Relations and Functions

nzks.
kkpk;Z ACADEMY & RESONANT CLASSES

nzks.kkpk;Z
Academy
S.C.F. 57, Sector 7
Kurukshetra
&
Resonant Classes
S.C.O. 53, Sector 17
Kurukshetra
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
IMPORTANT TOOLS / TECHNIQUES TIPS
Let X and Y be two non empty sets. A function f from X to Y (written as Y X f : ) is an
association or correspondence between X and Y such that corresponding to each X x there
corresponds a unique X y .
All elements of set X are independent variables and called domain of the function. All
elements of Y are dependent variables and called co-domain of the function. The set of all values
taen by a function is called range of the function.
(i) !f x in X corresponds to y in Y then we write ( ) x f y and say they y is f-image of x or
pre-image of y.
(ii) The set of all f-images of a function Y X f : is called range of the function.
Thus f
R
" range of ( ) { } X x x f f : .
(iii) A function ( ) x f is said to be onto or sur#ective if
Y R
f

$ i.e.$ range and co-domain
must be same. A function ( ) x f is said to be into if it is not onto. %or an into function
f
R
must be a proper subset of Y. !f nothing is specified an onto function is the one which taes all
real values.
(iv) A function
( ) x f is said to be one-one or in#ective if two distinct domain elements have
distinct images$ i.e.$ if
& '
x x then ( ) ( )
& '
x f x f for all
& '
$ x x in X function ( ) x f is said
to be one-one if ( ) ( )
& ' & '
x x x f x f for all
& '
$ x x .
(v) A function which is both one-one and onto i.e. in#ective and sur#ective is called bi#ective
such as function are invertible.
Inverse of a functon!
Let
( ) x f y be a bi#ective function from X to Y and suppose it is possible to write
( ) y g x
then the function
( ) x g y is called inverse of
( ) x f whose domain and range are Y and X
respectively note that
(i) !f
( ) y x$ is point on the graph of
( ) x f y then
( ) x y$ must be a point on the graph of
( ) x g y .
(ii) The graph of a function and its inverse are symmetrical about the line y = x.
'
nzks.kkpk;Z ACADEMY & RESONANT CLASSES
(iii) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x x f g x g f .
RULES TO "IND DOMAIN AND RAN#E O" "UNCTION
To fn$ Do%an!
!f the domain of
( ) x f and
( ) x g are
'
D and
&
D respectively$ then the domain the
( ) ( ) x g x f t and
( ) ( ) x g x f . is
& '
D D $ while the domain of
( )
( ) x g
x f
is
& '
D D e(cept
those values of x where ( ) ) x g . *omain of composite function ( ) x fog is all x for which
x
domain ( ) x g and
( ) x g
domain of ( ) x f .
To fn$ Ran&e!
(i) To find the range of a function$ put
( ) x f y . Then find the value of x in terms of y. The
set of all values of y for which function is defined will be the required range of the function. !f
the function is rational function then cross multiply with y and mae quadratic in x and
discuss the nature of roots.
(ii) +ange can also be determined by finding the derivative of the function. !f a function is
increasing in the interval ,a, b- then range will be ( ) ( ) [ ] b f a f $ . !f the function is decreasing
in the interval ,a, b- then range will be ( ) ( ) [ ] a f b f $ . .o range$ (ma(imum and minimum
value) of the function can be found by ma(ima and minima theory$ i.e.$ +ange of
c x b x a + + cos sin
is

[ ]
& & & &
$ b a c b a c + + +
.
(iii) +ange of odd degree polynomial function is always R. The domain and range of several
functions are truncated to mae them invertible. %or e(ample domain of tan x is chosen as
,
_
&
$
&

through the general domain is
( ) ( )
'
&
' & $
&
' &

n n
z n
.
The range of x
'
sin
for the same reason is chosen as

1
]
1
&
$
&

.
(iv) +ange of
b ax +
'
is all real e(cept )$ where range of
d cx
b ax
+
+
is all real e(cept
c
a
$ where
) bc ad .
+ange of x " All non-negative real.
&
(v) !f a value is attained at a point which si not there in the domain then this value is to be
deleted from the range of the function. %or e(ample$ consider ( )
( )
/ 0
'
&
+ +
x x
x
x f . *omain of
( ) x f " All real e(cept ' and / for$ x " '$ ( )
1
'
/
'

x
x f .
+ange of ( ) x f " +ange of
'

1
'
/
'
x
.
" All reals e(cept ) and 2'31.
Do%an an$ Ran&e for Tr&ono%etrc an$ Inverse Tr&ono%etrc functons
S' No' " Do%an Ran&e
'. x sin
R x
,2'$ '-
&.
x cos R x
,2'$ '-
4.
x tan
R x
$
( ) & 3 ' & + n x R
5.
x cot R x
$
n x
R
6.
x sec
R x
$
( ) & 3 ' & + n x R 2 (2'$ ')
1.
x ec cos R x
$
n x
R 2 (2'$ ')
/. x
'
sin
,2'$ '-
1
]
1
&
$
&

0. x
'
cos
,2'$ '-
( ) $ )
7. x
'
tan
,
_
&
$
&

'). x
'
cot
R
( ) $ )
''.
x
'
sec
R 2(2'$ ') [ ] [ ] & 3 $ )

'&.
x ec
'
cos

R 2(2'$ ')
1
]
1
&
$
&

2 8)9
Do%an an$ Ran&e for ot(er usua) functons
S' No' "uncton Do%an Ran&e
'.
:olynomial function
R R if the degree is odd$ subset of R !f
the degree is even.
&. +ational function All real e(cept for
which
( ) ) x Q
*epends on particular rational
function
4. ) $ > a a
x
R ( ) $ )
5. ) $ ) $ log > > a x x
a
and ' a
( ) $ ) R
6.
x
R [ ) $ )
1.
x
x R 2 8)9 82'$ '9
/. ,x- R .et of integers
0. 8x9 R [ ) ' $ )

PERIODIC "UNCTION
4
A function ( ) x f is said to be periodic if there e(ists a number ) a such that
( ) ( ) x f a x f + for all x. The number a is called the period of the function. The least positive a
satisfying ( ) ( ) x f a x f + for all x is called the fundamental period or the least period of the function
( ) x f .
(i) !f period of ( ) x f is ( ) ) $ a a then period of ( ) ( ) ) $ x f must be
a
.
(ii) !f
( ) ( ) ( ) x h b x g a x f + $ where
( ) x g and
( ) x h are periodic functions with period
'
P and
&
P then
( ) x f will also be periodic with period L.;.<. of
'
P and
&
P . =ut this
rule will not always be applicable. This rule fail in the case when
'
P is rational and
&
P is
irrational ( L.;.<. of a rational number with an irrational number does not e(ist). %or
e(ample$ ( ) ( ) x f x x x f + & cos sin is not periodic.
.econdly this rule fails when ( ) x g and ( ) x h are even functions and are co-functions of
each other. %or e(ample
( ) x x x f cos sin +
.
:eriod of
x sin
is
and that of
x cos
is also
$ but the period of

x x cos sin +
is
&
(iii) Any integral multiple of period must also be the period.

(iv) A periodic function cannot be invertible i.e. it can not be one-one.
(v) The derivative of a periodic function must also be periodic.
(vi) !f ( ) x f is periodic with period a then ( ) ( ) x f g must b periodic with a as one of its
periods.
(vii) A constant function is periodic with no fundamental (any non->ero number as) period.
Thus there are functions which are periodic but least period does not e(ist. An e(ample is
( )
'
irrational is if )
rational is if '
x
x
x f

it can be noted that ( ) x f is periodic with any non->ero rational number serving as period.
(viii)
x x a
x
$ log $
and ,x- are non-periodic but [ ] x x is periodic with period '$ where
, - denotes the greatest integer function.
The period of following functions must be remembered :
5
"uncton Pero$
x ec x x x cos $ sec $ cos $ sin
x x cot $ tan
( ) x x sin cos $ sin
$ cos sin $ cos sin
5 5
x x x x + +
( ) ( ) x x sin cos sin cos +
[ ] x x
[ ] nx x
&
& 3
'
'3n (n is positive)
ODD AND E*EN "UCNTIONS
A function
( ) x f is said to be even if
( ) ( ) x f x f $ for all x. Again a function
( ) x f is said to be
odd if
( ) ( ) x f x f $ for all x.
(i) The sum$ difference$ product of two even functions is even.
(ii) The sum of an even function and odd function is neither even nor odd.
(iii) The product of an even and odd function must be odd.
(iv) The derivative of an odd function is an even function and conversely.
(v) Any function ( ) x f can be e(pressed as sum of an even and odd functions observe that
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
& &
x f x f x f x f
x f

+
+
.
?ote that
( ) ( )
&
x f x f +
is even while
( ) ( )
&
x f x f
is odd.
(vi) @very constant function is an even function.
(vii) ( ) ) x f is even as well as odd function
x
.
COM+INATORICS IN "UNCTIONS
!f A and B are two finite sects with m and n elements respectively then
(i) Total number of functions from A to
m
n B
(ii) Total number of one-one functions from
'
>
n m
n m P
B A
m
n
if )
if
to
(iii) ?umber of functions satisfying ( ) ( )
'
... $ 4 $ & $ ' $ ...$ $ & $ '

m
n n j m i j i f
(iv) ?umber of functions in which elements
n
b b b $ ... $ $
& '
of B have
n
r r r $ . .. $ $
& '
pre-images in
( )
A ... A A
A
....
& '
& '
n
n
r r r
m
m r r r A + + +
6
(v) The number of onto functions from A to B
'
( ')
n
n r n m
r
r
C r
(vi) The number of ob#ective function A to A n B (when m = n).

STANDARD RESULT AND IMPORTANT TIPS
(i) The graph of a function will be met by any vertical line at most at one point.
(ii) The graph of a one-one function will be met by any hori>ontal line at most at one point.
(iii) !f a function is non-in#ective$ it can be easily proved by taing numerical values. =ut ) x
and then solve ( ) ( ) ) f x f . .ince f is not in#ective$ we may get other value of x.
(iv) !f f is a differentiable one-one function then either ( ) ) x f or ( ) ) x f for all values
of x in the domain.
(v) The functions
x x
e
log $ tan
and odd degree polynomials are essentially onto.
(vi) !f for a differentiable function ( ) x f whose inverse is ( ) x g then ( ) x g
can be found by
differentiating ( ) ( ) x x f g and replacing x by ( ) x g .
(vii) !f a function has at least one local ma(ima or local minima then it is always many-one
function.
(viii) !n the case of composite functions$ if gof is one-one function then f must be one-one
function and if gof is onto function then g must be onto function.
SPECIAL POINTS
(i) !f
n
c c c c < < < < ...
4 & '
be distinct real numbers and
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
c x c x c x x P ...
& '
$ then if n is even
( ) ) > x P fro all x in
( ) ( ) ( ) $ ... $ $
4 & ' n
c c c c
( ) ) < x P fro all x in
( ) ( ) ( )
n n
c c c c c c $ ... $ $
' 5 4 & '
and if n is odd$ then
( ) ) > x P fro all x in
( ) ( ) ( ) $ ... $ $
5 4 & ' n
c c c c c
( ) ) < x P fro all x in
( ) ( ) ( )

$ ... $ $
' 4 & ' n
c c c c
(ii)
x
a
log
is defined if
. ' $ ' $ ) $ $ $
log
log
log $ ' $ ) $ ) > > > z y z y x
x
x
x a a x
z
z
y
(iii) !f
' > a
then
y x
a
> log
y x a x
a
y
< > log $
y
a x < < )
!f
' ) < < a
then
y x
a
> log
y
a
y
a x y x a x > < < < log $ )
1
(iv) Let c bx ax + +
&
be a quadratic polynomial then min ( )
a
b ac
c bx ax
5
5
&
&

