ShipResistanceCalculations

Chapter 05(Harvald)
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
Telfer's Method:
Consider a family of geometrically similar models
Situation 1
1. Keep Froude Number Constant
2. Determine the specific resistance by varying Re
Situation 2
1. Keep Re constant
2. Determine the specific resistance by varying Fr (Speed
Length ratio)
3. Since Re is constant, Specific Frictional resistance is
constant. So change occurs only due to wave making or
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
g y g
more generally inertia resistance.
3. All contours of constant speedlength ratio will be mutually
parallel to a base of Re
4. To a base of speedlength ratio, all contours of Re will be
parallel.
5. This principle of parallelismwas brought out by Telfer
6. To make use of this principle as a practical means of
extrapolating model specific resistance, it was essential to
determine the law of variation of the constant speed length
contours with Re.
7. Telfer Proposed the function
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald andMolland etal
8. Here 'a' for total specific resistance depends on the speed
length ratio and is constant for constant speedlength ratio
and 'b' depends on the amount of total resistance subject to
scale effect.
9. The value of 'b' was found for very fine forms to be the same
as that derived fromplank tests.
10. The ship extrapolators will have a slightly greater slope
than that of the plank and in general every form of model
will have a different extrapolator.
11. The extrapolator for any form can be determined when a
number of geometrically similar models are tested and
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
g y
analyzed by the methods described.
12. The Figure shows Telfer's Method for a fine form. By using
as abscissa
the extrapolator will be a straight line
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
13. The first condition that an extrapolation method has to fulfill
i h i h ld bl h i l l b i d i h is that it should enable the experimental results obtained with
models of the same ship to various scales to be derived from
one another.
14. Therefore by using the results obtained from experiments
with a number of geometrically similar models a so called
model family, this condition is automatically satisfied.
15. The slope of the extrapolator is well determined in the region
covered by the experiments carried out with the model family.
However even with reliable results from experiments with a
large model family at one's disposal, extrapolation outside the
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
experimental region of the Re remains a risky affair.
Resultsfromexperimentswithamodelfamily
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald
16. The total resistance coefficient is
given as function of Re for different models of the ship
17. The above equation gives the total resistance coefficient for
the underwater part of the hull of the smooth ship.
18. If the coefficient C
TS
for the rough ship is wanted, a
roughness allowance C
A
( in general called the incremental
resistance coefficient for modelship correlation) has to be
added.
19. An air resistance coefficient can also be added if this
correction is not included in the C
A
.
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
20. The curves for constant Froude numbers are nearly parallel to
the line described by which is the the line described by which is the
Shoenherr's flat plate friction drag formula.
21 This line can therefore be used as an extrapolator 21. This line can therefore be used as an extrapolator.
22. The resistance of the ship is then determined by
where C is the total resistance coefficient for ship where C
TS
is the total resistance coefficient for ship
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
Problems With Telfer's Method:
1. Even when using a large model family the distance from the
model region to the ship region is very large. Minor
inaccuracy on the extrapolator can imply a large inaccuracy
on the resistance forecast.
2. One of the conditions to be met for obtaining satisfactory
results from experiments with model family is complete
similarity. This means that the ships model as well as the
surroundings have to be similar.
3. When performing experiments with big models in the
family, the towing tank boundary will often be at a distance
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
y g y
that it can give rise to interfering influence.
4. Usually the wall results in increased model resistance.
5. When testing the small models in the family the flow over a
large party of the models can be laminar. If laminar flow
occurs along part of the model, the result with be that a
resistance is measured which is low compared with those in
turbulent flow.
6. To perform experiments with a model family is expensive and
time consuming.
7. Some of the largest families have been that of Simon Bolivar
model family (Lammeren 1938) and the series in the socalled
Victor ship research program (Lammeren et 1l 1955). In this
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald
last family a 21 mmodel model was also includede
ITTC Method:
1. The main question discussed in nearly all ITTC has been 1. The main question discussed in nearly all ITTC has been
"how to transform the model test result from model to full
scale scale .
2. This method (ITTC Method), is based on Froude's principle
and on the ITTC 1957 Model ship correlation line and on the ITTC 1957 Model ship correlation line
3. In 1957, ITTC decided that the line given by the formula be
adopted as correlation line adopted as correlation line.
