Study Guide - 1 - InrroduerIon elcome to the \ater and Sewerage Authority`s 1st National Secondary Schools Quiz Competition. \ater is essential to all lie on earth. \ In the ollowing pages you will discoer more about water, its properties, how it moes, how to keep it sae and how \ASA treats it and gets it to your home. In the Know with l2O` Study Guide - 2 - TabIe ot Conrenra Caregory x Chapter J 3-4 \ho is \ASA Chapter 2 S-7 \here does our water come rom Caregory z Chapter 3 9-JJ \hat is \atershed Management. Caregory Chapter 4 J3-J6 \ater Pollution Caregory Chapter S J7-J9 low do our consumers receie a potable water supply Caregory Chapter 6 20-22 \ater Conseration Chapter 7 23-2S \ater Reuse IAQ's 29 Chapter 8 26-28 \ASA`s 2011 Dry Season Plan Retereneea WASA's Website LMA's Website US Geological Survey's Water Science for Schools www.wasa.go.tt www.ema.co.tt www. ga.water.usgs.go,edu,watercyclesummary.html water.epa.go,learn,kids,drinkingwater,index.cm www.canari.org,pubcat26.asp LPA United States Lnvironmental Protection Agency Caribbean Natural Resources Institute Ior further information, please contact: Corporate Communications Department Public Lducation Centre 1elephone and lax: 662-2810 1elephone: 662-9694,645-0535 1elephone: 645-5900 ext. 2081 1elephone: 645-9500 ext. 2330 lax: 662- 8184 lax: 645- 393 Caregory x whu is w4S42 Chater 1 1he \ater and Sewerage Authority ,\ASA, was established by an Act o Parliament or Act 16 in 1965 to manage the water and sewerage sector o 1rinidad and 1obago. It on September 1st 1965. e :
A element o this Act is the transmission o a sae, reliable and eicient water supply to satisy the demands o domestic, commercial and industrial customers and consumers o the nation. came into eect 1h Act brought together seeral agencies 1he Central \ater Distribution Authority 1he Port o Spain City Council 1he San lernando Borough Council 1he Arima Borough Council 1he County Councils 1he \ater Diision o the Ministry o Public Utilities 1he Sanitation Diision o the Ministry o Public Utilities 1he Goernment o 1rinidad and 1obago recognized the need or the deelopment and control o the nation's water resources. An arrangement was made with a Canadian irm to train persons in the collection and analysis o basic hydrological and hydro meteorological data between the period July 1966 and late 190. 1he persons who were trained ormed the irst sta o the \ater Resources Surey, which later became known 1he water and Sewerage 4uthurity 1he water Resuurces 4gency Study Guide - 4 - as the \ater Resources Agency and was attached to the \ater and Sewerage Authority in March 196. 1he Agency`s data collection system comprises a monitoring network o gauges which measures and reports rainall, streamlow, groundwater, eaporation and water quality at strategically located sites throughout 1rinidad and 1obago. 1he data and inormation collected is used to deelop trends in the quality and quantity o the surace and groundwater resources required or social and economic deelopment, and the protection o enironmental quality. \ithin recent times, with the new ocus o water resources management utilizing the integrated approach the agency has collaborated with all stakeholders to allow decision making or the sustainability o the water resource. Some key stakeholders are: Lnironmental Management Authority ,LMA, Ministry o \orks and 1ransport Drainage Diision Ministry o lood Production, Land and Marine Resources Ministry o Public Utilities Oice o Disaster Preparedness and Management ,ODPM, Meteorological Serices o 1rinidad and 1obago ,ML1, Caregory x where dues uur water cume frum2 Chater 2 where is uur w41LR2 ll liing things need water to Asurie. Biologically humans hae approximately 65 water in our bodies. 1he scientiic expression or water is l O. 1his is 2 because water is made up o hydrogen molecules and oxygen molecule. It is written this way because one oxygen molecule holds on to two hydrogen molecules.
