Geometric des~gn TRHI 7 , Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 n of surfaced rural roa on the geometric desi n manuals of ic parameters of driver, vehicle to horizontal and vertical ali design of intersections ion is paid to drainage ele- ntwerp van buitestedelike dek- gebaseer op die han it in die basiese parameters van ord riglyne wat betrekking elei. Die ligging en ont- eskenk aan dreine- nment, cross-sec Geometric design TRH17, Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 The geometric desi ere derived lar e years, however by the various a The Committee o practice will be of creasingly mobile for practice to be tions. It has therefore evance should be H1 7 represents the a TRH17 is base statements on The wide variety TRH1 7 therefor The Committee res resentatives of the Geometric design TRH 1 7, Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 cope of the document 7 3 Traffic volumes 1.4 Traffic speed 7 Capacity and level of service I . Classification of rural roads 2. "i The driver e road surface kt distance uccessive curves Geometric design YRHI 7 , Pretoria, Sout h Africa, 1988 Geometric design TRH17, Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 Geometric design TRH17, Pretoria, S ~ u t h Africa, 1988 Gsnmelric de?lsiign TRH 1 7. Pretoria, South Africa, 1 rnents of the four rmity of geometry current practices and standards. The endment as research results, tailorin F the conse- Geometric design TWHf 7, Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 1 The design of new routes or improvements to existing route traffic vo!umes. A design life of 20 years is often eriod may be altered subject to the planning of cerned, and the evaluation of the economic consequences of suggested timespan. For example, a relatively low-cost road volumes may justify a shorter design life because of the sa er number of axle-load repetitions in the shorter pe hilly or mountainous terrain may require a longer design li sonable return on the initial cost of construction. Projected traffic volumes should prefera growth factor to present-day traffic coun re an alternative able, an origin-destination survey may be nec possible alternatives, a full-scale transporfation ered. A useful input to the determination of proj Traffic Demand Model administered by the Department of Tran Traffic volumes are often e essed in terms of average dail sured in vehicles per day. ADT does no hourly fluctuations in traffic volume. frequently assumed to be the 30th n, ie the hourly volume exceeded hourly volume is expressed as a tween 12 and 18 per cent. A figur mally assumed unless actual counting suggests an nual basis, the directional split on most rural roads i ever, during any specific hour the volume in one direction may than in the other. The directional split is often in the ratio o heavier flow is the design criterion. Traffic speeds are me kilometres per hour. is affects visi Geometric design W 1 7, Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 Geometric design TRM4 7, Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 Geometric design TRH17, Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 Traffic volumes ve iscusses the parameters from se guidelines are derive the design vehicle, its dimen performance characteri ssary before climbing lanes, maximum permissible grades, intersec- nd turning roadway radii and widths can be decided on. The driver's ht above the road surface and his reaction ime are used to derive stop- other sight distances. ht distances are known, rates veqical curvature can, in icient of friction of the roa ace, in conjunction with the relating to the driver, determines the various sight distances, and superelevation rates, from which minimum horizontal radii for the gn speeds are calculated. ation of the recommended values is given so that the designer dealin other design vehicle or circumstance ill be in a position to calculate n vehicle for which dimensions have been estab- ); the single unit truck ( is the subject of vely established for the , although they a l ensions are not avails the dimensions of the een adopted. icle most frequently ernploye in the design of rural roads is the single for the various desi n vehicles are given in Table 2.2.1. Geometric design TRW 17, Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 units -i- trailers. In constricted situations \M Geometric design TRH 1 B , Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 Geometric design TRHI 7 , Pretoria, South Africa, 1988 her Geometric design H1 7, Pretoria, South The road surface has lion of the situation a qualities taken into ac rake force coe safety factor, as smooth wet surf Geornetrrc design 7, Pretoria, South Africa, I Geometric desi rehorm, Solath Africa, 1 9 - ESlG DISTANCE (m) Geornelrrc des~gn PRH-17, Prelorta, South Africa, 1988 At a st to see stopped vehicle starts to cross. of the intersecting roads. t distances, rec be studied. Geometric design TRH I 7 , Pretoria, South A 9-3 South Africa, 1 988 ic desi T M 1 7, Pretoria, ica, 19 TRW 1 7, Pretor~a, South A k a , 1988 of a cuwe shoul TRH17, Pretoria, Transition curves are r this basis and rounded g, in m 003'; OOSP OOOP' 035: OOOE OOS-2 OSOZ OOOF 00s 0 nce from this sec table feature of the road to the driver. sured by the