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!ecture010Anatom" and Human Skeleton

&o' let us stud( in detail about eac$ bon( or)ani*ation in detail.
Skull
" s+ull! or craniu,! is a bon( structure o- Craniates! '$ic$ ser.es as t$e )eneral -ra,e'or+ -or a
$ead. T$e s+ull supports t$e structures o- t$e -ace and protects t$e brain a)ainst in/ur(.


Fi2 Skull Anterior and (osterior View
In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 28 bones. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the
skull are joined together by sutures, rigid articulations permitting very little movement.

Fig: Side view of the skull
0i)$t bones -or, t$e neurocraniu, 1braincase2! a protecti.e .ault o- bone surroundin) t$e brain
and ,edulla oblon)ata. 3ourteen bones -or, t$e splanc$nocraniu,! t$e bones supportin) t$e
-ace. 0ncased 'it$in t$e te,poral bones are t$e si4 ear ossicles o- t$e ,iddle ear. T$e $(oid
bone! supportin) t$e lar(n4! is usuall( not considered as part o- t$e s+ull! as it does not
articulate 'it$ an( ot$er bones.
Development of t+e skull
T$e s+ull is a co,ple4 structure5 its bones are -or,ed bot$ b( intra,e,branous and
endoc$ondral ossi-ication. T$e bones o- t$e splanc$nocraniu, and t$e sides and roo- o- t$e
neurocraniu, are -or,ed b( intra,e,branous 1or der,al2 ossi-ication! '$ile t$e bones
supportin) t$e brain 1t$e occipital! sp$enoid! te,poral! and et$,oid2 are lar)el( -or,ed b(
endoc$ondral ossi-ication.
"t birt$! t$e $u,an s+ull is ,ade up o- 45 separate bon( ele,ents. "s )ro't$ occurs! ,an( o-
t$ese bon( ele,ents )raduall( -use to)et$er into solid bone 1-or e4a,ple! t$e -rontal bones2.
T$e bones o- t$e roo- o- t$e s+ull are initiall( separated b( re)ions o- dense connecti.e tissue
called 6sutures6. T$ere are -i.e sutures% t$e -rontal suture! sa)ittal suture! la,bdoid suture!
coronal suture! and s7ua,osal suture. "t birt$ t$ese re)ions are -ibrous and ,o.eable!
necessar( -or birt$ and later )ro't$. T$is )ro't$ can put a lar)e a,ount o- tension on t$e
6obstetrical $in)e!6 '$ic$ is '$ere t$e s7ua,ous and lateral parts o- t$e occipital bone ,eet. "
possible co,plication o- t$is tension is rupture o- t$e )reat cerebral .ein o- 8alen. Lar)er re)ions
o- connecti.e tissue '$ere ,ultiple sutures ,eet are called -ontanelles. T$e si4 -ontanelles are%
t$e anterior -ontanelle! t$e posterior -ontanelle! t$e t'o sp$enoid -ontanelles! and t$e t'o
,astoid -ontanelles. "s )ro't$ and ossi-ication pro)ress! t$e connecti.e tissue o- t$e -ontanelles
is in.aded and replaced b( bone. T$e posterior -ontanelle usuall( closes b( ei)$t 'ee+s! but t$e
anterior -ontanelle can re,ain up to ei)$teen ,ont$s. T$e anterior -ontanelle is located at t$e
/unction o- t$e -rontal and parietal bones5 it is a 6so-t spot6 on a bab(9s -ore$ead. Care-ul
obser.ation 'ill s$o' t$at (ou can count a bab(9s $eart rate b( obser.in) $is or $er pulse
pulsin) so-tl( t$rou)$ t$e anterior -ontanelle.
(at+olo"
:- t$e brain is bruised or in/ured it can be e4tre,el( serious. &or,all( t$e s+ull protects t$e brain
-ro, da,a)e t$rou)$ its $ard un(ieldin)ness! but in so,e cases o- $ead in/ur(! t$ere can be
raised intracranial pressure t$rou)$ ,ec$anis,s suc$ as a subdural $e,ato,a. :n t$ese cases
t$e raised intracranial pressure can cause $erniation o- t$e brain out o- t$e -ora,en ,a)nu,
19conin)92 because t$ere is no space -or t$e brain to e4pand5 t$is can result in si)ni-icant brain
da,a)e or deat$ unless an ur)ent operation is per-or,ed to relie.e t$e pressure. T$is is '$(
patients 'it$ concussion ,ust be 'atc$ed e4tre,el( care-ull(.
T$e s+ull also contains t$e sinus ca.ities. T$e ,enin)es are t$e ,e,branes t$at separate t$e
brain -ro, t$e s+ull.

3ones of t+e +uman skull
Cranial bones
3rontal bone
#arietal bone 122
Te,poral bone 122
;ccipital bone
Sp$enoid bone
0t$,oid bone
Facial bones
Mandible
Ma4illa 122
#alatine bone 122
<()o,atic bone 122
&asal bone 122
Lacri,al bone 122
Vo,er bone
:n-erior nasal conc$ae 122
*ar ossicles
Malleus 122
:ncus 122
Stapes 122
4ormian bones
:n addition to t$e usual centers o- ossi-ication o- t$e craniu,! ot$ers ,a( occur! )i.in) rise to
irre)ular isolated bones ter,ed sutural or Wor,ian bones.

5otable sutures in t+e skull
Most sutures are na,ed -or t$e bones t$e( articulate! but so,e $a.e special na,es o- t$eir o'n.
Saittal suture = alon) t$e ,idline! bet'een parietal bones
Coronal suture = bet'een t$e -rontal and parietal bones
!ambdoidal suture = bet'een t$e parietals and t$e occipital bone
S)uamosal suture = bet'een t$e parietal and t$e te,poral bone
Metopic suture = bet'een t$e t'o -rontal bones! prior to t$e -usion o- t$e t'o into a
sin)le bone

Foramina of skull base
T$e -ollo'in) is a list o- $oles! or -ora,ina! in t$e base o- t$e s+ull and '$at )oes t$rou)$ eac$
o- t$e,.