\e are all surrounded by water. In act the earth is made up o 20 land and 80 water. loweer, this does not mean that there is an abundance o water or us to use. 1he remaining 80 water is separated into sea water and resh water. \ater coer most o the earth but only 3 is reshwater and only 1 is accessible. Sea water constitutes 9, resh water constitutes the other 3 howeer, 2 is trapped as ice called glaciers in the North and South Pole. 1his leaes 1 or 0.00 resh water or us to drink. 1hereore the amount o water on the earth isn`t changing. As the population increases so does the demand or water. 1he sources o resh water are wells, springs, lakes, riers, streams and reseroirs. 1his water when passed through the dierent treatment processes is now potable water or water that is sae or us to drink. 1he rigorous water treatment process gets rid o bacteria, dirt, chemicals and other harmul micro organisms.
Study Guide - 6 - what is the water Cycle2 1he water cycle does not hae a deinite starting point, howeer since most o the earth`s water lies in the oceans let us begin there. 1he sun, which pilots the water cycle, heats the water in the oceans. Some o it eaporates as a apour or gas into the air. Ice and snow can moe directly to water apour. 1he air currents rise taking the water apour up into the atmosphere, along with water rom eapotranspiration. 1his is water that is transpired rom plants and eaporated rom the soil. As the apour rises the cooler temperatures in the atmoshpere causes the apour to condense into clouds. Air currents constantly moe clouds around the world. 1he cloud particles collide, grow, and all out o the sky as rain or precipitation. Some o the rain can all as snow and accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store water rozen as ice or thousands o years. Most times rain alls into the oceans or onto land, where it lows oer the ground as surace runo. A Study Guide - 7 - segment o this runo enters riers and streams moing the water towards the oceans. Sometimes, the surace water runo, can accumulate and be stored as reshwater in lakes. Not all surace water runo lows into riers. A measurable sum soaks into the ground as iniltration. 1he water penetrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquiers ,saturated subsurace rock,. 1hese aquiers store ast amounts o reshwater or long periods o time. 1his water can also stay close to the surace o the land and can ind openings in the lands surace to emerge as reshwater springs. Oer time all this water keeps moing and moing and eentually re-enters the ocean, where the cycle begins again. 1he water Cycle Cun't Surace water is water that is ound in riers, lakes or a streams. Surace water is usually exposed to many arious contaminants, such as animal wastes, pesticides, insecticides, industrial wastes, algae and many other organic materials. Ground water is water that is trapped beneath the ground. Rain that soaks into the ground and riers that disappear beneath the earth, recharge the supply o underground water. Because o the many sources o recharge, ground water may contain any or all o the contaminants ound in surace water as well as the dissoled minerals it picks up during its long stay underground. ater is generally classiied into two groups: Surace \ater Ground \ater. \ Caregory z what is watershed Hanagement2 Chater 3 Study Guide - 10 - watershed Hanagement watershed or a catchment basin is a basin-like land orm deined by high points and ridgelines that descend into Alower eleations and stream alleys. It is a natural system that links the land, water and liing organisms ,including people, that lie within its boundaries. A watershed carries water "shed" rom the land ater rain alls. 1he water is channeled into soils, groundwater, lakes and streams, making its way to larger riers and eentually the sea. Since water is a uniersal solent, it is aected by all that it comes in contact with: the land it traerses and the soils through which it traels. 