became
active in commercial and political affairs, leading to future conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American
subjects.
Missionaries from other Christian denominations (such as Catholics, Mormons, and Episcopalians) were active, but
never converted more than a minority of the Native Hawaiian population.
The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha Vwho did not name an heirresulted in the popular election of
Lunalilo over Kalkaua. Lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. Perhaps "the People's King"
Hawaii
11
(Lunalilo) wanted the people to choose his successor as they had chosen him. In 1874 the election was contested
within the legislature between Kalkaua and Emma. This led to riots and the landing of U.S. and British troops, and
governance passed to the House of Kalkaua.
1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations
In 1887, Kalkaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii, which stripped the king of
much of his authority. There was a property qualification for voting, which disenfranchised most Hawaiians and
immigrant laborers, and favored the wealthier white community. Resident whites were allowed to vote, but resident
Asians were excluded. Because the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the
"Bayonet Constitution". King Kalkaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. His sister, Queen
Liliuokalani, succeeded him on the throne. She was the last monarch of Hawaii.
Ship's landing force at the time of the overthrow
of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893.
In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani announced plans for a new constitution.
On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business
leaders and residents formed a Committee of Safety to overthrow the
Kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. United States
Government Minister John L. Stevens, responding to a request from
the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. As
one historian noted, the presence of these troops effectively made it
impossible for the monarchy to protect itself.
Overthrow of 1893the Republic of Hawaii
(18941898)
In January 1893, Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a Provisional Government composed of
members of the Committee of Safety. American lawyer Sanford B. Dole became President of the Republic in 1894.
Controversy filled the following years as the queen tried to regain her throne. The administration of President Grover
Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report, which concluded that the removal of Liliuokalani was illegal. The U.S.
government first demanded that Queen Liliuokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused.
Congress followed with another investigation, and submitted the Morgan Report on February 26, 1894, which found
all parties (including Minister Stevens) with the exception of the queen "not guilty" from any responsibility for the
overthrow.
[28]
The accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports has been questioned by partisans
on both sides of the debate over the events of 1893.
[29]
In 1993, a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow was passed by Congress and signed by President
Clinton, apologizing for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
The Iolani Palace in Honolulu, formerly the
residence of the Hawaiian monarch, was the
capitol of the Republic of Hawaii.
The Provisional Government of Hawaii ended on July 4, 1894,
replaced by the Republic of Hawaii. The first Japanese immigrants
arrived in Hawaii in 1885 as contract laborers for the sugar cane and
pineapple plantations.
Annexationthe Territory of Hawaii (18981959)
After William McKinley won the presidential election in 1896,
Hawaii's annexation to the U.S. was again discussed. The previous
president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Liliuokalani.
McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by
Hawaii
12
annexationists from Hawaii. He met with three annexationists from Hawaii: Lorrin Thurston, Francis March Hatch
and William Ansel Kinney. After negotiations, in June 1897, Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of
annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii.
The treaty was never ratified by the U.S. Senate. Instead, despite the opposition of a majority of Native Hawaiians,
the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the Republic to the United States and it became the Territory of Hawaii.
The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House June 15, 1898, by a vote of 209 to 91, and by the Senate on July
6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.
The USS Shaw exploding during the Japanese
attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941.
Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began when Puerto Rico's sugar
industry was devastated by two hurricanes in 1899. The devastation
caused a world-wide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for the
product from Hawaii. Hawaiian sugar plantation owners began to
recruit the jobless, but experienced, laborers in Puerto Rico. Two
distinct waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii have occurred in the
last century. The first arrived in between 1903 and 1924; the second
wave began in 1965.
In 1900, Hawaii was granted self-governance and retained Iolani
Palace as the territorial capitol building. Despite several attempts to
become a state, Hawaii remained a territory for sixty years. Plantation
owners and key capitalists, who maintained control through financial
institutions, or "factors", known as the "Big Five", found territorial status convenient, enabling them to continue
importing cheap foreign labor; such immigration was prohibited in various states.
Political changes of 1954the State of Hawaii (1959present)
Main article: Democratic Revolution of 1954 (Hawaii)
In the 1950s the power of the plantation owners was finally broken by descendants of immigrant laborers. Because
they were born in a U.S. territory, they were legal U.S. citizens. The Hawaii Republican Party, strongly supported by
plantation owners, was voted out of office. The Democratic Party of Hawaii dominated politics for 40 years. Eager to
gain full voting rights, Hawaii's residents actively campaigned for statehood.
Certification of the Hawaii vote for Statehood
In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and U.S.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed it into law. (The act excluded
Palmyra Atoll, part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii, from the
new state.) On June 27 of that year, a referendum asked residents of
Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill. The Hawaii electorate voted
94.3% "yes for statehood" to 5.7% "no". The choices were to accept
the Act or to remain a territory, without the option of independence.
The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization later
removed Hawaii from the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing
Territories.
After statehood, Hawaii quickly modernized via construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy. Later, state
programs promoted Hawaiian culture. The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 incorporated programs
such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture.
Hawaii
13
Demographics
Population
Population density of the Hawaiian islands.
The United States Census Bureau
estimates that the population of Hawaii
was 1,404,054 on July 1, 2013, a 3.2%
increase since the 2010 United States
Census.
As of 2005, Hawaii has an estimated
population of 1,275,194, an increase of
13,070, or 1.0%, from the prior year
and an increase of 63,657, or 5.3%,
since 2000. This includes a natural
increase of 48,111 people (that is
96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths) and
an increase due to net migration of
16,956 people into the state.
Immigration from outside the United
States resulted in a net increase of
30,068 people, and migration within
the country produced a net loss of
13,112 people. The center of
population of Hawaii is located
between the two islands of Oahu and
Molokai. So many Hawaiian residents
have moved to Las Vegas that it has been referred to as the "ninth island" of Hawaii.
Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.4million, due to large military and tourist populations. Oahu, nicknamed
"The Gathering Place", is the most populous island (and has the highest population density), with a resident
population of just under one million in 597 square miles (1,546km
2
), about 1,650 people per square mile (for
comparison, New Jersey, which has 8,717,925 people in 7,417 square miles (19,210km
2
) is the most-densely
populated state in the Union with 1,134 people per square mile.)
Hawaii's 1,275,194 people, spread over 6,423 square miles (16,640km
2
) (including many unpopulated islands),
results in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile, which makes Hawaii less densely
populated than Ohio and Illinois.
The average projected lifespan of those born in Hawaii in 2000 was 79.8 years (77.1 years if male, 82.5 if female),
longer than any other state.
As of 2011[30] the U.S. military personnel reported 42,371 of its personnel on the islands.
The Hawaiian population changed dramatically after Europeans arrived.
Hawaii
14
Historical population
Year Population Notes
1778 400,000
1805 264,160
1831 130,313 Census
1850 82,000
1853 73,134 2,119 foreigners
1872 56,897
1876 53,900
1884 80,000 The native population continues to decline.
1890 40,000 native Hawaiians
1900 154,001 About 25% Hawaiian/part-Hawaiian; 40% Japanese; 16% Chinese; 12% Portuguese; and about 5% Caucasian
1910 191,874 people 26,041 Hawaiians and 12,056 part-Hawaiians
1920 255,881 42.7% of the population is of Japanese descent.
1930 368,336
1940 420,770
1950 499,794
1960 632,772
1970 769,913
1980 964,691
1990 1,108,228
2000 1,211,537 239,655 native Hawaiians; Japanese: 21%; Filipino: 17.7%; Chinese: 8.3%; German: 5.8%
Race and ethnicity
Further information: Europeans in Oceania
See also: Africans in Hawaii
Historical
population
Census Pop. %
1900 154,001
1910 191,874 24.6%
1920 255,881 33.4%
1930 368,300 43.9%
1940 422,770 14.8%
1950 499,794 18.2%
1960 632,772 26.6%
1970 769,913 21.7%
1980 964,691 25.3%
1990 1,108,229 14.9%
Hawaii
15
2000 1,211,537 9.3%
2010 1,360,301 12.3%
Est. 2013 1,404,054 3.2%
Source: 19102010
According to the 2010 United States Census, Hawaii had a population of 1,360,301. In terms of race and ethnicity,
the state was 38.6% Asian, 24.7% White (22.7% Non-Hispanic White Alone), 23.6% from Two or More Races,
10.0% Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, 8.9% Hispanics and Latinos of any race, 1.6% Black or
African American, 1.2% from Some Other race, and 0.3% American Indian and Alaska Native.
Hawaii Racial Breakdown of Population
Racial composition
1990
[31]
2000
[32]
2010
[33]
White 33.4% 24.3% 24.7%
Asian 61.8% 41.6% 38.6%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
9.4% 10.0%
Black 2.5% 1.8% 1.6%
Native 0.5% 0.3% 0.3%
Other race 1.9% 1.2% 1.2%
Two or more races 21.4% 23.6%
Hawaii is distinctive in having the highest percentage of Asian Americans and Multiracial Americans, as well as the
lowest percentage of White Americans of any state. In 2011, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 14.5% of all the
births. Hawaii's Asian population mainly consists of 198,000 (14.6%) Filipino Americans and 185,000 (13.6%)
Japanese Americans. In addition, there are roughly 55,000 (4.0%) Chinese Americans and 24,000 (1.8%) Korean
Americans. Indigenous Hawaiians number over 80,000, which is 5.9% of the population. Including those with partial
ancestry, Samoan Americans make up 2.8% of Hawaii's population, and Tongan Americans comprise 0.6% of the
state population.
Over 120,000 (8.8%) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii. Mexicans number over 35,000 (2.6%); Puerto
Ricans exceed 44,000 (3.2%). Multiracial Americans form almost one-quarter of Hawaii's population, exceeding
320,000 people. Eurasian Americans are a prominent mixed-race group; there are about 66,000 (4.9%) Eurasian
Americans in Hawaii. The Non-Hispanic White population numbers at 310,000 and forms just over one-fifth of the
population. The multiracial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people. In
1970, the Census Bureau reported Hawaii's population as 38.8% white and 57.7% Asian and Pacific Islander.
The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German (7.4%), Irish (5.2%), English (4.6%), Portuguese (4.3%),
and Italian (2.7%). About 82.2% of Hawaii's residents were born in the United States. Roughly 75.0% of the
foreign-born residents hail from Asia. Hawaii is a majority-minority state, and is expected to be one of three states
that will not have a white plurality in 2014, the other two being California and New Mexico.
[34]
Hawaii
16
Ancestry groups
The largest ancestry groups in Hawaii as of 2008 are in the table at right. The third group of foreigners to arrive upon
Hawaii's shores, after those from Polynesia and Europe, was from China. Chinese workers on Western trading ships
settled in Hawaii starting in 1789. In 1820 the first American missionaries came to preach Christianity and teach the
Hawaiians Western ways.
Population of Hawaii
Ancestry Percentage Main article:
Filipino 13.6% See Filipinos in Hawaii
Japanese 12.6% See Japanese American
Polynesian 9.0% See Native Hawaiians
German 7.4% See German American
Irish 5.2% See Irish American
English 4.6% See English American
Portuguese 4.3% See Portuguese American
Chinese 4.1% See Chinese American
Korean 3.1% See Korean American
Mexican 2.9% See Mexican American
Puerto Rican 2.8% See Puerto Rican
Italian 2.7% See Italian American
African 2.4% See African American
French 1.7% See French American
Samoan 1.3% See Samoans
Scottish 1.2% See Scottish American
A large proportion of Hawaii's population is now of Asian ancestry (especially Chinese, Japanese and Filipino.)
Many are descendants of those immigrants brought to work on the sugar plantations in the 1850s and after. The first
153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19, 1868. They were not "legally" approved by the Japanese
government because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate, by then replaced by the Meiji
Restoration. The first Japanese government-approved immigrants arrived on February 9, 1885 after Kalkaua's
petition to Emperor Meiji when Kalkaua visited Japan in 1881.