4 Figure below illustrates the method The total resistance 4. Figure below illustrates the method. The total resistance
coefficient for the model is determined by the towing test
d f th f l
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
and fromthe formula
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald
5. The residuary resistance coefficient for the model is then
calculated by C
RM
= C
TM
C
FM
where the frictional coefficient
resistance is calculated from
6. Now it is supposed that the residuary resistance coefficient
for the ship at the same Froude number as for the model and
at the corresponding Re number is C
RS
= C
RM
7. Using ITTC 1957 modelship coefficient for a smooth ship
can be determined by C
TSS
= C
FS
+ C
RM
and C
TS
= C
FS
+C
RM
+ C
A
8. C
A
can be taken same for all ships or
A
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald
Hughes's Method:
1. In Hughe's Method we use g
2. There was a good agreement of this formula
with the experiment curve. p
3. Hughes Proposed that the hull resistance as
being sumof three parts See Next Slide being sumof three parts See Next Slide
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
a The friction resistance in two dimensional flow (i e without a. The friction resistance in twodimensional flow (i.e. without
edge effect) of a plane surface area and the same mean length
th h ll as the hull.
b. The form resistance, being the excess above (1) that would be
i d b h h ll if d l b d f experienced by the hull if deeply submerged as part of a
double model.
c. The free surface resistance, being the excess of the total
resistance of the surface model above that of a deeply
submerged hull when part of a double hull
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald
4. This division is only for analytical purposes only; these three
resistances cannot be measured separately resistances cannot be measured separately.
5. On the other hand it is a logical one since (1), The sumof (1) + (2)
and the total of (1)+(2)+(3) can all exist independently and the total of (1)+(2)+(3) can all exist independently.
6. Hughes meant that there must be a universal law governing the
resistance in turbulent flow of all smooth streamlined bodies of resistance in turbulent flow of all smooth streamlined bodies of
symmetrical form when towed at zero incidence submerged in a
fluid without boundary interference. fluid without boundary interference.
7. Streamlining implies that there is no separation of flow at any
point. p
8. Symmetry about two planes at right angles is essential to ensure
no lift in any direction when the body is towed in the direction of
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
y y
its axis.
9. The law proposed by Hughes was For a given body, the mean
specific resistance is a constant ratio of the specific resistance of
a plane surface of infinite aspect ratio at the same Re. The ratio
is independent of Re and depends only on the formof the body.
10. The resistance equation could be written as
Total resistance = Base friction resistance + form resistance +
free surface resistance.
Using the law, this nowbecomes
Total Resistance = (Basic friction resistance)* r + free surface
resistance where r is the resistance ratio and is constant
factor for a given hull form or r = 1+k where k is the form
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
factor
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald
8. For basic friction resistance coefficient, one can use the
formula formula
9. The curve of C
F
together with the curves of C
F
*(1+k) for
different values of k can be drawn as a function of Re different values of k can be drawn as a function of Re
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
10. The value of r or k can be determined from the low speed test.
The specific resistance from this test is plotted in the diagram, The specific resistance from this test is plotted in the diagram,
a resistance curve C
T
is drawn, and the curve C
F
(1+k) having
tangent common with the C
T
curve is found (runinpoint) tangent common with the C
T
curve is found (run in point).
11. Thereby k is determined and the C
F
(1+k) curve can be used as
an extrapolator an extrapolator.
12. The free surface resistance can be found from the model tests
as the excess of the total resistance above the friction plus form as the excess of the total resistance above the friction plus form
resistance. It will be assumed that this scales up according to
Froude's Law Froude's Law.
13. A correction C
A
taking into account the roughness of the hull
f b d t k d th t t l i t f th hi
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
surface can be undertaken and the total resistance for the ship
can be calculated by
14. With regard to the decisions made at ITTC ( after discussing
Hughes Method), most delegates were in favour of adopting a Hughes Method), most delegates were in favour of adopting a
single line (the ITTC Model Ship correlation line) owing to the
difficulty in estimating the value of the formfactor 'k' difficulty in estimating the value of the formfactor k .
15. Many towing tanks have used Hughes method with good
results results,.
16. Often this method is combined with Prohaskas method.
17 An investigation of the 1+k variation with some of the form 17. An investigation of the 1+k variation with some of the form
parameters has been carried out at NPL.
18 Fig shows according to this investigation 1+k may vary with 18. Fig shows, according to this investigation, 1+k may vary with
the block coefficient and with the length displacement ratio
L/
1/3
MostofthematerialisfromRandP Harvald
L/
1/3
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald
19. For ships below100m, k is very difficult to determine. p , y
20. Many of these small ships have sharp shoulders and shapes
leading to separation and high pressure drag. leading to separation and high pressure drag.
21. Owing to the procedure normally used, the high resistance
measured at the model tests will result in high values of the measured at the model tests will result in high values of the
formfactor k.
22 Minsaas (1979) gives values for 1+k between 1 2 and 2 1 22. Minsaas (1979) gives values for 1+k between 1.2 and 2.1,
the highest being for full forms. It is unrealistic to assume
that the highest of these form factors are the real form that the highest of these form factors are the real form
factors.
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald
23. In cases where strong vortices are created owing to
sharp shoulders and where the model tests have been
given a form factor that is much higher than that of a
conventional ship of similar dimensions, then some
towing tanks discard the form factor assumption and
instead treat formdrag in the same way as wave drag.
24. This means that the form drag coefficient is assumed to
the same in model and full scale.
MostofthematerialisfromRandP
Harvald