1he important thing about watersheds is: what we do on the land aects water quality and quantity or all communities liing downstream. lealthy watersheds proide ood and shelter or wildlie as well. \atershed management is the process o creating and implementing plans, programs and projects to sustain and enhance watershed unctions that aect the plant, animal and human communities within a watershed boundary. Some o the eatures o a watershed that agencies seek to manage include water supply, water quality, drainage, storm water runo, water rights and the oerall planning and utilization o the watersheds. In 1rinidad and 1obago, watershed management is a coordinated eort amongst a number o agencies such as: including the \ater Resources Agency and the \ater and Sewerage Authority. Lnironmental Management Authority ,LMA, Ministry o \orks and 1ransport Drainage Diision Ministry o lood Production, Land and Marine Resources Ministry o Public Utilities Ministry o Planning, Lconomic & Social Restructuring & Gender Aairs. Ministry o lousing and the Lnironment Oice o Disaster Preparedness and Management ,ODPM, Meteorological Serices o 1rinidad and 1obago ,ML1, Study Guide - 11 - 1hey implement programmes and monitor changes to the watershed to ensure the conseration o all natural resources in that area. One such area is the Caroni Basin in 1rinidad which seres approximately 30 o the country`s potable supply. In order to eectiely manage this supply they hae diided the country into ourteen ,14, lydrometric Regions. In 1rinidad there are nine ,9, hydrometric regions and ie ,5, in 1obago that are urther broken up into watersheds o which there are 55 in 1rinidad. 1he 14 hydrometric regions are: Trinidad Area (sq. km) Tobago Area (sq. km) North Coast 368 North Coast 49 North Oropouche 606 Last Coast 49 Naria 161 \indward 114 Ortoire 49 Courland 39 Southern Range 526 Lowland 46 Cedros Peninsula 420 South Oropouche 438 Central \est Coast 518 Caroni 1010 loweer without proper watershed management there can be many problems such as: Soil Lrosion and Ilooding: are caused by the widespread clearing o orested lands in the watersheds by squatters who slash and burn or agriculture, quarrying and unplanned housing deelopment. Land Tenure: A large portion ,more than 50, o the land in 1rinidad and 1obago is priately-owned. 1here is no law requiring owners to exercise the correct use o their lands. Deterioration in Water Quality: 1he quality o the water ound in the water courses has dropped signiicantly oer the years. 1his is contributed to the oeruse o ertilizers and pesticide, discharge o industrial eluents directly into water courses, dumping o garbage, mining either directly in or adjacent to riers, rier bank erosion and the intensie cultiation o lands adjacent to riers and silt deposition. Iires: is the most harmul agent o any watershed. 1hey are set primarily by the slash-and- burn armers who clear orested lands annually to grow their crops. Accidental ires can be caused by hunters, hikers etc. Some o the beneits o proper watershed management are: Reduction in downstream looding by retaining water and releasing it during drier periods. Recharge groundwater supplies thereby reducing water shortages during dry periods. Protection o rier banks and coastlines rom erosion. Caregory what is water Pullutiun2 Chater 4 Study Guide - 14- w41LR PBLLL1lBN what is water Pullutiun2 \ater pollution is the introduction o physical and,or chemical components into the natural water systems which results in undesirable or deleterious modiications o that natural enironment. A modiication may actually or potentially aect human lie, liing conditions, cultural assets, or the lie cycle o the indigenous plants and animal communities that inhabits or rely on a gien system. 1here are two ways that we impact on water systems: 1. Physically 2. Chemically Physically, is when oreign objects are introduced into the water system such as: a. Solids - Rubbish such as old appliances and old cans Garbage such as rotted egetables and cardboard Sewage b. Liquids - Industrial eluents such as paints and oil Domestic waste such as washing \ater Run o rom agricultural land c. Gases - Dissolution o gases rom the atmosphere such as Sulphur Dioxide ,So2, or carbon monoxide ,CO, rom ehicles. Chemicals deried rom the physical materials that we put into the rier leach into the water and cause chemical pollution. 1hese chemicals are identiied as eight ,8, standard categories o water pollutants. 1hey are a. Oxygen demanding waste b. Inectious agents c. Plant nutrients d. Organic chemicals e. Inorganic elements . Sediment g. Radioactie materials h. leat - - - - Study Guide - 15 - Oxygen demanding waste are the materials that are oxidized by bacteria to Carbon Dioxide ,CO2, and Oxygen ,l2O, or example, rotted egetables, meat and sewage. 