Ultimate Case Study Guide

GCSE Geography
A guide to using the Ultimate Case study Guide
This guide is designed to help you prepare for your exams by collecting the case
study information you have learnt during your GCSE and putting it all in one
place.
This guide does not replace your notes. Part of your revision should be to go
back over your notes and add further details to the information in this
boolet. This is essential if you !ould lie an A"A# grade in your exam and
strongly recommended if you are aiming for a $.
You must know specific detail about case studies %e.g. figures or exact
details&. 'ithout these you !ill only get half mars for case study ans!ers.
These are difficult to revise so try highlighting( mind maps( revision cards or
testing yourself to try to get them into your head.
)inally( if you are !orried about anything or unsure about your case studies find
a geography teacher*!e+re happy to help you get the best grade you can but
!e can+t do the !or( revision or exam for you
,ou can email -uestions to.
/iss $one at csb01ohn!arner.herts.sch.u
/iss Price at cmp01ohn!arner.herts.sch.u
/iss Plant at nep01ohn!arner.herts.sch.u
/iss Patterson at llp01ohn!arner.herts.sch.u
Case Study 2ndex
Theme: What do I need to know? Examples you have studied:
C
o
a
s
t
s

a
n
d

3
i
v
e
r
s
4. 3iver flooding %causes( effects and
management& in a 5E6C
7. 3iver flooding %causes( effects and
management& in a /E6C
8. A river valley and it+s landforms
9. A coastal area and its landforms
:. Coastal management along one
stretch of coastline.
)lood in /E6C. $oscastle 7;;9
)lood in 5E6C. $angladesh 4<<=
A 3iver >alley. 3iver ?ent( Cumbria
Coastal landforms( Erosion and
/anagement. @olderness( U?
P
e
o
p
l
e

a
n
d

S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
4. A strategy to influence population
change.
7. 2nternational /igration from one
country to another.
8. /igration !ithin one country
%regional migration&.
9. Urban Change" regeneration
:. Change in shopping provisions.
A strategy to influence population
change. China+s Ane Child Policy
2nternational /igration. Poland to
the U?
3egional migration. /aharashtra
State to /umbai
3egeneration in Stratford( 5ondon.
Change in shopping provisions.
@oddesdon to!n centre
B
a
t
u
r
a
l

@
a
C
a
r
d
s
4. Ane tectonic haCard in a 5E6C
%earth-uae A3 volcanic eruption&
7. Ane tectonic haCard in a /E6C
%earth-uae A3 volcanic eruption&
8. Ane climatic haCard in a 5E6C
%tropical storm A3 drought&
9. Ane climatic haCard in a /E6C
%tropical storm A3 drought&
>olcanic Eruption in 5E6C. Bevada
del 3uiC( 4<<:
>olcanic Eruption in /E6C. /t Etna(
7;;7
Earth-uae in 5E6C. China 7;;=
Earth-uae in /E6C. 2taly 7;;<
Earth-uae in /E6C. Dapan 7;44
Tropical Storm in /E6C. @urricane
?atrina 7;;:
Tropical Storm in 5E6C. Cyclone
Bargis 7;;=
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c

6
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
4. An aid pro1ect in a 5E6C
7. )actors that affect the location of a
type of economic activity in a 5E6C
8. )actors that affect the location of a
type of economic activity in a /E6C
9. /BC investment in a specific area
and in an international context
:. A development !here conflicts exist
bet!een economic development and
environmental damage
'aterAid in /ali
Secondary industry in South East
$raCil
Euaternary industry on the /9
corridor in the U?
Bie in >ietnam
Environmental concerns and
economic development in China+s
Pearl delta.
Theme :
!ivers and "oasts
#lood in a $E%": &oscastle
When? 4F
th
August 7;;9
Where? The 3iver >alency( Borth coast of Corn!all( in the south !est of the U?
What happened?
The 3iver >alency !hich flo!s through $oscastle burst its bans. A 8 meter flash flood
carried trees( cars and other debris through the village.
Trees !ere !ashed do!nstream and became trapped by bridges in the to!n. This created
dams !hich caused the !ater to build up and flo! do!n the main street instead. 5ots of
damage to homes and businesses.
