AS 2884.

11997
Australian Standard

Heavy mineral sand concentrates

Sampling
Part 1: Moving streams
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This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee MN/4, Heavy Mineral Sands.
It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 15 November
1996 and published on 5 January 1997.
The following interests are represented on Committee MN/4:
Chamber of Mines of W.A.
CSIRO, Division of Minerals
University of Queensland
Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard:
Mineral sands producer companies
Superintending companies
Review of Australi an Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australi an Standards are
subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new edit ions as
necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest
editi on, and any amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australi an Standards and related publicati ons will be found in the Standards Australia
Catal ogue of Publi cations; thi s informati on is supplemented each month by the magazine The
Australi an Standard, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications,
new edit ions and amendments, and of wit hdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Australi an Standards, addressed to the head off ice of Standards
Australi a, are welcomed. Notificati on of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard
should be made wit hout delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 93047.
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AS 2884.11997
Australian Standard

Heavy mineral sand concentrates

Sampling
Part 1: Moving streams
PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7337 0872 2
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AS 2884.1 1997 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Heavy Mineral
Sands, as one of a series of Standards for the sampling of heavy mineral sand
concentrates.
The other Standards in the series are as follows:
Part 2: Sampling from stationary situations
Part 3: Preparation of samples
Part 4: Determination of precision and bias
The objective of this Standard is to provide those responsible for the sampling of heavy
mineral sand concentrates with standardized procedures that will ensure uniformity of
material submitted for testing and analysis.
The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the Appendices to which they apply. A normative appendix is an integral
part of a Standard, whereas an informative appendix is for guidance and information only.
Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australi a publications and software. Except where the
Copyri ght Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or soft ware produced by Standards Australi a may be
reproduced, stored in a retri eval system in any form or transmi tt ed by any means wit hout pri or permi ssion in writ ing from
Standards Austr alia. Permission may be conditi onal on an appropri ate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information
on commercial soft ware royalt ies should be dir ected to the head off ice of Standards Australi a.
Standards Austr alia wil l permi t up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use
exclusively in-house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Austr alia.
Standards Austr alia wil l also permi t the inclusion of its copyri ght materi al in computer software programs for no royalt y
payment provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the curr ent edit ion of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the
Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identif ied.
The use of materi al in pri nt form or in computer soft ware programs to be used commercially, with or wit hout payment, or in
commercial contr acts is subject to the payment of a royalt y. This policy may be varied by Standards Australi a at any ti me.
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3 AS 2884.1 1997
CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5 PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 ESTABLISHING A SAMPLING SCHEME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7 MASS OF INCREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8 NUMBER OF INCREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9 MASS OF GROSS SAMPLES AND PARTIAL SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10 MASS-BASIS SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11 TIME-BASIS SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
12 STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLINGFIXED MASS OR
TIME INTERVALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
13 MECHANICAL SAMPLING FROM MOVING STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
14 MANUAL SAMPLING FROM MOVING STREAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
15 PACKING AND MARKING OF SAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
APPENDICES
A NOTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
B EXAMPLE OF VARIOGRAM CALCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
C MANUAL SAMPLING IMPLEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
D MECHANICAL SAMPLING IMPLEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
First published as AS 2884.11997.
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AS 2884.1 1997 4
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Heavy mineral sand concentratesSampling
Part 1: Moving streams
1 SCOPE This Standard sets out methods for sampling free-flowing heavy mineral
sands from moving streams, to provide samples for chemical analysis, physical testing and
determination of moisture.
NOTE: Difficulty may be experienced in sampling heavy mineral sand concentrates having a
moisture content above 1%. Such materials should be sampled by stopped-belt sampling or
other methods outlined in AS 2884.2.
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this
Standard:
AS
1152 Specification for test sieves
2884 Heavy mineral sand concentrates Sampling
2884.2 Part 2: Sampling from stationary situations
2884.3 Part 3: Preparation of samples
2884.4 Part 4: Determination of precision and bias
3 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
3.1 Bias the tendency to obtain a value that is either persistently higher or persistently
lower than the reference value; in practice, the difference between the reference value and
the average result obtained from a large number of determinations.
3.2 Coefficient of variation (cv) the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean value,
expressed as a percentage.
3.3 Constant-mass division the method of sample division in which the retained
portion is of uniform mass.
3.4 Cut a single traverse of the sample cutter through the concentrate stream.
3.5 Divided increment the quantity of concentrate obtained by division of the
increment to decrease its mass.
3.6 Division the process of decreasing the sample mass (without modification of the
particle size of the constituent pieces) whereby one or more representative parts of the
sample are retained.
3.7 Duplicate sampling a particular case of replicate sampling (involving only two
replicate samples), for the purpose of estimating the average precision of sampling from a
number of lots or sampling units.
3.8 Fixed-rate divisionthe method of sample division in which the retained portion
from individual increments is a constant proportion of the original mass.
3.9 Gross samplea sample formed when all of the primary increments or partial
samples, either as taken or after having been prepared individually to a particular stage of
sample preparation, are combined in the correct proportions for preparation of a
laboratory sample.
COPYRIGHT
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AS 2884.1-1997, Heavy mineral sand concentrates
- Sampling Moving streams