+ + if
) > a
$
ma( ( )
a
b ac
c bx ax
5
5
&
&

+ + if
) < a
.
(v) L.;.<. of a rational number and an irrational does not e(ist.
TYPE 1 (NCERT QUESTIONS)
E,ERCISE - .'.
E' .' Let A be the set of all students of boys school. .how that the relation + in A given by
+ " 8(a$ b) : a is sister of b9 is the empty relation and +B " 8(a$ b) : the difference between
heights of a and b is less than 4 meters9 is the universal relation.
E' /' Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with + a relation in T given by
9 T to congruent is T : ) T $ 8(T T
& ' & '
. .how that + is an equivalence relation.
E' 0' Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and + be the relation in L defined as
9 L lar to perpendicu is L : ) L $ 8(L +
& ' & '
. .how that + is symmetric but neither
refle(ive nor transitive.
E' 1' .how that the relation + in the set 8'$ &$ 49 given by +"8('$ ')$ (&$ &)$ (4$ 4)$ ('$ &)$ (&$ 4)9
is refle(ive but neither symmetric nor transitive.
E' 2' .how that the relation + in the set 3 of integers given by + " 8(a$ b) : & divides a 2 b9 is an
equivalence relation.
E' 4' Let + be the relation defined in the set A " 8'$ &$ 4$ 5$ 6$ 1$ /9 by + " 8(a$ b) : both a and b
are either odd or even9. .how that + is an equivalence relation. %urther$ show that all the
elements of the subset 8'$ 4$ 6$ /9 are related to each other and all the elements of the subset
8&$ 5$ 19 are related to each other$ but no element of the subset 8'$ 4$ 6$ /9 is related to any
element of the subset 8&$ 5$ 19.
Q' .' *etermine whether each of the following relations are refle(ive$ symmetric and transitive:
(i) +elation + in the set A " 8'$ &$ 4$ ...$ '4$ '59 defined as
+ " 8(x$ y) : 4x 2 y "))
(ii) +elation + in the set N of natural numbers defined as
+ " 8(x$ y) : y " x C 6 and x D 59
(iii) +elation + in the set A " 8'$ &$ 4$ 5$ 6$ 19 as + " 8(x$ y) : y is divisible by x9
(iv) +elation + in the set 3 of all integers defined as + " 8(x$ y) : x 2 y is an integer9
(v) +elation + in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular time given by
(a) + " 8(x$ y) : x and y wor at the same place9
(b) + " 8(x$ y) : x and y live in the same locality9
(c) + " 8(x$ y) : x is e(actly / cm taller than y9
(d) + " 8(x$ y) : x is wife of y9
(e) + " 8(x$ y) : x is father of y9
/
Q' /' .how that the relation + in the set R of real numbers$ defined as 9 : ) $ 8( +
&
b a b a is
neither refle(ive nor symmetric nor transitive.
Q' 0' ;hec whether the relation + defined in the set 8'$ &$ 4$ 5$ 6$ 19 as + " 8( a$ b) : b " a C '9 is
refle(ive$ symmetric or transitive.
Q' 1' .how that the relation + in R defined as
9 : ) $ 8( + b a b a
$ is refle(ive and transitive
but not symmetric.
Q' 2' ;hec whether the relation + in R defined by 9 : ) $ 8( +
4
b a b a is refle(ive$
symmetric or transitive.
Q' 4' .how that the relation + in the set 8'$ &$ 49 given by + " 8('$ &)$ (&$ ') is symmetric but
neither refle(ive nor transitive.
Q' 5' .how that the relation + in the set A of all the boos in a library of a college$ given by
9 pages of number same have and : ) $ 8( y x y x R
is an equivalence relation.
Q' 6' .how that the relation + in the set A " 8'$ &$ 4$ 5$ 69 given by
9 even is : ) $ 8( b a b a R
$ is an equivalence relation. .how that all the elements of
9 6 $ 4 $ ' 8
are related to each other and all the elements of
9 5 $ & 8
are related to each other.
=ut no element of 8'$ 4$ 69 is related to any element of 8&$ 59.
Q' 7' .how that each of the relation + in the set
9 '& ) : 8 A x x 3
$ given by
(i)
9 5 of multiple a is : ) $ 8( b a b a R
(ii)
9 : ) $ 8( b a b a R
is an equivalence relation. %ind the set of all elements related to ' in each case.
Q' .8' Eive an e(ample of a relation. Fhich is
(i) .ymmetric but neither refle(ive nor transitive.
(ii) Transitive but neither refle(ive nor symmetric.
(iii) +efle(ive and symmetric but not transitive.
(iv) .ymmetric and transitive but not refle(ive.
Q' ..' .how that the relation + in the set A of points in a plane given by + " 8(:$ G) : distance of the
point : from the origin is same as the distance of the point G from the origin9$ is an
equivalence relation. %urther$ show that the set of all points related to a point
)) ()$ :
is
the circle passing through : with origin as centre.
Q' ./' .how that the relation + defined in the set A of all triangles as
similar is T : ) T $ 8(T +
' & '
9 T to
&
$ is equivalence relation. ;onsider three right angle triangles
'
T with sides 4$ 5$ 6$
&
T with sides 6$ '&$ '4 and
4
T with sides 1$ 0$ '). Fhich triangles among
4 & '
T and T $ T are relatedH
0
Q' .0' .how that the relation + defined in the set A of all polygons as
have : and : : ) : $ 8(: +
& ' & '
sides9 of number same $ is an equivalence relation. Fhat is the set of all elements in A
related to the right angle triangle T with sides 4$ 5 and 6H
Q' .1' Let L be the set of all lines in IJ plane and + be the relation in L defined as
9 L to parallel is L : ) L $ 8(L +
& ' & '
. .how that + is an equivalence relation. %ind the set
of all lines related to the line y " &x C 5.
Q' .2' Let + be the relation in the set 8'$ &$ 4$ 59 given by + " 8('$ &) (&$ &) ('$ ') (5$ 5)$ ('$ 4)$ (4$ 4)
(4$ &)9. choose the correct answer.
(A) + is refle(ive and symmetric but not transitive.
(=) + is refle(ive and transitive but not symmetric.
(;) + is symmetric and transitive but not refle(ive.
(*) + is an equivalence relation.
Q' .4' Let + be the relation in the set N given by + " 8(a$ b) : a " b 2 &$ b K 19. ;hoose the correct
answer.
(A)
+ 5) (&$
(=)
+ 0) (4$
(;)
+ 0) (1$
(*)
+ /) (0$
E,ERCISE - .'/
E' .' Let A be the set of all 6) students of ;lass I in a .chool. Let
N A : f
be function defined
by f (x) " roll number of the I. .how that f is one-one but not onto.
E' /' .how that the function f :
?$ ?
given by f (x) " &x, is one but not onto.
E' 0' :rove that the function f :
R9 R
given by f(x) " &x$ is one-one and onto.
E' 1' .how that the function f :
? ?
given by f (') " f (&) " ' and f (x) " x 2 '$ for every
$ & > x
is onto but one-one.
E' 2' .hot that the function f :
$ R R
defined as f (x) " $
&
x is neither one-one nor onto.
E' 4' .how that f :
$ N N
given by f (x) "
'
+
even is if $ '
odd is if $ '
x x
x x
is both one-one and onto.
E' 5' .how that an onto function
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 4 $ & $ ' 8 : f
is always one-one.
E' 6' .how that a one-one function
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 4 $ & $ ' 8 : f
must be onto.
Q' .' .how that the function
) )
+ : R f
defined by
x
x f
'
) ( is one-one and onto where R
8
is the set of all non->ero real numbers. !s the result true$ if the domain R
8
is replaced by N
with co-domain being same as R
8
H
Q' /' ;hec the in#ectivity and sur#ectivity of the following function:
(i)
N N : f
given by
&
) ( x x f
7
(ii)
3 3 : f
given by
&
) ( x x f
(iii)
R R : f
given by
2
x x f ) (
(iv)
N N : f
given by
4
) ( x x f
(v)
3 3 : f
given by
4
) ( x x f
Q' 0' :rove that the Ereatest integer function
$ : R R f
given by
-$ , ) ( x x f
is neither one-
one nor onto$ where ,x- denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Q' 1' .how that the <odulus %unction
$ : R R f
given by
x x f ) (
$ is neither one-one nor
onto$ where
x
is positive or ) if
x
is non-negative and
x
is - x$ if x is negative.
Q' 2' .how that the .ignum %unction
R R : f
$ given by
'
<
>
) if '$ -
) if )$
) if $ '
) (
x
x
x
x f
is neither one-one nor onto.
Q' 4' Let A "
9 4 $ & $ ' 8
$ = "
9 / $ 1 $ 6 $ 5 8
and let
9 ) 1 $ 4 ( )$ 6 $ & ( )$ 5 $ ' ( 8 f
be a function
from A to =. .how that f is one-one.
Q' 5' !n each of the following cases$ state whether the function is one-one$ onto or bi#ective$ Lustify
your answer.
(i)
R R : f
defined by
x x f 5 4 ) (
(ii)
R R : f
defined by
&
' ) ( x x f +
Q' 6' Let A and = be sets. .how that
A B B A f :
such that
) $ ( ) $ ( a b b a f
is
bi#ective function.
Q' 7' Let
N N : f
be defined by
'
+
even is if $
&
n
odd is if $
&
'
) (
n
n
n
n f
for all
N n
.
.tate whether the function is bi#ective. Lustify your answer.
Q' .8' Let A " R 2 849 and = " R 2 8'9. ;onsider the function
= A : f
defined by
,
_
4
&
) (
x
x
x f
. !s f one-one and ontoH Lustify your answer.
Q' ..' Let
R R : f
be defined by
5
) ( x x f . ;hose the correct answer.
(A) f is one-one onto (=) f is many-one onto
(;) f is one-one but not onto (*) f is neither one-one nor onto
Q' ./' Let
R R : f
be defind as
x x f 4 ) (
. ;hoose the correct answer.
(A) f is one-one onto (=) f is many-one onto
(;) f is one-one but not onto (*) f is neither one-one nor onto
E,ERCISE - .'0
E' .' Let
9 7 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 8 9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & 8 : f
and
9 '6 $ '' $ / 8 9 7 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 8 : g
be
function defined as
6 ) 6 ( ) 5 ( $ 5 ) 4 ( $ 4 ) & ( f f f f
and
/ ) 5 ( ) 4 ( g g
and
'' ) 7 ( ) 6 ( g g
. %ind gof.
')
E' /' %ind gof and fog$ if
R R R R : and : g f
are given by
x x f cos ) (
and
&
4 ) ( x x g . .how that
fog gof
.
E' 0' .how that if
'
'
6
4
6
/
: R R f is defined by
/ 6
5 4
) (
x
x
x f and
'
'
6
/
6
4
: R R g
is defined by
4 6
5 /
) (
x
x
x g $ then
A
I fog and
B
I gof
$ where $
B x x x I A x x x I B A
B A

'
'
$ ) ( $ $ ) ( M
6
/
$
6
4
R R are
called identity function on sets A and B$ respectively.
E' 1' .how that if
B A f :
and
C B g :
are one-one$ then
C A gof :
is also one-
one.
E' 2' .how that if
B A f :
and
C B g :
are onto$ then
C A gof :
is also onto.
E' 4' ;onsider function f and g such that composite gof is defined and is one-one. Are f and g both
necessarily one-one.
E' 5' Are f and g both necessarily onto$ if gof is ontoH
E' 6' Let
9 $ $ 8 9 4 $ & $ ' 8 : c b a f
be one-one and onto function given by
c f b f a f ) 4 ( and ) & ( $ ) ' (
. .how that there e(ists a function
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 $ $ 8 : c b a g
such that
X
I gof
and
Y
I fog
$ where$ I " 8'$ &$ 49
and J " 8a$ b$ c9.
E' 7' Let
Y f N :
be a function defined as
4 5 ) ( + x x f
$ where$
9 some for 4 5 : 8 N + x x y N y Y
. .how that
f
is invertible. %ind the inverse.
E' .8' Let N N 9 : 8
&
n n Y . ;onsider
Y f N :
as
&
) ( n n f . .how that
f
is
invertible. %ind the inverse of f.
E' ..' ;onsider
N N N N : $ : g f
and
R N : h
defined as
5 4 ) ( $ & ) ( + y y g x x f
and
z y x z z h and $ $ sin ) (
in ?. .how that
of hog gof ho ) ( ) (
.
E' ./' ;onsider
9 $ $ 8 9 4 $ & $ ' 8 : c b a f
and
9 cat ball$ apple$ 8 9 $ $ 8 : c b a g
defined as
ball ) ( $ apple ) ( $ ) 4 ( $ ) & ( $ ) ' ( b g a g c f b f a f
and
cat ) ( c g
. .how
that
g f $
and
gof
are invertible. %ind out
' '
$

g f and
'
) (

gof and show that
' ' '
) (

og f gof .
E' .0' Let . " 8'$ &$ 49. *etermine whether the function
f :
defined as below have
inverses. %ind
'
f $ if it e(ists.
(a)
)9 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( )$ ' $ ' 8( f
(b)
)9 ' $ 4 ( )$ ' $ & ( )$ & $ ' 8( f
(c)
)9 ' $ & ( )$ & $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ ' 8( f
''
Q' .' Let
9 6 $ & $ ' 8 9 5 $ 4 $ ' 8 : f
and
9 4 $ ' 8 9 6 $ & $ ' 8 : g
be given by
9 ) ' $ 5 ( )$ 6 $ 4 ( )$ & $ ' ( 8 f
and
9 ) ' $ 6 ( )$ 4 $ & ( )$ 4 $ ' ( 8 g
. Frite down
gof
.
Q' /' Let f$ g and h be functions from R to R. .how that
goh foh oh g f + + ) ( ) ( . ) ( ) . ( goh foh oh g f
Q' 0' %ind
gof
and
fog
$ if
(i)
x x f ) (
and
& 6 ) ( x x g
(ii)
4
0 ) ( x x f and 4
'
) ( x x g
.
Q' 1' !f
( )
( ) 4
&
$
5 1
4 5
) (
+
x
x
x
x f
$ show that
x x fof ) (
$ for all
4
&
x . Fhat is the inverse
of f H
Q' 2' .tate with reason whether following functions have inverse
(i)
9 ') 8 9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 : f
with
9 ) ') $ 5 ( )$ ') $ 4 ( )$ ') $ & ( )$ ') $ ' ( 8 f
(ii)
9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 0 $ / $ 1 $ 6 8 : g
with
9 ) & $ 0 ( )$ 5 $ / ( )$ 4 $ 1 ( )$ 5 $ 6 ( 8 g
(iii)
9 '4 $ '' $ 7 $ / 8 9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & 8 : h
with
9 ) '4 $ 6 ( )$ '' $ 5 ( )$ 7 $ 4 ( )$ / $ & ( 8 h
Q' 4' .how that
R - ' $ ' , : f
$ given by
( ) &
) (
+
x
x
x f
is one-one. %ind the inverse of the
function
f f +ange - ' $ ' , :
.
(Nint : %or
&
) ( $ +ange
+

x
x
x f y f y $ for some
x
in
- ' $ ' ,
$ i.e.$
) ' (
&
y
y
x
)
Q' 5' ;onsider
R R : f
given by
4 5 ) ( + x x f
. .how that f is invertible. %ind the inverse
of f.
Q' 6' ;onsider ) $ 5 , :
+
R f given by 5 ) (
&
+ x x f . .how that f is invertible with the
inverse
'
f of f given by
5 ) (
'

y y f
$ where
+
R is the set of all non-negative real
numbers.
Q' 7' ;onsider ) $ 6 , :
+
R f given by 6 1 7 ) (
&
+ x x x f . .how that f is invertible
with
( )
,
_
4
' 1
) (
'
y
y f
.
Q' .8' Let
J I : f
be an invertible function. .how that f has unique inverse.
'&
(Nint : suppose
'
g and
&
g are two inverses of f. Then for all
J y
$
) ( ) ( ' ) (
& '
y fog y y fog
Y

. Ose one-one ness of f ).
Q' ..' ;onsider
9 $ $ 8 9 4 $ & $ ' 8 : c b a f
given by
b f a f ) & ( $ ) ' (
and
c f ) 4 (
.
%ind
'
f and show that f f
' '
) ( .
Q' ./' Let
J I : f
be an invertible function. .how that the inverse of
'
f is f$ i.e.$
f f
' '
) ( .
Q' .0' !f
R R : f
be given by 4
'
4
) 4 ( ) ( x x f
$ then
) (x fof
is
(A)
4
'
x
(=)
4
x (;)
x
(*) ) 4 (
4
x .
Q' .1' Let R R
'

4
5
: f be a function defined as
5 4
5
) (
+
x
x
x f . The inverse of
f
is the
map
'

4
5
+ange : R f g
given by
(A)
y
y
y g
5 4
4
) (
(=)
y
y
y g
4 5
5
) (
(;)
y
y
y g
5 4
5
) (
(*)
y
y
y g
4 5
4
) (
E,ERCISE - .'1
E' .' .how that addition$ subtraction and multiplication are binary operations on R$ but division is
not a binary operation on R. %urther$ show that division is binary operation on the set :
R
of
non>ero real numbers.
E' /' .how that subtraction and division are not binary operations on N.
E' 0' .how that
R R R : P
given by
&
5 ) $ ( b a b a + is a binary operation.
E' 1' Let : be the set of all subsets of a given set I. .how that
: : : :
given by
= A =) (A$
and
: : : :
given by
= A =) (A$
are binary
operations on the set :.
E' 2' .how that the
R R R :
given by
9 $ 8 ma( ) $ ( b a b a
and the
R R R :
given by
9 $ 8 min ) $ ( b a b a
are binary operations.
E' 4' .how that
R R R + :
and
R R R :
are commutative binary operations$
but
R R R :
and
R R R :
are not commutative.
E' /. .how that
R R R : P
defined by
b a b a & P +
is not commutative.
E' 0. .how that addition and multiplication are associative binary operation on R. =ut subtraction
is not associative on R. *ivision is not associative on :
R
.
E' 7. .how that
R R R : P
given by
b a b a & P +
is not associative.
'4
E' '). .how that >ero is the identity for addition on + and ' is the identity for multiplication on +.
=ut there is not identity element for the operations
:R R R
and
:R R R
E' ..' .how that 2a is the inverse of a of for the addition operation QCR on R and
a
'
is the inverse
of
) a
for the multiplication operation QR on R.
E' ./' .how that 2a is not the inverse of
N a
for the addition operation C on N and
a
'
is not
the inverse of
N a
for multiplication operation ( on$ N$ for
a
'.
Q' .' *etermine whether or not each of the definition of P given below given a binary operation. !n
the event that P is not a binary operation$ give #ustification for this.
(i) Sn
+
3
$ define P by
b a b a P

(ii) Sn
+
3
$ define P by
ab b a P
(iii) Sn R$ define P
&
P ab b a
(iv) Sn
+
3
$ define P by
b a b a P
(v) Sn
+
3
$ define P by
a b a P
Q' / %or each binary operation P defined below$ determine whether P is commutative or
associative.
(i) Sn 3$ define
b a b a P