Aver =; cars !ere !reced and four footbridges across the >alency 3iver !ere
destroyed.
Who was affected by the flood?
Around 4(;;; residents !ere affected( 97 properties !ere flooded and four completely
demolished. 5ocals G high insurance claims.
5oss of business to shop o!ners in $oscombe
Tourism 2ndustry G 5oss of hotels and services provided to tourists.
People not able to travel around area %to school and !or& due to flooded roads and
destroyed infrastructure.
Why did the flood happen?
@eavy( concentrated rainstorm fell on steep sided valleys. 7;; mm fell in a single day(
most of it during a : hour spell. 2t !as caused by !arm( moist air from the Atlantic Acean
moving inland.
@uman factors also contributed G building on the >alency+s floodplain in $oscastle.
'ow did people try to reduce flooding?
After the flood event a ne! flood management scheme !as put into place.
This includedH removal of trees that !ere right on the bans of the river( ne! bridges
that !ere less liely to trap debris and alternative flo! channels.
Afforestation on surrounding hillsides and careful land use.
#lood in a (E%": &angladesh
When? September 4<<=
Where? South Asia" Borth East of 2ndia" Coast on the $ay of $engal
What happened?
:IJ of the country !as flooded
4;;; people !ere illed
/illions made homeless
Cost the country almost K4billion
Secondary impacts also bad e.g. shortages of drining !ater and diseases spread
Why did the flood happen?
I;J of total land area is less than 4m above sea level %floods easily&. /ost of the land is
the floodplain and delta of the 3iver Ganges and $rahmaputra.
People encourage the rivers to flood their field %paddy fields gro!ing rice&
/onsoon climate brings heavy rain in summer
@imalayas provide sno! melt
$angladesh suffers from cyclones
'ow are people trying to reduce flooding?
$angladesh is an 5E6C and has limited money to spend on river defences.
Some engineering on sections of the river e.g. embanments
) !iver *alley and its features: !iver +ent
(ocation
Cumbria( Borth 'est England( )lo!s through the 5ae 6istrict. Source is ?entmere( /outh
is the ?ent Estuary in /orcambe $ay. 87m in length.
,atural #eatures (and -se
-pper
"ourse
2n the upper course the river drops
height -uicly. 2t begins 1ust above
the ?entmere 3eservoir. 2t is also
relatively shallo! and narro! and its
discharge is small. The river bed holds
large angular rocs. There are a
number of short !aterfalls and
rapids.
)armland %mainly sheep farming on the
fells !here graCing land is poor -uality
and not good for anything else&
'ater supply %the ?entmere 3eservoir&.
)ootpaths cross the area as it is a
popular place for !alers. A fe! isolated
houses"farms
$iddle
"ourse
As the river flo!s do!nstream the
!idth( depth and discharge increase.
3ocs become smaller and more
rounded. /eanders start to form.
)armland %The -uality of the land is much
better so co!s and some crops are
gro!n&. >illages and To!ns %e.g. ?endal&
are built on the bans of the river.
(ower
"ourse
2n ?endal the river bans have been
increased in height and made of stone.
There is evidence of oxLbo! laes on
the flood plain.
?endal is a large to!n !ith high street
shops %e.g. Topshop and Clintons& and lots
of housing. 3oads and rail!ays.
2ndustry. At $urneside the paper mill
uses !ater from the river.
"onflicts
5and in the valley is most valuable and therefore many people !ant to use it e.g. industry vs
settlement. Settlements in this area are gro!ing due to counterurbanisation and this puts
pressure on farmland. Conflicts also occur bet!een people !ho use the river. E.g. fishermen
vs ayaers and reservoir o!ners vs paper mill.
"oastal Erosion and $anagement: 'olderness
(ocation
Borth East of the U?( )lamborough @ead to Spurn Point
To!ns such as $ridlington and /appleton are located on the coast.
#eatures and landforms
)lamborough @ead is a headland made from resistant chal. The chal is much harder to
erode than the soft boulder clay at $ridlington. The Borth Sea storms attac the
coastline here.
The cliffs at )lamborough @ead is full of caves. Some have been cut through to arches.
Small stacs have no! been left !ith names such as ?ing and Eueen.
The prevailing !ind and s!ell is from the Borth East !hich moves sediment south!ards
by longshore drift. This creates landforms such as Spurn Point G a spit.
