PPG WAJ3103 Take Home Task 1 ( Assignment )

1. Surf the internet or refer to grammar reference books and do the following.
a. Make notes on Parts of Speech: Conjunctions ,Prepositions and
Interjections
b. Select two (2) sets of exercises for each Parts of Speech from the
internet. ( About 20 questions for each Parts of Speech )
Note : Refer to a few resources and make your OWN short notes.The exercises must
be downloaded from internet sources.

This will make 20% of your task assignments marks.
10% will be given for your attitude and commitment towards this task.

Due date : 4
th
August 2012 ( 2
nd
Interaction )










PREPOSITIONS
A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or
pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in:
She left before breakfast.
What did you come for?
(For what did you come?)
Prepositions Time
English Usage Example
on days of the week on Monday
in months / seasons
time of day
year
after a certain period of
time (when?)
in August / in winter
in the morning
in 2006
in an hour
at for night
for weekend
a certain point of time (when?)
at night
at the weekend
at half past nine
since from a certain point of time (past
till now)
since 1980
for over a certain period of time (past
till now)
for 2 years
ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago
before earlier than a certain point of time before 2004
to telling the time ten to six (5:50)
past telling the time ten past six (6:10)
to / till /
until
marking the beginning and end of
a period of time
from Monday to/till Friday
till / until in the sense of how long
something is going to last
He is on holiday until Friday.
by in the sense of at the latest
up to a certain time
I will be back by 6 oclock.
By 11 o'clock, I had read five
pages.
Prepositions Place (Position and Direction)
English Usage Example
in room, building, street, town,
country
book, paper etc.
car, taxi
picture, world
in the kitchen, in London
in the book
in the car, in a taxi
in the picture, in the world
at meaning next to, by an object
for table
for events
place where you are to do
something typical (watch a film,
study, work)
at the door, at the station
at the table
at a concert, at the party
at the cinema, at school, at work
on attached
for a place with a river
being on a surface
for a certain side (left, right)
for a floor in a house
for public transport
for television, radio
the picture on the wall
London lies on the Thames.
on the table
on the left
on the first floor
on the bus, on a plane
on TV, on the radio
by, next
to,
beside
left or right of somebody or
something
Jane is standing by / next to /
beside the car.
under on the ground, lower than (or
covered by) something else
the bag is under the table
below lower than something else but
above ground
the fish are below the surface
over covered by something else
meaning more than
getting to the other side
(also across)
overcoming an obstacle
put a jacket over your shirt
over 16 years of age
walk over the bridge
climb over the wall
above higher than something else, but not
directly over it
a path above the lake
across getting to the other side (also over)
getting to the other side
walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
through something with limits on top,
bottom and the sides
drive through the tunnel
to movement to person or building
movement to a place or country
for bed
go to the cinema
go to London / Ireland
go to bed
into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house
towards movement in the direction of
something (but not directly to it)
go 5 steps towards the house
onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table
from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

Other Important Prepositions
English Usage Example
from who gave it a present from Jane
of who/what does it belong to
what does it show
a page of the book
the picture of a palace
by who made it a book by Mark Twain
on walking or riding on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle
on foot, on horseback
get on the bus
in entering a car / Taxi get in the car
off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train
out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi
by rise or fall of something
travelling (other than walking or
horseriding)
prices have risen by 10
percent
by car, by bus
at for age she learned Russian at 45
about for topics, meaning what about we were talking about you




English Preposition Rule
There is one very simple rule about prepositions. And, unlike most rules, this rule has
no exceptions.
Rule
A preposition is followed by a "noun". It is never followed by a verb.
By "noun" we include:
noun (dog, money, love)
proper noun (name) (Bangkok, Mary)
pronoun (you, him, us)
noun group (my first job)
gerund (swimming)
A preposition cannot be followed by a verb. If we want to follow a preposition by a verb,
we must use the "-ing" form which is really a gerund or verb in noun form.
Quick Quiz: In the following sentences, why is "to" followed by a verb? That should be
impossible, according to the above rule:
I would like to go now.
She used to smoke.