Almost 13,000 Portuguese had come by 1899. They too worked on the sugar plantations.
[35]
By 1901, over 5,000
Puerto Ricans had made new homes on the four islands.
Hawaii
17
Languages
The State of Hawaii has two official languages recognized in its 1978 constitution: English and Hawaiian. Article
XV, Section 4, specifies that "Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law"
[italics added]. Hawaii Creole English (locally referred to as 'Pidgin') is the native language of many
born-and-raised residents and is a second language for many other residents.
English
As of the 2000 Census, 73.44% of Hawaii residents age 5 and older speak only English at home. According to the
2008 American Community Survey, 74.6% of Hawaii's residents over the age of five speak only English at home.
Minority languages
In addition, 2.6% of the state's residents speak Spanish; 1.6% speak other Indo-European languages; 21.0% speak an
Asian language; and 0.2% speak a different language at home.
A Portuguese immigrant family in Hawaii during
the 19th century.
Early Japanese immigrants to Hawaii.
After English, other popular languages are Tagalog, Japanese, and
Ilokano. Significant European immigrants and descendants also speak
their native languages; the most numerous are Spanish, German,
Portuguese and French.
Tagalog speakers make up 5.37% (which includes non-native speakers
of Filipino language, the national co-official Tagalog-based language),
followed by Japanese at 4.96%, Ilokano at 4.05%, Chinese at 1.92%,
Hawaiian at 1.68%, Spanish at 1.66%, Korean at 1.61%, and Samoan
at 1.01%.
Hawaiian
Main article: Hawaiian language
The Hawaiian language has about 2000 native speakers, less than 0.1%
Wikipedia:Please clarify of the total population. According to the
United States Census, there were over 24,000 total speakers of the
language in Hawaii in 2006-2008.
Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language
family. It is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such as
Marquesan, Tahitian, Mori, Rapa Nui (the language of Easter Island),
and less closely to Samoan, and Tongan.
According to Schtz (1994), the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 AD followed by later waves
of immigration from the Society Islands and Samoa-Tonga. Those Polynesians remained in the islands, thereby
becoming the Hawaiian people. Their languages, over time, became the Hawaiian language. Kimura and Wilson
(1983) also state, "Linguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian, with a particularly strong
link in the Southern Marquesas, and a secondary link in Tahiti, which may be explained by voyaging between the
Hawaiian and Society Islands." Before the arrival of Captain James Cook, the Hawaiian language had no written
form. That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries during 18201826. They assigned
letters from the Latin alphabet that corresponded to the Hawaiian sounds.
Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century. With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs,
specially designated immersion schools were established where all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian. Also, the
University of Hawaii developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program. Municipal codes were altered to
favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments.
Hawaii
18
Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowels. In modern practice, vowel length is indicated with a macron
(kahak). Also, Hawaiian uses the glottal stop as a consonant (okina). It is written as a symbol similar to the
apostrophe or opening single quote.
Hawaiian-language newspapers published from 18341948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally
omit the marks in their own writing. The okina and kahak are intended to help non-native speakers.
A sign language for the deaf, based on the Hawaiian language, has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s.
Hawaii Sign Language is now nearly extinct.
Hawaiian Pidgin
Main article: Hawaiian Pidgin
Some locals speak Hawaii Creole English (HCE), often called "pidgin". The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from
English but also has words from Hawaiian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Ilocano and Tagalog. During the 19th
century, the increase in immigration (mainly from China, Japan, Portugaland especially from the Azores
archipelagoand Spain), caused a variant of English to develop. By the early 20th century pidgin speakers had
children who acquired the pidgin as their first language. HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those
words being considered archaic. Most place names are retained from Hawaiian, as are some names for plants or
animals. For example, tuna fish are often called ahi.
International Market Place, Honolulu, 1958.
HCE speakers have modified the meanings of certain English words.
For example, "aunty" and "uncle" refer to any adult who is a friend, or
to show respect for an elder. Grammar is also different. For example,
instead of "It is hot today, isn't it?", an HCE speaker would say simply
"stay hot, eh?" When a word does not come to mind quickly, the term
"da kine" refers to any word you cannot think of. Through the surfing
boom in Hawaii, HCE has influenced surfer slang. Some HCE
expressions, such as brah and da kine, have found their way to other
places.
Religion
Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu, 1958.
The largest denominations by number of adherents were the Catholic
Church with 249,619 in 2010 and The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints with 68,128 in 2009. The third-largest group are the
non-denominational churches with 128 congregations and 32,000
members, the third-largest are the United Church of Christ with 115
congregations and 20,000 members. The Southern baptist convention
has 108 congregations and 18,000 members.
[36]
According to data provided by religious establishments, religion in
Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows:
Christianity: 351,000 (28.9%)
Buddhism: 110,000 (9%)
Judaism: 10,000 (0.8%)
Other: 100,000 (10%)*
Unaffiliated: 650,000 (51.1%)**
"Other" are religions other than Christianity, Buddhism, or Judaism; this group includes Bah' Faith, Confucianism,
Daoism, the Hawaiian religion, Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Shintoism, Zoroastrianism, and other religions.
Hawaii
19
"Unaffiliated" refers to people who do not belong to a congregation; this group includes agnostics, atheists,
humanists, deists and the irreligious.
A Pew poll found that the religious composition was as follows:
[37]
44.0% Protestantism
22.0% Catholicism
6.0% Buddhism
5.0% The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1.0% Hinduism
0.5% Judaism
0.5% Islam
17.0% Irreligion (including agnostics, atheists and deists)
A 2010 Glenmary Research Center study also places the Roman Catholic population as greater than 22%.
A special case is Hooponopono, an ancient Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness, combined with
prayer. It is both philosophy and way of life. Traditionally hooponopono is practiced by healing priests or kahuna
lapaau among family members of a person who is physically ill.
LGBT
A 2012 poll by Gallup found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults
in the country, at 5.1 per cent. This constitutes a total LGBT adult population estimate of 53,966 individuals. The
number of same-sex couple households in 2010 stood at 3,239. This grew by 35.45% from a decade earlier.
