Petroleum

Petroleum (L. petroleum, from early 15c. "petroleum, rock oil" (mid-14c. in Anglo-
French), from edie!al Latin petroleum, from Latin petra rock("ee petrou")
# Latin$ oleum oil i" a naturally occurring, yello%-to-&lack li'uid found in geologic
formation" &eneath the (arth)" "urface, %hich i" commonly refined into !ariou" type" of
fuel". *t con"i"t" of hydrocar&on" of !ariou" molecular %eight" and other li'uid organic
compound". +he name petroleum co!er" &oth naturally occurring unproce""ed crude
oil and petroleum product" that are made up of refined crude oil. A fo""il fuel, petroleum
i" formed %hen large 'uantitie" of dead organi"m", u"ually ,ooplankton and algae, are
&uried underneath "edimentary rock and "u&-ected to inten"e heat and pre""ure.
-%ikipedia.com-
Important Term of Petroleum
1. Source Rock
.ource rock i" depo"it "ediment yg contain of organic material" that "ufficient to produce
"ome petroleum and ga" %hen the depo"it ha!e &een &uried and heated, al"o can "pend
the petroleum and ga" in large 'uantitie"
/rganic material that contained call 0arogen. 0arogen formed from plant and
microorgani"m a" the main material of petroleum.
2. Resevoar
*" a rock that ha!e an a&ility to "a!e and drain the hydrocar&on. +hat the rock mu"t &e
ha!e a poro"ity a" "trorage or "a!er of hydrocar&on and the permea&ility a" the palace or
media to drain the hydrocar&on.
0ind of hydrocar&on i" $
1 .ilicla"tic rock
1 2ar&onate 3ock
1 *gneou" 3ock
1 etamorphic 3ock
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Stratigraphic Traps
A "tratigraphic trap accumulate" oil due to change" of rock character rather than faulting
or folding of the rock. +he term ""tratigraphy" &a"ically mean" "the "tudy of the rock"
and their !ariation"". /ne thing "tratigraphy ha" "ho%n u" i" that many layer" of rock
change, "ometime" o!er "hort di"tance", e!en %ithin the "ame rock layer. A" an e5ample,
it i" po""i&le that a layer of rock %hich i" a "and"tone at one location i" a "ilt"tone or a
"hale at another location. *n &et%een, the rock grade" &et%een the t%o rock type". From
the "ection on re"er!oir rock", %e learned that "and"tone" make a good re"er!oir &ecau"e
of the many pore "pace" contained %ithin. /n the other hand, "hale, made up of clay
particle", doe" 6/+ make a good re"er!oir, &ecau"e it doe" not contain large pore "pace".
+herefore, if oil migrate" into the "and"tone, it %ill flo% along thi" rock layer until it hit"
the lo%-poro"ity "hale. 7oil8, a "tratigraphic trap i" &orn9
An example of a stratigraphic trap
+he a&o!e "erie" of diagram" i" an attempt to illu"trate a type of "tratigraphic trap. *n the
diagram at the upper left, %e "ee a ri!er that i" meandering. A" it doe" "o, it depo"it" "and
along it" &ank. Further a%ay from the ri!er i" the floodplain, %here &road layer" of mud
are depo"ited during a flood. +hough they "eem fairly con"tant, ri!er" actually change
cour"e fre'uently, e!entually mo!ing to ne% location". .ometime" the"e ne% location"
are mile" a%ay from their former path.
*n the diagram at the upper right, %e "ho% %hat happen" %hen a ri!er change" it" cour"e.
+he "and &ar" that %ere depo"ited earlier are no% co!ered &y the mud of the ne%
floodplain. +he"e len"e" of "and, %hen looked at from the "ide many year" later (the
&ottom diagram), &ecome cut off from each other, and are "urrounded &y the mud of the
ri!er)" floodplain - %hich %ill e!entually turn to "hale. +hi" make" for a perfect
"tratigraphic trap.
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