Here are some examples:
Subject + verb preposition "noun"
The food is on the table.
She lives in Japan.
Tara is looking for you.
The letter is under your blue book.
Pascal is used to English people.
She isn't used to working.
I ate before coming.















Prepositions of Place: at, in, on
In general, we use:
at for a POINT
in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
on for a SURFACE
At in on
POINT ENCLOSED SPACE SURFACE
at the corner in the garden on the wall
at the bus stop in London on the ceiling
at the door in France on the door
at the top of the page in a box on the cover
at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor
at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet
at the crossroads in a building on the menu
at the front desk in a car on a page
Look at these examples:
Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop.
The shop is at the end of the street.
My plane stopped at Dubai and Hanoi and arrived in Bangkok two hours late.
When will you arrive at the office?
Do you work in an office?
I have a meeting in New York.
Do you live in Japan?
Jupiter is in the Solar System.
The author's name is on the cover of the book.
There are no prices on this menu.
You are standing on my foot.
There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these standard expressions:
at in on
at home in a car on a bus
at work in a taxi on a train
at school in a helicopter on a plane
at university in a boat on a ship
at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike
at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant
at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television
at the side in a row on the left, on the right
at reception in Oxford Street on the way









Prepositions of Time: at, in, on
We use:
at for a PRECISE TIME
in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
on for DAYS and DATES
at in on
PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES
and LONG PERIODS
DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
at noon in the summer on 6 March
at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve
Look at these examples:
I have a meeting at 9am.
The shop closes at midnight.
Jane went home at lunchtime.
In England, it often snows in December.
Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
Do you work on Mondays?
Her birthday is on 20 November.
Where will you be on New Year's Day?
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:
Expression Example
at night The stars shine at night.
at the weekend* I don't usually work at the weekend.
at Christmas*/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
at present He's not home at present. Try later.
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:
in on
in the morning on Tuesday morning
in the mornings on Saturday mornings
in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
in the evening(s) on Monday evening
When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.
I went to London last June. (not in last June)
He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)
CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating Conjunctions

The short and simple transitions(two or three letters). Use a comma and one of
followings (FANBOYS For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) to show the way your ideas are
related to each other, to avoid short, choppy sentences, and to correct grammatical
errors such as run-ons.

Here are the relationships that the seven coordinators show:

For
Expresses a result-cause relationship.(Because, Since)

I will get financial aid for college (result), for I applied on the first
day.(cause)

She flew as much as she could (result),for she loved flying.(cause)
And
Chronological order

I went to the station(first) and waited for half an hour.(second)
I had breakfast and left for work.
Expresses surprise

He is 13 and he speaks 3 languages?(wow really?)
Adding two similar sources.

His job brought in several thousand dollars a month (a source of $),
and he got another large sum from an inheritance (a second source).
Nor
Expresses a relationship of addition like "and", but it's an addition of negatives

Worms cannot swim, nor can they walk.
John did not like movies, nor did he care much for television.
But
Expresses opposition between two ideas.

She bought food but she forgot the drinks.
I can understand everything but I can't speak very well.
Idea of exception

I like everything but onions.
This website is about nothing but free English lessons.
Or
Indicates alternatives

You can come with me if you want to or you can stay home.
We can watch a movie or have dinner outside.
Yet
It expresses opposition between ideas (just like "but")

She got the job she wanted, yet she discovered that she hated it.

Fred is very good at math, yet he is majoring in biology.



So
while for shows a result-cause relationship, "so" shows a cause-result.

She loved flying(cause), so she flew as much as she could.(result)
I applied on the first day, so I will get financial aid for college.
Correlative Conjunctions
Transitions that always appear in pairs and link sentence elements together are called
correlative conjunctions.
Both...and: Connects two positives (this and that)
She is beautiful and she is smart.
She is both beautiful and smart.

Both Mia and Katie are coming.
Neither ... nor : Connects two negatives(not this not that)

She is not tall. She is not short. She is neither tall nor short.