[38][39]
In
2013, Hawaii became the fifteenth state to legalize same-sex marriage and a University of Hawaii researcher stated
that the law may boost tourism by $217 million.
Economy
See also: Hawaii locations by per capita income
Punalu'u Beach on the Big Island. Tourism is
Hawaii's leading employer.
The history of Hawaii can be traced through a succession of dominant
industries: sandalwood, whaling, sugarcane (see Sugar plantations in
Hawaii), pineapple, military, tourism, and education. Since statehood
in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of
the Gross State Product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. The
gross output for the state in 2003 was US$47billion; per capita income
for Hawaii residents was US$30,441.
Hawaiian exports include food and apparel. These industries play a
small role in the Hawaiian economy, however, due to the considerable
shipping distance to viable markets, such as the West Coast of the
United States. Food exports include coffee (see coffee production in
Hawaii), macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane, and both honey and honeybees: "by weight, Hawaii's
honeybees may be the state's most valuable export." Agricultural sales for 2002, according to the Hawaii
Agricultural Statistics Service, were US$370.9million from diversified agriculture, US$100.6million from
pineapple, and US$64.3million from sugarcane. Hawaii's relatively consistent climate has attracted the Genetically
modified food research industry which is able to test three generations of crops in a single year on the islands as
compared to one or two on the mainland.
Hawaii
20
Famous Lanikai Beach on Oahu.
A shipping dock in Hawaii.
Hawaii was one of the few states to control gasoline prices through a
Gas Cap Law. Since oil company profits in Hawaii compared to the
mainland U.S. were under scrutiny, the law tied local gasoline prices to
those of the mainland. It took effect in September 2005 amid price
fluctuations caused by Hurricane Katrina, but was suspended in April
2006.
Hawaiian Electric Industries provides electricity (mostly from
fossil-fuel power stations) to 95% of the state's population.
As of January 2010, the state's unemployment rate was 6.9%.
[40]
In 2009, the United States military spent $12.2billion in Hawaii,
accounting for 18% of spending in the state for that year. 75,000
United States Department of Defense personnel reside in Hawaii.
[41]
According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Hawaii
had the fourth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United
States, with a ratio of 7.18 percent.
Taxation
Hawaii has a relatively high state tax burden.
Millions of tourists contribute to the tax take by paying the general excise tax and hotel room tax; thus not all taxes
come directly from residents. Business leaders, however, consider the state's tax burden too high, contributing to
both higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate.
Cost of living
The cost of living in Hawaii, specifically Honolulu, is quite high compared to most major cities in the United States.
However, the cost of living in Honolulu is 6.7% lower than in New York City and 3.6% lower than in San
Francisco.
[42]
These numbers may not take into account certain costs, such as increased travel costs for longer
flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers "outside the
continental United States". While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii,
[43]
many merchants
exclude Hawaii and Alaska, as well as Puerto Rico and certain other US territories.Wikipedia:Citation needed
The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 US Census was $272,700 while the national median home value was
less than half of that, at $119,600. Hawaii home values were the highest of all states, including California with a
median home value of $211,500.
[44]
More recent research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010
median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu, Hawaii at $607,600 and the US median sales price at
$173,200. The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any US city in 2010, just above the
"Silicon Valley" area of California ($602,000).
One of the most significant contributors to the high cost of living in Hawaii is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920
(also known as the Jones Act), which prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American
ports (a practice known as cabotage). Most U.S. consumer goods are manufactured in East Asia at present, but
because of the Jones Act, foreign ships inbound with those goods cannot stop in Honolulu, offload Hawaii-bound
Hawaii
21
goods, load mainland-bound Hawaii-manufactured goods, and continue to West Coast ports. Instead, they must
proceed directly to the West Coast, where distributors break bulk and send Hawaiian-bound Asian-manufactured
goods back west across the ocean by U.S.-flagged ships.
Hawaiian consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods again across the Pacific on U.S.-flagged ships
subject to the extremely high operating costs imposed by the Jones Act. This also makes Hawaii less competitive
with West Coast ports as a shopping destination for tourists from home countries with much higher taxes (like Japan
Wikipedia:Disputed statement), even though prices for Asian-manufactured goods in theory should be cheaper since
Hawaii is much closer to Asia.
[45]
Culture
Jack Johnson, folk rock musician, was born and
raised on Oahu's North Shore
See also: Culture of the Native Hawaiians
Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Oahu.
The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian. Hawaii represents the
northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian triangle of the south and
central Pacific Ocean. While traditional Hawaiian culture remains only
as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society, there are reenactments of the
ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands. Some of these
cultural influences are strong enough to affect the United States at
large, including the popularity (in greatly modified form) of luaus and
hula.
Cuisine of Hawaii
The Cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands including the
earliest Polyneseans and Native Hawaiian cuisine as well as American, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean,
Polynesian and Portuguese origins, including plant and animal food sources imported from around the world for
agricultural use in Hawaii. Poi made from taro is one of the traditional foods of the islands. Many local restaurants
serve the ubiquitous plate lunch featuring the Asian staple, two scoops of rice, a simplified version of American
macaroni salad (consisting of macaroni and mayonnaise), and a variety of different toppings ranging from the
hamburger patty, a fried egg, and gravy of a Loco Moco, Japanese style tonkatsu or the traditional lu'au favorite,
kalua pig and beef, and curry. Spam musubi is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the
islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel. In the 1990s a group of chefs got together to
develop Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine.
Hawaii
22
Customs and etiquette in Hawaii
Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows: When visiting a home, it is considered good manners to
bring a small gift (for example, a dessert) for one's host. Thus, parties are usually in the form of potlucks. Most locals
take their shoes off before entering a home. It is customary for Hawaii families, regardless of ethnicity, to hold a luau
to celebrate a child's first birthday. It is customary at Hawaii weddings, especially at Filipino weddings, for the bride
and groom to do a Money dance (also called the pandango). Print media and local residents recommend that one
refer to non-Hawaiians as "locals of Hawaii" or "people of Hawaii".
