9/6/2014

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Reynolds apparatus
= =

VD
R
Viscous force Viscous force
inertia inertia
Consider a free body of fluid of the form of an elementary parallelopiped
y=0
y=c
x
y
z
p

Velocity
Profile
dx
dp
dy
d
=
u

y

dx
dp
dy
u d

2
2
=
Substituting
p
p x
x

y
y

+
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The flow fluid is:
a. Newtonian
b. Isothermal
c. Incompressible (dose not depend on the pressure)
d. Steady and uniform flow
e. Laminar flow (the velocity has only one single component)
Steady Laminar Flow through Circular pipes
Laminar Flow through Inclined pipes
Laminar Flow through Annulus
Laminar Flow between parallel plates both
plates at rest
Laminar Flow between parallel flat plates One
plate moving and the other at rest COUETTE
FLOW
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2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 2
Bernoulli's equation,
2 2
frictional head loss
f
f
p V p V
z z h
w g w g
p p p
h
w w
+ + = + + +

= = =
P
1
P
2
R: radius, D: diameter
L: pipe length

w
: wall shear stress
Pressure gradient must exist in the direction of flow to overcome the resistance to
flow
p h
f

2
[ ( )]( ) (2 ) p p dp r r dx + =
2
r
dx
dp
=
dv
dr
=
( )
2 2
4
1
r R
dx
dp
v |

\
|
=

r
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( )
2 2
4
1
r R
dx
dp
v
|

\
|
=

(
(

\
|
=
2
max
1
R
r
v v
2
max
4
1
R
dx
dp
v
|

\
|
=

Integrating vdA dQ =
4 4
128 8
D
dx
dp
R
dx
dp
Q |

\
|
= |

\
|
=

2 2
mean
32
1
8
1
D
dx
dp
R
dx
dp
A
Q
V |

\
|
= |

\
|
= =

max mean
2
1
v V =
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2 2
mean
32
1
8
1
D
dx
dp
R
dx
dp
A
Q
V |

\
|
= |

\
|
= =

2
32
D
V
dx
dp
= |

\
|

4 2 2 1
128 32
D
QL
D
VL
p p

= =
2
2 1
32
wD
VL
w
p p
h
f

=

=
From DARCY-WEISBACH Equation
gD
fLV
h
f
2
2
=
e
R
f
64
=
For a horizontal pipe the flowrate is:
directly proportional to the pressure drop,
inversely proportional to the viscosity,
inversely proportional to the pipe length, and
proportional to the pipe diameter to the fourth power.
With all other parameters fixed, an increase in diameter by a factor of 2 will increase the
flowrate by a factor of 2
4
= 16 the flowrate is very strongly dependent on pipe size.
1 2
0
2 4
p p dp R D
dx L

| |
= =
|
\
( )
2 2
0
4 8 8
f
wh D
wfV fV
L g

= = =
8
*
0
f
V V = =

V F = = work doing of rate Power

(-dp/dx) = average force per unit volume of fluid
Total Force = (-dp/dx) x AL
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) (
2 1
p p Q ALV
dx
dp
=
|

\
|

( )
L
p p
dx
dp
AV Q
2 1
and , discharge since

= |

\
|
=
The flowrate, Q, of corn syrup through the horizontal pipe
shown in Fig. is to be monitored by measuring the pressure
difference between sections (1) and (2). It is proposed that Q=
K.p where the calibration constant, K, is a function of
temperature,T, because of the variation of the syrups viscosity
and density with temperature. These variations are given in
Table.
Plot K(T) versus T for 60FT160 F
Determine the wall shear stress and the pressure drop, for Q = 0.5
ft
3
/s and T = 100 F and
For the above conditions, determine the net pressure force, and the
net shear force, on the fluid within the pipe between the sections (1)
and (2).
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For steady, uniform flow, the momentum balance in s for the fluid
cylinder yields
with
and
we solve for to get:
( ) s r w W =
2