;ne ,ust be onl( 'ell .ersed 'it$ t$ese na,es as t$e( o-ten co,e across durin) dictations.
Arranged from anterior to posterior:
3ora,en caecu, = e,issar( .eins to superior sa)ittal sinus
3ora,ina o- cribri-or, plate = ol-actor( ner.e bundles
#osterior et$,oidal -ora,en = posterior et$,oidal arter(! .ein and ner.e
;ptic canal = optic ner.e 1::2! op$t$al,ic arter(
Superior orbital -issure
;culo,otor ner.e 1:::2
Troc$lear ner.e 1:V2
Lacri,al! -rontal and nasociliar( branc$es o- op$t$al,ic ner.e 1V12
"bducens ner.e 1V:2
Superior op$t$al,ic .ein
3ora,en rotundu, = ,a4illar( ner.e 1V22
3ora,en o.ale
Mandibular ner.e 1V32
"ccessor( ,enin)eal arter(
Lesser petrosal ner.e 1occasionall(2
3ora,en spinosu,
Middle ,enin)eal arter( and .ein
Menin)eal branc$ o- ,andibular ner.e
3ora,en laceru,
:nternal carotid arter(
:nternal carotid ner.e ple4us
>iatus o- canal o- lesser petrosal ner.e
>iatus o- canal o- )reater petrosal ner.e
:nternal acoustic ,eatus
3acial ner.e 1.ii2
Vestibulococ$lear ner.e 1V:::2
Lab(rint$ine arter(
?u)ular -ora,en
:n-erior petrosal sinus
8lossop$ar(n)eal ner.e 1:@2
Va)us ner.e 1@2
"ccessor( ner.e 1@:2
Si),oid sinus
#osterior ,enin)eal arter(
:nternal /u)ular .ein
>(po)lossal canal = $(po)lossal ner.e 1@::2
3ora,en ,a)nu,
Medulla oblon)ata
Vertebral arteries
Menin)eal branc$es o- .ertebral arteries
Spinal roots o- accessor( ner.es

Ear
"n ear is an or)an used b( an ani,al to detect sound 'a.es. T$e ter, ,a( re-er to t$e entire
s(ste, responsible -or collection and earl( processin) o- sound 1t$e be)innin) o- t$e auditor(
s(ste,2! or ,erel( t$e e4ternall(=.isible part.

Fi' Anatom" of *ar
Ma,,als! includin) $u,ans! $a.e t'o ears! one on eac$ side o- t$e $ead.
*6T*#5A! *A#2 T$e outer ear is t$e e4ternal portion o- t$e ear and includes t$e eardru,. T$e
.isible part is called t$e pinna! or auricle! and -unctions to collect and -ocus sound 'a.es. Man(
,a,,als can ,o.e t$e pinna in order to -ocus t$eir $earin) in a certain direction in ,uc$ t$e
sa,e 'a( t$at t$e( can turn t$eir e(es. >u,ans $a.e )enerall( lost t$is abilit(. 3ro, t$e pinna
t$e sound pressure 'a.es ,o.e into t$e ear canal! a si,ple tube runnin) to t$e ,iddle ear. T$is
tube a,pli-ies -re7uencies in t$e ran)e 3 +>* to 12 +>*.
T$e $u,an ear $as earlobes at t$e botto,! '$ic$ are .esti)ial but are used b( ,an( people to
pro.ide an attac$,ent point -or earrin)s. T$e earlobe is usuall( -or,ed cle-t -ro, t$e side o- t$e
-ace and $an)s -ro, t$e rest o- t$e ear but occasionall( 'ill be -ound loo+in) -used and
6lobeless6 due to a recessi.e )ene. T$e $eli4 is t$e outer ed)e o- t$e outer ear.
M7DD!* *A#2 T$e middle ear includes t$e ossicles 1t$ree tin( bones2! t'o ,uscle tendons 1o-
t$e stapedius and tensor t(,pani ,uscles2! and t'o ner.e bundles 1t$e $ori*ontal portion o- t$e
-acial ner.e and a branc$ o- t$e -acial ner.e called t$e c$orda t(,pani2. T$e Latin na,es o- t$e
ossicles are t$e ,alleus! incus! and stapes! but t$e( are also re-erred to b( t$eir 0n)lis$
translations% t$e $a,,er! an.il! and stirrup respecti.el(.
Ma,,als are uni7ue in $a.in) t$ree ear bones. T$e incus and stapes are deri.ed -ro, bones o-
t$e /a'! and allo' -iner detection o- sound. T$ese bones -or, t$e lin+a)e bet'een t$e t(,panic
,e,brane and t$e o.al 'indo' t$at leads to t$e inner ear. T$e t(,panu, con.erts .ibrations o-
air in t$e ear canal into .ibrations o- t$e ossicles. T$e ossicles in turn trans,it t$e .ibrations
t$rou)$ t$e ,e,brane o- t$e o.al 'indo' into t$e -luid o- t$e inner ear. T$e ratio in area
bet'een t$e t(,panic ,e,brane and t$e o.al 'indo' results in an e--ecti.e a,pli-ication o-
appro4i,atel( 14 dA! pea+in) at a -re7uenc( o- around 1 +>*. T$e co,bined trans-er -unction o-
t$e outer ear and ,iddle ear )i.es $u,ans a pea+ sensiti.it( to -re7uencies bet'een 1 +>* and
3 +>*. T$e tensor t(,pani ,uscle and stapedius ,uscles o- t$e ,iddle ear contract in response
to loud sounds! t$ereb( reducin) t$e trans,ission o- sound to t$e inner ear. T$is is called t$e
acoustic re-le4.
T$e ,iddle ear is $ollo'. :- t$e ani,al ,o.es to a $i)$=altitude en.iron,ent! or di.es into t$e
'ater! t$ere 'ill be a pressure di--erence bet'een t$e ,iddle ear and t$e outside en.iron,ent.