relative sic I = lane factor at the cornme Geometric design TRMl7, Pretoria, South AMca, 19 V' . TIOIV RUN-OFF FOR NE ROADS SIG e lengths based on such direct ratios, relevation run-off lengths should be for wider pavements should , the median is disr election of the lane . If the median is wi ,2 m, the two car- rate entities. For i widths of rnedian actor may be selected. Geornetrlc desrgn TRH17, PreQorra, South Afr~ca, l988 a l fall urves and tangent ility to accelerate and decelerate. ife economy of the roa nment should tance of the same gence angle of 1" met n 4 7, South Africa, 198 GRADIENT (%) LENGTH OF GRAD ths can be rea from Figure 2.2.4, and are conventence. es by removing slo tent. Geometric design TRH17, Pretoria, South Africa, 19 Geometric design TWMI S, Pretoria; Sout h Africa, 1988 South Africa, 1988 ric de r i m, 1 S-section of a road vehicles, drain es and, to a lesser extent in the r destrians. For convenience of drivers, wide lanes a and gently sloping border areas are ese conditions, and c cross-sectional ele mended val ues. er one lane in each direction n each direction (multi-lane ro irection and ar divided or six-l ddition of an auxiliary I The selection of lane Geometric TRH17, Pretoria, South Afric: Geornelrrc. design TRM 17, Pretoria, Soitth Africa, I Geometr~c des~gn " TRI 7 , Pretorra. South Airrca, 19 Geometric design TRH17, Pretoria. South Africa, 1988 drains should preferably be raised rather than depressed in drain 1oca"td almo heighten the possibility wheel might s are constructed of either concrete or pre ixed bitumen. The premix normally has a height of 75 to mm, and IS trapezoidal in prof~l e with a h of 250 mm and a top wid f l00 mm. The concrete edge drain is a rrler kerb and channel as specifled in SABS 927-19693. This requires a rnpacted backing for stability and is therefore less convenient to con- the premix berm. e top of a cut, is to the cut face w o deflect away from the cut overland e area outsid through material ce the volume of ved by the side drain. drain is seldom, if ever, lined. It is constructed h the undis- soil of the area as it n readily be grass as a protec- inst scour. Transverse weirs can also be cted to reduce flow ve- the restrictions mentioned rn Se 2 do not apply to the er drain. The cut face and the profile of reduce the probability tering the drain, but, should this h e speed of the vehicle designer is not directly in invert are prefe Underground reticulation is costly both to provide and to m therefore, without vio e use of undergroun of surface draina Chutes are intended to convey a concentration of water down without such protection, would be su large structure to a half-round prec channels. Flow velocities are high, so that stream erosion is to be avoided. An exampl discharge of water down a fill slope from an e require attention to ensure that water is de chute, particularly v~here the road is on a ste It is important that chutes be adequately space the shoulders of the road. Fu hermore, the dimensions of t basin should be such that these drainage elements do not tion, Because of the suggested shallow de the design and construction of chutes to ensur IS not deflected out of the chute. This is a serious obviated by replacin the chute with a pipe. bank. orr~etrrtc: des~qi i 1-4l1'7. Pretoria, Sout h Africa, 1988 FOR GIVEN FI LL SLOPE CHECK NATURAL SLOPE BELOW FILL SLOPE EDGE Of 1USABL.E SHOULDER AROWOOO SPACER BLOCK 2 5 X 150 X 100 R S A 8 S 1350-I9 ered 70" or domed R South Africa, 1988 LAST POINT OF HAZ ARD 19050 rlc de TRH17, Pretoria. DIRECTION OF TRAVEL - ant part of a roa of vehicles on t tiveness of its intersections. manoeuvres. last cut ve TRH 17, Pretoria, TRH 1 7 , Pretoria, ie where there are low volumes vehicle on traffic flow may be eed traffic strea erefore normally provided at major rural int and right turns from the major to the nor road. These ned in accordance with the sugges n s contained in nts of right-turn lanes can be cons~dere both of which in- s are high and ht and the lane is made can be designated for both through and turn- he flow of throu y mandatory arrows, possibly reinfor length of the right-turn lane. ge for the number of vehicl -minute period in the peak hour. As a minimum re- t two passenger cars should be provided; when over ic consists of trucks, provision should be made for at least two-minute waiting time is arbitrary, and some other largely on the opportunities for completin n the volume of opposing traffic. natural and expecte to channelization of t tion 74 TRHI 7 , Pretoria, Sou r connection cornmen as the diamond ramp rminal. This makes it possible to accommodate can be consi ered for a right turn. p is often employed. Turning vehicles are re- of direction at relatively low not require an ad main structure. Loops tlpap- "3"" , , , ,a sin -xA ir*@^*- a * ( ; - " t: P b b i **;:IP l i i "l MPLE DIAMOND fic fl fic S There are three generally us tructure, and the Parclo- has the loops on the sa tion has the loops on the same loops are forced to weave either on the freeway tributor road. This configuration, like the tran with one Loop. ssion of access and syste s interchanges ha es. A freeway terminating at its i would however glve rise to a three-legged systems inte access to a local area on one side of a