Methodology

Preparation of synthetic wastewater

1. Fill a bucket with water for 1 liters. The water represents the streams and rivers that service
wildlife, organisms that live in water and the human population.
2. The type of dye that used in this experiment is acid dyes because it is commonly used in
textile especially in coloring cotton product such t-shirts, socks, underwear and towels.
Moreover, acid dye is soluble in water and possesses affinity for amphoteric fibers compared
to other dyes such as direct dye, azo dyes and anthraquinone.
3. The dye are inserted into the water but the volume of dyes should be 10 % from volume of
water. The concentration of dyes insides water should be 1.0 g/L.
4. Stir it until it dissolved completely on water same on figure 1

Figure 1 The example of the wastewater of acid dyes (Dvju, 2010)









Experimental Procedure
The Jar test is a pilot-scale test of the treatment chemicals used in a particular water plant. It is
stimulates the coagulation process in a water treatment plant and helps operators identify if they
are using the right amount of treatment chemicals which helps them improves the plants
performance (Mohammad et. al, 2010).
1. The laboratory surrounding temperature should be kept below 25C to achieve a great
result. Try avoid any temperature fluctuations as much as possible, except where
indicated in this procedure.
2. Prepare a six paddle stirrer with six beaker apparatus and each beaker (figure 3) should
be contained 150 ml of the prepared dye solution was used in this study.

Figure 3 The Paddle Stirrer and beaker (Mohammad et. al, 2010)
3. Mix the of dye solution with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for pH adjustment for a period of
1 minute at 60-65 rpm.
4. The initial pH of the dye solutions were measured by the pH meter.
5. The initial turbidity of the dye solution were measured by the turbidimeter
6. Before we add any treatment into wastewater, we should prepare a composition such
a. Lime (10% Sol) + Ferrous Sulphate (5% Sol) + Poly-electrolyte (0.1% Sol)
b. Lime (10% Sol) + Aluminum Chloride (5% Sol) + Poly-electrolyte (0.1% Sol)
c. Caustic (10% Sol) + Ferric Chloride (5% Sol) + Poly-electrolyte (0.1% Sol)
d. Lime (10% Sol) + Alum (5% Sol) + Poly-electrolyte (0.1% Sol)
7. Add composition a into solution, dye solution was stirred for 3 minutes.
(While the stirrer operates, record the appearance of the water in each beaker. Note the
presence or absence of floc, the cloudy or clear appearance of water, and the color of the
water and floc.)
8. It was followed for a further mixing for 1 minute after the addition of polyelectrolyte
(polyelectrolyte functions to stabilize the flocculation procees).
9. The formed flocs were allowed to settle and the settling times( to reach half of the dye
solution height) were recorded. The supernatural of the treated dye solution was taken for
the determination of the colour remained.
10. Reduce the stirring speed to 20 rpm and continue stirring for 30 minutes. Record a
description of the floc in each beaker 10, 20 and 30 minutes after addition of the
chemicals.
11. Stop the stirring apparatus and allow the samples in the beakers to settle for 30 minutes.
Record a description of the floc and turbidity in each beaker after 15 minutes of settling
and again after 30 minutes of settling.
12. Determine the most effective dose of coagulant that gives the least turbid results by
plotting the graph of turbidity.
Reference
Alcoa World Chemicals (2001), Polyaluminum Chloride (PAC). Retrived from
[http://www.alumina.alcoa.com].
Dvju James. (2010). Dyes and dye intermediates. Most polluting industries of India.
SK Al-Dawery and OH Al-Joubori (2010). Preparation and Usage Of Polyaluminum Chloride as
a Coagulating Agent. TJER 2012,vol. 9. 31-36.
Kohlschutter HW, Hantelmann P, Diener K, Schilling H (1942), Basic aluminum chlorides.
Zeitschr Anorg, Und allgemeine Chem. 248(4):319-344.