A bibliography (19902002) Jaroslav Mackerle * Department of Mechanical Engineering, Linkoping Institute of Technology, S-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden Received 30 January 2003; revised 28 February 2003; accepted 28 February 2003 Abstract The paper gives a bibliographical review of nite element methods applied for the analysis of fastening and joining from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. The bibliography at the end of the paper contains 726 references to papers and conference proceedings on the subject that were published between 1990 and 2002. These are classied in the following categories: pin joints; thread connections; bolted joints, screws, nuts; rivets; ttings; tubular joints; expansion joints; gaskets; and other types of fastening. q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Finite element; Bibliography; Fasteners; Joints 1. Introduction The output of scientic papers in general is fast growing and professionals are no longer able to be fully up-to-date with all the relevant information. The increasing specializ- ation in various engineering elds has resulted in the proliferation of subject-oriented journals and conference proceedings directed to specialist audiences. The research- ers have more channels for communicating the results of their research at their disposal, but on the other hand nding the necessary information may be a time-consuming and uneasy process. Another question is whether researchers/ scientists are willing to spend time looking for information. It has been pointed out that in engineering, informal knowledge channels are the most frequently used means of obtaining information. In the last almost four decades the nite element method (FEM) has become the prevalent technique used for analyzing physical phenomena in the eld of structural, solid, and uid mechanics as well as for the solution of eld problems. Fastening and joining are dened as an act of bringing together, connecting or uniting to becoming one or a unit. There are many types of fasteners such as bolts and nuts, adhesive bonds, welds, etc. This paper concentrates mainly on mechanical fasteners. Mechanical fasteners are used in assemblies for their strength, reusability and appearance. Readers interested in welding are referred to Refs. [1,2] and in bonding to Refs. [3,4]. The bibliography is divided into the following parts and concerns: Pin joints; Thread connections; Bolted joints, screws, nuts; Rivets; Fittings; Tubular joints; Expansion joints; Gaskets; Other types of fastening The bibliography is organized into two main parts. In the rst, each topic is handled and current trends in modelling techniques are mentioned, usually as the keywords. The second part, Appendix A, contains a list of papers published in the open literature in the period of 19902002 on subjects listed above. References have been retrieved from the authors database, MAKEBASE. Also the INSPEC and COMPENDEX databases have been checked. Hopefully, this bibliography will save time for readers looking for information on nite element analyses of mechanical fastening and joining. Readers interested in the nite 0308-0161/03/$ - see front matter q 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0308-0161(03)00030-9 International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 80 (2003) 253271 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpvp * Tel.: 46-13-281111; fax: 46-13-282717. E-mail address: jarma@ikp.liu.se (J. Mackerle). element literature in general are referred to the authors Internet Finite Element Books Bibliography (http://www. solid.ikp.liu.se/fe/index.html) where approximately 500 book titles are listed and completed with bibliographical data and abstracts. Other authors bibliographies in connection with the analysis of pressure vessels and piping, where FEMs are applied, can be found in Refs. [57]. 2. Finite element analysis of fastening and joining 2.1. Pin joints Pin joints represent either 3D double shear or 2D single shear joints that are applied in many engineering structures from the skeletal frameworks to the outer skin of aircraft, automobiles, buildings, pressure vessels, etc. The stresses and slips in the vicinity of contact regions determine the static strength, plasticity, frictional damping and vibration levels, and affect the structural performance as, for example, the fatigue life, earthquake resistance [8]. The FEM makes it possible to analyse/simulate the more realistic pin connec- tions, not only a single pinned joint as is possible by using analytical, closed-form methods. The effect of various parameters (dimension, geometry, material, friction) on the contact area, contact pressure and tangential stress distri- bution can also be studied. The use of composite materials to strengthen engineering structures has received considerable attention in recent years. Mechanical joining is easier and more economical than, for example, adhesive bonding but it is necessary to drill holes resulting in large stress concentrations. Some papers listed in Appendix A deal with stress and failure predictions in mechanically fastened joints in composite laminates. Applied nite element models can take into account the contact interface, large deformations, nonlinear shear stressstrain, progressive damage and other factors. A review of analytical and numerical methods applied in mechanically fastened joints in ber reinforced plastics is in Ref. [9]. Topics included. 2D and 3D static and dynamic analysis of single- and multi-pin joints; deformation, stress and failure analysis; thermomechanical analysis; buckling analysis; strength analysis; determination of load distri- bution; effects of material nonlinearity; effect of tempera- ture; effect of interface ts; thickness effects; contact problems; fretting and wear; fracture mechanics problems; progressive failure analysis; fatigue crack growth. 