T$is pressure 'ill pose a ris+ o- burstin) or ot$er'ise da,a)in) t$e t(,panu, i- it is not
relie.ed. T$is is one o- t$e -unctions o- t$e 0ustac$ian tubes! e.olutionar( descendants o- t$e
)ills! '$ic$ connect t$e ,iddle ear to t$e nasop$ar(n4. T$e 0ustac$ian tubes are nor,all(
pinc$ed o-- at t$e nose end! to pre.ent bein) clo))ed 'it$ p$le),! but t$e( ,a( be opened b(
lo'erin) and protrudin) t$e /a'5 t$is is '$( (a'nin) $elps relie.e t$e pressure -elt in t$e ears
'$en on board an aircra-t.
755*# *A#2 T$e inner ear co,prises bot$ t$e or)an o- $earin) 1t$e coc$lea2 and t$e lab(rint$
or .estibular apparatus! t$e or)an o- balance located in t$e inner ear t$at consists o- t$ree
se,icircular canals and t$e .estibule.
T$e coc$lea 1Latin -or 6snail62 is a spiraled! $ollo'! conical c$a,ber o- bone -illed 'it$ peril(,p$
and endol(,p$ 1in t$e scala ,edia2! a -luid ,ediu, t$at recei.es t$e sound .ibrations
trans,itted -ro, t$e air to t$e o.al 'indo' t$rou)$ t$e ear dru, and ossicles o- t$e ,iddle ear
1see abo.e2. Runnin) t$rou)$ its centre is t$e coc$lea duct! '$ic$ contains t$e spiral ;r)an o-
Corti! t$e receptor or)an responsible -or $earin). T$e bon( ca.it( o- t$e coc$lea is di.ided into
t$ree separate c$a,bers% t$e scala .estibuli! '$ic$ lies superior to t$e coc$lea duct and abuts
t$e o.al 'indo'5 t$e scala ,edia! '$ic$ is t$e ,e,branous coc$lea duct containin) endol(,p$
and t$e or)an o- Corti5 and t$e scala t(,pani! '$ic$ lies in-erior to t$e scala ,edia and
ter,inates at t$e round 'indo'. T$e t'o bon( c$a,bers 1scala .estibuli and scala t(,pani2
bot$ contain peril(,p$ and /oin to)et$er at t$e coc$lear ape4! a re)ion called t$e $elicotre,a.
Separatin) t$e scala .estibuli -ro, t$e scala ,edia is t$e Reissner9s ,e,brane. T$e basilar
,e,brane separates t$e scala ,edia -ro, t$e scala t(,pani. Sittin) on top o- t$e basilar
,e,brane is a cellular la(er +no'n as t$e ;r)an o- Corti! '$ic$ is lined 'it$ $air cells BCD
sensor( cells topped 'it$ $air=li+e structures called stereocilia.
"s t$e stapes oscillates a)ainst t$e o.al 'indo' in response to sound! t$e peril(,p$ 'it$in t$e
scala .estibuli also oscillates. 3or .er( lo' -re7uencies 1belo' 20>*2! t$e pressure 'a.es
propa)ate alon) t$e co,plete route o- t$e coc$lea = up scala .estibuli! around $elicotre,a and
do'n scala t(,pani to t$e round 'indo'. 3re7uencies t$is lo' do not acti.ate t$e or)an o- Corti
and are belo' t$e t$res$old -or $earin). >i)$er -re7uencies do not propa)ate to t$e $elicotre,a
but are trans,itted t$rou)$ t$e endol(,p$ in t$e coc$lea duct to t$e peril(,p$ in t$e scala
t(,pani. T$e $air cells in t$e or)an o- Corti are tuned to certain sound -re7uencies! bein)
responsi.e to $i)$ -re7uencies near t$e o.al 'indo' and to lo' -re7uencies near t$e ape4 o- t$e
coc$lea.
"ll e4cited $air cells send ner.e i,pulses to t$e brain! '$ic$ are percei.ed as a sound o-
'$ate.er pitc$ t$e $air cell is associated 'it$. " .er( stron) ,o.e,ent o- t$e endol(,p$ due to
.er( loud noise ,a( cause $air cells to die. T$is is a co,,on cause o- partial $earin) loss and is
t$e reason '$( an(one usin) -irear,s or $ea.( ,ac$iner( s$ould 'ear ear,u--s or earplu)s.
T$e .estibular apparatus is -illed 'it$ t$e sa,e endol(,p$ as t$e coc$lea! but instead o-
detectin) sound! it detects rotation o- t$e $ead. :- a line is dra'n t$rou)$ t$e ,iddle o- eac$ o-
t$e t$ree se,icircular canals! perpendicular to t$e plane in '$ic$ t$e canal lies! t$e t$ree lines
'ould be perpendicular. T$e( 'ould represent t$ree a4es o- rotation. "n( rotation could be
represented as t$ree si,ultaneous rotations about t$e t$ree a4es.

Diseases and medical conditions of the ear and auditory system
#roble,s 'it$ t$e ear or auditor( processin) s(ste, in t$e brain can lead to dea-ness. ;t$er
disorders related to auditor( s(ste, are%
"coustic neuro,a
Aalance disorders
Aarotrau,a
Aeni)n #aro4(s,al #ositional Verti)o
C$olesteato,a
0ar in-ections
Conducti.e $earin) i,pair,ent
Lab(rint$ine $(drops
Lab(rint$itis
MEFniEGre9s disease
Menin)itis
&euro-ibro,atosis T(pe 1
&euro-ibro,atosis T(pe 2
&oise=induced $earin) loss
&ons(ndro,ic $ereditar( $earin) i,pair,ent
;titis e4terna
;titis ,edia
;tosclerosis
#eril(,p$ -istula
#resb(cusis
Sensorineural $earin) loss
Sudden dea-ness
Tinnitus
Hs$er s(ndro,e
Vestibular neuronitis

This is a glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders
such as blindness and deafness.
A
"coustic neurino,a = tu,or! usuall( beni)n! '$ic$ ,a( de.elop on t$e $earin) and
balance ner.es and can cause )radual $earin) loss! tinnitus! andIor di**iness.
1so,eti,es called .estibular sc$'anno,a2.
"c7uired dea-ness = loss o- $earin) t$at occurs or de.elops so,e ti,e durin) t$e
li-espan but is not present at birt$.