1he eect o this waste is reduced oxygen leels in water, which causes a bad odor, and an increase in acidity o the water, which makes the water unusable. Infectious agents are the micro-organisms which can adersely aect the health o humans, lie-stock and the organisms that lie in riers and swamps. 1hey include bacteria such as cholera, gastroenteritis and worms such as tapeworms. 1hese agents get into the water rom rotted egetables, meat and sewage and result in illnesses. Plant nutrients include Nitrogen ,N,, Phosphorous ,P, and Potassium ,K, associated with plants and are a result o the use o agricultural ertilizers, soil erosion and sewage. 1he results o this type o pollutant are reduced oxygen leels in riers and swamps and excessie plant growth which causes eutrophication. Lutrophication occurs when high nitrate leels encourage aquatic plants to grow, thereby blocking out the light and using up the oxygen in the water. 1his usually leads to death o aquatic organisms namely insects and ish. An organic chemical is any compound with one or more C atoms in its molecular structure. 1hey include natural chemicals such as tannins, humic acids, detrital material. 1hey can, howeer include manmade sources such as industrial e.g. petrochemicals, agricultural e.g. pesticides and domestic e.g. egetable and car oils. 1hey cause seere health issues in humans and animals e.g. when birds get coered with oil rom an oil spill, the oil coats their eathers and causes them to stick together. leathers proide a waterproo protection or birds, but when the eathers are coered in oil they lose this ability and their skin becomes exposed and at risk to the elements. Birds who attempt to clean their eathers also oten ingest the oil and become ill or een die rom poisoning. Inorganic elements are or example, metals that are produced rom wastewater and can result in seere health eects. 1hey are most commonly heay metals which are the larger elements o the periodic table. leay metals can be ery poisonous or example, lead which was ound in Demarara Road, Arima. 1his metal caused metal poisoning in the residents o this area, especially little children. One o the eect o lead poisoning in children is learning disabilities and increased iolent behaiour. Sediment is the soil particles carried by water in riers. 1his is the result o deorestation which is the remoal o orests, which results in soil erosion. It is also caused by land clearing or agricultural uses. Sediment in riers clogs the gills o ishes and makes it diicult or them to surie. Radioactive materials are the elements that release dangerous radiation. 1hey are used or x-rays in laboratories. 1hey cause cancer. Heat or thermal pollution is the release o industrial eluents with higher temperatures than that o the natural enironment. It reduces the leel o oxygen in the water which threatens the organisms that lie in it. Organisms also lie within a small temperature range. \hen their enironmental temperature goes aboe or close to their maximum tolerance temperature, they can die. lor examples, hot water is a type o pollutant released rom some o the plants in the Point Lisas area. Study Guide - 16 - Caregory Buw du uur cunsumers receive a utable water suly2 Chater 5 water Pruductiun & Bistributiun Buw Bues w4S4 du lt2 he \ater and Sewerage Authority uses arious techniques to produce 1potable water or distribution to the citizens o 1rinidad and 1obago. or untreated water inorganic and , , need to be treated to produce water that is potable or sae or human consumption. Untreated water and . lence \ASA`s are . Raw water contains organic matter sand, grit, silt and other suspended solids , which can damage pumps, block ilters clog pipelines water treatment plants designed to remoe organic and inorganic matter rom the raw water ia the raw water intake. 1hese intakes consist o screens, which remoes debris beore the water enters the plants pumps. lrom the intake the water is then pumped to the headworks or partial lume. At the partial flume chemicals are added to the raw water. At this initial stage or coagulation to occur a chemical coagulant ,Alum or Aluminum Sulphate,, liquid polymer ,lydrated Lime, and chlorine are added to the water. 1he design ensures the rapid mixing and uniorm distribution \ater is taken rom the rier or stream and pumped into the plant o the chemicals throughout the raw water. 1he alum reacts with the water's alkalinity to produce microloc that traps and absorbs impurities. 1he liquid polymer aids in coagulation by enlarging the loc particles.