(ii) Sn
Q
$ define
' P + ab b a

(iii) Sn
Q
$ define
&
P
ab
b a
(iv) Sn
+
3
$ define
ab
b a & P
(v) Sn
+
3
$ define
b
a b a P
(vi) Sn
9 ' 8 R
$ define
'
P
+
b
a
b a
Q' 0' ;onsider the binary operation on the set
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8
defined by
b a
min
9 $ 8 b a
. Frite the operation table of the operation
Q' 1' ;onsider a binary operation P on the set
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8
given by the following
multiplication table (Table '.&).
(i) ;ompute P ) 4 P & ( 5 and
) 5 P 4 ( P &
(ii) !s P ;ommutativeH
;< ;ompute
b a P ) 6 P 5 ( P ) $ 4 $ & (
.
(Nint: use the following table)
Ta=)e .'/
P
' & 4 5 6
' ' ' ' ' '
& ' & ' & '
'5
4 ' ' 4 ' '
5 ' & ' 5 '
6 ' ' ' ' 6
Q' 2' Let
T
P
be the binary operation on the set
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8
defined by b a
T
P " N.;.%. of
a and b. !s the operation
T
P
same as the operation P defined in e(ercise 5 aboveH
Lustify your answer.
Q' 4' Let P be the binary operation on N given by
b a P
" L.;.<. of a and b. %ind
(i)
/ P 6
$
'1 P &)
(ii) is P commutativeH
(iii) !s P associativeH (iv) %ind the identity of P in N
Q' 5' !s P defined on the set
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8
by
b a P
" L.;.<. of a and b a binary
operationH Lustify yours answer.
Q' 6' Let P be the binary operation on N defined by
b a P
" N.;.%. of a and b$ !s P
commutativeH !s P associativeH *oes there e(ist identity for this binary operation on
NH
Q' 7' Let P be a binary operation on the set Q of rational numbers as follows:
(i)
b a P
"
b a
(ii)
b a P
"
& &
b a +
(iii)
b a P
"
ab a +
(iv)
b a P
"
&
) ( b a
(v)
b a P
"
5
ab
(vi)
b a P
"
&
ab
%ind which of the binary operations are commutative and which are associative.
Q' .8' .how that non of the operation gives above has identity.
Q' ..' Let A "
N N
and P be the binary operation on a defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( P ) $ ( d b c a d c b a + +
.how that P is commutative and associative. %ind the identity element for P on A$ if any.
Q' ./' .tate whether the following statements are true or false. Lustify.
(i) %or an arbitrary binary operation P on a set N$
N a a a a P
.
(ii) !f P is a commutative binary operation on N$ then
a b c c b a P ) P ( ) P ( P
Q'.0' ;onsider a binary operation P on N defined as
4 4
P b a b a + . ;hoose the correct
answer.
(A) !s P both associative and commutativeH
(=) !s P commutative but not associativeH
(;) !s P associative but not commutativeH
(*) !s P neither commutative nor associativeH
MISCELLANEOUS E,ERCISE
E' .' !f
'
+
and
&
+
are equivalence relations in a set A$ show that
& '
+ +
is also an
'6
E' /' Let + be a relation on the set A of ordered pairs of positive integers defined by
) $ ( + ) $ ( y ! y x
if and only if
y! x"
. .how that + is an equivalence relation.
E' 0' Let
9 7 $ 0 $ / $ 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 I
. Let
'
+ be a relation in I given by
y x y x : $ ( 8 +
'
is divisible by 49 and
&
+
be another relation on I given by
9 $ 0 $ 6 $ & 8 9 $ 8 : ) $ ( 8 +
&
y x y x
or 9 9 7 $ 1 $ 4 8 9 $ 8 y x . .how that
& '
+ + .
E' 1' Let
J I : f
be a function. *efine a relation + in I given by
9 ) ( ) ( : ) $ ( 8 + b f a f b a
. @(amine if + is an equivalence relation.
E' 2' *etermine which of the following binary operations on the set ? are associative and which
are commutative.
(a)
N b a b a $ ' P
(b) N
+
b a
b a
b a $
&
) (
P
E' 4' %ind the number of all one-one function from set
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
to itself.
E' 5' Let
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
. Then show that the number of relations containing
) & $ ' (
and
) 4 $ & (
which are refle(ive and transitive but not symmetric is four.
E' 6' .how that number of equivalence relation in the set
9 4 $ & $ ' 8
containing
) & $ ' (
and
) ' $ & (
is two.
E' 7' .how that the number of binary operation on
9 & $ ' 8
having ! as identity and having & as the
inverse of & is e(actly one.
E' .8' ;onsider the identity function N N ! I
N
defined as ? ) ( x x x
N
I show that
although
?
!
is onto but
N N + : ! !
? ?
defined as
x x x x x x & ) ( ! ) ( ! ) ( ) ! ! (
? ? ? ?
+ + + is not onto.
E' ..' ;onsider a function
+
&
$ ) :
1
]
1

f
given by
) (x f
sin x and
R
1
]
1
&
$ ) :

g
given
by
. cos ) ( x x g
show that f and g are one-one$ but
g f +
is not one-one.
Q' .' Let
R R : f
be defined as
/ ') ) ( + x x f
. find the function
R R : g
such that
R
' g o f f o g .
Q' /' Let
# # f :
be defined as
' ) ( n n f
$ if n is odd and
' ) ( + n n f
$ if n is even.
.how that f is invertible. %ind the inverse of f. Nere$ F is the set of all whole numbers.
Q' 0' !f
R R : f
is defined by & 4 ) (
&
+ x x x f $ find
)) ( ( x f f
.
'1
Q' 1' .how that the function
9 ' ' : 8 : < < x x f R R
defined by
x
x
x f
+
'
) (
$
R x
is one-one and onto function.
Q' 2' .how that the function
R R : f
given by
4
) ( x x f is in#ective.
Q' 4' Eive e(amples of two functions
3 N : f
and
3 3 : g
such that
f o g
is in#ective
but
g
is not in#ective.
(Nint : ;onsider
x x g x x f ) ( and ) (
).
Q' 5' Eive e(amples of two functions
N N : f
and
N N : g
such that
f o g
is onto
but f is not onto.
(Nint : ;onsider
' ) ( + x x f
and
'
>
' if '
' if '
) (
x
x x
x g
).
Q' 6' Eiven a non empty set I$ consider :(I) which is the set of all subsets of I.
*efine the relation + in :(I) as follows :
%or subsets A$ = in :(I)$ A+= if and only if
= A
. !s + an equivalence relation on :(I)H
Lustify your answer.
Q' 7' Eiven a non-empty set I$ consider the binary operation P :
(I) : (I) : (I) :
given by
= A$ = A = P A
in
(I) :
$ where
(I) :
is the power set of I.
.how that I is the identity element for this operation and I is the only invertible element in
:(I) with respect to the operation P.
Q' .8' %ind the number of all onto functions from the set
9 ....$ $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 n
to itself.
Q' ..' Let
9 8 . c b, a,
and
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 T
. %ind
-'
%
of the following function % from . to
T$ if it e(ists.
(i)
9 ) ' $ ( )$ & $ ( )$ 4 $ ( 8 % c b a
(ii)
9 ') (c$ $ ') (b$ )$ & ( 8 % a,
Q' ./' ;onsider the binary operation P :
R R R
and o :
R R R
defined as
b a b a P
and
R b a a b o a $ $
. .how that P is commutative but not
associative$ o is associative but not commutative. %urther$ show that
R c b a $ $
$
). P ( ) P ( ) ( P b a o b a c o b a
,if it is so$ we say that the operation P distributes
over the operation o-. *oes o distribute over PH Lustify your answer.
Q' .0' Eiven a non-empty set I$ let P :
(I) : (I) : ) I ( :
be defined as
(I) : = A$ A)$ - (= =) - (A = P A
. .how that the empty set
is the
identity for the operation P and all the elements A of
:(I)
are inverible with A A
-'
.
(Nint :
A ) A ( ) A (
and
) A A ) A A ( ) A A ( $
.
'/
Q' .1' *efine a binary operation P on the set
9 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' $ ) 8
as
'
+ +
< + +
1 if 1
1 if
P
b a b a
b a b a
b a
show that >ero is the identity for this operation and
each element a of the sea is invertible with a 1 being the inverse of a.
Q' .2' Let
9 $ & $ ' $ ) $ ' 8 A
$
9 & $ ) $ & $ 5 8 =
and
= A : $ g f
be function
define by A $ ) (
&
x x x x f and
A $ '
&
'
& ) ( x x x g
. Are f and g
equalH Lustify your answer.
(Nint: one may not that two function
= A : f
and
= A : g
such that
A ) ( ) ( a a g a f
$ are called equal functions).
Q' .4' Let
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
. Than number of relations containing
) & $ ' (
and
) 4 $ ' (
which are
refle(ive and symmetric but not transitive is
(A) ' (=) & (;) 4 (*) 5
Q' .5' Let A " 8'$ &$ 49. Then number of equivalence relations containing ('$ &) is
(A) ' (=) & (;) 4 (*) 5
Q' .6' Let
R R : f
be the .ignum %unction defined as
'
<
>
) $ '
) $ )
) $ '
) (
x
x
x
x f

and
+ + : g
be the Ereatest !nteger %unction given by
- , ) ( x x g
$ where
- , x
is
greatest integer less than or equal to
x
. Then$ does
fog
and
gof
coincide in ()$ '-H
Q' .7' ?umber of binary operations on the set 8a$ b9 are
(A) ') (=) '1 (;) &) (*) 0
TYPE 2 (EXTRA PRACTICE QUESTIONS)
.' Let
9 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
. Let + be the relation on A defined by
9 by divisible e(actly is $ $ : ) $ 8( a b A b a b a
(i) Frite + in roster form (ii)
9 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
(iii) %ind the range of +.
/' Let
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
and
9 1/ .....$ .......... $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 B
. !f + be a relation from
the set A to the set = defined by (i) is square root of (ii) is cube root of$ find + and also its
domain and range.
0' Let + be the relation on 3 defined by + " 9 $ $ )$ $ 8(
& &
b a b a b a 3 . %ind (i) + (ii)
domain of + (iii) range of +.
1' *etermine the domain and range of the following relations on R :
'0
(i)
'
< <
,
_
N x x
x
x R $ 1 ) :
'
$
'
(ii)
&
&
8( $ /) : is an even natural number9 R x x x + .
2' Let I " 8'$ &$ 4$ 5$ 6$ 1$ /$ 0$ 79. Let
'
R be a relation on I given by
9 4 by divisible is : ) $ 8(
'
y x y x R . and
&
R be another relation on I given by
9 9 7 $ 1 $ 4 8 9 $ 8 9 0 $ 6 $ & 8 9 $ 8 or 9 / $ 5 $ ' 8 9 $ 8 : ) $ ( 8
&
y x or y x y x y x R
.
.how that
& '
R R .
4' !f A " 8'$ 4$ 6$ /9$ = " 8&$ 69$ find the number of relations from A to =.
5' Sn the set ? of natural numbers. let + be the relation defined as a +b if and only if
N b a $
and '' & + b a . Frite + as the set of ordered pairs. %ind the domain of + and
the range of +. Also write
'
R
.
6' Let A " 8&$ 4$ 19. Fhich of the following relations on A are refle(iveH
(i) 9 ) 1 $ 1 ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( 8
'
R (ii)
9 ) 4 $ 1 ( )$ 1 $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( 8
&
R
(iii) 9 ) 1 $ & ( )$ 1 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( 8
4
R (iv)
9 ) 4 $ 1 ( )$ 1 $ 1 ( )$ 1 $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( 8
5
R
7' Let A " 8'$ &$ 4$ 69. Fhich of the following relations on A are symmetricH
(i) 9 ) 4 $ & ( )$ & $ ' ( 8
'
R
(ii) 9 ) ' $ & ( )$ 4 $ 6 ( )$ & $ 4 ( )$ 6 $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ & ( )$ & $ ' ( 8
&
R
(iii) 9 ) 6 $ 4 ( )$ 6 $ 6 ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( )$ ' $ ' ( 8
4
R
(iv)
A A R
5
.8' Let A " 8&$ 4$ 5$ 6$ 19. Fhich of the following relations on A are transitive
(i) )9 1 $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ & 8(
'
R (ii)
)9 6 $ 5 ( )$ 5 $ 5 ( )$ 5 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & 8(
&
R
(iii) )9 6 $ & ( )$ 6 $ 5 ( )$ 5 $ & 8(
4
R (iv)
)9 5 $ 6 ( )$ 6 $ 5 ( )$ & $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ & 8(
5
R
..' Let A " 8'$ &$ 4$ 59. %ind which of the following relations on A are refle(ive$ symmetric$
transitive :
(i) )9 5 $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ ' ( )$ 5 $ 5 ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( )$ ' $ ' 8(
'
R (ii)
)9 & $ 5 ( )$ 5 $ & 8(
&
R
(iii) )9 5 $ & ( )$ 4 $ 5 8(
4
R (iv) A A R
5
.
'7
./' ;onsider the relation (less than or equal) on the set 3 of integers. .how that this relation is
refle(ive$ transitive but not symmetric.
.0' ;onsider the relation (perpendicular) on a set L of lines in a plane. show that this relation
is symmetric and neither refle(ive nor transitive.
.1' Let + be the relation on the set R of real numbers defined by
R b a ) $ (
iff ) ' > + ab .
.how that the relation + is refle(ive symmetric but not transitive.
.2' Test whether the following relations are refle(ive$ symmetric$ transitive :
(i)
'
R on 3 defined by
'
) $ ( R b a iff
/ b a
(ii)
&
R on Q defined by
&
) $ ( R b a iff
5 ab
.
(iii)
4
R on R defined by
4
) $ ( R b a iff ) 4 5
& &
+ b ab a
(iv) R defined on 8'$ &$ 4$ 5$ 6$ 19 by
R b a ) $ (
iff ' + a b
.4' Eiven the relation
9 4) (&$ ')$ ('$ &)$ ('$ 8 +
on the set A " 8'$ &$ 49$ add the
minimum number of elements of A A to + so that the enlarged relation is refle(ive$
symmetric and transitive.
.5' Let A " 8'$ &$ 49. Then show that the number of relations containing ('$ &) and (&$ 4) which
are refle(ive and transitive but not symmetric is four.
.6' Let A " 8'$ &$ 49. .how that none of the following relations on A is an equivalence relation :
(i) 9 ) & $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ & ( )$ & (&$ ')$ ('$ 8 +
'

(ii) 9 ) & $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ ' ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & (&$ ')$ ('$ 8 +
&

(iii) 9 ) & $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ & ( )$ ' $ & ( )$ & $ ' ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & (&$ ')$ ('$ 8 +
4