")eusia = loss o- t$e sense o- taste.
"lbinis, = lac+ o- nor,al pi),ent in t$e s+in! e(es! and $air.
"lport s(ndro,e = $ereditar( condition c$aracteri*ed b( +idne( disease! sensorineural
$earin) loss! and so,eti,es e(e de-ects.
",erican Si)n Lan)ua)e 1"SL2 = ,anual lan)ua)e 'it$ its o'n s(nta4 and )ra,,ar!
used pri,aril( b( people '$o are dea-.
"nos,ia = absence o- t$e sense o- s,ell.
"p$asia = total or partial loss o- t$e abilit( to use or understand lan)ua)e5 usuall(
caused b( stro+e! brain disease! or in/ur(.
"p$onia = co,plete loss o- .oice.
"pra4ia = inabilit( to e4ecute a .oluntar( ,o.e,ent despite bein) able to de,onstrate
nor,al ,uscle -unction.
"rticulation disorder = inabilit( to correctl( produce speec$ sounds 1p$one,es2 because
o- i,precise place,ent! ti,in)! pressure! speed! or -lo' o- ,o.e,ent o- t$e lips!
ton)ue! or t$roat.
"ssisti.e de.ices = tec$nical tools and de.ices suc$ as alp$abet boards! te4t telep$ones!
or te4t=to=speec$ con.ersion so-t'are used to aid indi.iduals '$o $a.e co,,unication
disorders per-or, actions! tas+s! and acti.ities.
"udiolo)ist = $ealt$ care pro-essional '$o is trained to e.aluate $earin) loss and related
disorders! includin) balance 1.estibular2 disorders and tinnitus! and to re$abilitate
indi.iduals 'it$ $earin) loss and related disorders. "n audiolo)ist uses a .ariet( o- tests
and procedures to assess $earin) and balance -unction and to -it and dispense $earin)
aids and ot$er assisti.e de.ices -or $earin).
"uditor( Arainste, Response test 1"AR test2 = a test -or brain -unctionin) in co,atose!
unresponsi.e! etc.! patients! and -or $earin) in in-ants and (oun) c$ildren5 in.ol.es
attac$in) electrodes to t$e $ead to record electrical acti.it( -ro, t$e $earin) ner.e and
ot$er parts o- t$e brain.
"uditor( ner.e = ei)$t$ cranial ner.e t$at connects t$e inner ear to t$e brainste, and is
responsible -or $earin) and balance.
"uditor( perception = abilit( to identi-(! interpret! and attac$ ,eanin) to sound.
"uditor( prost$esis = de.ice t$at substitutes or en$ances t$e abilit( to $ear.
"u),entati.e de.ices = tools t$at $elp indi.iduals 'it$ li,ited or absent speec$ to
co,,unicate! suc$ as co,,unication boards! picto)rap$s 1s(,bols t$at loo+ li+e t$e
t$in)s t$e( represent2! or ideo)rap$s 1s(,bols representin) ideas2.
"ural re$abilitation = tec$ni7ues used 'it$ people '$o are $earin) i,paired to i,pro.e
t$eir abilit( to spea+ and co,,unicate.
"utoi,,une dea-ness = indi.idual9s i,,une s(ste, produces abnor,al antibodies t$at
react a)ainst t$e bod(9s $ealt$( tissues.
"utis, = brain disorder t$at be)ins in earl( c$ild$ood and persists t$rou)$out adult$ood5
a--ects t$ree crucial areas o- de.elop,ent% co,,unication! social interaction! and
creati.e or i,a)inati.e pla(.
3
Aalance = biolo)ical s(ste, t$at enables indi.iduals to +no' '$ere t$eir bodies are in t$e
en.iron,ent and to ,aintain a desired position. &or,al balance depends on in-or,ation -ro,
t$e lab(rint$ in t$e inner ear! -ro, ot$er senses suc$ as si)$t and touc$! and -ro, ,uscle
,o.e,ent.
Aalance disorder = disruption in t$e lab(rint$! t$e inner ear or)an t$at controls t$e balance
s(ste,! '$ic$ allo's indi.iduals to +no' '$ere t$eir bodies are in t$e en.iron,ent. T$e
lab(rint$ 'or+s 'it$ ot$er s(ste,s in t$e bod(! suc$ as t$e .isual and s+eletal s(ste,s! to
,aintain posture.
Aarotrau,a = in/ur( to t$e ,iddle ear caused b( a reduction o- air pressure.
Aeni)n #aro4(s,al #ositional Verti)o 1A##V2 = balance disorder t$at results in sudden onset o-
di**iness! spinnin)! or .erti)o '$en ,o.in) t$e $ead.
Arainste, i,plant = auditor( prost$esis t$at b(passes t$e coc$lea and auditor( ner.e. T$is t(pe
o- i,plant $elps indi.iduals '$o cannot bene-it -ro, a coc$lear i,plant because t$e auditor(
ner.es are not 'or+in).
C
Captionin) = te4t displa( o- spo+en 'ords! presented on a tele.ision or a ,o.ie screen! t$at
allo's a dea- or $ard=o-=$earin) .ie'er to -ollo' t$e dialo)ue and t$e action o- a pro)ra,
si,ultaneousl(.
Central auditor( processin) disorder = inabilit( to di--erentiate! reco)ni*e! or understand sounds5
$earin) and intelli)ence are nor,al.
C$e,osensor( disorders = diseases or proble,s associated 'it$ t$e sense o- s,ell or t$e sense
o- taste.
C$olesteato,a = accu,ulation o- dead cells in t$e ,iddle ear! caused b( repeated ,iddle ear
in-ections.
Coc$lea = snail=s$aped structure in t$e inner ear t$at contains t$e or)an o- $earin).
Coc$lear i,plant = ,edical de.ice t$at b(passes da,a)ed structures in t$e inner ear and directl(
sti,ulates t$e auditor( ner.e! allo'in) so,e dea- indi.iduals to learn to $ear and interpret
sounds and speec$.