5and use is mainly farming but coastal roads run along the edge of the cliffs in some
places. There are also several settlements %e.g. /appleton&.
There is a nature reserve and 3SP$ at )lamborough @ead. There is also a hotel and
tourist camp here.
.roblems
The @olderness coast is experiencing rapid rates of erosion %7m per year on average&.
/any to!ns( villages( roads and even a gas !ors is at ris of falling into the sea.
/appleton and 'ithernsea have both applied and built sea defences to reduce erosion.
There is a gas station at Easington !hich !ill also fall into the sea if the land is not
defended.
5arge amounts of farmland have been lost. 3oad lins may be cut if areas are not
defended.
The narro! strip of land that connects the life boat station on Spurn Point to mainland is
eroding and is often flooded %and has been completely destroyed.
)amilies have had to abandon living in the community on Spurn Point.
$anagement of coastline
Coastal defence options G hard and soft engineering to defend the coastline and reduce
erosion E.g. /appleton and 'ithernsea
'ithersea replaced its old straight !all !ith a recurved sea !all costing MF.8 million
%M:;;; per meter&. The !all protects 'ithernsea and has prevented valuable local
property falling into the sea. 2t employs many people in the tourism industry.
$each nourishment has added sediment to the beach at @ornsea.
M7million has been spent at /appleton to protect the village !ith 4;; residents. 7 roc
groynes built in 4<<4 !ere built to trap beach material up the beach !hich !ould protect
the base of the cliffs. They !or by trapping sediment being moved by longshore drift. 2t
!ill also help to reduce the impact on the sea !all there.
Some of the farmland is left !ith a N6o nothing+ approach. This is used !hen the land value
is lo!er or the cost of defending out!eighs the benefits. )or example at Spurn Point the
community that lived at Spurn Point have been evacuated and moved else!here as this
!as a cheaper option for the council.
#uture/0ustainability
Care is needed as !hat is done on one part of the coast may affect another. E.g. defences at
/appleton may reduce longshore drift but could increase erosion at Easington or Spurn Point
further along the coastline.
Theme 1:
.eople and 0ettlement
.opulation growth2 control and implications:
"hina3s 4ne "hild .olicy
(ocation: East Asia" Borth of 2ndia
.roblems %'hat problems did China faceO&
China had massive population gro!th %a population explosion&. 2n 4<I< the population of
China !as 4 billion. 2t !as estimated that by 7;7: the population !ould be 4.= billion.
'orry over the amount of resources that !ould be needed to support such a large
population %e.g. food( homes( fuel etc&.
2n rural China traditionally couples had large numbers of children to help on farmland and
loo after them in old age.
0olutions %'hat did they try to doO&
The government introduced The Ane Child Policy. 2t hoped to get the population of 4.7
billion by 7;7:.
Each couple !as allo!ed one child. ,ou still had to as permission from your local
authority and must be married.
)ines !ere introduced. 2n !orse case scenarios forced abortions and sterilisations too
place. 2ncentives included pensions( health care and priority housing.
The conse5uences
Traditionally boys !ere more highly valued than girls. Couples aborted or abandoned
female babies so they could try again for a boy. Girls !ho survived often had to gro! up
as orphans.
There is an uneven gender balance %there are no! more boys than girls&. This means not
all the males !ill find a Chinese bride.
Girls traditionally looed after the elderly. 5ess girls plus more girls going to !or means
the elderly are sometimes neglected.
International $igration: .oland to the -+
Why is the migration occurring?
Poland 1oined EU in 7;;9( you can freely live and !or in all countries in the EU
People are moving from Poland to U? in search of employment and a better standard of
living. The average annual income in Poland is M9(;;; a year. 2n the U? it is M4=(;;;.
Poland has the highest unemployment rates in Europe.
)rom 7;;9 G 7;;I 98;(;;; Polish migrants arrived in the U? to !or.
4(:;; migrants arrive in U? every day. /any arrive in the capital %5ondon& first( and
find !or as builders( maids( plumbers and cleaners.
2n the U? 2n Poland
Positive
/any of the 1obs filled are those that
U? citiCens do not !ant E.g. in the
building industry.