Folklore in Hawaii
The folklore in Hawaii in modern times is a mixture of various aspects of Hawaiian mythology and various urban
legends that have been passed on regarding various places in the Hawaiian islands. According to Hawaiian legend,
night marchers (huakai po in Hawaiian) are ghosts of ancient warriors. Local folklore on the island of Oahu says
that one should never carry pork over the Pali Highway connecting Honolulu and Windward Oahu. In Paradise Park
and the Manoa Falls Hiking Trail, folk legends say you can hear a spectre screaming. Across the street from Kahala
Mall is a graveyard. It is said that if you drive past the remaining portion of this graveyard with your windows open,
you will feel somebody else is in your car. The story of the green lady is that of a woman who would visit the gulch
of Wahiawa and will take any child that she comes across.
Hawaiian mythology
Hawaiian mythology comprises the legends, historical tales, and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people. It is
considered a variant of a more general Polynesian mythology, developing its own unique character for several
centuries before about 1800. It is associated with the Hawaiian religion. The religion was officially suppressed in the
19th century, but kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day.
A statue of Hawaiian deity
Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua, the spirit of an ancestor or
family god and Kne, the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities.
List of Hawaiian state parks
There are many Hawaiian state parks. The Island of Hawaii) has state
parks, recreation areas, and historical parks. Kauai has the Ahukini State
Recreation Pier, six state parks, and the Russian Fort Elizabeth State
Historical Park. Maui has two state monuments, several state parks, and the
Polipoli Spring State Recreation Area. Molokai has the Pala'au State Park.
Oahu has several state parks, a number of state recreation areas, and a
number of monuments, including the Ulu P Heiau State Monument.
Literature in Hawaii
The literature in Hawaii is diverse and includes authors such as Kiana
Davenport, Lois-Ann Yamanaka, and Kaui Hart Hemmings, author of The Descendants. Hawaiian magazines
include Hana Hou!, Hawaii Business Magazine and Honolulu, among others.
Hawaii
23
Music of Hawaii
The music of Hawaii includes an array of traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to
modern rock and hip hop. Hawaii's musical contributions to the music of the United States are out of proportion to
the state's small size. Styles like slack-key guitar are well-known worldwide, while Hawaiian-tinged music is a
frequent part of Hollywood soundtracks. Hawaii also made a major contribution to country music with the
introduction of the steel guitar.
[46]
Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state's musical heritage. The Hawaiian people have inhabited
the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge. Their music is largely
religious in nature, and includes chanting and dance music. Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the
music of other Polynesian islands; indeed, music author Peter Manuel called the influence of Hawaiian music a
"unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics".
[47]
Polynesian mythology
Polynesian mythology is the oral traditions of the people of Polynesia, a grouping of Central and South Pacific
Ocean island archipelagos in the Polynesian triangle together with the scattered cultures known as the Polynesian
outliers. Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto-Polynesian that was
probably spoken in the Tonga Samoa area around 1000 BC.
A sacred god figure wrapping for the war
god 'Oro, made of woven dried coconut
fibre (sennit), which would have
protected a Polynesian god effigy (to'o),
made of wood.
Prior to the 15th century AD, Polynesian people fanned out to the east, to the
Cook Islands, and from there to other groups such as Tahiti and the
Marquesas. Their descendants later discovered the islands from Tahiti to
Rapa Nui, and later Hawaii and New Zealand.
Latest research puts the settlement of New Zealand at about 1300 AD. The
various Polynesian languages are all part of the Austronesian language
family. Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to permit
communication between some other language speakers. There are also
substantial cultural similarities between the various groups, especially in
terms of social organisation, childrearing, as well as horticulture, building and
textile technologies; their mythologies in particular demonstrate local
reworkings of commonly shared tales. The various Polynesian cultures each
have distinct but related oral traditions, that is, legends or myths traditionally
considered to recount the history of ancient times (the time of "p") and the
adventures of gods (atua) and deified ancestors.
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Hawaii
Tourism is an important part of the Hawaii economy. In 2003 alone, according to state government data, there were
over 6.4 million visitors to the Hawaiian Islands with expenditures of over $10 billion. Due to the mild year-round
weather, tourist travel is popular throughout the year. The summer months and major holidays are the most popular
times for outsiders to visit, however, especially when residents of the rest of the United States are looking to escape
from cold, winter weather. The Japanese, with their economic and historical ties to Hawaii and the USA as well as
relative geographical proximity, are also principal tourists.
Hawaii is home to numerous cultural events. The annual Merrie Monarch Festival is an international Hula
competition. The state is also home to the Hawaii International Film Festival, the premier film festival for Pacific
rim cinema. Honolulu is also home to the state's long running GLBT film festival, the Rainbow Film Festival.
Hawaii
24
Health
Main article: Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act
Hawaii's health care system insures 92% (2009) of residents. Under the state's plan, businesses are required to
provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week. Heavy regulation of insurance
companies helps keep the cost to employers down. Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care, Hawaiians
require hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States, while total health care expenses
(measured as a percentage of state GDP) are substantially lower. Wikipedia:Citation needed Given these
achievements, proponents of universal health care elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for
proposed federal and state health care plans. Wikipedia:Citation needed
Education
Public schools
Main article: Hawai'i Department of Education
Hawaii has the only school system within the United States that is unified statewide. Policy decisions are made by
the fourteen-member state Board of Education. The Board sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools, who
oversees the state Department of Education. The Department of Education is divided into seven districts, four on
Oahu and one for each of the three other counties. The main rationale for centralization is to combat inequalities
between highly populated Oahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands, and between lower-income and more affluent
areas. In most of the United States, schools are funded from local property taxes. Educators struggle with children of
non-native-English-speaking immigrants, whose cultures are different from those of the mainland (where most
course materials and testing standards originate).
Public elementary, middle, and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated
under the No Child Left Behind Act. The Hawaii Board of Education requires that all eligible students take these
tests and report all student test scores while other states like Texas and Michigan for example, do not. This may have
skewed the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state, 185 (2/3) failed to reach federal
minimum performance standards in math and reading. The ACT college placement tests show that in 2005, seniors
scored slightly above the national average (21.9 compared with 20.9).