( )
2
r
wz p
ds
d
+ =
2 2
r
ds
dh
w
r
z
w
p
ds
d
w =
|

\
|
+ =
( ) | | z w p h + =
Piezometric Piezometric head head
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Velocity for laminar flow in pipes
Using the result for ,
we substitute
Integration yields
dr
dv
=
2
r
ds
dh
w
dr
dv
=
( )
2 2
4
1
r R
ds
dh
w v |

\
|
=

Glycerin at 20C flows upward in a vertical 75-

mm-diameter pipe with a centerline velocity of
1.0 m/s. Determine the head loss and pressure
drop in a 10-m length of the pipe. [ = 1260
kg/m
3
; = 1.50 N.s/m
2
]
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dx
dr
r
R
1
R
2
( )[2 ( ) ] dr r dr dx
r

+ +

(2 ) r dx
(2 ) p r dr ( )(2 )
p
p dx r dr
x

(2 ) 2 (2 ) 2 ( ) 0
p
p r dr p dx rdr r dx dr r dr dx
x r

( ( | | | |
+ + + + =
| | ( (

\ \
dr
2 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 0
p
dx rdr dr dx dr r dx dr dr dx
x r r


( ( | | | | | |
+ + =
| | | ( (

\ \ \
Dividing throughout by the volume of the element Dividing throughout by the volume of the element (2 (2r) r) dr dr dx dx Dividing throughout by the volume of the element Dividing throughout by the volume of the element (2 (2r) r) dr dr dx dx
0
p
x r r
| |
+ + =
|

\
( )
1
0
p
r
x r r


+ =

Integrating Integrating w.r.t w.r.t. . r r Integrating Integrating w.r.t w.r.t. . r r
2
1
2
r p
r C
x

+ =

2
1
2
r p v
r C
x r

| |
=
|

\
v
r


=

2
1 2
log
4
e
r p
v C r C
x

| |
= +
|

\
Dividing by Dividing by r r and then Integrating and then Integrating w.r.t w.r.t. . r r Dividing by Dividing by r r and then Integrating and then Integrating w.r.t w.r.t. . r r
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( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 2
2 1
1
log
4 log
e
e
R R
p
v R r R r
x R R
(

| |
( =
|

\ (

Boundary Conditions:
r = R
1
v = 0
r = R
2
v = 0
Location of the point for maximum velocity: Location of the point for maximum velocity: Location of the point for maximum velocity: Location of the point for maximum velocity:
( )
( )
2 2
2 1
2 1
1 1
0 2
4 log
e
R R
v p
r
r x r R R
(

| |
( = = +
|

\ (

( )
( )
1/ 2
2 2
2 1
2 1
2log
e
R R
r
R R
(

( =
(

The discharge Q passing through any cross-section of the annulus
2
1
2
R
R
Q r vdr =

( )
( )
2
2 2
2 1
4 4
2 1
2 1
8 log
e
R R
p
Q R R
x R R

| | | |
(
=
| |
(
\ \

Mean velocity: Mean velocity: Mean velocity: Mean velocity:
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 2
2 1 2 1
1
8 log
e
R R
Q p
V R R
x R R R R
(

| | | |
( = = +
| |
\ ( \

If R
1
= 0 laminar flow through circular pipe
If annulus is inclined replace by ( / ) p x
[ ( ) / ] p wz x +
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B
Y
X
Z
dy
y
dx
( ) p dy dz
( )
p
p dx dy dz
x

( ) dx dz
( ) dy dx dz
y

( ) ( ) 0
p
pdydz p dx dydz dy dxdz dxdz
x y

+ + + =

p
y x

=

2
2
p v
x y

=

v
y


=

Integrating Integrating w.r.t w.r.t. . yy Integrating Integrating w.r.t w.r.t. . yy