Economic gro!th as migrants spend
money in shops and on services. %Polish
migrants contributed M4.< billion to
the government in tax and national
insurance in 7;;I&.
3emittances G money sent bac to
Poland from !ages earned in U?.
3eturning Polish bring bac ne! sills
!ith them.
Unemployment numbers are reduced.
Allies created bet!een countries.
5ess pollution due to lo!ered
population
Begative
2ncreased strains on health and
education services.
Pressures on housing sector( high rents
as housing is in short supply.
Pressure on APE services as fe!
migrants register !ith a GP
/any !orers demand training G
especially in English
Contributions to pollution and carbon
emissions in the U?
Ageing population as young profession
!oring age move to U? leaving
shortfall in pension contributions.
@oles left in the labour maret as
people migrate to U?.
$rain drain G high silled !orers
move for higher paid 1obs %6octors
are paid 9x as much in U? than
Poland&
!egional migration: $aharashtra 0tate to $umbai
(ocation:
South Asia( Borth !est 2ndia %/ain city is /umbai&
/ahad Talua is a small village south of /umbai in the /aharashtra State
People are leaving the rural area of /ahad Talua in the /aharashtra State to live in
/umbai.
Why are people moving?
Push )actors %reasons to leave the /aharashtra State&.
/ost people !or as subsistence farmers
@igh amount of poverty G :;J of people live belo! the poverty line
3is of drought"flooding"disease means life is difficult. 2f crops fail then there is
extreme ris of famine
5ac of basic amenities lie !ater and electricity
Poor education and 1ob opportunities
Pull )actors %reason to move to /umbai&.
They hope to find a !ell paid 1ob !here they can learn ne! sills.
The !ant a better life for their families. They also !ant to earn money to send bac to
family members still in /ahad Talua.
.roblems caused:
2n /umbai
/umbai has gro!n at an average rate of 9J per year
Bot enough housing and other facilities lie schools( doctors*
People build o!n houses out of !hatever they can find on any available patch of land*
Appearance of shanty to!ns"slums L 5ac of basic amenities e.g. electricity( clean !ater(
sanitation
2n /aharashtra State.
/ainly young men and !omen leaving. This leaves the old and very young to deal !ith
tending to crops( collecting !ater and fuel. Poverty therefore !orsens.
0olutions:
4. 2nvestment in rural areas to prevent people from leaving in the first place E.g.
improving housing and creating better 1ob opportunities for young people.
7. 6emolish the slum areas in /umbai so people have to relocate a!ay from the area and
it can be improved for a different land use.
8. Create more 1obs in the city of /umbai so people can find more !or.
9. 2mprove living conditions in the slums G greater !ater access( se!age system( better
health care and education so mae the -uality of life better.
!egeneration in 0tratford2 (ondon6
Why was the regeneration needed?
The 5ondon borough of Be!ham is the second poorest borough in 5ondon.
There is poor housingH high crime rates( poor health care and the residents have fe!
-ualifications.
94J of people that live in East 5ondon being under 79years old and many are one parent
families.
/uch of the land is also bro!nfield sites( !ith buildings being full of toxic !aste. 6erelict
buildings are also ugly and dangerous.
What has been regenerated?
The aim is to build a :;; acre site Alympic Par( !ith a stadium( velodrome( a-uatic
centre and athlete+s village. The athlete+s village !ill be turned into affordable houses
after the games have finished.
A ne! 2nternational Station is being built. 2t !ill host the Eurostar connections. This !ill
mean Stratford is connected to global cities Paris and $russels.
A ne! shopping centreL 'estfield Shopping Centre. 2t is the largest urban shopping
centre in Europe. 2t !ill create I(;;; ne! 1obs.
What are the impacts of the regeneration?
Positive Begative
S
o
c
i
a
l
M:;(;;; of Alympic fund is being put into
ne! football pitches in Be!ham.
To mae !ay for the Alympic par( the high
rise social housing is being demolished.
3esidents are being given M=(:;;
compensation to!ards relocation costs. 2t is
felt by many locals that a community spirit no
longer exists here.
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
The 2nternational Station !ill attract
foreign investment into the area.
Aver 4(;;; businesses have !on contracts
from the Alympic 6elivery Authority
%A6A&.