Co)nition = t$in+in) s+ills t$at include perception! ,e,or(! a'areness! reasonin)! /ud),ent!
intellect! and i,a)ination.
Conducti.e $earin) i,pair,ent = $earin) loss caused b( d(s-unction o- t$e outer or ,iddle ear.
Cued speec$ = ,et$od o- co,,unication t$at co,bines speec$ readin) 'it$ a s(ste, o-
$ands$apes placed near t$e ,out$ to $elp dea- or $ard=o-=$earin) indi.iduals di--erentiate 'ords
t$at loo+ si,ilar on t$e lips 1e.).! bunc$ .s. punc$2 or are $idden 1e.).! )a)2.
C(to,e)alo.irus 1Con)enital2 = one )roup o- $erpes .iruses t$at in-ects $u,ans and can cause a
.ariet( o- clinical s(,pto,s! includin) dea-ness or $earin) i,pair,ent5 in-ection 'it$ t$e .irus
,a( be eit$er be-ore or a-ter birt$.
D
Jecibel = unit t$at ,easures t$e intensit( or loudness o- sound.
Ji**iness = p$(sical unsteadiness! i,balance! and li)$t$eadedness associated 'it$ balance
disorders.
J(sart$ria = )roup o- speec$ disorders caused b( disturbances in t$e stren)t$ or coordination o-
t$e ,uscles o- t$e speec$ ,ec$anis, as a result o- da,a)e to t$e brain or ner.es.
J(se7uilibriu, = an( disturbance o- balance.
J(s-luenc( = disruption in t$e s,oot$ -lo' or e4pression o- speec$.
J(s)eusia = distortion or absence o- t$e sense o- taste.
J(sle4ia = learnin) disabilit( c$aracteri*ed b( readin) di--iculties. So,e indi.iduals ,a( also
$a.e di--icult( 'ritin)! spellin)! or 'or+in) 'it$ nu,bers.
J(sos,ia = distortion or absence o- t$e sense o- s,ell.
J(sp$a)ia = di--icult( s'allo'in).
J(sp$onia = an( i,pair,ent o- t$e .oice or spea+in) abilit(.
J(spra4ia o- speec$ = in indi.iduals 'it$ nor,al ,uscle tone and speec$ ,uscle coordination!
partial loss o- t$e abilit( to consistentl( pronounce 'ords.
J(stonia = abnor,al ,uscle tone o- one or ,ore ,uscles.
*
0ar in-ection = presence and )ro't$ o- bacteria or .iruses in t$e ear.
0ar 'a4 = (ello' secretion -ro, )lands in t$e outer ear 1ceru,en2 t$at +eeps t$e s+in o- t$e ear
dr( and protected -ro, in-ection.
0ndol(,p$ = -luid in t$e lab(rint$ 1t$e or)an o- balance located in t$e inner ear t$at consists o-
t$ree se,icircular canals and t$e .estibule2.
-
8ustation = act or sensation o- tastin).
H
>air cells = sensor( cells o- t$e inner ear! '$ic$ are topped 'it$ $air=li+e structures! t$e
stereocilia! and '$ic$ trans-or, t$e ,ec$anical ener)( o- sound 'a.es into ner.e i,pulses.
>aptic sense = sense o- p$(sical contact or touc$.
>apto,eter = instru,ent -or ,easurin) sensiti.it( to touc$.
>earin) = series o- e.ents in '$ic$ sound 'a.es in t$e air are con.erted to electrical si)nals!
'$ic$ are sent as ner.e i,pulses to t$e brain! '$ere t$e( are interpreted.
>earin) aid = electronic de.ice t$at brin)s a,pli-ied sound to t$e ear. " $earin) aid usuall(
consists o- a ,icrop$one! a,pli-ier! and recei.er.
>earin) disorder = disruption in t$e nor,al $earin) process t$at ,a( occur in outer! ,iddle! or
inner ear! '$ereb( sound 'a.es are not conducted to t$e inner ear! con.erted to electrical
si)nals andIor ner.e i,pulses are not trans,itted to t$e brain to be interpreted.
>ereditar( $earin) i,pair,ent = $earin) loss passed do'n t$rou)$ )enerations o- a -a,il(.
>oarseness = abnor,all( rou)$ or $ars$=soundin) .oice caused b( .ocal abuse and ot$er
disorders suc$ as )astroesop$a)eal re-lu4! t$(roid proble,s! or trau,a to t$e lar(n4 1.oice
bo42.
>(po)eusia = di,inis$ed sensiti.it( to taste.
>(pos,ia = di,inis$ed sensiti.it( to s,ell.
7
:nner ear = part o- t$e ear t$at contains bot$ t$e or)an o- $earin) 1t$e coc$lea2 and t$e or)an o-
balance 1t$e lab(rint$2.
8
Kall,ann9s s(ndro,e = disorder t$at can include se.eral c$aracteristics suc$ as absence o- t$e
sense o- s,ell and decreased -unctional acti.it( o- t$e )onads 1or)ans t$at produce se4 cells2!
a--ectin) )ro't$ and se4ual de.elop,ent.
!
Lab(rint$ = or)an o- balance located in t$e inner ear. T$e lab(rint$ consists o- t$ree se,icircular
canals and t$e .estibule.
Lab(rint$ine $(drops = e4cessi.e -luid in t$e or)an o- balance 1lab(rint$25 can cause pressure or
-ullness in t$e ears! $earin) loss! di**iness! and loss o- balance.
Lab(rint$itis = .iral or bacterial in-ection or in-la,,ation o- t$e inner ear t$at can cause
di**iness! loss o- balance! and te,porar( $earin) loss.
Landau=Kle--ner s(ndro,e = c$ild$ood disorder o- un+no'n ori)in '$ic$ o-ten e4tends into
adult$ood and can be identi-ied b( )radual or sudden loss o- t$e abilit( to understand and use
spo+en lan)ua)e.
Lan)ua)e = s(ste, -or co,,unicatin) ideas and -eelin)s usin) sounds! )estures! si)ns! or
,ar+s.
Lan)ua)e disorders = an( o- a nu,ber o- proble,s 'it$ .erbal co,,unication and t$e abilit( to
use or understand a s(,bol s(ste, -or co,,unication.
