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(1)
6here x (n) denotes the sample of the OFDM signal$ :(m) denotes the modulated sym"ol within su"carrier and
0 is the num"er of su"carriers
)t the receiver$ first *F demodulation is performed +hen$ the signal is digiti,ed using an )D# and timing and
frequency synchroni,ation are performed +he guard time is removed from each OFDM sym"ol and the
sequence is converted to parallel format and FF+ (OFDM demodulation) is applied +he output is then seriali,ed
and sym"ol demapping is done to get "ac' the coded "it sequence #hannel decoding is$ then$ done to get the
user "it sequence +he demodulated sym"ol stream is given "y$
( ) ( ) ( )
1
8
9
N
* n#
N
n
y # y n e ( #
(8)
where w (m) corresponds to the FF+ of the samples of the w (n)
III. ICI REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
F#e$%e&y Dom"i& E$%"li'"tio&( +he fading distortion in the channel causes %#% in the OFDM demodulator
+he pattern of %#% varies from frame to frame for the demodulated data "ut remains invariant for all sym"ols
within a demodulated data frame #ompensation for fading distortion in the time domain introduces the pro"lem
of noise enhancement /o frequency domain equali,ation process is approached for reduction of %#% "y using
suita"le equali,ation techniques 6e can estimate the %#% for each frame "y inserting frequency domain pilot
sym"ols in each frame as shown in figure 18
Fig 1.) Pilot S%*"##ie# A##"&geme&t
+his technique can only reduce the %#% caused "y fading distortion which is not the ma1or source of %#% +he
ma1or source of %#% is due to the frequency mismatch "etween the transmitter and receiver +he a"ove method
cannot address to it )gain it is only suita"le for flat fading channels$ "ut in mo"ile communication the channels
are frequency selective fading in nature "ecause of multipath components 7ere also the channel needs to "e
estimated for every frame .stimation of channel is complex$ expensive ; time consuming 7ence this method
is not an effective one
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.o#4arison on I.I Reduc+ion Techni2ues in 1607 Sys+e#
Time Dom"i& +i&,o-i&g( OFDM signal has widely spread power spectrum /o if this signal is transmitted in
a "and limited channel$ certain portion of the signal spectrum will "e cut off$ which will lead to inter carrier
interference +o diminish the interference the spectrum of the signal wave form need to "e more concentrated
+his is achieved "y windowing the signal !asically windowing is the process of multiplying a suita"le function
to the transmitted signal wave form +he same window is used in the receiver side to get "ac' the original
signal +he %#% will "e eliminated if the product of the window functions satisfies the 0yquist vestigial
symmetry criterion
+his method only reduces the %#% caused "y "and limited channel which is not the ma1or source of %#% +he
ma1or source of %#% is due to the frequency mismatch "etween the transmitter and receiver$ and the Doppler
shift Further windowing is done frame "y frame ; hence it reduces the spectral efficiency to a large extent
7ence this method is not an effective one
M".im%m Li!eli/oo, Estim"tio&( )nother method for frequency offset correction ie M- estimation in
OFDM systems was suggested "y Moose %n this approach$ the frequency offset is first statistically estimated
using a maximum li'elihood algorithm and then cancelled at the receiver +his technique involves the
replication of an OFDM sym"ol "efore transmission and comparison of the phases of each of the su"carriers
"etween the successive sym"ols +he maximum li'elihood estimate is a conditionally un"iased estimate of the
frequency offset and can "e computed "y using received data +he maximum li'elihood estimate of the
normali,ed frequency offset is given "y$
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
=
8
8
=
1
8
1
>
8
*e
=
; =
=
; =
l#> ; > ;
> ; > ;
1
1
1
1
1
]
(?)