2.2. Thread connections Threaded components are the most important structural elements inuencing signicantly the strength and endur- ance of the whole structural assembly. Threaded connec- tions are used for their ability to develop a clamping force and for the disassembly possibility that is important for maintenance. When a dynamic load is applied as is the case in many assemblies, failure may occur due to fatigue and vibration induced loosening. These failures can be avoided by proper joint design where the nite element studies can be helpful. A review of the load and stress distributions in the threads of fasteners can be found in Ref. [10]. Topics and types of threaded connections. 2D and 3D analysis of threaded connections; dynamic behavior of threaded connections; thermomechanical analysis; stress concentration at threaded roots; complex stress distribution in threads; load distribution between threads; axial and bending stress concentration factors; fracture mechanics problems; strength analysis; fatigue analysis and life estimation; stress intensity factor for threaded joints; residual stresses in threaded connections; effect of cracks on load distribution; effect of taper variation; helical effect on threads; threaded fasteners; geometrically exact threads; conical threaded connections; buttress threads; drillstring threaded joints; threaded end closures; threaded pressure vessels; threaded pipes. 2.3. Bolted joints, screws, nuts The FEM can study bolted joints with nite sliding deformable contact where the helical and frictional effects on the load distribution of each thread are included. The studies of bolted connections are rather complicated because the model should be 3D (2D solutions give stiffer and stronger results) and take into account many factors such as material and geometrical nonlinearities, contact, friction, slippage, bolt-plate interaction and fracture. The quality of computed results also depends on the element type used, discretization, constitutive equations, step size, kinematic description, etc. Finite element modelling has been extended to study the structural behavior of cold- formed steel bolted connections. The advantages of using cold-formed steel are derived from their long-term dura- bility and high yield strength. Composite materials with bolted joints have also been extensively used in various assemblies in recent years (electronic packaging, aircraft industry, automotive indus- try, etc.). The local contact between the bolt and composite material may induce high stress concentration and break the material. The stress distribution near the region around the bolt joint where the interaction between the bolt and the loaded hole is taken into account, can be determined by nite element analyses. Topics and types of connections. 2D and 3D static and dynamic stress and deformation analysis of bolted joints; thermomechanical analysis; heat transfer across bolted joints; effect of thermal loading; thermal contact resistance; assembly stress and deection; deformation in screw thread; mechanical properties of bolted connections; time-depen- dent behavior of bolted joints; effect of bolt threads on the joint stiffness; computation of member stiffness; tensile behavior of bolted joints; bolted joints subjected to high J. Mackerle / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 80 (2003) 253271 254 eccentric loads; load distribution studies; load distribution in bolt-nut connector; centrically loaded bolt joints; load distribution in screws; determination of bolt forces; environmental effects; fracture mechanics problems; ulti- mate limit load calculation; strength analysis; stress intensity factor; mixed-mode fracture; contact problems; thermoelastic contact problems; constraining effect of bolted joints; fatigue analysis; damage; progressive damage modelling; lifetime prediction; deformation and fracture of nuts; separation problems of bolted connection; bending of a screw plate; prying and shear in end-plate connection; axial loads due to screw fastening; relaxation in bolted connec- tion; tightening process of bolted joints; bolted joints with various clamping congurations; bolted joints with ten- sioner; prestressed bolted connections; prestressed screw joints; pretension in bolted connections; leakage of bolted anged joints; nut-bolt connections; axisymmetric bolt joints; end-plate connections; isolated and extended bolted end-plate connections; semi-rigid bolted end-plate connec- tions; semi-rigid bolted beam connections; bolted anged connections; rectangular bolted anged connections; anged connections for high temperature applications; bolted joints at cryogenic temperature; bolted beam to column joints; cold formed bolts; cheese-head bolts; countersunk bolts; U-bolts; self-threading bolts; rockbolts; bolted brackets; swaged bolts; railroad bolts; anchor bolts; cable bolt support system; bolt-nut-washer-compressed sheet joints; hollow type bolted joints; stud bolt fastening; multiple-row bolted connection; multiple-bolted joints; bonded/bolted joints; single lap screw connection; ball- screw joints; bolted connections in wood; bolted connec- tions in composites; combining adhesive with bolts. 2.4. Rivets Topics of this section. 2D and 3D static and dynamic riveted joint modelling and analysis; fracture mechanics problems; joint failure; strength evaluation; fatigue life prediction; stress intensity factor; crack nucleation; fretting problems; energy absorption; skin-rivet contact prediction; effect of interference and clamping on fretting; residual stresses; riveted joint design; laminates connected by rivets; riveted single lap joints; adhesively bonded joints with rivets; riveted airframes. 2.5. Fittings Topics and type of ttings. 