Lar(n)eal neoplas,s = abnor,al )ro't$s in t$e lar(n4 1.oice bo42 t$at can be cancerous or
noncancerous.
Lar(n)eal nodules = noncancerous! callous=li+e )ro't$s on t$e inner parts o- t$e .ocal -olds
1.ocal cords25 usuall( caused b( .ocal abuse or ,isuse.
Lar(n)eal paral(sis = loss o- -unction or -eelin) o- one or bot$ o- t$e .ocal -olds caused b( in/ur(
or disease to t$e ner.es o- t$e lar(n4.
Lar(n)ecto,( = sur)er( to re,o.e part or all o- t$e lar(n4 1.oice bo42.
Lar(n)itis = $oarse .oice or t$e co,plete loss o- t$e .oice because o- irritation to t$e .ocal -olds
1.ocal cords2.
Lar(n4 = .al.e structure bet'een t$e trac$ea 1'indpipe2 and t$e p$ar(n4 1t$e upper t$roat2 t$at
is t$e pri,ar( or)an o- .oice production.
Learnin) disabilities = c$ild$ood disorders c$aracteri*ed b( di--icult( 'it$ certain s+ills suc$ as
readin) or 'ritin) in indi.iduals 'it$ nor,al intelli)ence.
M
Mastoid = bac+ portion o- t$e te,poral bone t$at contains t$e inner ear.
Mastoid sur)er( = sur)ical procedure to re,o.e in-ection -ro, t$e ,astoid bone.
Mei)e s(ndro,e = ,o.e,ent disorder t$at can in.ol.e e4cessi.e e(e blin+in) 1blep$arospas,2
'it$ in.oluntar( ,o.e,ents o- t$e /a' ,uscles! lips! and ton)ue 1oro,andibular d(stonia2.
MEFniEGre9s disease = inner ear disorder t$at can a--ect bot$ $earin) and balance. :t can cause
episodes o- .erti)o! $earin) loss! tinnitus! and t$e sensation o- -ullness in t$e ear.
Menin)itis = in-la,,ation o- t$e ,enin)es! t$e ,e,branes t$at en.elop t$e brain and t$e spinal
cord5 ,a( cause $earin) loss or dea-ness.
Middle ear = part o- t$e ear t$at includes t$e eardru, and t$ree tin( bones o- t$e ,iddle ear!
endin) at t$e round 'indo' t$at leads to t$e inner ear.
Misarticulation = inaccuratel( produced speec$ sound 1p$one,e2 or sounds.
Motion sic+ness = di**iness! s'eatin)! nausea! .o,itin)! and )enerali*ed disco,-ort e4perienced
'$en an indi.idual is in ,otion.
Motor speec$ disorders = )roup o- disorders caused b( t$e inabilit( to accuratel( produce speec$
sounds 1p$one,es2 because o- ,uscle 'ea+ness or incoordination or di--icult( per-or,in)
.oluntar( ,uscle ,o.e,ents.
5
&eural plasticit( = abilit( o- t$e brain andIor certain parts o- t$e ner.ous s(ste, to adapt to ne'
conditions! suc$ as an in/ur(.
&eural prost$eses = de.ices t$at substitute -or an in/ured or diseased part o- t$e ner.ous s(ste,!
suc$ as t$e coc$lear i,plant.
&eural sti,ulation = to acti.ate or ener)i*e a ner.e t$rou)$ an e4ternal source.
&euro-ibro,atosis T(pe 1 1&3=1 .on Rec+lin)$ausen9s2 = )roup o- in$erited disorders in '$ic$
noncancerous tu,ors )ro' on se.eral ner.es t$at ,a( include t$e $earin) ner.e. T$e s(,pto,s
o- &3=1 include co--ee=colored spots on t$e s+in! enlar)e,ent! de-or,ation o- bones! and
neuro-ibro,as.
&euro-ibro,atosis T(pe 2 1&3=22 = )roup o- in$erited disorders in '$ic$ noncancerous tu,ors
)ro' on se.eral ner.es t$at usuall( include t$e $earin) ner.e. T$e s(,pto,s o- &3=2 include
tu,ors on t$e $earin) ner.e '$ic$ can a--ect $earin) and balance. &3=2 ,a( occur in t$e
teena)e (ears 'it$ $earin) loss. "lso see acoustic neurino,a.
&euro)enic co,,unication disorder = inabilit( to e4c$an)e in-or,ation 'it$ ot$ers because o-
$earin)! speec$! andIor lan)ua)e proble,s caused b( i,pair,ent o- t$e ner.ous s(ste, 1brain
or ner.es2.
&oise=induced $earin) loss = $earin) loss caused b( e4posure to $ar,-ul sounds! eit$er .er( loud
i,pulse sound1s2 or repeated e4posure to sounds o.er 90=decibel le.el o.er an e4tended period
o- ti,e t$at da,a)e t$e sensiti.e structures o- t$e inner ear.
&ons(ndro,ic $ereditar( $earin) i,pair,ent = $earin) loss or dea-ness t$at is in$erited and is
not associated 'it$ ot$er in$erited clinical c$aracteristics.
O
;dorant = substance t$at sti,ulates t$e sense o- s,ell.
;l-action = t$e act o- s,ellin).
;l-acto,eter = de.ice -or esti,atin) t$e intensit( o- t$e sense o- s,ell.
;pen=set speec$ reco)nition = understandin) speec$ 'it$out .isual clues 1speec$ readin)2.
;titis e4terna = in-la,,ation o- t$e outer part o- t$e ear e4tendin) to t$e auditor( canal.
;titis ,edia = in-la,,ation o- t$e ,iddle ear caused b( in-ection.
;toacoustic e,issions = lo'=intensit( sounds produced b( t$e inner ear t$at can be 7uic+l(
,easured 'it$ a sensiti.e ,icrop$one placed in t$e ear canal.
;tolar(n)olo)ist = p$(sicianIsur)eon '$o speciali*es in diseases o- t$e ears! nose! t$roat! and
$ead and nec+.