.7' Let
Y X f :
be a function. *efine a relation + on I given by
)9 ( ) ( : ) $ 8( b f a f b a R
. @(amine if + is an equivalence relation.
/8' Let + be the relation of congruency on the set A of all triangles in a plane. .how that the
relation + is an equivalence relation.
/.' .how that the relation + defined on the set A of all triangles as
9 similar to is : ) $ 8(
& ' & '
% % % % R
is an equivalence relation. ;onsider three right angle triangle
'
% with sides 4$ 5$ 6$
&
% with
sides 6$ '&$ '4 and
4
% with sides 1$ 0$ '). Fhich triangles among
& '
$ % % and
4
% are
relatedH
//' .how that the relation + on the set A of points in a plane given by
) $ 8( Q P R
: distance of the
point : from the origin is same as the distance of the point G from the origin9$ is an
equivalence relation. %urther$ show that the set of all points related to a point
) ) $ ) ( P
is
the circle passing through P with origin as centre.
&)
/0' Let integer m be related to another integer n iff m is a multiple of n. .how that this relation is
not an equivalence relation.
/1' Let m be a fi(ed positive integer. Two integers a and b are said to be congruent modulo m$
written b a (mod m) if m divides b a . .how that hte relation of congruent modulo m is
an equivalence relation.
/2' .how that the relation + on the set A " 8'$ &$ 4$ 5$ 6) give by
9 even is : ) $ 8( b a b a R
$ is an equivalence relation. show that all the elements of
9 6 $ 4 $ ' 8
9 5 $ & 8
=ut no element of
9 6 $ 4 $ ' 8
is related to any element of
9 5 $ & 8
.
/4' .how that the relation + on the set N N defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( d c R b a
iff c b d a + +
/5' .how that the relation R on the set N N defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( d c R b a
iff
) ( ) ( d a bc c b ad + +
/6' !f R is an equivalence relation on a set A then show that the inverse relation
'
R
of R on A
is also an equivalence relation.
/7' !f + and . are equivalence relations on a set A then show that the relation
R
on A is also
an equivalence relation.
08' .how that the number of equivalence relations on the set
9 4 $ & $ ' 8
containing ('$ &) and (&$
') is two.
0.' Let
9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
. ;onsider the equivalence relation
)9 ' $ & ( )$ & $ ' ( )$ 5 $ 5 ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( )$ ' $ ' 8( R
on A.
%ind the equivalence classes of the elements of A.
0/' Let
9 &) $ '7 ......$ $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
. Let R be the equivalence relation on A A defined
by
) $ ( ) $ ( d c R b a
iff dc ad . %ind the equivalence classes of
) 4 $ ' (
and
) ' $ 5 (
.
00' Let R be the equivalence relation on the set 3 defined by
y R x
iff
) 5 (mod y x
.
%ind the equivalence classes of )$ '$ & and 4. Also show that the union of these equivalence
classes is U.
01' Let
9 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
. ;onsider the equivalence relation
)9 1 $ 1 ( )$ 4 $ 1 )$ & $ 1 ( )$ 6 $ 6 ( )$ ' $ 6 ( )$ 5 $ 5 ( )$ 1 $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ 4 ( )$ 1 $ & ( )$ 4 $ & ( )$ & $ & ( )$ 6 $ ' ( )$ ' $ ' 8( R
%ind the equivalence classes of + and verify that :
(i)
A a a a every for - ,
(ii)
R b a b a ) $ ( iff - , - ,
(iii) %or
A b a $
$ either
- , - , or - , - , b a b a
02' Let
9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
and
9 '6 $ '' $ 0 $ 1 $ ' 8 B
. Fhich of the following are functions
from
B A to
H
(i)
B A f :
defined by
0 ) 5 ( $ 0 ) 4 ( $ 1 ) & ( $ ' ) ' ( f f f f
.
(ii)
B A f :
defined by
'6 ) 4 ( $ 1 ) & ( $ ' ) ' ( f f f
.
&'
(iii)
B A f :
defined by
1 ) 5 ( $ 1 ) 4 ( $ 1 ) & ( $ 1 ) ' ( f f f f
.
(iv)
B A f :
defined by
'' ) 5 ( 0 ) 4 ( $ 0 ) & ( $ 1 ) & ( $ ' ) ' ( f f f f f
.
(v)
B A f :
defined by
'6 ) 5 ( $ '' ) 4 ( $ 0 ) & ( $ ' ) ' ( f f f f
.
04' !f
&
) ( x x f $ find
' ' . '
) ' ( ) ' . ' (
f f
.
05' Fhich one of the following graphs represent the function of
x
H FhyH
06' The function TtT which maps temperature in ;elsius in temperature in %ahrenheit is defined by
4&
6
7
) ( +
c
c & .
%ind (i)
) ) ( &
(ii)
) &0 ( &
(iii)
) ') ( &
(iv). The value of c when
&'& ) ( c &
.
07' Let
R R : f
be defined as
'
+
+
5 5
5 ' &
) (
x x
x x
x f
. .how that f is not a function.
18' !f
R R : f
&
+ x x x f $ find
)) ( ( x f f
. Also evaluate
)) 6 ( ( f f
.
1.' Let
9 & $ ) $ & $ 5 8 9$ & $ ' $ ) $ ' 8 B A
and
B A g f : $ $
be functions defined
by ( ) A x x x x f $
&
and
A x x x f $ '
&
'
& ) (
. Are
f
and
g
equalH Lustify
your answer.
1/' %ind the domain and range of the following functions :
(i)
&
'
x
(ii)
6 + x
x
(iii)
&
& x
x
+
(iv)
4
/
x
x
P
10' %ind the domain and range of the following functions :
(i) & + x (ii)
5
'
x
(iii)
) ' ( ) 4 & (
'
+ x x
(iv)
) 4 ( ) ' ( x x
11' !f ' ) (
&
+ x x x f and
/ 5 ) ( x x g
be real functions then find :
(i)
) & ( ) ( g f +
(ii)
) / ( ) ( g f
(iii)
) 6 ( ) ( g f
(iv)
) 5 (
,
_
g
f
12' Let
f
and
g
be real functions defined by 5 $ 5 ) ( + x x x f and
5 $ 5 ) ( x x x g . %ind the functions
g f fg g f g f $ $ $ +
.
y
(
S
(i)
y
(
S
(ii)
&&
14' Let
9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
and
9 0 $ / $ 5 $ ' 8 B
. %ind which of the following functions from A
and = are '-' :
(i)
B A f :
defined as
0 ) 5 ( $ 5 ) 4 ( $ 5 ) & ( $ ' ) ' ( f f f f
(ii)
B A f :
defined as
0 ) 5 ( $ ' ) 4 ( $ / ) & ( $ 5 ) ' ( f f f f
15' ;onsider a function
R - & $ ) , : f
given by
x x f sin ) (
and
R - & $ ) , : g
given by
x x g cos ) (
. .how that
f
and
g
are one-one$ but
g f +
is not one-one.
16' Fhich of the following functions are one-oneH
(i)
R R : f
$ defined by
R x x f $ 5 ) (
(ii)
R R : f
$ defined by
R x x x f $ ' 1 ) (
(iii)
R R : f
$ defined by R + x x x f $ / ) (
&
(iv)
R R : f
$ defined by R x x x f $ ) (
4
(v)
R R 9 / 8 :
$ defined by 9 / 8 $
/
' &
) (
+
R x
x
x
x .
17' Let
9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
and
9 / $ 5 $ 4 8 B
. find which of the following functions are onto :
(i)
B A f :
defined as
4 ) 5 ( $ 4 ) 4 ( $ 5 ) & ( $ 4 ) ' ( f f f f
(ii)
B A f :
defined as
/ ) 5 ( $ 5 ) 4 ( $ 4 ) & ( $ 4 ) ' ( f f f f
28' Fhich of the following functions are ontoH
(i)
R R : f
defined as
R + x x x f $ 57 ''6 ) (
(ii)
R R : f
defined as
R x x x f $ ) (
(iii)
R R : f
defined as R x x x f $ ) (
&
(iv)
R R : f
defined as R + x x x f $ 5 ) (
&
2.' Let A be a finite set. !f
A A f :
is onto$ show that
f
is one-one.
2/' Let
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 4 $ & $ ' 8 : f
be a function. .how that :
(i)
f
is onto if
f
is one-one (ii)
f
is one-one if
f
is onto.
20' %ind the number of all onto functions from the set
9 ...$ $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 n
to itself.
21' .how that the signum function
R R : f
$ given by
'
<
>
) if '
) if )
) if '
) (
x
x
x
x f
is neither
one-one nor onto.
22' :rove that the Ereatest integer function
R R : f
$ given by
- , ) ( x x f
is neither one-one
nor onto$ where ,x- denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
24' Let
R R : f
be a function defined by
) 4 & ( cos ) ( + x x f
. .how that this function is
neither one-one nor onto.
25' Let
9 4 8 R A
and
9 ' 8 R B
. ;onsider the function
B A f :
defined by
4
&
x
x
. !s
f
one-one and ontoH Lustify your answer.
&4
26' !f
R R : f
be a function defined by / 5 ) (
4
x x f $ show that the function
f
is a
bi#ective function.
27' A function
3 N : f
is defined by
'
even is if
&
odd is if
&
'
) (
n
n
n
n
n f

.how that this function is a bi#ection.
48' Let
- ' $ ' , A
and
A A f :
x x x f ) (
. .how that
f
is a bi#ection.
4.' Let
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
and
9 1 $ 6 $ 5 8 B
.
B A f :
is a function defined as
$ 6 ) & ( $ 5 ) ' ( f f

1 ) 4 ( f
. Frite down
'
f as a set of ordered pairs.
4/' .tate with reason whether following functions have inverse :
(i)
)9 ') $ 5 ( )$ ') $ 4 ( )$ ') $ & ( )$ ') $ ' 8( with 9 ') 8 9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 : f f
(ii)
)9 & $ 0 ( )$ 5 $ / ( )$ 4 $ 1 ( )$ 5 $ 6 8( with 9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 0 $ / $ 1 $ 6 8 : g g
(iii)
)9 '4 $ 6 ( )$ '' $ 5 ( )$ 7 $ 4 ( )$ / $ & 8( with 9 '4 $ '' $ 7 $ / 8 9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & 8 : h h
40' %ind the inverse of the function
R x x x f $ / 5 ) (
.
41' .how that the function
R R : f
defined by
4
' &
) (

x
x f $
R x
is one-one and
onto function. Also$ find the inverse of the function f.
42' Let
'
'

