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ENS/ELT466
TelecommunicationSystemsLab
Fall2013
Week5 Oct.1
PleaseturninLabReport#4now!
AmplitudeModulation
TelecommunicationSystemsLab(ENS466)
Fall2013
Week5 Oct.1
10/1/2013
2
Modulation
Modulation istheprocessbywhichamessageisimpressedontoahigherfrequency
carrierwavefortransmissionthroughacommunicationchannel.
basebandsignal
modulatedwave
Lastweek:
oscillators
Nextfewweeks:
modulation
RadioBroadcast
wherev isthevelocitywithwhichthewavetravels.Forradiowavesinair,v isvery
closetothespeedoflightinavacuum,c,soweusuallyrefertothevacuum
wavelength,givenby:
Forover100years,modulatedcarriershavebeenusedtocarryvoiceandother
messagesaroundtheworldbyradiobroadcast.Radiofrequency(RF)wavesare
examplesofelectromagnetic(EM)waves.(OtherexamplesarelightwavesandX
rays.)Thefrequencyofanytypeofwaveisrelatedtoitswavelengthbythesimple
formula:
v
f

c
f

8
299,792,458m/sec 3 10 m/sec c x
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RadioBands
PartofthereasonforthisclassificationisthatEMwavesofdifferentfrequencies
travelacrosstheearthssurfaceindifferentways.
Electromagneticwavesareorganizedintobandsaccordingtotheirfrequencies(or
theirwavelengths)
Classification Frequency(f) Wavelength()
Lowfrequency(LF) 30KHz300KHz 10km1km
Mediumfrequency(MF) 300KHz3MHz 1km100m
Highfrequency(HF) 3MHz30MHz 100m10m
Veryhighfrequency(VHF) 30MHz300MHz 10m1m
Ultrahighfrequency(UHF) 300MHz3GHz 1m10cm
Superhighfrequency(SHF) 3GHz30GHz 10cm1cm
Extremelyhighfrequency(EHF) 30GHz300GHz 1cm1mm
mmwaves
shortwaves
microwaves
mediumwaves
longwaves
H
i
s
t
o
r
y
Direct,Surface,andReflectedWaves
Longwavescanfollowthecurveoftheearththroughsurfacewaves,butnoisein
thosebandsishigh,dataratesarelow,andantennasarehuge.
Mediumwavesfrom5351610kHzareusedforAMbroadcastradiointheUSA.
AtVHFandabove,wavestravelmainlybydirectlineofsightpaths.Shortwaveand
mediumwavesignalscanreflectfromlayersoftheEarthsionospheretopermit
longercommunication.
Ionosphere
layers
LW surface
wave
Earth
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AmplitudeModulation(AM)
Theoldestformatforradiobroadcastisamplitudemodulation(AM).InAM
signaling,theamplitudeofthecarrierisvariedaccordingtothemessagesignalm(t).
Intheaboveformulas,weassumethatthemessagem(t) hasbeenscaledsothatits
maximumandminimumvaluesare+1and1,respectively.Thenthemodulation
index=1whens
min
=0.
s t = 1 + pm t c(t)
message
carrierwave
modulationindex
s
max
s
min
Foracosinemessage,
max min
max min
s s
s s

EnvelopeDetector
ThesimplestwaytorecoverthemessagefromanAMsignalisbyuseofanenvelope
detector,typicallyarectifier(e.g.,asemiconductordiode)followedbyalowpass
filter.
Sinceadiodeisnotanidealrectifier,therecoveredmessagemaysuffersome
distortion.
Envelope
detector
AMsignal
Recovered
message
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Undermodulation
Whenthemodulationindex<1,thesignalissaidtobeundermodulated.Fora
giventransmittedpower,anundermodulated signalproduceslowerSNRthanafully
modulated(=1)signal.
Ifthereceiverneedstorecoverthecarrierwave,undermodulation mayfacilitatethe
recovery.
Overmodulation
Whenthemodulationindex>1,thesignalissaidtobeovermodulated.Foran
overmodulated signal,thereareintervalswherethecarrierismultipliedbyanegative
numbersothatitsphaseisreversed.
Reversedphaseregions
Overmodulation willleadtoaseverelydistortedmessageifanenvelopedetectoris
used.
Enveloperecovery
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AM PowerSpectrum
Itspossibletorecoverthemessagefromjustasinglesideband,sothepowerinthe
carrierandinthe2
nd
sidebandcanbeconsideredaswasted.AdvancedAMformats
includesuppressedcarrier(DSBSCAM)andsinglesideband(SSBAM)versions.
cosinewave
message
strongcarriercomponent
doublesidebandsatf
c
f
m
bandoffrequencies
(e.g.speech)
strongcarriercomponent
sidebandsreplicate
messagespectrum
ThepowerspectrumforAMincludesastronglineatthecarrierfrequency,plus
sidebands aboveandbelowthecarrier,sotheformatwehaveconsideredsofaris
doublesidebandAM(DSBAM).
SuppressedCarrierAM
Byremovingtheconstanttermmultiplyingthecarrierintheequationdescribing
modulation,weobtainasignalthathasequalintervalsofpositivephaseandreversed
phase,whichhasnocarrierlineinitspowerspectrum.
s t = m t c(t)
message
carrierwave
Reversedphaseregions
DSBSCAMismuchmorepowerefficient,butanenvelopedetectorcannotbeused.
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PowerSpectraofAMVariants
Forthemaximuminpowerefficiency,onesidebandofasuppressedcarriersignalcan
befilteredoutbeforethefinaltransmitterpoweramplifier,yieldingasinglesideband
(SSBAM)signal.ThepowerspectraofDSBAM,DSBSCAM,andSSBAMsignalsare
shownbelow.
Lookingatthepowerspectra,itisclearthatSSBAMalsoyieldsamajorimprovement
inspectralefficiencyallowingmorecommunicationchannelstobecarriedwithinthe
samebandoffrequencies.
ProductDetector
MultiplyingtheAMsignalbytheoriginalcarrierwavecreatesnewsidebands,
centeredat+2f
c
,-2f
c
,andzerofrequency.Thezerofrequencysidebandisidenticalto
theoriginalmessage,soproductdetectioncanbeusedasamethodofreceivinga
DSBSCAMsignal.
Implementingaproductdetectorinarealreceiverismoredifficultthanenvelope
detection,sincetheformerrequiresreconstructionoftheoriginalcarrierwave.
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Summary
Modulationformats
phase
amplitude
frequency
quadrature
Electromagneticwaves
c
f

8
3 10 m/sec c x
microwaves,
light,Xrays
Radio
DSB
Envelopeorproductdet.
Lowpower&spectraleff.
Lowcost
DSBSC
Productdet.Only
Goodpowereff.
Lowspectraleff.
SSB
Productdet.only
Goodpower&spectraleff.
Longwave
Surface&directpropag.
Lowdatarate;Largeantennas
Mediumwave
Directandreflectedpropag.
Moderatedatarate&antennas
Shortwave
Directandreflectedpropag.
Bestworldwidetransmission
AMbroadcastradio
5301610kHz
ENS466/ELT466 Assignmentsdue10/8
LabReport:
Labreport#5willcoverAssignment3.1;itisdueatthebeginning ofclasson10/8.
HomeworkAssignment:
Nonethisweek.
Reading:
ENS466notesonvoltagecontrolledoscillators(VCOs),tobepostedonBlackboard
byThursday.
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Backups/Alternates
TelecommunicationSystemsLab
(ENS466)
Fall2013