;tolo)ist = p$(sicianIsur)eon '$o speciali*es in diseases o- t$e ear.
;tosclerosis = abnor,al )ro't$ o- bone o- t$e inner ear. T$is bone pre.ents structures 'it$in t$e
ear -ro, 'or+in) properl( and causes $earin) loss. 3or so,e people 'it$ otosclerosis! t$e
$earin) loss ,a( beco,e se.ere.
;toto4ic dru)s = dru)s suc$ as a special class o- antibiotics! a,ino)l(coside antibiotics! t$at can
da,a)e t$e $earin) and balance or)ans located in t$e inner ear -or so,e indi.iduals.
;uter ear = e4ternal portion o- t$e ear! consistin) o- t$e pinna! or auricle! and t$e ear canal.
(
#apillo,a.irus = )roup o- .iruses t$at can cause noncancerous 'art=li+e tu,ors to )ro' on t$e
sur-ace o- s+in and internal or)ans suc$ as t$e respirator( tract5 can be li-e=t$reatenin).
#aros,ia = an( disease or per.ersion o- t$e sense o- s,ell! especiall( t$e sub/ecti.e perception
o- odors t$at do not e4ist.
#erception 1>earin)2 = process o- +no'in) or bein) a'are o- in-or,ation t$rou)$ t$e ear.
#eril(,p$ -istula = lea+a)e o- inner ear -luid to t$e ,iddle ear t$at occurs 'it$out apparent cause
or t$at is associated 'it$ $ead trau,a! p$(sical e4ertion! or barotrau,a.
#er.asi.e de.elop,ental disorders = disorders c$aracteri*ed b( dela(s in se.eral areas o-
de.elop,ent t$at ,a( include sociali*ation and co,,unication.
#$ero,ones = c$e,ical substances secreted b( an ani,al t$at elicits a speci-ic be$a.ioral or
p$(siolo)ical response in anot$er ani,al o- t$e sa,e species.
#$onolo)( = stud( o- speec$ sounds.
#ostlin)uall( dea-ened = indi.idual '$o beco,es dea- a-ter $a.in) ac7uired lan)ua)e.
#relin)uall( dea-ened = indi.idual '$o is eit$er born dea- or '$o lost $is or $er $earin) earl( in
c$ild$ood! be-ore ac7uirin) lan)ua)e.
#resb(cusis = loss o- $earin) t$at )raduall( occurs because o- c$an)es in t$e inner or ,iddle ear
in indi.iduals as t$e( )ro' older.
#
Readin) disorders = an( o- a )roup o- proble,s c$aracteri*ed b( di--icult( usin) or understandin)
t$e s(,bol s(ste, -or 'ritten lan)ua)e.
Round 'indo' = ,e,brane separatin) t$e ,iddle ear and inner ear.
S
Sensorineural $earin) loss = $earin) loss caused b( da,a)e to t$e sensor( cells andIor ner.e
-ibers o- t$e inner ear.
Si)n lan)ua)e = ,et$od o- co,,unication -or people '$o are dea- or $ard o- $earin) in '$ic$
$and ,o.e,ents! )estures! and -acial e4pressions con.e( )ra,,atical structure and ,eanin).
S,ell = to percei.e odor or scent t$rou)$ sti,uli a--ectin) t$e ol-actor( ner.es. See ol-action.
S,ell disorder = inabilit( to percei.e odors. :t ,a( be te,porar(! caused b( a $ead cold or
s'ellin) or bloc+a)e o- t$e nasal passa)es. :t can be per,anent '$en an( part o- t$e ol-actor(
re)ion is da,a)ed b( -actors suc$ as brain in/ur(! tu,or! disease! or c$ronic r$initis.
Sound .ocali*ation = abilit( to produce .oice.
Spas,odic d(sp$onia = ,o,entar( disruption o- .oice caused b( in.oluntar( ,o.e,ents o- one
or ,ore ,uscles o- t$e lar(n4 or .oice bo4.
Speci-ic lan)ua)e i,pair,ent 1SL:2 = di--icult( 'it$ lan)ua)e or t$e or)ani*ed=s(,bol s(ste,
used -or co,,unication in t$e absence o- proble,s suc$ as ,ental retardation! $earin) loss! or
e,otional disorders.
Speec$ = spo+en co,,unication.
Speec$ disorder = an( de-ect or abnor,alit( t$at pre.ents an indi.idual -ro, co,,unicatin) b(
,eans o- spo+en 'ords. Speec$ disorders ,a( de.elop -ro, ner.e in/ur( to t$e brain! ,uscular
paral(sis! structural de-ects! $(steria! or ,ental retardation.
Speec$ processor = part o- a coc$lear i,plant t$at con.erts speec$ sounds into electrical
i,pulses to sti,ulate t$e auditor( ner.e! allo'in) an indi.idual to understand sound and speec$.
Speec$=Lan)ua)e pat$olo)ist = $ealt$ pro-essional trained to e.aluate and treat people '$o $a.e
.oice! speec$! lan)ua)e! or s'allo'in) disorders 1includin) $earin) i,pair,ent2 t$at a--ect t$eir
abilit( to co,,unicate.
Stro+e = also +no'n as a cerebro.ascular accident 1CV"25 caused b( a lac+ o- blood to t$e brain!
resultin) in t$e sudden loss o- speec$! lan)ua)e! or t$e abilit( to ,o.e a bod( part! and! i-
se.ere enou)$! deat$.
Stutterin) = -re7uent repetition o- 'ords or parts o- 'ords t$at disrupts t$e s,oot$ -lo' o-
speec$.
Sudden dea-ness = loss o- $earin) t$at occurs 7uic+l( due to suc$ causes as e4plosion! a .iral
in-ection! or t$e use o- so,e dru)s.
S'allo'in) disorders = an( o- a )roup o- proble,s t$at inter-eres 'it$ t$e trans-er o- -ood -ro,
t$e ,out$ to t$e sto,ac$.
S(ndro,ic $earin) i,pair,ent = $earin) loss or dea-ness t$at! alon) 'it$ ot$er c$aracteristics!
is in$erited or passed do'n t$rou)$ )enerations o- a -a,il(.