6
&
6
4
: R R f
4 6
&
) (
+
x
x
x f . %ind the inverse of
the function
f
.
44' !f
{ } { } 6 4 6 4 : R R f
4 6
& 4
) (
x
x
x f $
{ } 6 4 R x
.
.how that ) ( ) (
'
x f x f
$
{ } 6 4 R x
.
45' Let N N 9 : 8
&
n n Y . ;onsider
Y f N :
as
&
f
is
invertible. %ind the inverse of
f
.
46' .how that the function
N N : f
defined by N + + x x x x f $ ' ) (
&
is not invertible.
47' ;onsider ) $ 6 , :
+
R f given by 6 1 7 ) (
&
+ x x x f . .how that
f
is invertible.
%ind the inverse of
f
.
58' Let
9 ) 8 9 ) 8 : N N f
be defined by
'
+
odd is if ' - n
even is if '
) (
n
n n
n f
. .how that
f
is invertible and
'
f f .
5.' Let
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
and let
A A f :
and
A A g :
be defined as
' ) 6 ( $ 6 ) 5 ( $ 5 ) 4 ( $ 4 ) & ( $ & ) ' ( f f f f f
4 ) 6 ( $ & ) 5 ( $ ' ) 4 ( $ ' ) & ( $ 5 ) ' ( g g g g g
&5
%ind the graphs of functions fog and gof.
5/' Let
g f $
be real valued functions defined as R + + x x x x f $ / ) (
&
and
R x x x g $ 4 6 ) (
. %ind fog and gof. Also find
) & ( ) ( fog
and
) ' ( ) (gof
.
50' !f
f
be the greatest integer function and g be the absolute value function. %ind the value of
,
_
+
,
_
4
5
) (
&
4
) ( gof fog
.
51' Let
g f $
be real valued functions defined as :
'
+
<
<
'
> +
< +
+
& 5
& 4 )
4
) ( and
/ 4 0
/ ' 6 5
' 0 /
) (
&
&
x x
x
x x
x g
x x
x x
x x x
x f
%ind
) 1 ( ) ( )$ ) ( ) ( )$ & ( ) ( )$ 7 ( ) ( )$ / ( ) ( )$ 4 ( ) ( gof gof gof fog fog fog
.
52' Let
f
be a function defined on
- ' $ ) ,
defined by :
'
Q
Q
x if x
x if x
x f
'
) (
.how that
x x fof ) ( ) (
for
- ' $ ) , x
54' Let
R R : f
be the .ignum %unction defined as
'
<
>
) $ '
) $ )
) $ '
) (
x
x
x
x f
and
R R : g
be the Ereatest !nteger %unction given by
- , ) ( x x g
$ where
- ,x
is greatest integer less
than or equal to
x
. Then$ does
fog
and
gof
coincide in
- ' $ ) (
H
55' Let ' $
'
) (
+
x
x
ax
x f . !f
x x fof ) ( ) (
$ find the value of
a
.
56' Let
3 3 : f
and
3 3 : g
be defined by
n n f 4 ) (
and
'
4 of multiple a not is if )
4 of multiple a is if 4
) (
n
n n
n g
for all
3 n
..how that
3
I gof and
3
I fog .
57' Let
Y X f :
be an invertible function. .how that
f
has unique inverse.
68' !f
4
&
$
5 1
4 5
) (
+
x
x
x
x f $ show that
$ ) ( ) ( x x fof
for all
4
&
x . Fhat is the inverse of
fH
6.' Let 9 $ : 6 8 3 + b a b a A . .how that usual multiplication of numbers is a binary
operation on A.
6/' %ind whether the following operations are binary operations or not :
(i) P on N defined by
b
a b a P Pfor ePvery
N b a$
(ii) P on 3 defined by
b
a b a P Pfor ePvery
3 b a$
(iii) P on Q defined by
b
a b a P Pfor ePvery
Q b a$
(iv) P on N defined by 4) P + b a b a Pfor ePvery
N b a$
&6
(v) P on 3 defined by 4) P + b a b a Pfor ePvery
3 b a$
(vi) P on Q defined by
b a
b a
b a
+
P Pfor ePvery
Q b a$
60' Let
9 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
and P be an operation A defined by r b a P $ where r is the
least non-negative remainder when the product ab is divided by / . .how that P is a binary
operation on A.
61' Let P be a binary operation on 3.
(i) %ind 6 P 4 if 3 + b a b a b a $ M ) ( P
& 4 &
.
(ii) %ind '6 P (2 '5) if
3 b a b a b a $ M & P
.
(iii) %ind ) P 6 if 3 + b a b a b a $ M ) & ( P
5
.
(iv) %ind '7 P'1 if
3 b a ab b a $ M & P
.
62' Let P be a binary operation on the set R defined by
R + + b a ab b a b a $ $ P
. .olve the
equation :
/ ) P 4 ( P & x
64' Let
9 $ 8 b a A
. %ind the number of binary operations on A.
65' Let P be the binary operation TadditionT on the set of integers. .how that :
(i) (3$ P) is commutative (ii) (3$ P) is associative
66' ;onsider the binary operation P on Q defined by ab b a b a + + '& P for
Q b a$
.
67' Let A be the set of all subsets of a non-empty set . .how that the binary operation TunionT
on A is left distributive over the binary operation TintersectionT on A. Also show that
TintersectionT is left distributive over TunionT.
78' Let P be a binary operation on N defined by N b a b a
ab
$ M & P
6
. *iscuss the
commutativity and associativity of this binary operation.
7.' Let P be a binary operation on N N defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( P ) $ ( bd bc ad d c b a +
for
N N ) $ ( )$ $ ( d c b a
. *iscuss the commutativity and associativity of this binary
operation.
7/' Let A be the set of all functions from a non-empty set to itself. *iscuss the
commutativity and associativity of the binary operation T composition of functionsT on the set
A.
70' ;onsider the binary operation
R R R ! :
and
R R R : o
defined as
b a b a P
and
R b a a b o a $ $
associative.
o
is associative but not commutative. %urther$ show that
) P ( ) P ( ) ( P $ $ $ b a o b a c o b a c b a R
. ,!f it is so$ we say that the operation P
distributes over the operation o- *oes o distribute over PH Lustify your answer.
71' Let P be the binary operation TadditionT on the set of integers. .how that :
(i) ) is identity element of (3$ P)
(ii) !nverse of the element e(ist in (3$ P)
&1
72' Let N N A and TPT be a binary operation on A defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( P ) $ ( bd bc ad d c b a +
. .how that
P) $ ( A
has no identity element.
74' Let X be a non-empty set.
) (X P
be its power set. Let TPT be an operation defined on
elements of
) (X P
by :
) ( $ P X P B A B A B A
.
Then$
(i) :rove that P is a binary operation on
) ( X P
.
(ii) !s P commutativeH
(iii) !s P associativeH
(iv) %ind the identity element in
) (X P
w.r.t. P.
(v) %ind all the invertible elements of
) ( X P
.
(vi) !f o is another binary operation defined on
) (X P
as
B A B o A
then verify
that
o
distributes itself over P.
75' Let A be a non-empty set and let TPT be a binary operation on
) ( A P
$ the power set of A$
defined by
) ( ) ( P X Y Y X Y X
$ for
) ( $ A P Y X
. .how that
(i)
) ( A P
is the identity element of
P) )$ ( ( A P
.
(ii) I is invertible for all
) ( A P X
and
X X
'
.
76' Let P be a binary operation on 3 defined by '6 P + b a b a for
3 b a$
.
(i) .how that P is commutative and associative.
(ii) %ind the identity elements in
P) $ (3
.
(iii) %ind the inverse of an element in
P) $ (3
.
77' ;onsider the binary operation
Q Q Q : P
defined by
Q + b a ab b a b a $ M P
.
(i) !s P commutativeH (ii) !s P associativeH
(iii) !s identity for P e(istsH !f e(ists$ find it.
;v< Are elements of Q$ invertibleH !f so$ find the inverse of a rational number.
.88' Let
Q Q A
. Let TPT be a binary operation on A defined by :
) $ ( ) $ ( P ) $ ( b ad ac d c b a +
Then (i) find the identity element of
P) $ ( A
(ii) find the invertible elements of
P) $ ( A
.8.' Let
9 $ $ ' $ ' 8 i i A
$ where ' i . *raw the composition table corresponding to
binary operation TmultiplicationT on A.
.8/' *efine a binary operation P on the set 8)$ '$ &$ 4$ 5$ 69 as
'
+ +
< + +
1 1
1 $
P
b a if b a
b a if b a
b a
.how that >ero is the identity for this operation and each element
) ) ( a
of the set is
invertible with a 1 being the inverse of
a
.
&/
.80' Let 9 $ $ $ 8
5 4 & '
f f f f A be teh set of four functions from
8
R onto itself and defined as
follows:
x
x f x x f
x
x f x x f
'
) ( $ ) ( $
'
) ( $ ) (
5 4 & '
$ where
8
R x .
*raw the composition table corresponding to the binary operation Tcomposition of functionsT.
.81' Three +elations
& '
$ R R
and
4
R
are defined on set
9 $ $ 8 c b a A
as follows :
(i) 9 ) $ ( )$ $ ( )$ $ ( )$ $ ( )$ $ ( )$ $ ( )$ $ ( )$ $ 8(
'
c c b c a c c b b b c a b a a a R
(ii) )9 $ ( )$ $ ( )$ $ ( )$ $ 8(
&
a c c a a b b a R
(iii) )9 $ ( )$ $ ( )$ $ 8(
4
a c c b b a R
%ind whether each of
'
R $
&
R and
4
R is refle(ive$ symmetric and transitive.
.82' .how that the relation R on the set
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
given by
)9 4 $ & ( )$ & $ ' ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( )$ ' $ ' 8( R
is refle(ive but neither symmetric nor
transitive.
.84' .how that the relation R on the set
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
given by
)9 ' $ & ( )$ & $ ' 8( R
is
symmetric but neither refle(ive nor transitive.
.85' ;hec the following relations R and for refle(ivity$ symmetry and transitivity :
(i) aRb iff b is divisible by
N b a a $ M
(ii)
& '
' ' iff
& '
' ' $ where
'
' and
&
' are straight lines in a plane.
.86' Let a relation
'
R on the set R of real numbers be defined as ) ' ) $ (
'
> + ab R b a for
all
R b a $
. .how that
'
R is refle(ive and symmetric but not transitive.
.87' Let
9 7 $ 0 $ / $ 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 X
. Let
'
R
be a relation on I given by
9 4 by divisible is : ) $ 8(
'
y x y x R and
&
R be another relation on I given by
9 7 $ 1 $ 4 8 9 $ 8 9 0 $ 6 $ & 8 9 $ 8 9 / $ 5 $ ' 8 9 $ 8 : ) $ 8(
&
y x or y x or y x y x R
. .how that
& '
R R .
..8' *etermine whether each of the following relations are refle(ive$ symmetric and transitive :
(i) +elation R on the set
9 '5 $ '4 ...$ $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
defined as
9 ) 4 : ) $ 8( y x y x R
(ii) +elation R on the set N of all natural number defined as
9 5 and 6 : ) $ 8( < + x x y y x R
(iii) +elation R on the set
9 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
defined as
9 by divisible is : ) $ 8( x y y x R
(iv) +elation R on the set z of all integer defined as
&0
9 integer an is : ) $ 8( y x y x R
...' .how that the relation R on the set R of all real numbers$ defined as
9 : ) $ 8(
&
b a b a R is neither refle(ive nor symmetric not transitive.
../' .how that the relation R on R defined as
9 : ) $ 8( b a b a R
$ is refle(ive and transitive
but not symmetric.
..0' Let
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
. Then$ show that the number of relations containing
) & $ ' (
and
) 4 $ & (
which are refle(ive and transitive but not symmetric is four.
..1' Let be the set of all points in a plane and R be a relation on defined as
9 units & than less is G and : between *istance : ) $ 8( Q P R
.
.how that R is refle(ive and symmetric but not transitive.
..2' Let R be a relation on the set of all lines in a plane defined by
& ' & '
line to parallel is line ) $ ( ' ' R ' ' .
.how that R is an equivalence relation.
..4' .how that the relation is congruent to on the set of all triangles in a plane is an equivalence
relation.
..5' .how that the relation R defined on the set A of all triangles in a plane as
9 similar to is : ) $ 8(
& ' & '
% % % % R is an equivalence relation.
;onsider three right angle triangles
'
% with sides
&
M 6 $ 5 $ 4 % with sides
'4 $ '& $ 6
and
4
% with sides
') $ 0 $ 1
. Fhich triangles among
& '
$ % % and
4
% are relatedH
..6' :rove that the relation R on the set ( of all integers numbers defined by
y x R y x ) $ (
is divisible by n is an equivalence relation on U.
..7' .how that the relation + on the set A of all the boos in a library of a college$ given by
9 pages of number same$ the have and : ) $ 8( y x y x R
$ is an equivalent relation.
./8' .how that the relation R on the set
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 A
$ given by
9 even is : ) $ 8( b a b a R
$ is an equivalent relation. .how that all the elements of
9 6 $ 4 $ ' 8
9 5 $ & 8
=ut no element of
9 6 $ 4 $ ' 8
is related to any element of
9 5 $ & 8
.
./.' .how that the relation R on the set
9 '& ) : 8 x ( x A
$ given by
9 5 of multiple a is : ) $ 8( b a b a R
is an equivalence relation. %ind the set of all
elements related to '.
.//' .how that the relation R on the set A or points in a plane$ given by
: ) $ 8( Q P R
*istance of
the point : from the origin is same as the distance of the point G from the origin9$ is an
&7
%urther show that the set of all points related to a point
) ) $ ) ( P
is the circle passing
through : with origin as centre.
./0' :rove that the relation r on the set N N defined by
c b d a d c R b a + + ) $ ( ) $ (
for
all
N N d c b a ) $ ( )$ $ (
./1' Let N be the set of all natural numbers and let R be a relation on N N $ defined by
bc ad d c R b a ) $ ( ) $ (
for all
N N d c b a ) $ ( )$ $ (
. .how that R is an
equivalence relation on N N .
./2' Let N denote the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N N defined by
) ( ) ( ) $ ( ) $ ( d a bc c b ad d c R b a + +
. ;hec whether R is an equivalence relation
on N N .
./4' :rove that the relation congruence modulo mT on the set U of all integers in an equivalence
relation.
./5' .how that the number of equivalence relation on the set
9 4 $ & $ ' 8
containing
9 & $ ' 8
and
9 ' $ & 8
is two.
./6' Let A be the set of all 6) students of class I!! in a central school. Let
N A f :
be a
function defined by
x x f student of number +oll ) (
. .how that
f
is one-one but not
onto.
./7' .how that the function
N N f :
$ given by
x x f & ) (
$ is one-one but not onto.
.08' :rove that
R R f :
given by
x x f & ) (
$ is one-one and onto.
.0.' .how that the function
R R f :
$ defined as
&
) ( x x f $ is neither one-one nor onto.
.0/' .how that
R R f :
$ defined as
4
) ( x x f $ is a bi#ection.
.00' .how that the function
) )
: R R f $ defined as
x
x f
'
) ( $ is one-one onto$ where
)
R is
the set of all non->ero real numbers. !s the result true$ if the domain
)
R
is replaced by N
with co-domain being same as
)
R
H
.01' :rove that the greatest integer function
R R f :
$ given by
- , ) ( x x f
$ is neither one-
one nor onto$ where
- ,x
denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
x
.
.02' .how that the modulus function
R R f :
$ given by
x x f ) (
is neither one-one nor
onto.
.04' Let ; and + denote the set of all comple( numbers and all real numbers respectively. Then
show that
R C f :
given by
z z f ) (
for all C z is neither one-one not onto.
R R f :
given by
b ax x f + ) (
$ where
) $ $ a R b a
is a
bi#ection.
R R f :
given by
x x f cos ) (
for all R x $ is neither one-one
nor onto.
4)
.07' Let
9 & 8 R A
and
- ' , R B
. !f
B A f :
is a mapping defined by
&
'
) (
x
x
x f $
show that
f
is bi#ective.
.18' Let A and B be two sets. .how that
A B B A f :
defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( a b b a f
is
a bi#ection.
.1.' Let A be any non-empty set. Then$ prove that the identity function on set A is a bi#ection.
.1/' .how that the function
R R f :
given by x x x f +
4
) ( is a bi#ection.
.10' .how that
N N f :
defined by
'
+
even is if $
&
n
odd is if $
&
'
) (
n
n
n
x f is many-one onto
function.
N N f :
given by
n
n n f ) ' ( ) ( for all N n . is a
bi#ection.
.12' Let
N N f 9 ' 8 :
be defined by
) (n f
the highest prime factor of n. .how that
f
is
neither one-one nor onto. %ind the range of
f
.
.14' Let
9 ) 8 9 ) 8 : N N f
be defined by
'
odd is if '
even is if $ '
) (
n n
n n
n f
. .how that
f
is
a bi#ection.
.15' Let A be a finite set. !f
A A f :
is a one-one function$ show that
f
is onto also.
.16' Let A be a finite set. !f
A A f :
is an onto function$ show that
f
is one-one also.
.17' Let
9 & $ ' 8 A
. %ind all one-to-one functions from A to A.
.28' ;onsider the identity function N N I
N
: defined as x x I
N
) ( for all N x . .how that
although
N
I is onto but N N I I
N N
+ : defined as
x x x x I x I x I I
N N N N
& ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( + + + is not onto.
.2.' ;onsider the function
R f - & $ ) , :
given by
x x f sin ) (
and
R g - & $ ) , :
given by
x x g cos ) (
. .how that
f
and
g
are one-one$ but
g f +
is not one-one.
.2/' Let
Y X f :
be a function. *efine a relation R on X given by
)9 ( ) ( : ) $ 8( b f a f b a R
. .how that R is an equivalence relation on X .
.20' Let + be the set of real numbers. !f
&
) ( M : x x f R R f and
' & ) ( M : + x x g R R g
. Then$ find
fog
and
gof
. Also$ show that
gof fog
.
.21' Let
x x f R R f sin ) ( M :
and
&
) ( M : x x g R R g find
fog
and
gof
.
.22' Let
9 7 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 8 9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & 8 : f
and
9 '6 $ '' $ / 8 9 7 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 8 : g
be functions
defined as
6 ) 6 ( ) 5 ( $ 5 ) 4 ( $ 4 ) & ( f f f f
and
'' ) 7 ( ) 6 ( and / ) 5 ( ) 4 ( g g g g
. %ind
gof
.
4'
.24' Let
9 6 $ & $ ' 8 9 5 $ 4 $ ' 8 : f
and
9 4 $ ' 8 9 6 $ & $ ' 8 : g
be given by
)9 ' $ 5 ( )$ 6 $ 4 ( )$ & $ ' 8( f
and
)9 ' $ 6 ( )$ 4 $ & ( )$ 4 $ ' 8( g
. Frite down
. gof
.25' %ind
gof
and
fog
$ if
R R f :
and
R R g :
are given by
x x f ) (
and
& 6 ) ( x x g
.
.26' !f the functions
f
and
g
are given by
)9 ' $ 5 ( )$ 6 $ 4 ( )$ & $ ' 8( f
and
)9 4 $ ' ( )$ ' $ 6 ( )$ 4 $ & 8( g
$ find range of
f
and
g
. Also$ write down
fog
and
gof
as sets of ordered pairs.
.27' !f the function
R R f :
be given by & ) (
&
+ x x f and
R R g :
be given by
'
) (
x
x
x g . %ind
fog
and
gof
.
.48' !f
'
'
6
4
6
/
: R R f
be defined as
/ 6
5 4
) (
x
x
x f and
'
'
6
/
6
4
:R g
be
defined as
4 6
5 /
) (
x
x
x g . .how that
A
I gof and
B
I fog $ where
'

6
4
R B and
'

6
/
R A
.
.4.' !f
R R f :
&
+ x x x f $ find
( ) ) (x f f .
.4/' !f
R R g f : $
are defined respectively by 4 & ) ( $ ' 4 ) (
&
+ + x x g x x x f $ find (i)
fog
(ii)
gof
(iii)
fof
(iv)
gog
.
.40' Let
9 ' ) : 8 x R x A
. !f
A A f :
is defined by
'
Q x x
Q x x
x f
if '
if $
) (
then
prove that
x x fof ) (
for all A x .
.41' Let
R R f :
and
R R g :
be two functions such that x x fog
&
sin ) ( and
x x gof
&
sin ) ( . The$ find
) (x f
and
) (x g
.
.42' !f
R R f :
be given by ) 4 cos( cos ) 4 ( sin sin ) (
& &
+ + + + x x x x x f for all
R x $ and
R R g :
be such that
' ) 5 6 ( g
$ then prove that
R R gof :
is a
constant function.
.44' Let
( ( f :
be defined by
n n f 4 ) (
for all ( n and
( ( g :
be defined by
'
4 of multiple not is if )$
4 of multiple a is if $
4
) (
n
n
n
n g for all ( n . .how that
(
I gof and
(
I fog
.
.45' Let
R R f :
be a function given by
b ax x f + ) (
for all R x . %ind the constants
a
and b such that
R
I fof .
4&
.46' Let
( ( f :
be defined by
& ) ( + x x f
. %ind
( ( g :
such that
(
I gof .
.47' !f
( ( f :
be defined by
x x f & ) (
for all ( x . %ind
( ( g :
such that
(
I gof
.
.58' Let
A A f :
be a function such that
f fof
. .how that
f
is onto if and only if
f
is
one-one. *escribe
f
in this case.
.5.' Let
g f $
and h be functions from R to R . .how that :
(i)
goh foh oh g f + + ) (
(ii)
) ( ) ( ) ( goh foh oh fg
.5/' Let
R R f :
be the signum function defined as
'
<
>
) $ '
) $ )
) $ '
) (
x
x
x
x f
and
R R g :
be
the greatest integer function given by
- , ) ( x x g
. then$ prove that
fog
and
gof
coincide
in
) ) $ ' ,
.
.50' !f
R R f :
and
R R g :
be functions defined by ' ) (
&
+ x x f and
x x g sin ) (
$
them find
fog
and
gof
.
.51' !f
R f ) $ ) , :
and
R R g :
be defined as x x f ) ( and ' ) (
&
x x g $ then
find
gof
and
fog
.
.52' !f
x
e x f ) ( and ) ) ( log ) ( > x x x g
e
$ find
fog
and
gof
$ !s
gof fog
H
.54' !f ) ) ( ) ( x x x f and ' ) (
&
x x g are two real functions$ find
fog
and
gof
. !s
gof fog
H
.55' !f
x
x f
'
) ( and
) ) ( x g
are two real functions$ show that
fog
is not defined.
.56' Let
- , ) ( x x f
and
x x g ) (
$ %ind
(i)
,
_