Once the frequency offset is 'nown$ the %#% distortion in the data sym"ols is reduced "y multiplying the
received sym"ols with a complex con1ugate of the frequency shift and applying the FF+
( ) ( )
8 * ne
N
? n 66T > n e
' ;
(@)
ICI Sel0 C"&ell"tio& S/eme( +he self&cancellation schemes wor's in two very simple steps )t the
transmitter side$ one data sym"ol is modulated onto a group of ad1acent su"carriers with a group of weighting
coefficients +he weighting coefficients are designed so that the %#% caused "y the channel frequency errors can
"e minimi,ed )t the receiver side$ "y linearly com"ining the received signals on these su"carriers with
proposed coefficients$ the residual %#% contained in the received signals can then "e further reduced +his
method is suita"le for multipath fading channels as here no channel estimation is required "ecause in multipath
case channel estimation fails as the channel changes randomly
%n an OFDM communication system$ assuming the channel frequency offset normali,ed "y the su"carrier
separation is
+ +
(A)
where 0 is the total num"er of the su"carriers ? (;) denotes the transmitted sym"ol for the
+h
;
su"carrier and
;
n is additive noise +he first term in the right&hand side of (A) represents the desired signal +he second term
is the %#% components +he sequence S (l-;) is defined as the %#% coefficient "etween
+h
l
and
+h
;
su"carriers$
which can "e expressed as$
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
sin
exp 1
sin
N
l ;
S l ; * l ;
N l ;
N
+
+
_
+
,
(3)
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.o#4arison on I.I Reduc+ion Techni2ues in 1607 Sys+e#
P%lse S/"1i&g( +he figure 1? illustrates the transmitter "loc' diagram of a N su"&carrier OFDM system using
pulse shaping 7ere the incoming data is first modulated in "ase"and using a "andwidth efficient modulation
(4(/5 modulation) +he "ase"and modulated stream$ with data rate -Ts is then split into N parallel streams
.ach stream is shaped "y a time waveform (pulse shaping waveform) and transmitted over a given su"carrier
+hus the OFDM transmitted signal can "e expressed as$
( ) ( ) ( )
1
8
9
;
+
N
* ;
T
n
;
5 + ? ; & + e
(B)
Fig.1.2 OFDM T#"&smitte# Mo,el Usi&g P%lse S/"1i&g
where ( )
n
? ; the modulated data sym"ol of su"&carrier is ; $ T is the duration of the OFDM "loc' %f we can
reduce the side lo"e significantly then the %#% power will also "e reduced significantly 7ence a num"er of pulse
shaping functions are proposed having an aim to reduce the side lo"e as much as possi"le
I3. CONCLUSION
)fter learning all those a"ove techniques$ % conclude that conventional technique for %#% *eduction li'e time
domain equali,ation$ windowing technique$ self cancelation$ maximum li'elihood does not properly reduce %#%
at the receiver side "ecause in these techniques$ %#% reduces only "and limited channel which is not a ma1or
source of %#% +he ma1or source of %#% is due to frequency mismatch "etween transmitter and receiver$ this
pro"lem is reduced "y pulse shaping method
REFERENCES
4o%#&"l P"1e#s(
@A M )grawal$ / /harma$ &erfor#ance of 7I71-1607 sys+e# using :inear 7a5i#u# :i;elihood %la#ou+i 0ecoder$
In+erna+ional Journal of 0is+ri8u+ed and &arallel Sys+e#s! $($)! 202! 2-$)
@2A ) %dris$ 5 Dimyati$ .valuating a new su"carrier mapping %#%&/# /cheme 2sing -inear Maximum -i'elihood )lamouti
#om"iner (-M-)#) Decoding +echnique ! Journal of Engineering Science and Technology!B(B)!20! BBC-B7$
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.o#4arison on I.I Reduc+ion Techni2ues in 1607 Sys+e#
$ In+erna+ional Journal of 0is+ri8u+ed and &arallel Sys+e#s! $($)! 202! 2-$)
@$A / Gupta$ 2 Dalal$ I#4le#en+a+ion of &ulse Sha4ing Techni2ue in 1607 Sys+e#$ In+erna+ional Journal of .o#4u+er
%44lica+ions! B8(0)! 20$! D-2$)
@CA ) Gupta$ G Gandhi$ I#4le#en+a+ion of &ulse Sha4ing Ne(r0-6u<<y Techni2ue in 1607 Sys+e#$ In+erna+ional Journal of
.o#4u+er %44lica+ions! B7(0)! 202! 2'-$0)
@'A 7 Chou$ D Fang 7aung$ 7a5i#u#-:i;elihood .arrier 6re2uency 1ffse+ Es+i#a+ion for 1607 Sys+e#s in 6ading .hannels$
IEEE! C(22)! 20! B8-78)
@BA M Matthaiou$ G 5 5aragiannidis$ 14+i#i<ed EFe++er ThanG Raised-.osine &ulse for Reduced I.I in 1607 Sys+e#s$ IEEE!
7(D)! 200D! 2CD-2'2) )
T/eses(
@7A *avite1 )mish $ Theory In+ercarrier in+erference cancela+ionin 1607 Sys+e# $ doctoral diss$ 0ational %nstitute of +echnology$
*our'ela$ M+ech$ 899E
No+e +ha+ +hesis +i+le is se+ in i+alics and +he uni3ersi+y +ha+ gran+ed +he degree is lis+ed along (i+h loca+ion infor#a+ion
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