. a consistent mixing o the water ensures contact and ormation o heaier loc. Ater the water leaes the locculation chamber , it enters the sedimentation or settling basins. Sedimentation is the remoal o solids rom water by graity settling. A settling time o 1-2 hours is suicient or the heaier loc or sludge to settle. Iiltration is the inal and complete remoal o any inely diided suspended matter. 1he iltration systems are a graity ilter rom the lpartial lume the water goes to the flocculation chamber In this chamber Study Guide - 18 - An injector at the Partial Ilume The Ilocculation Chamber The Iilter Beds system. 1he ilter media consists o six eet o sand, grael and sometimes actiated carbon. 1he water leaing the ilter lows to the clearwell where it is disinected and stored. Chlorine is added to the water to destroy any bacteria or iruses present in the water. liltered chlorinated water lows through the clearwell beneath the ilters to the pumps, where the water is sent ia the transmission pipelines leaing the treatment plant. Study Guide - 19 - The storage tank or the clearwell A Water Treatment Process Diagram Caregory Nuw that we have treated it huw du we cunserve it2 Chater 6 water Cunservatiun .... lts' a artnershi! ater conseration reers to reducing the usage o water and recycling o waste water or dierent purposes such as cleaning, manuacturing, and agricultural irrigation. It can be urther deines as, A signiicant reduction in water loss, use \ or waste as well as the preseration o water quality.` A reduction in water usage is usually accomplished by the implementation o water conseration practices or water eiciency measures. \ater conseration measures are actions, behaiourial change, deices, technology or improed designs to reduce the amount o water used on a daily basis. lence, water eiciency is a tool o water conseration, which results in an eicient use o water thus reducing the demand or a supply. \ater conseration is ery important in 1rinidad and 1obago because approximately 35 o the water supplied by \ASA is unaccounted or which is water that is lost due to leaks or during the treatment process. As such the goals o water conseration are: Sustainability: 1o ensure the aailability o a resh water supply or uture generations. 1he constant withdrawal o resh water rom an ecosystem should not exceed its natural natural replacement rate. Lnergy conseration: 1he treatment, pumping and deliery o water to consumers utilize a signiicant amount o energy. labitat conseration: Minimizing human water use helps to presere resh water habitats or local wildlie, reducing the need to build new dams and other water \ater related inrastructure. are ways consere water at home, work, school or while you play. and migrating as well as On aerage a amily in 1rinidad and 1obago uses 160 gallons o water per person per day doing ordinary actiities such as llushing the toilet uses 5 - gallons Doing one single load o laundry uses 40 gallons 1aking a 10 minute shower uses 25 - 50 gallons Brushing teeth uses 4 gallons \ashing hands uses 2 gallons \atering the lawn uses 5 - 10 gallons ,per minute, Since the aerage persons consumes 160 gallons o water a day, here some in which you can Study Guide - 21 - Study Guide - 22 - Caregory Cunservatiun: Buw can we reuse it2 Chater 7 water Reuse - Brey water water Cunservatiun .... lts' a artnershi! \ater is so multiaceted that een though you use it once it can be reused again. Greywater is water that is generated rom actiities such as washing clothes, cleaning egetables, brushing your teeth, or taking a shower can be recycled or uses such as landscape irrigation and lushing toilets. Greywater gets its name rom its cloudy appearance and rom its status as being between resh potable water ,known as "white water", and sewage water ,"black water",. Any water rom any contaminating sources such as toilets is considered black water or Since there is only 1 resh water aailable or us to use recycling our water can be beneicial. It means that we are using less potable water or things like watering our grass. 1his reduces the strain on the \ater 1reatment Plant, saes energy ,because less water has to be pumped to your home, and means that more resh water is aailable in your community or drinking and cooking. How To Recycle Your Graywater Graywater can be recycled at your home. It can range rom the basic ,putting buckets in your shower or kitchen sink, to the expensie ,custom collection systems that diert the water to an outdoor holding bin or iltration and reuse,. J. Air conditioning: i you use a window-mounted air conditioning unit, you know that condensation builds up and water drips eery day the system is running. Placing a bucket underneath the unit is a great way to reuse this water. 