,
_
4
6
) (
4
6
) ( fog gof
(ii)
,
_

,
_
4
6
) (
4
6
) ( fog gof
(iii)
) ' ( ) & ( + g f
.57' Let
f
and
g
be real functions defined by
'
) (
+
x
x
x f and
4
'
) (
+
x
x g *escribe the
functions
gof
and
fog
(if they e(ist).
.68' !f
4 &
& 4
) (
x
x
x f $ prove that
x x f f )) ( (
for all
'

&
4
R x .
.6.' !f
&
'
$
' &
'
) (
+
x
x
x f $ then show that
4 &
' &
)) ( (
+
+
x
x
x f f $ provided that
&
4
$
&
'
x .
.6/' Let
&
'
) (
x
x
x f
+
. Then$ show that

&
4 '
) ( ) (
x
x
x fofof
+
44
.60' Let
f
be a real function defined by ' ) ( x x f . %ind
). ( ) ( x fofof
Also$ show that
&
f fof .
.61' !f ' $
'
'
) (
+
x
x
x
x f $ then show that ( )
x
x f f
'
) ( provided that
' $ ) x
.
.62' !f
Q Q f :
is given by $ ) (
&
x x f then find
(i) ) 7 (
'
f (ii) ) 6 (
'
f (iii) ) ) (
'
f
R R f :
be defined by 7 6 ) (
&
+ + x x x f $ find ) 0 (
'
f and ) 7 (
'
f .
C C f :
be defined by ' ) (
&
x x f $ find ) 0 ( )$ 6 (
' '
f f .
.66' Let
R R f :
be defined as ' ) (
&
+ x x f . %ind :
(i) ) 6 (
'
f (ii) ) &1 (
'
f (iii) 9 4/ $ ') 8
'
f
.67' !f
9 0 $ 1 $ 5 $ & 8 9$ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 B A
and
B A f :
is given by
x x f & ) (
$ then write
f
and
'
f as a set of ordered pairs.
.78' Let
9 4 $ & $ ' 8
. *etermine whether the function
f :
defined as below have
inverse. %ind
'
f $ if it e(ists.
(i)
)9 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( )$ ' $ ' 8( f
(ii)
)9 ' $ 4 ( )$ ' $ & ( )$ & $ ' 8( f
(iii)
)9 ' $ & ( )$ & $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ ' 8( f
.7.' ;onsider
9 $ $ 8 9 4 $ & $ ' 8 : c b a f
given by
b f a f ) & ( $ ) ' (
and
c f ) 4 (
. %ind the
inverse
' '
) (

f of
'
f . .how that f f
' '
) ( .
.7/' !f
R R f :
is defined by
/ & ) ( + x x f
. :rove that
f
is a bi#ection. Also$ find the
inverse of
f
.
.70' !f
R R f :
is a bi#ection given by 4 ) (
4
+ x x f find ) (
'
x f

.
.71' Let
R R f :
be defined by
/ 4 ) ( x x f
. .how that
f
is invertible and hence find
'
f .
.72' .how that
9 ) 8 9 ) 8 : R R f
given by
x
x f
4
) ( is invertible and it is inverse of itself.
.74' Let
9 ) 8 9 ) 8 : N N f
be defined by
'
dd o is if '
even is if $ '
) (
n n
n n
x f
.how that
f
is invertible and
'
f f .
.75' :rove that the functions
R R f :
defined as
4 & ) ( x x f
is invertible. Also$ find
'
f .
R R f :
is given by ' ) (
&
+ x x f is not invertible.
.77' .how that
9 ' 8 9 ' 8 : R R f
given by
'
) (
+
x
x
x f is invertible. Also$ find
'
f .
/88' !f the function
) $ ' , ) $ ' , : f
defined by
) ' (
& ) (

x x
x f is invertible$ find ) (
'
x f

.
/8.' %ind the value of parameter for which the function
) $ ' ) ( + x x f
is the inverse of
itself.
45
/8/' Let
Y N f :
4 5 ) ( + x x f
$ where
9 some for 4 5 : 8 : N x x y N y Y +
. .how that
f
is invertible. %ind its inverse.
/80' Let N N n n Y 9 : 8
&
;onsider
Y N f :
given by
&
f
is
invertible. %ind the inverse of
f
.
/81' Let
R N f :
be a function defined as '6 '& 5 ) (
&
+ + x x x f . .how that
N f :
+ange
) ( f
is invertible. %ind the inverse of
f
.
/82' .how that
R f - ' $ ' , :
$ given by
&
) (
+
x
x
x f is one-one. %ind the inverse of the
function
) ( +ange - ' $ ' , : f f
.
/84' Let 9 $ : & 8 ( b a b a + . Then$ prove that an operation P on . defined by
) ( & ) ( ) & ( P ) & (
& ' & ' & & ' '
b b a a b a b a + + + + + for all ( b a b a
& & ' '
$ $ is a binary
operation on .
/85' Let
9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8
and P be an operation on defined by r b a P $ where r is the
least non-negative remainder when product is divided by 6. :rove that P is a binary operation
on .
/86' Let
9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' $ ) 8
and P be an operation on defined by
r b a P
$ where r is the
least non-negative remainder when b a + is divided by 6. :rove that P is a binary operation
on .
/87' .how that the operation and on + defined as
b a " <a(imum of
a
and b
b a " <inimum of
a
and b
are binary operations on +.
/.8' Sn the set G of all rational numbers an operation P is defined by . ' P ab b a + .how that P
is a binary operation on G.
/..' Sn the set F of all non-negative integers P is defined by
b
a b a P . :rove that P is not a
binary operation on F.
/./' Sn the set ; of all comple( numbers an operation T oT is defined by
& ' & '
z z z o z for all
C z z
& '
$
. !s
o
a binary operation on ;H
/.0' Let < be the set of all singular matrices of the form
1
]
1
x x
x x
$ where
x
is a non->ero real
number. Sn <$ let P be an operation defined by AB B A P for all
) B A $
. :rove that
P is a binary operation on ) .
/.1' *iscuss the commutativity and associativity of the binary operation TPT on + defined by
ab b a b a + + P for all
R b a $
$ where on +N. we have usual addition$ subtraction and
multiplication of real numbers.
46
/.2' *iscuss the commutativity and associativity of the binary operation P on + defined by
5
P
ab
b a for all
R b a $
.
/.4' *iscuss the commutativity and associativity of binary operation TPT defined on
Q
by the rule
ab b a b a + P for all
Q b a $
.
/.5' Let A be a non-empty set and . be the set of all functions from A to itself. :rove that the
composition of functions ToT is a non-commutative binary operation on .. Also$ prove that ToT
is an associative binary operation on ..
/.6' Let N N A and TPT be a binary operation on A defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( P ) $ ( bd ac d c b a
for all
N d c b a $ $ $
. .how that TPT is commutative and associative binary operation on
A.
/.7' Let A be a set having more than one element. Let TPT be a binary operation on A defined by
a b a P for all
A b a $
. !s TPT commutative or associative on AH
//8' Let TPT be a binary operation on ?$ the set of natural numbers$ defined by
b
a b a P for all
N b a $
. !s TPT associative or commutative on ?H
//.' Let TPT be a binary operation on ? given by
N b a b a *C+ b a $ )$ $ ( P
(i) %ind :
6 P / $ &5 P '0 $ 5 P '&
(ii) ;hec the commutativity and associativity of TPT on ?.
///' ;onsider the binary operations
R R R P : P
and
R R R o :
defined as
b a b a P
and a aob for all
R b a $
associative$
o
is associative but not commutative. %urther show that P is distributive over
o
. *oes
o
distribute over PH Lustify your answer.
//0' !f P is defined on the set + of real numbers by
/
4
P
ab
b a $ find the identity elements in +
for the binary operation P.
//1' %ind the identity element in the set
+
Q of all positive rational numbers for the operation P
defined by
&
P
ab
b a for all
+
Q b a$ .
//2' !f P is defined on the set + of all real numbers by
& &
P b a b a + $ find the identity element
in R with respect to P.
//4' Let . be a non-empty set and
) ( P
be the power set of set .. %ind the identity element for
the union
) (
as a binary operation on
) ( P
.
//5' !n above e(ample find the identity element for intersection
) (
as a binary operation on
) ( P
.
41
//6' Sn G$ the set of all rational numbers$ a binary operation P is defined by
6
P
ab
b a for all
Q b a $
. %ind the identity element for P in G. Also$ prove that every non->ero element of G
is invertible.
//7' Let TPT be a binary operation on set
9 ' 8 Q
defined by
9 ' 8 $ M P + Q b a ab b a b a
.
%ind the identity element with respect to P on G. Also$ prove that every element of
9 ' 8 Q
is invertible.
/08' Sn the set
9 ' 8 R
a binary operation P is defined by ab b a b a + + P for all
9 ' 8 $ R b a
. :rove that P is commutative as well as associative on
9 ' 8 R
. %ind the
identity element and prove that every element n
9 ' 8 R
is invertible.
/0.' Let TPT be a binary operation on
)
Q
(set of all non->ero rational numbers) defined by
)
$
5
P Q b a
ab
b a Then$ find the
(i) identity element in
)
Q
(ii) inverse of an element in
)
Q
/0/' Let I be a non-empty set and let P be a binary operation on
) ( X P
(the power set of set I)
defined by B A B A P for all
) ( $ X P B A
. :rove that TPT is both commutative and
associative on
) ( X P
. %ind the identity element with respect to TPT on
) ( X P
. Also show
that
) ( X P
is the only invertible element of
) ( X P
.
/00' Let I be a non-empty set and let TPT be a binary operation on
) (X P
(the power set of I)
defined by B A B A P for
) ( $ X P B A
(i) %ind the identity element with respect to P in
) ( X P
.
(ii) .how that I is the only invertible element of
) (X P
.
/01' Let I be a non-empty set and let TPT be a binary operation on
) ( X P
(the powers set of set I)
defined by
) ( ) ( P A B B A B A
for all
) ( $ X P B A
. .how that :
(i)

is the identity element for P on
) (X P
.
(ii) A is invertible for all
) ( X P A
and the inverse of A is A itself.
/02' Let
Q Q A
and let P be a binary operation on A defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( P ) $ ( ad b ac d c b a +
for
A d c b a ) $ ( )$ $ (
. Then$ with respect to P on A
(i) %ind the identity element in A
(ii) %ind the invertible elements of A
/04' Let
9 ) 8 9 ) 8 N N A
and let TPT be a binary operation on A defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( P ) $ d b c a d c b a + +
for all
A d c b a ) $ ( )$ $ (
. .how that
(i) TPT is commutative on A
(ii) TPT is associative on A.
Also find the identity element$ if any$ in A
4/
/05' Let N N A $ and let P be a binary operation on A defined by
) $ ( ) $ ( P ) $ ( bd bc ad d c b a +
for all
N N d c b a ) $ ( )$ $ (
$ .how that
(i) TPT is commutative on A.
(ii) TPT is associative on A.
(iii) A has no identity element.
/06' Let TPT be a binary operation on ? given by
) $ ( . . . P b a ) C , b a
for all
N b a $
(i) %ind
'1 P &) $ / P 6
(iii) !s P associative (iv) %ind the identity element in ?
;v< Fhich elements of ? are invertibleH %ind them.
/07' *efine a binary operation P on the set
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ ' $ ) 8 A
given by
) 1 (mod P ab b a
.
.how that ' is the identity for P$ ' and 6 are the only invertible elements with
' '
'
and
6 6
'
.
/18' Sn the set
'
1
]
1
R x
x x
x x
x A ) : ) (
of & & matrices$ find the identity element for
the multiplication of matrices as a binary operation. Also$ find the inverse of an element of <.
/1.' .how that the number of binary operations on
9 & $ ' 8
having ' as identity and having & as
inverse of & is e(actly one.
/1/' *etermine the total number of binary operation on
9 & $ ' 8
having ' as the identity
element.
/10' ;onsider the set
9 ' $ ' 8
of square roots of unity and multiplication
) (
as a binary
operation on . ;onstruct the composition table for multiplication
) (
on . Also$ find
the identity element for multiplication on and the inverses of various elements.
/11' ;onsider the set - $ $ ' ,
&
of all cube roots of unity. ;onstruct the composition table
for multiplication
) (
on . Also$ find the identity element for multiplication on .. Also$
chec its commutativity and find the identity element. :rove that ever element of . is
invertible.
9 $ $ ' $ ' 8 i i
of fourth roots of unity. ;onstruct the composition
table for multiplication on . and deduce its various properties.
9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8
. *efine a binary operation P on as follows : r b a P $
where r is the least non-negative remainder when ab is divided by 6. ;onstruct the
composition table for TPT on .
/15' ;onstruct the composition table for the composition of functions
) (o
defined on the set
9 $ $ $ 8
5 4 & '
f f f f
of four functions from ; (the set of all comple( numbers) to itself$
defined by
z
z f
z
z f z z f z z f
'
) ( $
'
) ( $ ) ( $ ) (
5 4 & '
for all C z .
40
/16' ;onsider the infimum binary operation on the set
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8
defined by
b a <inimum of
a
and b . Frite the composition table of the operation .
/17' ;onsider a binary operation P on the set
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8
given by the following
multiplication table.
P ' & 4 5 6
' ' ' ' ' '
& ' & ' & '
4 ' ' 4 ' '
5 ' & ' 5 '
6 ' ' ' ' 6
(i) ;ompute
5 P ) 4 P & (
and
) 5 P 4 ( P &
(iii) ;ompute
) 6 P 5 ( P ) 4 P & (
TYPE 3 (Objective QUESTIONS)
'. Let + be the real line. ;onsider the following .ubsets of the plane R R
( ) 8 $ : ' x y y x + and ) &9 x < <
( ) 8 $ : % x y x y is an integer9
Fhich one of the following is trueH ,A!@@@ &))0-
(a) % is an equivalence relation on R but is not
(b) ?either nor % is an equivalence relation on +
(c) =oth and % are equivalence relations on R
(d) . is an equivalence relation on + but T is not
&. Let : f N Y be a function defined as ( ) 5 4 f x x + Fhere 8 : 5 4 Y y N y x + for
some 9. x N .how that f is invertible and its inverse is ,A!@@@ &))0-
(a)
5
4
) (

y
y g (b) ( )
4 5
4
y
g y
+
(c) ( )
4
5
5
y
g y
+
+ (d) ( )
4
5
y
g y
+
4. The largest interval lying in $

& &

_

,
for which The function
( ) ( )
&
'
5 cos ' log cos
&
x
x
f x x

_
+ +

,
is defined$ is ,A!@@@ &))/-
(a) [ ]
)$ (b) $
& &

_

,
(c) $
5 &

_
,
(d) )$
&
,
5. Let F denotes the words in the @nglish dictionary. *efine the relation + by
( ) 8 $ : R x y # # the words x and y have At least one letter in common9. Then + is
,A!@@@ &))1-
(a) refle(ive$ symmetric and not transitive
(b) refle(ive$ symmetric and transitive
47
(c) refle(ive$ not symmetric and transitive
(d) not refle(ive$ symmetric and transitive
6. Let ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8 4$ 4 $ 1$ 1 $ 7$ 7 $ '&$'& $ 1$'& $ R ( ) ( ) ( ) 4$ 7 $ 4$'& $ 4$ 1 9 be a relation on the set
84$ 1$ 7$'&9. A The relation is ,A!@@@ &))6-
(a) refle(ive and symmetric only
(b) an equivalence relation
(c) refle(ive only
(d) refle(ive and transitive only
1. Let ( ) : '$' $ f B be a function defined by ( )
'
&
&
tan $
'
x
f x
x
,
then f is both one-one and
onto when = is in the interval ,A!@@@ &))6-
(a) $
& &