2D and 3D mechanical and thermomechanical analysis of t joining; stress and deec- tion analysis; thermally loaded ts; fracture mechanics problems; contact problems; creep at the interface; stress intensity factor; fatigue evaluation; residual stresses; press ts; clearance-t joining; interference ts; shrink-ts; end ttings; crimped end ttings; ball snap-ts; cantilever snap- ts; L- and U-shaped snap-ts; bayonet-nger snap-ts; elbow and tee ttings; pipe ttings; plumbing ttings; tted cylindrical liners. 2.6. Tubular joints Some structures, i.e. offshore structures, consist of a large number of tubular members connected to one another by special joints. Tubular members are jointed together at their intersections in a variety of geometrical forms. These joints represent structural discontinuities that give rise to stress concentrations. Parametric nite element studies can generate a database of stress concentrations and degree of bending for various geometries of tubular joints. The combination of high stress concentration with dynamic loads makes fatigue damage almost unavoidable. Due to high stress concentrations, plastic deformation can occur at the intersection before the ultimate failure of the joint. The elastoplastic nite element analyses can estimate the static and fatigue strengths of tubular joints. In computations various conditions such as combined modes of loading, size effects, materials, environmental factors, etc. can be included to get a more realistic stress behavior of an entire tubular joint. A review of fracture mechanics models for tubular joints is in Ref. [11] and various methods for determining stress intensity factors for these joints are discussed in Refs. [12,13]. Topics and types of tubular joints. 2D and 3D linear and nonlinear stress and deection analysis; static and dynamic studies; stress concentration factors; force-displacement characteristics; joint exibility; hot spot stresses; inuence of loading on the joint performance; fracture mechanics problems; strength and failure analysis; ultimate strength analysis; stress intensity factors; cracked tubular joints; damage; fatigue; multiaxial fatigue; residual stresses; NDT detection of cracks; effect of imperfection on the strength; stiffened and unstiffened tubular joints; multiplanar tubular joints; square-to-round tubular joints; square-to-square tubular joints; tubular joints with brackets; tubular lap joints; overlapped tubular joints; plate-reinforced tubular joints; circular ange joints; grouted tubular joints; composite-to-metal tubular joints; tubular stub-columns; K-, L-, T-, X-, Y-, ST-, KK-, DT-, DX, XX-, XT and YT- tubular joints. 2.7. Expansion joints Topics and types of expansion joints. 2D and 3D static and dynamic analysis of expansion joints; creep, shrinkage and temperature effects; fracture mechanics problems; residual stresses; fatigue analysis; expanded tube-to-tube- sheet joints; modular expansion joints; bellows-type expan- sion joints; expansion joints for seismic protection; expansion joints in piping systems. J. Mackerle / International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 80 (2003) 253271 255 2.8. Gaskets Topics and type of gaskets. stress analysis and sealing performance of gaskets in bolted anged connections; contact problems; creep relaxation; determination of stress levels during thermal transients; local bifurcation problems; support testing; sheet gaskets; spiral wound gaskets; layered gaskets; cylinder block gaskets; taper-seal gaskets; plug, claw and gasketed closures. 2.9. Other types of fastening Topics of this section. 2D and 3D, linear and nonlinear analysis in and around fasteners in general; load distri- bution; creep relaxation; residual stresses; contact problems; fracture mechanics problems; failure strength prediction; progressive damage modelling; cracking near fastener holes; effects of fastener hole defects; cold-worked fastener holes; fatigue life prediction; stress intensity factor; structural fasteners for bracing connectors; multiple fasten- ers; mechanically fastened joints in composites; fastening elements in concrete; mechanically fastened lap joints; track fastening; fastening in automotive engineering; smart structural fasteners. Acknowledgements The bibliography presented in Appendix A is by no means complete but it gives a comprehensive representation of different nite element techniques applied to the analysis of fastening and joining. The author wishes to apologize for the unintentional exclusions of missing references and would appreciate receiving comments and pointers to other relevant literature for a future update. Appendix A. A bibliography (19902002) This bibliography provides a list of literature references on nite element analyses of fastening and joining, theory and applications. The listing presented contains papers published in scientic journals, conference proceedings, and theses/dissertations retrospectively to 1990. References have been retrieved from the authors database, MAKE- BASE. Entries are grouped into the same sections described in the rst part of this paper, and sorted alphabetically according to the rst authors name. In some cases, if a specic paper is relevant to several subject categories, the same reference can be listed under the respective section headings, but the interested reader is expected to consider also areas adjacent to his/her central area of research interest. 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Technical Writing A-Z: A Commonsense Guide to Engineering Reports and Theses, Second Edition, British English: A Commonsense Guide to Engineering Reports and Theses, U.S. English
Second Edition
Carpentry Made Easy - The Science and Art of Framing - With Specific Instructions for Building Balloon Frames, Barn Frames, Mill Frames, Warehouses, Church Spires