1his water can be used or washing dishes, clothes, hands or watering plants. 2. In the shower: buckets can also be used in the shower, when you`e got the tap on waiting or the water to warm up, a bucket can collect this cold water, which can then be used to wash hands or wares or clothes. 3. In the laundry: recycle your laundry water easily by hooking your washing machine`s drainage hose to a large drum in your backyard. \ou can also allow the water to low onto your lawns or into an irrigation drain or your plants. hands, washing dishes, washing . 1his water sewage to indicate it contains human waste. Study Guide - 24 - 4. In the kitchen: \ou ca ill your sink with water and use this to wash your dshes instead o letting the taps low. \ou can then ill a bucket with water and use it to water your plants. loweer all graywater water is not sae. I you are using graywater it should not hae any o these materials in it: cleaning materials that contain boro, thinners or solents, bath salts, bleach, drain openers ,like Drano,, artiicial water soteners, swimming pool water, rinse water rom greasy or oily things and neer wash cloth diapers and then use that water or graywater, this poses a health hazard. Storage and Disinfection Now that you hae collected the greywater you hae to store it and disinect it or use. A settling tank with a ilter can be used as the solids and large particles will settle to the bottom while grease, oils and small particles will loat, the remaining liquid will be reused. In addition tothis you can also use metal, polyethylene, iberglass, wooden tanks, plastic garbage cans, 55-gallon drums or portable swimming pools. Depending on the type o water you are recycling simple ilters can be used e.g. or a . 1here are two,2, basic chemicals used to disinect greywater. 1hey are chlorine and iodine. Chlorine is more commonly used because it is aailable ,as household liquid bleach, relatiely inexpensie, can be stored and will eaporate r m the water ater disinection. 1he organic material in greywater may combine with chlorine and reduce the amount aailable or disinection. lor this reason, the ilter or settling tank should be beore the disinection point. n , A drain ilter is an easy and inexpensie way to ilter lint and hair out o bath or laundry water simple cloth bag tied oer the end o a hose or pipe o Iodine is less aected by organic material, persists longer, and may be more eectie. Iodine is also ast-acting and requires no more than two minutes to kill most pathogens. 1here are seeral deices aailable that can dispense appropriate amounts o iodine or chlorine ,in solid or liquid orm, to the greywater. Study Guide - 25 - A storage system Caregory w4S4's Bry Seasun Plan 2011: what is it2 Chater 8 Study Guide - 27 - w4S4's BRY SL4SBN PL4N Buw Bues it wurk2 rinidad and 1obago experiences two seasons annually - dry and wet. 1he dry season extends rom January to May and the wet season rom June to December. 11he annual challenge or the Authority is to utilize the aailable water resource during these periods to distribute to the nation. \ASA`s daily treatment capacity is currently one thousand megalitres ,1,000 MLd, or two hundred and twenty million gallons per day ,220 mgd,. O this, approximately 60 is produced rom surace water sources, 28 rom groundwater sources and 12 rom desalination. 1hese reseroirs are directly aected by weather patterns - in the dry season less water is aailable directly rom surace water while in the wet season, raw water quality deteriorates resulting in the treatment acilities being oerloaded. 1he 2010 dry season was particularly harsh with a drought being declared on lebruary 12, 2010. Systems were adjusted to delier aailable water to customers while minimizing impact o the shortall. Gien the magnitude o the shortall, schedules o supply were decreased in some areas rom ie days per week to once per week. As such, a dry season plan ocuses on initiaties to ensure the deliery o water to all sectors o the nation while reinorcing the message - Water Conservation It's a Partnership. Gien the shortcomings in the deliery o during the annual dry season, a number o projects hae been identiied or implementation to improe the reliability o serice. 1hese works orm part o a >1.34 billion programme and proides or basic inrastructure required or proper unction o the water deliery system.