T
Tactile = related to touc$ or t$e sense o- touc$.
Tactile de.ices = ,ec$anical instru,ents t$at ,a+e use o- touc$ to $elp indi.iduals '$o $a.e
certain disabilities! suc$ as dea-=blindness! to co,,unicate.
Taste = sensation produced b( a sti,ulus applied to t$e )ustator( ner.e endin)s in t$e ton)ue.
T$e -our tastes are salt! sour! s'eet! and bitter. So,e scientists indicate t$e e4istence o- a -i-t$
taste! described as sa.or(.
Taste buds = )roups o- cells located on t$e ton)ue t$at enable one to reco)ni*e di--erent tastes.
Taste disorder = inabilit( to percei.e di--erent -la.ors. Taste disorders ,a( result -ro, poor oral
$()iene! )u, disease! $epatitis! or ,edicines and c$e,ot$erapeutic dru)s. Taste disorders ,a(
also be neurolo)ical.
T$roat disorders = disorders or diseases o- t$e lar(n4 1.oice bo42! p$ar(n4! or esop$a)us.
T$(roplast( = sur)ical tec$ni7ue to i,pro.e .oice b( alterin) t$e cartila)es o- t$e lar(n4! '$ic$
$ouses t$e .ocal -olds 1.ocal cords2! in order to c$an)e t$e position or len)t$ o- t$e .ocal -olds.
"lso +no'n as lar(n)eal -ra,e'or+ sur)er(.
Tinnitus = sensation o- a rin)in)! roarin)! or bu**in) sound in t$e ears or $ead. :t is o-ten
associated 'it$ ,an( -or,s o- $earin) i,pair,ent and noise e4posure.
Ton)ue = lar)e ,uscle on t$e -loor o- t$e ,out$ t$at ,anipulates -ood -or c$e'in) and
s'allo'in). :t is t$e ,ain or)an o- taste! and assists in -or,in) speec$ sounds.
Touc$ = tactile sense5 t$e sense b( '$ic$ contact 'it$ t$e s+in or ,ucous ,e,brane is
e4perienced.
Tourette s(ndro,e = neurolo)ical disorder c$aracteri*ed b( recurrin) ,o.e,ents and sounds
1called tics2.
Trac$eosto,( = sur)ical openin) into t$e trac$ea 1'indpipe2 to $elp so,eone breat$e '$o $as
an obstruction or s'ellin) in t$e lar(n4 1.oice bo42 or upper t$roat or '$o $as $ad t$e lar(n4
sur)icall( re,o.ed.
Tuberous Sclerosis = >ereditar( disease 'it$ ,ultior)an ,ani-estation. T(pical s(,pto,s are
epileptic sei*ures! autis,! s+in disorders! and renal tu,ors.
T(,panoplast( = sur)ical repair o- t$e eardru, 1t(,panic ,e,brane2 or bones o- t$e ,iddle
ear.
,
H,a,i = Taste o- substances suc$ as L=)luta,ate salts 1MS82 t$at are -ound in -oods li+e
bouillon and ot$er stoc+s.
Hs$er s(ndro,e = $ereditar( disease t$at a--ects $earin) and .ision and so,eti,es balance.
V
Velocardio-acial s(ndro,e = in$erited disorder c$aracteri*ed b( cle-t palate 1openin) in t$e roo-
o- t$e ,out$2! $eart de-ects! c$aracteristic -acial appearance! ,inor learnin) proble,s! and
speec$ and -eedin) proble,s.
Verti)o = illusion o- ,o.e,ent5 a sensation as i- t$e e4ternal 'orld 'ere re.ol.in) around an
indi.idual 1ob/ecti.e .erti)o2 or as i- t$e indi.idual 'ere re.ol.in) in space 1sub/ecti.e .erti)o2.
Vestibular &euronitis = in-ection at t$e .estibular ner.e.
Vestibular s(ste, = s(ste, in t$e bod( t$at is responsible -or ,aintainin) balance! posture! and
t$e bod(9s orientation in space. T$is s(ste, also re)ulates loco,otion and ot$er ,o.e,ents and
+eeps ob/ects in .isual -ocus as t$e bod( ,o.es.
Vestibule = bon( ca.it( o- t$e inner ear.
Vibrotactile aids = ,ec$anical instru,ents t$at $elp indi.iduals '$o are dea- to detect and
interpret sound t$rou)$ t$e sense o- touc$.
Vocal cord paral(sis = inabilit( o- one or bot$ .ocal -olds 1.ocal cords2 to ,o.e because o-
da,a)e to t$e brain or ner.es.
Vocal cords 1Vocal -olds2 = ,usculari*ed -olds o- ,ucous ,e,brane t$at e4tend -ro, t$e lar(n4
1.oice bo42 'all. T$e -olds are enclosed in elastic .ocal li)a,ent and ,uscle t$at control t$e
tension and rate o- .ibration o- t$e cords as air passes t$rou)$ t$e,.
Vocal -olds = see Vocal cords.
Vocal tre,or = tre,blin) or s$a+in) o- one or ,ore o- t$e ,uscles o- t$e lar(n4! resultin) in an
unstead(=soundin) .oice.
Voice = sound produced b( air passin) out t$rou)$ t$e lar(n4 and upper respirator( tract.
Voice disorders = )roup o- proble,s in.ol.in) abnor,al pitc$! loudness! or 7ualit( o- t$e sound
produced b( t$e lar(n4 1.oice bo42.
4
Waardenbur) s(ndro,e = $ereditar( disorder t$at is c$aracteri*ed b( $earin) i,pair,ent! a
'$ite s$oc+ o- $air andIor distincti.e blue color to one or bot$ e(es! and 'ide=set inner corners
o- t$e e(es. Aalance proble,s are also associated 'it$ so,e t(pes o- Waardenbur) s(ndro,e.


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Medical Transcription First Step Medical Transcription Curriculum Medical Transcription Career Options

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www.Medical-Transcription1.Com, 23945 Calabasas Rd. Suite 106, Calabasas, CA 91302 Contact Us

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