[48]
but in the widely accepted SAT
examinations, Hawaii's college-bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except
mathematics.
Private schools
Collectively, independent educational institutions of primary and secondary education have one of the highest
percentages of enrollment of any state. During the 2011-2012 school year, Hawaii public and charter schools had an
enrollment of 181,213, while private schools had 37,695. Private schools thus educated over 17% of the students that
school year, nearly three times the approximate national average of 6%. It has four of the largest independent
schools: Iolani School, Kamehameha Schools, Mid-Pacific Institute, and Punahou School. The second Buddhist
high school in the United States, and first Buddhist high school in Hawaii, Pacific Buddhist Academy, was founded
in 2003. The first native controlled public charter school was the Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School.
Independent and charter schools can select their students, while the public schools are open to all students in their
district. The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the United States that openly grant admission to students
based on ancestry, and the wealthiest schools in the United States, if not the world, having over nine billion US
dollars in estate assets. In 2005, Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students, 8.4% of the Native Hawaiian children in the
state.
See also: List of elementary schools in Hawaii, List of middle schools in Hawaii and List of high schools in Hawaii
Hawaii
25
Colleges and universities
Main Entrance of the University of Hawaii at Hilo
Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often enter
directly into the work force. Some attend colleges and
universities on the mainland or other countries, and the rest
attend an institution of higher learning in Hawaii.
The largest is the University of Hawaii System. It consists
of: the research university at Mnoa; two comprehensive
campuses Hilo and West Oahu; and seven Community
Colleges.
Private universities include Brigham Young
UniversityHawaii, Chaminade University of Honolulu,
Hawaii Pacific University, and Wayland Baptist University.
The Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu.
Kona hosts the University of the Nations, which is not an accredited university.
See also: List of colleges and universities in Hawaii
Governance
The Hawaii State Capitol, as seen from the rim of Punchbowl Crater.
See also: Politics of Hawaii and Political
party strength in Hawaii
The state government of Hawaii is modeled
after the federal government with
adaptations originating from the kingdom
era of Hawaiian history. As codified in the
Constitution of Hawaii, there are three
branches of government: executive,
legislative and judicial.
The executive branch is led by the Governor
of Hawaii assisted by the Lieutenant
Governor of Hawaii, both elected on the
same ticket. The governor is the only state
public official elected statewide; all others are appointed by the governor. The lieutenant governor acts as the
Secretary of State. The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in
the State Capitol. The official residence of the governor is Washington Place. The legislative branch consists of the
bicameral Hawaii State Legislature, which is composed of the 51-member Hawaii House of Representatives led by
the Speaker of the
Hawaii
26
Aliilani Hale, home of the Supreme Court of Hawaii
House and the 25-member Hawaii Senate
led by the President of the Senate. The
Legislature meets at the State Capitol.
The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is the
Hawaii State Judiciary. The state's highest
court is the Supreme Court of Hawaii, which
uses Aliilani Hale as its chambers. Unique
to Hawaii is the lack of municipal
governments. All local governments are
administered at the county level. The only
incorporated area in the state is a
consolidated citycounty, Honolulu County,
which governs the entire island of Oahu.
County executives are referred to as mayors:
The Mayor of Hawaii County, Mayor of Honolulu, Mayor of Kauai, and the Mayor of Maui. The mayors are all
elected in nonpartisan races.
Political subdivisions
See also: List of counties in Hawaii
The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from the Big Island to Maui, and subsequently to Oahu, explains why
population centers exist where they do today. Kamehameha III chose the largest city, Honolulu, as his capital
because of its natural harbor, the present-day Honolulu Harbor.
Now the state capital, Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of Oahu. The previous capital was Lahaina,
Maui, and before that Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. Some major towns are Hilo; Kneohe; Kailua; Pearl City; Waipahu;
Kahului; Kailua-Kona. Khei; and Lhue.
Hawaii comprises five counties: the City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii County, Maui County, Kauai County, and
Kalawao County.
Hawaii
27
Federal government
Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator from
Hawaii
Hawaii is represented in the United States Congress by two
Senators and two Representatives. All four are Democrats. Colleen
Hanabusa represents the 1st congressional district in the House,
representing southeastern Oahu, including central Honolulu. Tulsi
Gabbard represents the 2nd congressional district, representing the
rest of the state, which is mainly rural.
Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii. He
was appointed to the office on the December 26, 2012, by
Governor Neil Abercrombie, following the death of former
Senator Daniel Inouye. The state's junior senator is Mazie Hirono,
the former Representative from the 2nd congressional district.
Hirono owns the distinction of being the first Asian American
female and first Buddhist senators. Hawaii incurred the biggest
seniority shift between the 112th the 113th Congress. The Aloha
state went from a delegation with senators who were first and 21st
in seniority before Inouyes death and Senator Daniel Akakas
retirement, to senators who are 87th and 93rd.
Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the Prince Khi Federal
Building near the Aloha Tower and Honolulu Harbor in Honolulu. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internal
Revenue Service and the Secret Service maintain their offices there, and the building is also the site of the federal
District Court for the District of Hawaii and the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii.
National politics
Presidential elections results
Year Republican Democratic
2012 27.84% 121,015 70.55% 306,658
2008 26.58% 120,446 71.85% 325,588
2004 45.26% 194,191 54.01% 231,708
2000 37.46% 137,845 55.79% 205,286
1996 31.64% 113,943 56.93% 205,012
1992 36.70% 136,822 48.09% 179,310
1988 44.75% 158,625 54.27% 192,364
1984 55.10% 185,050 43.82% 147,154
1980 42.90% 130,112 44.80% 135,879
1976 48.06% 140,003 50.59% 147,375
1972 62.48% 168,865 37.52% 101,409
1968 38.70% 91,425 59.83% 141,324
1964 21.24% 44,022 78.76% 163,249
1960 49.97% 92,295 50.03% 92,410
Hawaii
28
Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election in 1960, Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two
presidential elections (1972 and 1984, both landslide victories for Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan
respectively). During that time, only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidential
elections.