The extension of the Dubilee 5ine on the
Underground give Stratford much better
connections to the rest of 5ondon and up
into Essex.
7:; businesses !ill need to be demolished to
mae !ay for the Alympic par. All businesses
have been given compensation to!ards
relocation costs but many are not happy !ith
this.
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
Pylons carry the electricity are being put
underground.
Any recyclable !aste material currently on
derelict land is reused and all other !aste
is being sent to fill in land holes.
Several hundred ne! trees have been
planted in preparation for the games.
Contaminated soil %from heavy metals and
industrial !aste& has taen a!ay from the
site and replaced !ith clean soil.
2t is thought many old trees and vegetation
!ill be trampled on during the games.
An the busiest days =;;(;;; people !ill
travel through Stratford causing congestion
and cro!ding.
"hange in shopping provisions: 'oddesdon town centre
'oddesdon
@oddesdon is located on the A4; in @ertfordshire( Southeast England.
2t is = miles north of the /7: motor!ay and 4I miles north of central 5ondon.
@oddesdon @igh Street has many shops( including fast food outlets( pubs( estate agents( charity
shops( bans( travel agents( a booshop and a library.
'ow have the service provisions changed?
2n 7;;4 a Sainsburys superstore !as opened up on the main road through @oddesdon.
This attracted a large number of ne! people to the to!n.
U$S Triton Properties )und bought the shopping precinct NTo!er Centre+ for MI.< million
in 7;;:. They have since splashed out M:.: million redeveloping the site. The have tried
to attracted Bation 'ide anchor stores in the precinct such as 6ebenham and 'ilinson
but this has proved unsuccessful.
There are no! many empty units in the to!n centre !ith the loss of many independent
stores.
Why have these changes occurred?
The 'atergardens development in @arlo! !as opened in 7;;9. 2t has a !ide variety of
shops attracting many people a!ay from shopping @oddesdon.
$roofield )arm Centre( in Cheshunt( contains a large Tesco and /ars and Spencers.
There is also a large Argos( $oots and Bext and Be! 5oo. $roofield farm has attracted
shoppers a!ay from @oddesdon.
$roofield )arm and @arlo! have led many nation!ide stores to feel it not necessary to
move to the @oddesdon.
Theme 7:
,atural 'a8ards
*olcanic Eruption in a $E%": ,evado del !ui82 "olombia
When? 48
th
Bovember 4<=:.
Where? Bevado del 3uiC is in a mountain range of the Andes. 2t is the highest Colombian
volcano.
What happened?
5ava erupted from the crater for the first time. The explosion !as accompanied by heavy
rainfall.
Approximately 7; million cubic meters of hot ash and rocs !ere thro!n into the air
across the sno!Lcovered glaciers. These materials !ere transported by pyroclastic flo!
and fast Gmoving hot clouds of gas and ash.
The melting sno! and ice created large volumes of !ater to s!eep do!n the canyons.
The eruption cost Columbia USKI.I billion %7;J of countries G6P at the time&.
Who was affected?
78(;;; people !ere illed.
:;;; homes !ere destroyed !hen they !ere s!ept a!ay by mud and ash.
:;;; people !ere in1ured.
Why did it happen?
The volcano !as produced by the subduction of the oceanic BaCca Plate beneath the South
American Plate. 2t is a destructive plate boundary.
.lanning2 .reparation and !esponse:
The 3ed Cross ordered an evacuation of the to!n.
3oads !ere bloced and rescue !orers found it difficult to rescue survivors from the
deep mud.
*olcanic Eruption in a (E%": $ount Etna2 Italy
When? /ount Etna erupted throughout Bovember 7;;7.
Where? /ount Etna is located in the 2talian island( Sicily.
What happened?
/agma !as thro!n 4;;m into the air.
The lava ran do!n the mountain side.
Ash fell continuously onto the city of Catonia and drifted as far south as 5ibya.
4;;; people had to leave their homes and many schools !ere shut do!n.
The airport in Catonia !as closed for 9 days because the ash covered the run!ay and
clogged aeroplane engines.
The siing season !as disrupted !ith three lifts being damaged and a restaurant engulfed
in ash.
@undreds of acres of forest on the slopes of the volcano !ere destroyed.
Who was affected?