Neither my parents nor my friend approves my work.
Neither my friend nor my parents approve my work.

Notice the use of singular and plural verb form
Either ... or : One of two

She is either 20 or 22 years old.
You either come with us or I will punish you.

Not only...but also Links two clauses

She is not only beautiful but also very intelligent.
He disappointed not only his father but also everybody else around him.
Subordinating Conjunctions

Connects dependent clause with independent clause and shows the relationship
between them. (when, before, because, although...) Use comma, if the subordinator
is at the beginning.
Although it was raining, she went out for a walk.
She went out for a walk although it was raining.
Because she was tired, she went straight to the bed.
She went straight to the bed because she was tired.
After she (had) made a phone call, she left home.
She left home after she (had) made a phone call.

Table of Subordinating Conjuntions
Conjunction Meaning Example
after time sequence I left after you came
although
concession and
contrast
Although I failed my last two exams, I
passed.
as Time Take notes as you read the article.
as far as Place I will come with you as far as you go.
as if Manner
The man stumbled, as if he were about to
fall.
as long as conditional time
I will help you as long as you don't
disappoint me.
as soon as Time Call me as soon as possible.
because Cause I lied to her because you told me to.
because of cause / blame I lied to her because of you.
before time sequence I left before you came.
by the time Time
Finish your worksheet by the time I come
back.
even though Despite
I passed even though I failed my last two
exams.
however Contrast
We spent so much time on it, however, the
boss didn't like it.
in case Condition
Take your umbrella with you in case it
rains.
in case of Condition Call 911 in case of emergency.
in order to Purpose
I want to improve my English in order to
communicate better.
so that Purpose
I want to improve my English so that I can
communicate better
though
concession and
contrast
Though I failed my last two exams, I
passed.
unless Condition
I know her, she won't text me unless I text
her first.
It's stoppage time, we are going to lose the
game unless a miracle saves us.
until/till Time
I have until/till Friday to take my grammar
quiz.
when Time Were they asleep when you arrived?
whenever Time She goes shopping whenever she wants.
whereas
concession and
contrast
It's only 12.30 here, whereas it is 5 o'clock
in Margaritaville.
wherever place He follows me wherever I go.






INTERJECTIONS
Interjection is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations
like Oh!, Um or Ah!They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often,
usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a
sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is
sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.
The table below shows some interjections with examples.
interjection Meaning Example
ah expressing pleasure "Ah, that feels good."
expressing realization "Ah, now I understand."
expressing resignation "Ah well, it can't be heped."
expressing surprise "Ah! I've won!"
alas expressing grief or pity "Alas, she's dead now."
dear expressing pity "Oh dear! Does it hurt?"
expressing surprise "Dear me! That's a surprise!"
eh asking for repetition "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot
today."
expressing enquiry "What do you think of that, eh?"
expressing surprise "Eh! Really?"
inviting agreement "Let's go, eh?"
er expressing hesitation "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."
hello, hullo expressing greeting "Hello John. How are you today?"
expressing surprise "Hello! My car's gone!"

hey calling attention "Hey! look at that!"
expressing surprise, joy etc "Hey! What a good idea!"
hi expressing greeting "Hi! What's new?"
hmm expressing hesitation, doubt or
disagreement
"Hmm. I'm not so sure."
oh, o expressing surprise "Oh! You're here!"
expressing pain "Oh! I've got a toothache."
expressing pleading "Oh, please say 'yes'!"
ouch expressing pain "Ouch! That hurts!"
uh expressing hesitation "Uh...I don't know the answer to
that."
uh-huh expressing agreement "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."
um, umm expressing hesitation "85 divided by 5 is...um...17."
well expressing surprise "Well I never!"
introducing a remark "Well, what did he say?








REFERENCE

http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/interjections.htm
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions.htm
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions.htm
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepositions
Betty Schrampfer Azar,1941, Fundamentals of English Grammar (Third Edition)