In 2004, John Kerry won the state's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54% of the vote.
Every county supported the Democratic candidate. In 1964, favorite son candidate Senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii
sought the Republican presidential nomination, while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in 1972.
Honolulu native Barack Obama, then serving as United States Senator from Illinois, was elected the 44th President
of the United States on November 4, 2008, and was reelected for a second term on November 6, 2012. Obama had
won the Hawaiian Democratic Caucus on February 19, 2008 with 76% of the vote. He was the third Hawaii-born
candidate to seek the nomination of a major party and the first presidential nominee from Hawaii.
Transportation
See also: Hawaii Department of Transportation and Aviation in Hawaii
A system of state highways encircles each main island. Only Oahu has federal highways, and is the only area
outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed Interstate highways. Travel can be slow due to narrow winding roads,
and congestion in populated places. Each major island has a public bus system.
The main welcome sign for Honolulu Airport
Honolulu International Airport (IATA:HNL), which shares
runways with the adjacent Hickam Field (IATA:HIK), is the major
commercial aviation hub of Hawaii. The commercial aviation
airport offers intercontinental service to North America, Asia,
Australia, and Oceania. Within Hawaii, Hawaiian Airlines,
Mokulele Airlines and go! use jets between the larger airports in
Honolulu, Lhue, Kahului, Kona and Hilo, while Island Air and
Pacific Wings serve smaller airports. These airlines also provide
air freight service amongst the islands.
Until air passenger service became available in the 1920s, private
boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands.
Seaflite operated hydrofoils between the major islands in the mid-1970s. The Hawaii Superferry operated between
Oahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009, with additional routes planned for other islands. Legal
issues over environmental impact statements and protests ended the service, though the company operating
Superferry has expressed a wish to begin ferry service again at a future date. Currently there is passenger ferry
service in Maui County between Molokai and Maui, and between Lanai and Maui, though neither of these takes
vehicles. Currently Norwegian Cruise Lines and Princess Cruises provide passenger cruise ship service between the
larger islands.
Hawaii
29
Rail
At one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that helped move farm commodities as
well as passengers. Most were 3ft (914mm) narrow gauge but there were some 2ft6in (762mm) gauge on some of
the smaller islands. Standard US gauge is 4ft8
1

2
in (1,435mm). By far the largest railroad was the Oahu Railway
and Land Company (OR&L) that ran many lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oahu.
[49]
The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II. Traffic on this line was busy enough
for there to be signals on the lines to facilitate movement of trains and wigwag signals at some railroad crossings for
the protection of motorists. The main line was officially abandoned in 1947; although part of it was bought by the
US Navy and operated until 1970. Thirteen miles (21km) of track remain and preservationists occasionally run
trains over a portion of this line. The Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project aims to add elevated
passenger rail on Oahu to relieve highway congestion.
Sister cities and twin towns
Hawaii has many sister cities and twin towns. Hawaii County is twinned with five Japanese cities and one
Philippines city. Hilo is twinned with a Chilean city and a Japanese city. Honolulu is twinned with over 25 foreign
cities, most notably Manila, Toronto, Seoul, and Tokyo. Kauai County is twinned with three Japanese cities. Maui
County is twinned with over 20 cities, most notably Madrid and Manila. Waikiki is twinned with Bixby, Oklahoma.
See also: List of sister cities in the United States Hawaii
Gallery
Niihau Kaua Oahu Maui
Moloka Lna Kahoolawe Hawai
Hawaii
30
References
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params=21_18_41_N_157_47_47_W_type:adm1st_scale:3000000_region:US-HI
[2] Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians. Hawaii resident or islander is the preferred local
form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity. The Associated Press Stylebook, 42nd ed. (2007), also prescribes this usage
(p. 112).
[3] Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
[4] The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point in Oceania. Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from base to
summit. The shield volcano sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of for a total height of
[5] http:/ / www. hawaii. gov
[6] Hawaii January 29, 2014 (http:/ / earthobservatory. nasa. gov/ IOTD/ view. php?id=82975)
[7] Pollexa reconstruction of the Proto-Polynesian lexicon, Biggs and Clark, 1994. The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a
reconstructed word form.
[8] [8] Pukui, Elbert, and Mookini 1974.
[9] Blay, Chuck, and Siemers, Robert. Kauais Geologic History: A Simplified Guide. Kauai: TEOK Investigations, 2004. ISBN
9780974472300. (Cited in )
[10] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii& params=19_34_N_155_30_W_type:isle& title=Hawaii
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[12] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii& params=21_28_N_157_59_W_type:isle& title=Oahu
[13] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii& params=22_05_N_159_30_W_type:isle& title=Kauai
[14] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii& params=21_08_N_157_02_W_type:isle& title=Molokai
[15] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii& params=20_50_N_156_56_W_type:isle& title=Lanai
[16] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii& params=21_54_N_160_10_W_type:isle& title=Niihau
[17] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack.php?pagename=Hawaii& params=20_33_N_156_36_W_type:isle& title=Kahoolawe
[18] Swanson, D. A.; Rausch, J. (2008) Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of Klauea (http:/ / adsabs. harvard. edu/ abs/
2008AGUFM. V11B2022S), American Geophysical Union.
[19] [19] Mitchell, N. (2003) Susceptibility of mid-ocean ridge volcanic islands and seamounts to large scale landsliding. Journal of Geophysical
Research, 108, 1-23.
[20] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:History_of_Hawaii& action=edit
[21] By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989). The Pacific Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 45. ISBN 0-8248-1233-6
[22] Coulter, John Wesley. (Jun 1964) "Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument". The Geographical Journal, Vol. 130, No. 2.
[23] Hawaii National Park. (June 1959). " Hawaii Nature Notes (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ history/ history/ online_books/ hawaii-notes/ vol6-59h.
htm)". The Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park, and the Hawaii Natural History Association.