The earth-uae damaged more than 4;; homes in Santa >enerina.
8;; businesses affected by the eruption.
$usinesses affected by disruption to tourist season G restaurant o!ner etc.
Why did it happen?
A series of earth-uaes measuring 9.8 on the 3ichter scale accompanied many explosions.
The African plate( Eurasian Plate and 2onian /icro plate all meet converge into each other
to create /t Etna.
.lanning2 .reparation and !esponse:
@oliday homes !ere taen over by local authorities to house the homeless people.
The to!n of 5inguaglossa !as evacuated before the eruption because of the lava flo!s.
The army craced the tarmac in an attempt to divert the lava a!ay from populated areas.
A ship e-uipped !ith a medical clinic !as positioned off Catania.
The Government gave tax breas to villagers to help them get through the crisis.
/ore than K=m %M:.F million& !as given by the 2talian government for immediate financial
assistance.
Earth5uake in a (E%": 0ichuan2 "hina 199:
When? /onday 47
th
/ay 7;;=
Where? Epicentre !as in Sichuan( China. 2mpacts of the earth-uae !ere felt 4;;s of
miles a!ay in $ei1ing and Thailand.
What?
Environmental
2mpacts
=8; !ater tans collapsed
48;; !ater treatment !ors destroyed G impact on people( vegetation and
!ildlife.
7 chemical factories !ere destroyed spilling =; tons of toxic li-uid
ammonia.
Coal /ines badly damaged L threatens fuel supplies.
Economic
2mpacts
%money and
1obs&
5ose of agricultural land G irrigation systems for 4;;(;;; hectares of
paddy fields destroyed
Q:;(;;; greenhouses destroyed
I.8million meter s-uared of livestoc barns collapsed.
Social
2mpacts
9: million people affected %F<(;;; people dead( 8I:(;;; in1ured( 4I(;;;
missing( 4: million people relocated( : million homes destroyed&.
%people&
4: million buildings destroyed %places of !or( I;;; schools( hospitals etc&
Who was affected?
)armers G loss of agricultural land
People not able to go to !or and school due to damage buildings( roads( rail!ays.
$usiness people G loss of offices( services %e.g. shops& causes a large impact on peoples
income.
Why did it happen?
The earth-uae measured I.< on the 3ichter Scale.
The plates involved !ere the Eurasian and the Pacific plate.
The deaths of the many children in schools !as blamed on poorly built structures.
/any homes !ere built of mud and so collapsed very easily.
.lanning2 .reparation and !esponse:
The government allocated 7I million ,uan %M7 million& from its emergency relief fund for
the disaster.
Earth5uake in $E%": Italy 199;
When?
The main shoc occurred on F April 7;;<.
Where?
The earth-uae+s epicentre !as near 5RA-uila( the capital of AbruCCo. 2t is about <;m
northLeast of 3ome.
What happened?
Even some buildings thought to be earth-uae proof collapsed. The local hospital+s ne!
!ing !as thought to be earth-uae proof but one of the !all+s collapsed and it had to
close.
The earth-uae caused damage to bet!een 8(;;; and 44(;;; buildings. Around F:(;;;
people !ere made homeless.
/any of the buildings could not be earth-uae proof because they are historical and
listed.
Who was affected?
8;; people are no!n to have died and approximately 4(:;; people !ere in1ured.
Around 9;(;;; people !ere made homeless
Why?
The earth-aue !as caused by the African plate colliding !ith the Eurasian plate
2t !as rated :.= on the 3ichter scale.
.lanning2 .reparation and !esponse:
Aid !as also offered by various organiCations( companies( sport clubs and celebrities
including AC) )iorentina( /adonna( and )iat.
Prime /inister of 2taly Silvio $erlusconi refused foreign aid for the emergency( saying
that 2talians !ere Sproud peopleS and had sufficient resources to deal !ith the crisis.
People !ere prepared by having a basic emergency tool it to hand. 2t should include
simple tools and supplies lie gloves( shovels( pics( sledgehammers( axes( etc.
All tax billing for all AbruCCo residents has been suspended by the government( as !ell as
mortgage payments.
4;(;;; people !ere housed in hotels on the coast.