2
1 2
1
2
p y
v C y C
x
| |
= + +
|

\
C
2
= 0 for v = 0 at y = 0
for v = 0 at y = B
1
2
B p
C
x
| |
=
|

\
( )
2
1
2
p
v By y
x
| |
=
|

\
Velocity Velocity is is parabolic parabolic
distribution distribution curve curve with with
its its vertex vertex at at mid mid- -way way
between between plates plates
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B
dy
y
dx
( ) p dy dz ( ) p dp dy dz +
( ) dx dz
( ) d dx dz +
v
ma
x
2
max
8
B p
v
x
| |
=
|

\
Discharge Discharge q q per unit width: per unit width: Discharge Discharge q q per unit width: per unit width:
dq vdy = ( )
2
0 0
1
2
B B
p
q vdy By y dy
x
| |
= =
|

\

3
12
B p
q
x
| |
=
|

\
Mean velocity of flow Mean velocity of flow V: V: Mean velocity of flow Mean velocity of flow V: V:
2
12
q B p
V
B x
| |
= =
|

\
max
2
3
V v =
Re Re- -arranging arranging Re Re- -arranging arranging
2
12 p V
x B
| |
=
|

\
B
dy
y
dx
( ) p dy dz ( ) p dp dy dz +
( ) dx dz
( ) d dx dz +
x
1
x
2
L
( )
2 2
1 1
1 2 2
12
p x
p x
V
p p p x
B

= =

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( )
1 2 2 1 2
12 V
p p x x
B

=
1 2 2
12 VL
p p
B

=
1 2
2
12
f
p p VL
h
w wB

= =
Shear stress distribution Shear stress distribution:: Shear stress distribution Shear stress distribution::
v
y


=

( )
2
1
2
p
By y
y x

( | |
=
| (

\

2
p B
y
x

| | | |
=
| |

\ \
B
dy
y
dx
( ) p dy dz ( ) p dp dy dz +
( ) dx dz
( ) d dx dz +
0
2
p B
x

| |
=
|

\
2
p B
y
x

| | | |
=
| |

\ \
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Two parallel flat plates kept 75 mm apart have
laminar flow of glycerine between them with a
maximum velocity of 1 m/s. Calculate the
discharge per meter width, the shear stress at
the plates, the difference in pressure between
two points 25 m apart, the velocity gradients at
the plates and velocity at 15 mm from the plate.
Take viscosity of glycerine as 8.35 poise.
2
1 2
1
2
dp y
v C y C
dx
| |
= + +
|
\
Velocity distribution Velocity distribution:: Velocity distribution Velocity distribution::
C
2
= 0 for v = 0 at y = 0
for v = V at y = B
C
2
= 0 for v = 0 at y = 0
for v = V at y = B
1
2
V B dp
C
B dx
| |
=
|
\
( )
2
1
2
V dp
v y By y
B dx
| |
=
|
\
Velocity Velocity depends depends on on
both both V V and and ( (dp dp//dx dx) )
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B
dy
y
dx
( ) p dy dz ( ) p dp dy dz +
( ) dx dz
( ) d dx dz +
Moving
plate
VV
Stationary plate
( )
2
1
2
V dp
v y By y
B dx
| |
=
|
\
V
v y
B
=
When dp/dx = 0
Simple (or plain) Simple (or plain) Couette Couette flow or Simple shear flow flow or Simple shear flow
Shear stress distribution Shear stress distribution:: Shear stress distribution Shear stress distribution::
dv
dy
=
( )
2
1
2
d V dp
y By y
dy B dx

(
| |
=
| (
\

2
V dp B
y
B dx

| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
At y = 0
1
0
2
V dp B
B dx

| | | |
= = +
| |
\ \
At y = B/2
V
B
=
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At 0 =
At y = B
1
2
B V
y
B dp dx