freeway would req access interchange, although, in t h ~ case, it is often a development of the area on the other side of the freew ed interchange in the first instance. Left turns take place on outer connections and right . It is not custom o weaving on the mi- directional ram separation struct If both right turns are on semi-directional ramps, the third layou 9.3.3 results. tion of continul 0 and drop lanes over short ility that a given exit fr nance, or because of that would normally have exi next exit under circumstances of extr number of lanes over a reasonable f operation on the freewa tes to his chosen destination. ation of lane balance and continuity of th of lanes at interc positioned to ca 07~6, but no continui ask number of lanes osic number of lanes and ions balance o exit at the next inter- two main factors to consider in determinin e use of an interchange is determined in part by the clarity of its since the driver, particularly a driver unfamiliar with the area, must te advance warning of the location of exits to specific destina- of interchanges is dealt with in the South African Road Traffic nua12. In that document it is suggested that a Class I Sign Sequence a Pre-Advance Sign mounted two kilometres in advance of n Sign (depending on the nce to the next ounted about m beyond the entrance. ning will be ation Sign IS replaced by a P nce Sign to two consecutive interchanges, the designer the ed to eliminate weaving between them, and t i red ning, taking the greater of these two as the minimum acceptable n the interchanges. As a very rough guide, a distance of about 5 Ily be the minimum acceptable spacing between successive in- on rural freeways. rea is more int sively developed, as in the Pretoria- area, for exa le the spacing of successive interchanges may S than the 5 km suggested above. Under these circumstances a km could be considered the minimum for successive access in- minimum spacing be een an access interch ge and a sys- should not be less t n 3,6 km. As these di nces are mea- oad to intersecting road, it is clear t the effective signin of the freeway will ir locat~on have an impact on signing requirements. This is inimurn distance between edge-line breakpoints, ei tapers of on- and off-ramps of successive inte S o access conditions, being: e the rest area h access directly to the free ss to the crossin oad of the interchange. ases are also considered. T ese refer to the other element onsidered in n sequence between it an the rest area in r element is an interchan ajor road as its is an interc minor road as its crossing road; freeway. The relevant istances are given in Ta these distances are measure IN1 S AND D (km/h) AMP (k pound curve WO long enough to allow t The rates of super S tl VALUES OF K FOR VERTI ON The minimum length of vertical curvature suggested for a ram on aesthetics, but it ill very often not be possible to achieve gested in Table 4.2.2. Lower values are proposed in length in metres ecual to 0,6 o rounded off to the nearest 10 m. DESIGN SPEED (krnh) If a stalled vehicle blocks an off-ramp, blocking of the stop for future conversion of the TRH 1 7, Prelor~ ths are used in t e design of the terminal where the ram ic enters the intersecting road at an for vehicles entering or exiting from the through minal of the intersecting road should be designed in accordance with idelines in Chapter 8. Through road ramp terminals are discussed below. cing of successive terminals should be such that the manoeuvres car- by a driver entering at one terminal are not hampered by vehicles enter- e next terminal downstream, The distance between an entrance and the exit should allow for weaving between the two terminals. An ex~t fol- does not caus successive exits could be cl river to be able to differenti nt design speeds that are likely to apply to the various cir- s of free-flowing ramp terminal are discussed in Subsection 9.2.1, o 1000 m, Th at moderate to heavy pedestrian and pedal cycle traf- accidents are experienced along some tarred rural areas: in the proximity of towns, in densely Is, bus stops, shops and housing next to the ining compounds, industrial plants, a ricultural de- . Usually, no specific provision is mad for pedestri- e places - pedestrians are ent~rely dependent on g to a bus stop or from one place to another. Th~s er which pedestrian a1 cyclist facill- ays depend on the vehic volumes of pedes eed of vehicular t itions specified in he purpose intended, footways must have all- strians will choose to walk on the carriageway. ated at least 3 the reserve boundary mstances be preferabl pedestrians with walk on. Paved shoulders. 1 3 m Road shoulders musr also be me em, thereby forcing of the road shot~lder are pa road surface. or reconstructeo, a part of the old road for pedestr~ans or as a cycle lane. Where a , consideration should be given to erecting utder and the footwa route in the foreseea mmirnum width of th existing or new bri ninium structure separate walkway oach footways provid I or a 2011 transition provid occur at bus S ops because buses stop t of drivers of pedestrians crossin The layout of a bus Stop consists of t to the road. Typical layouts sho the minimum require pletely. The yello edge line should be replaced with a broken y line where the bus exits or re-e