[24] [24] Stanley D. Porteus, Calabashes and Kings: An Introduction to Hawaii. Kessinger Publishing, 2005; p. 17
[25] Kuykendall, "The Hawaiian Kingdom Volume I: Foundation and Transformation", p18 "Cook's plan was to get the king on board the
Resolution and keep him there until the stolen boat was returneda plan that had been effective under similar circumstances in the south
Pacific".
[26] To express the policy of the United States regarding the United States' relationship with Native Hawaiians, and for other purposes: report
(to accompany S. 2899). p. 7. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Indian Affairs (1993 ). U.S. G.P.O., 2000.
[27] Migration and Disease (https:/ / web. archive.org/ web/ 20070207121510/ http:/ / www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/ database/ article_display.
cfm?HHID=422). Digital History.
[28] Kuykendall, R.S. (1967) The Hawaiian Kingdom, 18741893. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 648.
[29] Hawaii Reporter: Rush Limbaugh Sounds Off on Akaka Bill. (http:/ / www. hawaiireporter. com/ rush-limbaugh-sounds-off-on-akaka-bill/
123) August 18, 2005.
[30] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Hawaii& action=edit
[31] Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States,
Regions, Divisions, and States (http:/ / www.census.gov/ population/ www/ documentation/ twps0056/ twps0056. html)
[32] Population of Hawaii: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts (http:/ / censusviewer. com/ city/ HI)
[33] 2010 Census Data (http:/ / www. census. gov/ 2010census/ data/ )
[34] "California's Hispanic population projected to outnumber white in 2014" (http:/ / www. reuters. com/ article/ 2013/ 02/ 01/
us-usa-population-california-idUSBRE91006920130201) from Reuters (January 31, 2013)
[35] [35] See pages 332-333.
[36] www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/15/rcms2010_15_state_name_2010.asp (http:/ / www. thearda. com/ rcms2010/ r/ s/ 15/
rcms2010_15_state_name_2010. asp)
[37] U.S. Religion Map and Religious Populations U.S. Religious Landscape Study Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life (http:/ / religions.
pewforum.org/ maps)
[38] [38] "LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota". State of the States. Gallup Politics. 15 February 2013
[39] Williams Inst. Census Snapshot http:/ / williamsinstitute. law. ucla. edu/ category/ research/ census-lbgt-demographics-studies/
Hawaii
31
[40] Bls.gov (http:/ / www. bls. gov/ lau/ ); Local Area Unemployment Statistics
[41] Associated Press, " Study: Military spent $12B in Hawaii in 2009 (http:/ / www. navytimes. com/ news/ 2011/ 06/
ap-military-spending-strong-in-hawaii-060111/ )", Military Times, June 1, 2011.
[42] Cost of Living Wizard (http:/ / salary.nytimes. com/ costoflivingwizard/ layoutscripts/ coll_start. asp) on The New York Times website
[43] FreeShipping.org (http:/ / www.freeshipping. org/ category/ hawaii-free-shipping-coupons/ ) for examples of stores that ship free to Hawaii
[44] Historic Housing Values (http:/ / www. census. gov/ hhes/ www/ housing/ census/ historic/ values. html) on www.census.gov
[45] [45] 2012 resolution introduced requesting Congress to exempt Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, and Puerto Rico from the Jones Act.
[46] Unterberger, pp. 465473
[47] Manuel, pp. 236241
[48] [48] Honolulu Advertiser, August 17, 2005, p.B1
[49] Hawaiian Railway Album WW II Photographs Vol 2; Victor Norton Jr. and Gale E. Treiber; 2005; Railroad Press Hanover, PA
Further reading
Bushnell, O. A. The Gifts of Civilization: Germs and Genocide in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,
1993.
Holmes, T. Michael. The Specter of Communism in Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994.
Russ Jr., William Adam. The Hawaiian Republic (1894-98) and Its Struggle to Win Annexation. Selinsgrove, PA:
Susquehanna University Press, 1961.
Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii." Social
Education 63, 7 (November/December 1999): 402408.
Stokes, John F.G. "Spaniard and the Sweet Potato in Hawaii and Hawaiian-American Contacts." American
Anthropologist, New Series, vol. 34, no. 4 (1932) pp.594600.
External links
Official website (http:/ / portal. ehawaii. gov/ index. html)
Hawaii State Guide from the Library of Congress (http:/ / www. loc. gov/ rr/ program/ bib/ states/ hawaii/ index.
html)
Hawaii (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ North_America/ United_States/ Hawaii) at DMOZ
Hawaii State Fact Sheet (http:/ / www. ers. usda. gov/ data-products/ state-fact-sheets/ state-data.
aspx?StateFIPS=15& StateName=Hawaii#. U8PzP_ldUeo) from the U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Hawaii (http:/ / www. usgs. gov/ state/ state.
asp?State=HI)
Energy Data & Statistics for Hawaii (http:/ / tonto. eia. doe. gov/ state/ state_energy_profiles. cfm?sid=HI)
Satellite image of Hawaiian Islands (http:/ / earthobservatory. nasa. gov/ Newsroom/ NewImages/ images.
php3?img_id=15304) at NASA's Earth Observatory
Documents relating to Hawaii Statehood, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library (http:/ / eisenhower.
archives. gov/ research/ online_documents/ hawaii_statehood. html)
Happily a State, Forever an Island (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 08/ 21/ opinion/ 21theroux.
html?pagewanted=all) by The New York Times
Hawaii Then and Now (http:/ / www. life. com/ image/ first/ in-gallery/ 50681/
hawaii-then-and-now)Wikipedia:Link rot slideshow by Life magazine
Geographic data related to Hawaii (http:/ / www. openstreetmap. org/ browse/ relation/ 166563) at
OpenStreetMap
Precededby
Alaska
List of U.S. states by date of
statehood
Admitted on August 21, 1959 (50th)
Most recent
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ASalkever, Aaron Schulz, Aaron-Tripel, Abdull, Academic Challenger, Acalamari, Accurizer, Adam McMaster, Adashiel, Adhdlv, Adjwilley, Adrey, Aeusoes1, Afarila, Afv2006, Ageekgal,
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