( | |
= +
( |
\
2
0
2
V dp B
B dx

| || |
= =
| |
\ \
B
Moving plate
VV
Stationary plate
B/2
1
2
B V
y
B dp dx
( | |
= +
( |
\
2
0
2
V dp B
B dx

| || |
=
| |
\ \
1
0
2
V dp B
B dx

| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
( )
2
1
2
V dp
v y By y
B dx
| |
=
|
\
2
1
2
v y B dp y y
V B V dx B B
| || |
= +
| |
\ \
If
2
2
B dp
P
V dx
| |
=
|
\
Dimensionless pressure gradient
1
v y y y
P
V B B B
| |
= +
|
\
Non-dimensional velocity distribution
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+ +PP indicates indicates pressure pressure
drop drop in in the the direction direction of of
flow flow
- -PP indicates indicates increase increase in in
pressure pressure in in the the direction direction
of of flow flow
It It has has been been observed observed that that
for for PP - -11,, there there exists exists a a
backward backward flow flow for for some some
layers layers of of fluid fluid
Reason Reason:: adverse adverse
pressure pressure gradient gradient
For For a a given given PP,, the the maximum maximum value value of of (v/V) (v/V) occurs occurs at at a a point point where where the the shear shear stress stress
is is equal equal to to zero zero i i. .ee. . at at
1
2
B V
y
B dp dx

( | |
= +
( |
\
A viscous fluid (specific weight = 80 lb/ft
3
; viscosity = 0.03 lb.s/ft
3
is
contained between two infinite, horizontal parallel plates as shown in
Fig. The fluid moves between the plates under the action of a pressure
gradient, and the upper plate moves with a velocity U while the bottom
plate is fixed. A U-tube manometer connected between two points along
the bottom indicates a differential reading of 0.1 in. If the upper plate
moves with a velocity of 0.02 ft/s, at what distance from the bottom
plate does the maximum velocity in the gap between the two plates
occur? Assume laminar flow.
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A vertical shaft passes through a bearing and is lubricated with
an oil having a viscosity of 0.2 N.s/m
2
as shown in Fig. Assume
that the flow characteristics in the gap between the shaft and
bearing are the same as those for laminar flow between infinite
parallel plates with zero pressure gradient in the direction of
flow. Estimate the torque required to overcome viscous
resistance when the shaft is turning at 80 rev/min.
Oil flows through the horizontal pipe shown in
Fig. under laminar conditions. All sections are
the same diameter except one. Which section of
the pipe (A, B, C, D, or E) is slightly smaller in
diameter than the others? Explain.
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A viscous fluid flows in a 0.10-m-diameter pipe
such that its velocity measured 0.012 m away
from the pipe wall is 0.8 m/s. If the flow is
laminar, determine the centerline velocity and
the flowrate.
An oil with a viscosity of = 0.40 Ns/m
2
and density = 900 kg/m
3
flows in a pipe of diameter D = 0.02 m
FIND (a) What pressure drop (p
1
-p
2
), is needed to produce a flowrate
of Q= 2 10
-5
m
3
/s if the pipe is horizontal with x
1
= 0 and x
2
= 10 m?
[p = 20.4 kPa]
(b) How steep a hill, , must the pipe be on if the oil is to flow through
the pipe at the same rate as in part (a), but with p
1
= p
2
[ = 13.34]
(c) For the conditions of part (b), if p
1
= 200 kPa, what is the pressure
at section x
3
= 5 m, where x is measured along the pipe?
[p
1
= p
2
=p
3
= 200 kPa]
For the horizontal pipe it is the work done by the pressure forces that overcomes For the horizontal pipe it is the work done by the pressure forces that overcomes
the viscous dissipation. For the zero-pressure-drop pipe on the hill, it is the change
in potential energy of the fluid falling down the hill that is converted to the
energy lost by viscous dissipation. Note that if it is desired to increase the flowrate
to Q = 10
-4
m
3
/s with p1=p2, the value of is as sin = 1.15. Since the sine of an
angle cannot be greater than 1, this flow would not be possible. The weight of the
fluid would not be large enough to offset the viscous force generated for the
flowrate desired. A larger diameter pipe would be needed.