_

,
(b) $
& &

1
1
]
(c) )$
&
,
(d) )$
&
_

,
/. A real valued function f-x. satisfies the %unctional equation
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x y f x f y f a x f a y +
Fhere TaT is given constant and ( ) ) '$ f ( ) & f a x is equal to ,A!@@@ &))6-
(a) ( ) f x (b) ( ) ( ) f a f a x + (c) ( ) f x (d) ( ) f x
0. Let ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8 '$ 4 $ 5$ & $ &$ 5 $ &$ 4 $ 4$' 9 R be a +elation on the set 8'$ &$ 4$ 59. A The relation +
is ,A!@@@ &))5-
(a) a function (b) transitive (c) not symmetric (d) refle(ive
7. The graph of the function ( ) y f x is .ymmetrical about the line &$ x then ,A!@@@ &))5-
(a) ( ) ( ) & & f x f x + (b) ( ) ( ) & & f x f x +
(c) ( ) ( ) f x f x (d) ( ) ( ) f x f x
'). The domain of the function$ ( )
( )
'
&
sin 4
7
x
f x
x
is ,A!@@@ &))5-
(a) ,&$ 4- (b) ,&$ 4) (c) ,'$ &- (d) ,'$ &)
''. A function f from the set of natural numbers to !ntegers defined by
( )
'
$
&
$
&
n
f n
n

'
,A!@@@ &))4-
(a) )ne-one but not onto
(b) Snto but not one-one
5)
Fhen n is even
Fhen n is odd
(c) Sne-one and onto both
(d) ?either one-one nor onto
'&. !f : f R R satisfies ( ) ( ) ( ) $ f x y f x f y + + %or all $ x y R and ( ) ' /$ f then ( )
'
n
f r
r
is
,A!@@@ &))4-
(a)
/
&
n
(b)
( ) / '
&
n +
(b) ( ) / ' n n + (d)
( ) / '
&
n n +
5'
'4. *omain of definition of the function ( ) ( )
4
')
&
4
log $
5
f x x x
x
+
is ,A!@@@ &))4-
(a) ('$ &) (b) ( ) ( ) '$ ) '$ &
(c) ( ) ( ) '$ & &$ (d) ( ) ( ) ( ) '$ ) '$ & &$
'5. The function
( )
&
log( ')$ f x x x + + is ,A!@@@ &))4-
(a) an even function (b) an odd function
(c) a periodic function (d) neither an even nor an odd function
'6. The period of
&
sin
is ,A!@@@ &))&-
(a)
&
(b)
(c) & (d)

&
'1. The domain of

'
4
sin log
4
x
1
_
1
, ]
is ,A!@@@ &))&-
(a) ,'$ 7- (b) ,V'$ 7- (c) ,V7$ '- (d) ,V7$V'-
'/. The period of the function ( )
5 5
sin cos f x x x + is ,A!@@@ &))&-
(a)
(b)
&
(c) & (d) ?one of these

'0. The domain of definition of the function ( )
&
')
6
log
5
x x
f x
_

,
is ,A!@@@ &))&-
(a) ,'$ 5- (b) ,'$ )- (c) ,)$ 6- (d) ,6$ )-
'7. Let ( ) '. f x x Then: ,!!T '704M '<-
(a)
( ) ( ) ( )
&
&
f x f x (b) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x y f x f y + +
(c) ( ) ( ) f x f x (d) none of these
&). !f ( ) ( ) cos ' $ f x nx then ( ) ( ) ( )
'
&
x
f x f y f f xy
y
1 _
+
1
, ]
Nas the value: ,!!T '704M '<-
(a) V ' (b)
'
&
(c) V& (d) none of these
&'. The domain of definition of the function
( )
')
'
&
log '
y x
x
+ +
is : e(cluding
(a) ( ) 4$ & e(cluding &.6 (b) [ ]
)$' e(cluding ).6
(c)
) ' $ & ,
e(cluding ) (d) none of these
&&. Fhich of the following function is periodicH ,!!T '704M '<-
(a) ( ) [ ]
f x x x where[ ]
x denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to the real number x
5&
(b) ( )
'
sin f x
x
for ( ) )$ ) ) x f
(c) ( ) cos f x x x
(d) none of these
&4. %or real x$ the function
( ) ( ) x a x b
x c

will assume all real values provided: ,!!T '705M 4<-

(a) a b c > > (b) a b c < < (c) a c b > < (d) a c b
&5. !f ( ) ( )
sin g f x x and
( ) ( )
( )
&
sin $ f g x x then: ,!!T '770M &<-
(a) ( ) ( )
&
sin $ f x x g x x (b) ( ) ( ) sin $ f x x g x x
(c) x x g x x f sin ) ( $ ) (
&
(d) f and g can not be determined
&6. !f ( ) 4 6$ f x x then ( )
'
: f x
,!!T '770M &<-

(a) is given by
'
4 6 x
(b) is given by
6
4
x +
(c) does not e(ist because f is not one-one (d) does not e(ist because f is not onto.
&1. !f the function [ ) [ ) : '$ '$ f is defined by ( )
( ) '
& $
x x
f x

then ( )
'
f x
is : ,!!T '777M &<-

(a)
( ) '
'
&
x x
_

,
(b)
( ) &
'
' ' 5log
&
x + + (c) ) log 5 ' ' (
&
'
&
x + (d) not
defined
&/. Let ( ) ( ) sin sin sin4 . f + Then ( ) f : ,!!T &)))-
(a) ) only when ) (b) ) for all real
(c) ) for all real (d) ) only when )
&0. The domain of definition of the function ( ) y x is given by the equation
& & &
x y
+
is:
,!!T &)))-
(a) ) ' x < (b) ) ' x (c) ) x < (d) ' x < <
&7. %or all ( ) )$' : x
(a)
'
x
e x < +
(b) ( ) log '
e
x x + < (c) sin x x > (d) log
e
x x >
4). Let ( ) : )$ f R and
( ) ( )
)
.
x
+ x f & d&
!f ( ) ( )
& &
' $ + x x x + then ( ) 5 f equals:
,!!T &)))-
(a) 635 (b) / (c) 5 (d) &
4'. Let ( ) [ ]
' g x x x + and ( )
'$ )
)$ )$
'$ )
x
f x x
x
<

'
>
then for all ( ) $ x f g x 1

]
is equal to: ,!!T &))'-
54
(a) x (b) ' (c) ( ) f x (d) ( ) g x
4&. !f [ ) [ ) : '$ &$ f is given by ( )
'
$ f x x
x
+ then ( )
'
f x
equals: ,!!T &))'-

(a)
&
5
&
x x +
(b)
&
'
x
x +
(c)
&
5
&
x x
(d)
&
' 5 x +
44. The domain of definition of
( )
( )
&
&
log 4
4 &
x
f x
x x
+
+ +
is: ,!!T &))'-
(a) { } 3 '$ & R (b) ( ) &$ (c) { } 3 '$ &$ 4 R (d) ( ) { } 4$ 3 '$ &
45. Let ( ) ( )
& &
' & ' f x b x bx + + + and let m-b. be the minimum value of ( ) . f x As b varies$ the
range of m-b. is: ,!!T &))'-
(a) ,)$ '- (b)
'
)$
&
1
1
]
(c)
'
$'
&
1
1
]
(d) ( ]
)$'
46. Let { } '$ &$ 4$ 5 / and { } '$ & . + Then the number of onto function from @ to % is : ,!!T &))'-
(a) '5 (b) '1 (c) '& (c) 0
41. Let ( ) $ '.
'
x
f x x
x

+
Then$ for what value of
is ( ) H : f f x x 1
]
,!!T &))'-
(a)
&
(b)
&
(c) ' (d) '
4/. .uppose
( ) ( )
&
' f x x + for '. x !f ( ) g x is the function whose graph is reflection of the
graph of ( ) f x with respect to the line y = x$ then ( ) g x equals: ,!!T &))&-
(a) '$ ) x x (b)
( )
&
'
$ '
'
x
x
>
+
(c) '$ ' x x + (d) '$ ) x x
40. Let function : f R R be defined by ( ) & sin f x x x + for . x R Then f is : ,!!T &))&-
(a) one-to -one and onto
(b) one-to-one but not onto
(c) onto but not one-to-one
(d) neither one-to-one nor onto
47. !f [ ) [ ) : )$ )$ f and ( ) $
'
x
f x
x
+
then f is: ,!!T &))4-
(a) one-one and onto
(b) one-one but not onto
(c) onto but not one-one
(d) neither one-one nor onto
5). +ange of the function
( )
&
&
&
M
'
x x
f x x R
x x
+ +

+ +
is: ,!!T &))4-
55
(a) ( ) '$ (b) ( ) '$''3 / (c) ( ) '$ / 3 4 (d) ( ) '$ / 3 6
5'. *omain of definition of the function
( ) ( )
'
sin &
1
f x x

+ for real valued x$ is ,!!T &))4-

(a)
' '
$
5 &
1
1
]
(b)
' '
$
& &
1
1
]
(c)
' '
$
& 7
_

,
(d)
' '
$
5 5
1
1
]
5&. !f ( ) ( )
&
sin cos $ '$ f x x x g x x + then ( ) ( )
g f x is invertible in the domain: ,!!T &))5-
(a) )$
&
1
1
]
(b) $
5 5

1
1
]
(c) $
& &

1
1
]
(d) [ ]
)$
54. ( )
$
)
x
f x

'

( )
)$
$
g x
x
'

Then f g is: ,!!T&))6-
(a) one-one and into (b) neither one-one nor onto
(c) many one and onto (d) one-one and onto
55. !f I and J are two non-empty sets where : f X Y is function is defined such that
( ) ( ) 8 : 9 f c f x x C for C X and ( ) ( ) { }
'
: f D x f x D
for $ D Y for any

A Y and B Y then : ,!!T&))6-
(a) ( ) ( )
'
f f A A
(b) ( ) ( )
'
f f A A
only if ( ) f X Y
(c) ( ) ( )
'
f f B B
only if ( ) B f x (d) ( ) ( )
'
f f B B
56
if x is rational
if x is irrational
if x is irrational
if x is rational
ANS>ERS
TYPE 1 (NCERT QUESTIONS)
E,ERCISE .'.
Q' .' ;< ?either refle(ive nor symmetric nor transitive.
;< ?either refle(ive nor symmetric nor transitive.
(iii) +efle(ive and transitive but not symmetric.
(iv) +efle(ive$ transitive and symmetric.
(v) ;a< +efle(ive$ transitive and symmetric.
;=< +efle(ive$ transitive and symmetric.
;c< ?either refle(ive nor symmetric nor transitive.
;$< ?either refle(ive nor symmetric nor transitive.
;e< ?either refle(ive nor symmetric nor transitive.
Q' 0' ?either refle(ive nor symmetric nor transitive.
Q' 2' ?either refle(ive nor symmetric nor transitive.
Q' 7' ;< 8'$ 6$ 79$ ;< 8'9 Q' ./'
'
%
is related to
4
%
Q' .0' The set of all triangles Q' .1' The set of all lines
R + c c x y $ &
Q' .2' = Q' .4' ;
E,ERCISE .'/
Q' .' ?o
Q' /' ;< !n#ective but not sur#ective ;< ?either in#ective nor sur#ective
;< ?either in#ective nor sur#ective ;v< !n#ective but not sur#ective
;v< !n#ective but not sur#ective
Q' 5' ;< Sne-one and onto ;< ?either one-one nor onto.
Q' 7' ?o Q' .8' Jes Q' ..' * Q' ./' A
E,ERCISE .'0
E' .'
'' ) 6 ( $ '' ) 5 ( $ / ) 4 ( $ / ) & ( gof gof gof gof
E' /' ) 4 cos( ) ( $ cos 4 ) (
& &
x x fog x x gof
E' 4'
9 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 : f
defined as
x x x f $ ) (
and
9 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 1 $ 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 : g
as
x x g ) (
$ for
5 $ 4 $ & $ ' x
and
6 ) 1 ( ) 6 ( g g
.
E' 5' ?o E' 7'
g
is the inverse of
f
E' .8'
g
is the inverse of
f
E' ..'
Q' .'
)9 4 $ 5 ( )$ ' $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ ' 8( gof
Q' 0' ;<
& 6 ) ( ) ( $ & 6 ) ( ) ( x x fog x x gof
;<
x x fog x x gof 0 ) ( ) ( $ & ) ( ) (
Q' 1' !nverse of
f
is
f
itself.
51
Q' 2' ;< ?o$ since
f
is many-one ;< ?o$ since
g
is many-one
;< Jes$ since h is one-one-onto
Q' 4'
'
f is given by
' $
'
&
) (
'
y
y
y
y f
Q' 5'
'
f is given by
5
4
) (
'

y
y f
Q' ..'
'
f is given by & ) ( $ ' ) (
' '

b f a f and 4 ) (
'
c f
Q' .0' (;) Q' .1' (=)
E,ERCISE .'1
Q' .' ;< ?o ;< Jes ;< Jes ;v< Jes ;v< Jes
Q' /' ;< P is neither commutative nor associative
;< P is commutative but not associative
;< P is both commutative and associative
;v< P is commutative but not associative
;v< P is neither commutative nor associative
;v< P is neither commutative nor associative
Q' 0'
' & 4 5 6
' ' ' ' ' '
& ' & & & &
4 ' & 4 4 4
5 ' & 4 5 5
6 ' & 4 5 6
Q' 1' ;<
' 5 P ) 4 P & (
and
' ) 5 P 4 ( P &
;< Jes ;<
'
Q' 2' Jes Q' 4' ;<
0) '1 P &) $ 46 / P 6
;< Jes ;< Jes ;v< ' ;v< '
Q' 5' ?o Q' 6' P is both commutative and associativeM P does not have any identity in N
Q' 7' (ii)$ (iv)$ (v) are commutativeM (v) is associative Q' ..' !dentity element does not e(ist.
Q' ./' ;< %alse ;< True Q' .0' =
MISCELLANEOUS E,ERCISE
Q' .'
')
/
) (

