Contents Unit 1 DBMS [Database Management System] 1 Unit 2 Database Core Concepts and Application 14 Unit 3 Record Storage and Primary File Organization 34 Unit 4 Index Structures for Files 59 Unit 5 Entity-Relationship Model 75 Unit 6 Relational Algebra 95 Unit 7 Relational Calculus 120 Unit 8 History of SQL 128 Edition: Fall 2007 BKID B0819 26 th December 2007 Unit 9 Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases 166 Unit 10 Transaction Processing 186 Unit 11 Concurrency Control Techniques 199 Unit 12 Recovery Techniques 206 Unit 13 Distributed Database 214 Unit 14 Security and Integrity 224 Appendices Appendix I Bibliography 234 Brig. (Dr). R. S. Grewal VSM (Retd.) Pro Vice Chancellor Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical & Technological Sciences Board of Studies Mr.Rajen Padukone Member Academic Senate, Sikkim Manipal University Ms. Vimala Parthasarathy Prof. K. V. Varambally HOD Director Convener Manipal Institute of Management Department of Management & Commerce Manipal Directorate of Distance Education Sikkim Manipal University Mr. Jagadeesh Assistant Professor Prof. Raj Dorai Department of Management and Industry Consultant and Commerce, Directorate of Distance Visiting Faculty, IBA, IFIM and BIM Education, Sikkim Manipal University Bangalore Mr. Umesh Maiya Mr. R Ravindra Rao Assistant Professor Senior Faculty Department of Management & Commerce Manipal Institute of Management Directorate of Distance Education Manipal Sikkim Manipal University Content preparation Team Content Writing and Compilation Mr. Preetham Kumar Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Information & Communication Technology, MIT, Manipal Format Editing Language Editing Mr. Yogesh Dixit Mrs. Veena Maben Manager (Academics), Faculty, Dept. of English, Manipal Universal Learning Pvt. Ltd. MIT, Manipal Edition: Fall 2007 This book is a distance education module comprising written and compiled learning material for our students. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form by any means without permission in writing from Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim. Printed and Published on behalf of Sikkim Manipal University of Health, Medical and Technological Sciences, Gangtok, Sikkim by Mr. Rajkumar Mascreen, GM, Manipal Universal Learning Pvt. Ltd., Manipal 576 104. Printed at Manipal Press Limited, Manipal. PREFACE Database management has evolved to a central component of a modern computing environment, in this context; knowledge about database systems has become an essential part of an education in computer science. In this text, the fundamental concepts of database management like database design, database languages etc. have been presented. This text comprise of ten units as mentioned below: Unit 1: The concept of database management systems has been explained. The advantages of database management systems over traditional file systems have been highlighted. Unit 2: The database core concepts of data model, schemas, instances, and data independence have been discussed along with their respective importance. The various DBMS components and classification of database management systems have been described. Unit 3: The various secondary storage devices, the different ways and means of record storage and record retrieval have been explained. Unit 4: The different types of indexes and their importance in retrieval of records have been described. Unit 5: The concepts of Entity-Relationship (E-R) Model have been enumerated. Unit 6: The relevance of the concepts of Relational Algebra with respect to database management systems has been explained. Unit 7: The relevance of the concepts of Relational Calculus with respect to database management systems has been explained. Unit 8: The evolution and importance of Structured Query Language (SQL) have been illustrated. Unit 9: The evolution of the concepts of Normalization and Functional Dependencies in the context of rectifying redundant data has been explained. Unit 10: The ways and means the transaction processing being carried out in database management systems have been described. Unit 11: The concept and importance of concurrency control and various concurrency control techniques have been explained. Unit 12: The various recovery techniques used in recovery of data in case of database systems failure have been enumerated. Unit 13: The concepts of distributed database management systems have been explained along with client-server model. Unit 14: The various issues of security and integrity, authorization in database management systems have been enumerated along with security specifications in SQL.