1he objecties o a dry season plan is to proide potable water to customers while keeping schedules o supply thus maintaining a proper supply thus permitting the unctioning o the economy and society. Speciically, to proide all customers with a pipeborne water supply at least twice weekly or 24 hours in each instance. 1o this end, the ollowing outputs hae been identiied or the plan. 1. Maximizing o potable water aailability, 2. Reduction o demand or potable water, 3. Deliery o serice to customers. Caroni Arena Reservoir in the Dry Season. Study Guide - 28 - P I a n t J a n ( m g d ) F e b ( m g d ) M a r ( m g d ) Ap r ( m g d ) M a y ( m g d ) C a r o n i 6 7 6 7 6 2 6 2 6 2 N a v e t 1 8 1 7 . 5 1 7 . 5 1 6 1 6 H o llis 6 . 5 6 5 . 5 5 . 5 5 . 5 N o r t h O r o p o u c h e 2 0 1 7 . 5 1 4 1 2 . 5 1 2 . 5 H ills b o r o u g h 1 . 2 1 . 1 1 1 1 . 1 T O T AL 1 1 2 . 7 1 0 9 . 1 1 0 0 9 7 9 7 . 1 P r o j e c t i o n o f P r o d u c t i o n a t M a j o r S o u r c e s T a b I e 1 n attaining these outputs the authority`s water supply rom our surace water sources at Caroni, Naet, lollis, lillsborough and North Oropouche hae been managed to maximize the water production. As such 1able 1 shows a projected production o I water rom these treatment plants during the Dry Season 2011. Some additional measures being undertaken are as ollows: 1. 1he construction and installation o 5 additional water treatment plants. 2. 1he rehabilitation and drilling o 16 new wells. 3. Continue the collaboration with the Ministry o \orks with regard to road restoration to ensure works are carried out in a timely and eicient manner. 4. Continue the eectie repairing o leaks along the transmission system. On aerage \ASA repairs approximately 2,500 to 6,000 leaks per month. 5. 1he rehabilitation,replacement o the Naet 1runk Main to ensure a more reliable supply to consumers in the constituency o 1abaquite. 6. Increase in the water supply production at Desalcott and redistribution o supplies. . Installation o new distribution pipelines in the 1abaquite constituency. 8. New SMS ,texting, and e-mail acilities to the call centre to lodge a customer complaint. 9. Press releases o serice interruptions, distribution in serice etc. will be sent to all media houses ,teleision stations, newspaper agencies and radio stations,. Frequently 4sked questiuns Question: Why can't we drink sea water? Question: How much water does the Caroni Water Treatment Plant produce in a day? Question: Why does the taste of water differ from one area to the next? Question: What is the reason for my tap water looking cloudly then clear?
Question: How should I treat water for storage?
Answer: Up to 0 million gallons o water per day. Answer: 1he taste o water is inluenced by the mineral content. Groundwater carries a higher content than surace water. I you lie in an area sered by wells ,groundwater, your water may dier rom areas sered by surace water plants ,riers and
Answer: 1he cloudly water is caused by tiny air bubbles in the water. Ater a while the bubbles rise the top and disappear. Answer: \ater to be stored should be boiled beore drinking. \ou may also use chlorine tablets or ordinary household bleach. 1 gallon o water requires 10 drops o bleach, 5 gallons o water requires ' 1easpoon or 2.5 mls, 45 gallons water requires 3 teaspoons o bleach and a 400 gallon tank o water requires ' cup o Although bottled water is a good source o drinking water it does not store well. bottlers commonly disinect bottled water with ultraiolet light and add ozone. 1his microbes to grow oer time. It is recommended that bottled water Answer: lumans are mostly made up o water. Inside our bodies are millions o tiny balloon like cells. . I those cells were put into salty ocean water, the water inside the cells would pass right through the cell walls into the ocean water. 1his is called osmosis. 1he cells would then shrink and die. mineral the taste o reseroirs,. to o bleach. \ater causes be replaced eery six months. 1ap water contains chlorine which kills microbes when stored properly. Study Guide - 29 - North RegionaI Office (Kew Place) Phillip Street Port-of-Spain Tel: 625-7812 / 8568 / 8584 South RegionaI Office Mon Chagrin Street San Fernando Tel: 657-6625 Tobago RegionaI Office All Fields Trace Lowlands Tel: 639-8092 Head Office Farm Road, Valsayn St. Joseph Tel: 662-2302 - 7, Fax: 662-8184 N0TE T0 STUDENTS AND TEACHERS Produced by the Corporate Communications Department 20JJ This study guide has been designed especially for children ages J3 and over. The main objective is to highlight the importance of water and ways in which it can be used wisely. We hope that this guide will be used to foster awareness of the need to conserve water.