y
y g Q' /' The inverse of
f
is
f
itself. Q' 0' x x x x 4 ') 1
& 4 5
+
Q' 6' ?o Q' .8'
A n
Q' ..' ;< )9 $ ' ( )$ $ & ( )$ $ 4 8(
'
c b a +
;<
'
+
does not
e(ist
Q' ./' ?o Q' .2' Jes Q' .4' A Q' .5' = Q' .6' ?o Q' .7' =
TYPE 2 (EXTRA PRACTICE QUESTIONS)
.' ;<
9 ) 1 $ 1 ( )$ 5 $ 5 ( )$ 1 $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ 4 ( )$ 1 $ & ( )$ 5 $ & ( )$ & $ & ( )$ 1 $ ' ( )$ 5 $ ' ( )$ 4 $ ' ( )$ & $ ' ( )$ ' $ ' ( 8 R
;< *omain of
9 1 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 ) $ ( : 8 R b a a R
5/
;< +ange of
9 1 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 9 ) $ ( : 8 R b a b R
&. ;<
9 ) &6 $ 6 ( )$ '1 $ 5 ( )$ 7 $ 4 ( )$ 5 $ & ( )$ ' $ ' ( 8 R
$ *omain of
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 R
and +ange of
9 &6 $ '1 $ 7 $ 5 $ ' 8 R
;<
9 ) 15 $ 5 ( )$ &/ $ 4 ( )$ 0 $ & ( )$ ' $ ' ( 8 R
9 *omain of
9 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 R
and +ange of
9 15 $ &/ $ 0 $ ' 8 R
0' ;<
) ( $ a aR aRa
for 3 a 9
9 )$ $ 8( 9 : ) $ 8( 3 3 a a a a a a R
;< *omain of
3 3 9 ) $ ( : 8 b a a R
;< +ange of
3 3 9 ) $ ( : 8 b a b R
1' ;< *omain of 9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8
'
R $ +ange of 9 6 ' $ 5 ' $ 4 ' $ & ' $ ' 8
'
R
;< *omain of
9 ....... $ 0 $ 1 $ 5 $ & 8
&
R
$ +ange of
9 .......... $ /' $ 54 $ &4 $ '' 8
&
R
4' &61
5'
9 ) 6 $ ' ( )$ 5 $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ 6 ( )$ & $ / ( )$ ' $ 7 ( 8 R
*omain of
9 ' $ 4 $ 6 $ / $ 7 8 R
$ +ange of
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 $ & $ ' 8 R
9 ) ' $ 6 ( )$ 4 $ 5 ( )$ 6 $ 4 ( )$ / $ & ( )$ 7 $ ' ( 8
'
R
6'
'
R and
5
R 7'
&
R and
5
R .8'
4
R
..' ;<
'
R
is refle(ive$
'
R
is not symmetric$
'
R
is not transitive
;<
&
R is not refle(ive$
&
R is symmetric$
&
R is not transitive
;<
4
R
is not refle(ive$
4
R
is not symmetric$
4
R
is not transitive
;v<
5
R is refle(ive$
5
R is symmetric$
5
R is transitive
.2' ;<
'
R
is refle(ive$
'
R
is symmetric$
'
R
is not transitive
;<
&
R is not refle(ive$
&
R is symmetric$
&
R is not transitive
;<
4
R
is not refle(ive$
4
R
is not symmetric$
4
R
is not transitive
;v<
5
R is not refle(ive$
5
R is not symmetric$
5
R is not transitive
.4' 8('$ ')$ (&$ &)$ (4$ 4)$ ('$ &)$ (&$ 4)$ (&$ ')$ (4$ &)$ ('$ 4)$ (4$ ')9
.5' 8('$ ')$ (&$ &)$ (4$ 4)$ ('$ &)$ (&$ 4)$ ('$ 4)9
8('$ ')$ (&$ &)$ (4$ 4)$ ('$ &)$ (&$ 4)$ ('$ 4)$ (&$ ')9
8('$ ')$ (&$ &)$ (4$ 4)$ ('$ &)$ (&$ 4)$ ('$ 4)$ (4$ &)9
8('$ ')$ (&$ &)$ (4$ 4)$ ('$ &)$ (&$ 4)$ ('$ 4)$ (4$ ')9
.7' + is equivalence relation
0.'
9 & $ ' 8 9 ) ' $ ( : 8 - ' , R x A x
9 & $ ' 8 9 ) & $ ( : 8 - & , R x A x
9 4 8 9 ) 4 $ ( : 8 - 4 , R x A x
9 5 8 9 ) 5 $ ( : 8 - 5 , R x A x
0/' @quivalence of class of ('$ 4) " 8('$ 4)$ (&$ 1)$ (4$ 7)$ (5$ '&)$ (6$ '6)$ (1$ '0)9$
50
@quivalence of class of (5$ ') " 8(5$ ')$ (0$ &)$ ('&$ 4)$ ('1$ 5)$ (&)$ 6)9
00' @quivalence of class of ) " 8......$ 2 0$ 2 5$ )$ 5$ 0$ .......9
@quivalence of class of ' " 8......$ 2 /$ 2 4$ '$ 6$ 7$ .......9
@quivalence of class of & " 8......$ 2 1$ 2 &$ &$ 1$ ')$ .......9
@quivalence of class of 4 " 8......$ 2 6$ 2 '$ 4$ /$ ''$ .......9
01' 8'$ 69$ 8&$ 4$ 19$ 8&$ 4$ 19$ 859$ 8'$ 69$ 8&$ 4$ 19
02' ;< f is a function ;< f is not a function
;< f is a function ;v< f is not a function
;v< f is a function
04' &.'
05' ;< represents a function of x ;< does not represent a function of x
06 ;< 4& ;< 0&.5 ;< '5 ;v< '))
18' x x x x 4 ') 1
& 4 5
+ $ '') 1.' f and g are equal functions
1/' ;<
9 & 8 ) ( R f D
$
9 ) 8 ) ( R f R
;<
9 6 8 ) ( R f D
$
9 ' 8 ) ( R f R
;<
R ) ( f D
$
1
]
1

& &
'
$
& &
'
) ( f R
;v<
9 6 $ 5 $ 4 8 ) ( f D
$
9 4 $ & $ ' 8 ) ( f R
10' ;<
) $ & , ) ( f D
$ 9 $ ) , ) ( f R ;<
) $ 5 , ) ( f D
$
9 $ ) , ) ( f R
;<
9 & 4 $ ' 8 ) ( R f D
$
) $ ) , - &6 0 $ , ) ( f R
;v<
- 4 $ ' , ) ( f D
$
- ' $ ) , ) ( f R
11' ;< 4 ;< 01 ;< ? 2.0 ;v<
7
'7
12' ;< ) $ 5 , 5 5 + + x x x ;<
) $ 5 , 5 5 + x x x
;< ) $ 5 , 5 . 5 + x x x ;v< ) $ 5 (
5
5

+
x
x
x
14' ;< ?ot one-one ;< Sne-one
16' ;< ?ot one-one ;< Sne-one ;< ?ot one-one
;v< Sne-one ;v< Sne-one
17' ;< ?ot onto ;< Snto
28' ;< Snto ;< ?ot onto ;< Snto ;v< ?ot onto
57
20'
A n
4.' )9 4 $ 1 ( )$ & $ 6 ( )$ ' $ 5 8(
'
f
4/' ;< f does not have inverse ;< g does not have inverse
;< h has its inverse
40'
5
/ + x
41' R
+
x
x
$
&
' 4
42'
'

6
4
$
6 &
4
R x
x
x
45' Y x x $ 47' ) $ 6 , $
4
' 1

+
x
x
'
5.'
9 ) 5 $ 6 ( )$ 4 $ 5 ( )$ & $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( )$ 6 $ ' ( 8 fog
9
9 ) 5 $ 6 ( )$ 4 $ 5 ( )$ & $ 4 ( )$ ' $ & ( )$ ' $ ' ( 8 gof
5/' 14$ 5& 50' & 51' 2 0$ 5&/$ 104$ '/4$ 0$ 056
54' ?ot coincide 68' f
6/' ;< Jes ;< ?o ;< ?o
;v< ?o ;v< Jes ;v< ?o
61' ;< &/)5 ;< 55 ;< 0' ;v< 1)0
62'
4 ' x
64' '1 66' ;<
4
&)
78' P is commutative but not associative 7.' P is commutative as well as associative
7/' P is not commutative but associative 70'
o
is not distributive over P
74' ;< P is a binary operation on
) ( X P
;< P is commutative
;< P is associative
;v< I is the identity element in
) (X P
w.r.t. P
;v< The only invertible element of
) ( X P
is X
;v<
o
distributes itself over P
76' ;< '6 ;< 4) 2 a
77' ;< Jes ;< Jes ;< ) is the identity for P
;v< @very
Q ) ' ( a
is invertible.
.88' ;< ('$ )) ;<
,
_
a
b
a
$
'
.8.'
' 2 ' i 2 i
' ' 2 ' i 2 i
2 ' 2 ' ' 2 i i
i i 2 i 2 ' '
2 i 2 i i ' 2 '
.80'
)
'
f
&
f
4
f
5
f
'
f
'
f
&
f
4
f
5
f
6)
&
f
&
f
'
f
5
f
4
f
4
f
4
f
5
f
'
f
&
f
5
f
5
f
4
f
&
f
'
f
.81' ;<
'
R
is refle(ive$
'
R
is not symmetric$
'
R
is not transitive
;<
&
R is not refle(ive$
&
R is symmetric$
&
R is not transitive
;<
4
R
is not refle(ive$
4
R
is not symmetric$
4
R
is not transitive
.85' ;< R is refle(ive$ R is not symmetric$ R is transitive
;<
&
R
is not refle(ive$
&
R
is symmetric$
&
R
is not transitive
..8' ;<
'
R is not refle(ive$
'
R is not symmetric$
'
R is not transitive
;<
&
R
is not refle(ive$
&
R
is not symmetric$
&
R
is transitive
;<
4
R is refle(ive$
4
R is not symmetric$
4
R is transitive
;v<
5
R
is refle(ive$
5
R
is symmetric$
5
R
is transitive
...'
'
R is not refle(ive$
'
R is not symmetric$
'
R is not transitive
../'
'
R
is refle(ive$
'
R
is not symmetric$
'
R
is transitive
./.' 8'$ 6$ 79 ./2' R is an equivalence relation
.20'
& &
) ' & ( $ ' & + + x fog x gof .21'
& &
sin $ sin x fog x gof
.22'
9 ) '' $ 6 ( )$ '' $ 5 ( )$ / $ 4 ( )$ / $ & ( 8 gof
.24'
)9 4 $ 5 ( )$ ' $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ ' 8( gof
.25'
'

<

& 6 $
) if $ & 6
) if $ & 6
x fog
x x
x x
gof

.26' +ange of
9 ' $ 6 $ & 8 f
$ +ange of
9 ' $ 4 8 g
$
)9 6 $ ' ( )$ & $ 6 ( )$ 6 $ & 8( fog
$
)9 4 $ 5 ( )$ ' $ 4 ( )$ 4 $ ' 8( gof
.27' &
) ' (
$
'
&
&
&
&
&
+
+
+
x
x
fog
x
x
gof
.4.' x x x x 4 ') 1
& 4 5
+
.4/' ;< ' 1 5
&
+ x x ;< ' & &
&
+ x x
;< 6 '6 '5 1
& 4 5
+ + + + x x x x ;v< 7 5 x
.45' @ither ' a and ) b $ or ' a and b can tae any real value.
.46'
& ) ( x x g
for all ( x .47'
&
) (
x
x g for all ( x
.50' ' sin )$ ' ( sin
& &
+ + x fog x gof .51'
' x gof
$
fog
does not e(ist.
.52'
R fog ) $ ) ( :
is defined as
x x fog ) (
$
R R gof :
is defined as
x x gof ) (
$
fog gof
.54'
R gof ) $ ) , :
is defined as
' ) ( x x gof
$
R fog ) $ ' , - ' $ ( :
is defined as ' ) (
&
x x fog $
gof fog
.56' ;< ' ;< ) ;< '
6'
.57'
R R gof
'
' $
5
4
:
is defined as
4 5
'
) (
+
+
x
x
x gof
{ } R R fog 5 $ 4 :
is defined as
5
'
) (
+
x
x fog
.60' ' ' ' ) ( ) ( x x fofof $ ' ) (
&
x x f
.62' ;< 9 4 $ 4 8 ) 7 (
'

f ;<
) 6 (
'
f ;< 9 ) 8 ) ) (
'
f
.64'

'
&
&' 6
$
&
&' 6
) 0 (
'
f
$ 9 6 $ ) 8 ) 7 (
'

f
.65' 9 & $ & 8 ) 6 (
'
i i f
9 9 4 $ 4 8 ) 0 (
'

f
.66' ;<
) 6 (
'
f ;< 9 6 $ 6 8 ) &1 (
'

f ;<
9 1 $ 1 $ 4 $ 4 8 9 4/ $ ') 8
'

f
.67'
) 5 $ 0 ( )$ 4 $ 1 ( )$ & $ 5 ( )$ ' $ & 8(
'
f
.78' ;< )9 4 $ 4 ( )$ & $ & ( )$ ' $ ' ( 8
'
f ;< f is not invertible

;< )9 & $ ' ( )$ 4 $ & ( )$ ' $ 4 8(
'
f
.7.' )9 $ 4 ( )$ $ & ( )$ $ ' 8( ) (
' '
c b a f

.7/'
&
/
) (
'

x
x f for all R x
.70'
4 ' '
) 4 ( ) (
x x f for all R x .71' R R f
:
'
is given by
4
/
) (
'
+
x
x f
.75'
&
4
) (
'
+
x
x f for all R x .76' f is not invertible.
.77'
x
x
x f
'
) (
'
for all
9 ' 8 R x
/88'
&
log 5 ' '
) (
& '
x
x f
+ +
/8.' ' /8/'

5
4
) (
'

x
x f for all Y x
/80' x x f
) (
'
for all Y x /81'
&
1 4
) (
'
+
x
x f
/82' :
'
f +ange
- ' $ ' , : ) ( f
is given by
x
x
x f
'
&
) (
'
/./'
o
is not a binary operation on ;. /.1' TPT is commutative and associative
/.2' TPT is commutative and associative /.4' TPT is neither commutative nor associative
/.7' TPT is associative on A but it is not commutative on A
//8' TPT is neither commutative nor associative on ?
//.' TPT is commutative and associative
6&
//0'
4
/
//1' & //2' ) //4'

//5' is the identity element //6' 6 e
//7' ) e /08' ) e
/0.' ;< 5 is the identity element in
)
Q ;< inverse of an element
)
Q a is
a
'1
/0/'

is the identity elements for TPT on
) ( X P
/00' ;< I is the identity element with respect to P on
) (X P
/02' ;< ;.9 8< ;<
,
_
a
b
a
$
'
/06' ;< 0) ;< Jes ;< Jes
;v< ' e ;v< '
/18'
1
1
1
]
1
&
'
&
'
&
'
&
'
is identity element in <.
/1/' ;<
& ) ' $ & ( P ) & $ ' ( P $ ' ) ' $ ' ( P
and
' ) & $ & ( P
;<
& ) ' $ & ( P ) & $ ' ( P $ ' ) ' $ ' ( P
and
& ) & $ & ( P
/10'
' 2 '
' ' 2 '
2 ' 2 ' '
' is the identity element$ inverse is '
/11'
'
&
' '
&

&
'
&
&
'
' is the identity element$ multiplication is commutative
/12'
' 2 ' 2 i
' ' 2 ' 2 i
2 ' 2 ' ' i
i i 2 i '
2 i 2 i i 2 '
<ultiplication is a binary operation on .$ multiplication is commutative$ ' is the identity
element$ every element of .is invertible
/14'
64
P ' & 4 5
' ' & 4 5
& & 5 ' 4
4 4 ' 5 &
5 5 4 & '
65
/15'
)
'
f
&
f
4
f
5
f
'
f
'
f
&
f
4
f
5
f
&
f
&
f
'
f
5
f
4
f
4
f
4
f
5
f
'
f
&
f
5
f
5
f
4
f
&
f
'
f
/16'
' & 4 5 6
' ' ' ' ' '
& ' & & & &
4 ' & 4 4 4
5 ' & 4 5 5
6 ' & 4 5 6
/17' ;< ' ;< P is commutative. ;< '
TYPE 3 (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
66
Answers:-
'. (a) &. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 1. (a) /. (d) 0. (c) 7. (b) '). (b)
''. (c) '&. (d) '4. (d) '5. (b) '6. (b) '1. (a) '/. (b) '0. (a) '7. (d) &). (d)
&'. (c) &&. (a) &4. (d) &5. (a) &6. (b) &1. (b) &/. (c) &0. (d) &7. (b) 4). (c)
4'. (b) 4&. (a) 44. (d) 45. (d) 46. (a) 41. (d) 4/. (d) 40. (a) 47. (b) 5). (c)
5'. (a) 5&. (b) 54. (d) 55. (c)

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nzks.

kkpk;Z ACADEMY & RESONANT CLASSES

for the same reason is chosen as

R 2(2'$ ') [ ] [ ] & 3 $ )

$ but the period of

(iii) Any integral multiple of period must also be the period.

(vi) The number of ob#ective function A to A n B (when m = n).

. Then$ show that

4. The largest interval lying in $

(c) & (d)

'1. The domain of

(c) & (d) ?one of these

will assume all real values provided: ,!!T '705M 4<-

,!!T '770M &<-

is : ,!!T '777M &<-

then for all ( ) $ x f g x 1

equals: ,!!T &))'-

+ for real valued x$ is ,!!T &))4-

for $ D Y for any

f ;< f is not invertible

x x f for all R x .71' R R f

/8.' ' /8/'

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