Earth5uake in $E%": <apan 19
When? )riday 44
th
/arch 7;44
Where? The earth-uae occurred 48;m from the coastline and 87m belo! sea level
What happened?
The earth-uae measured <.; on the 3ichter scale
Primary effects include the destruction of thousands of homes and the flooding of
large areas of land used for farming and industry
The biggest secondary impact of the earth-uae !as the tsunami it caused. 2t s!ept
a!ay thousands of homes and entire villages on the east coast of the country.
The earth-uae caused damage to a Buclear Po!er Plant in )uishma on the east coast
of Dapan. /any people !ere left !ithout an electricity supply and there is great
concern over the radioactive !aste escaping from the damaged reactors.
Po!er lines and gas and !ater services !ere badly affected.
The earth-uae and tsunami ruptured underground cables and pipes. This also led to
many fires.
3ail!ay lines and airport run!ays !ere covered in mud and boats !ere !ashed ashore.
A dam burst its bans s!eeping a!ay many homes. A nuclear plant !as affected(
leaing radiation 9(;;; times higher than normal. This could have long term effects
for the people living nearby.
The total cost of repair is expected to be around M4=: billion.
Who?
Aver 7I(;;; people died or !ere missing from both the earth-uae and conse-uent
tsunami
@undreds of businesses have been affected. There has also been an impact on the
global economy as so many international companies rely on trade !ith Dapan.
:;;(;;; people !ere left homeless and living in shelters.
Why?
The Pacific plate sans belo! the Eurasion Plate at a subduction Cone.
.rediction2 preparation and response:
$illions of US dollars !ere pumped into the Dapanese economy but their government to
try to prevent a melt do!n in trade and the stoc exchange.
The 3ed cross arranged 78; teams to help. The U? and many other countries sent
people to help.
Shelters !ere set up in schools and sports halls for people displaced around the
nuclear plant and those made homeless. 'ater !as disputed to those !ho needed it.
The Dapanese meteorological agency sent an earth-uae and tsunami !arning to people
on T>( radio and mobile phones in the country. 2t meant thousands escaped.
@onda advertised !hich roads !ere open on its !ebsite so emergency services ne!
!hich roads to use. Social net!or sites created pages to find missing people. Sype
provided free calls and access to the internet.
Dapan is the most prepared country for natural disasters in the 'orld. Children are
prepared !ith earth-uae drills from a young age and so no! !hat to do.
Tsunami !arnings !ere issued to the coastline allo!ing for people to prepare. A siren
could be heard throughout to!ns and villages !arning people of the tsuanmi.
Tropical 0torm in $E%": 'urricane +atrina 199=
When? 7:
th
August 7;;:.
Where? East coast of the USA in the areas of /ississippi( Be! Arleans and 5ouisiana.
What happened?
The river flooding through Be! Arleans burst allo!ing !ater into the city up to 8m
deep.
2t !as estimated =;J of Be! Arleans !as under !ater.
/ost of the roads in and out of the city !ere damaged. 7 ma1or bridges collapsed.
Who?
The death toll !as more than 4=;; G many dro!ned and !ere not recovered from the
!ater for days.
Aver 4;(;;; !ere made homeless.
Aver 8(;;; people !ere !ithout electricity.
Why did it happen?
The hurricane began as a very lo! pressure !eather system but strengthened as it
moved to!ards the )lorida coast.
)looding !as made !orst by the heavy rain. The levees on the river in Be! Arleans
!ere breached.
.rediction2 preparation and response:
/any scientists are constantly monitoring the ris of haCards across the country.
An 7=
th
August 4.7 million people !ere issues !ith evacuation orders.
:I emergency shelters !ere established in coastal areas.
The 5ouisiana Superdome !as set up for people !ho could not leave the area.
There !ere not enough buses and coaches to evacuate all of the vulnerable people.
There !as a shortage of food and no access to a clean !ater supply for survivors(
!hich raised problems of contaminated !ater and health riss.
Tropical 0torm in (E%": "yclone ,argis 199:
When? 7<
th
April 7;;=
Where?
Cyclone Bargis hit the !est coast of /yanmar" $urma.
/yanmar is a 5E6C !ith a population of :: million. 2t is one of the poorest countries in
SouthLeast Asia. The ruling military government have a desire to be isolated from the rest
of the 'orld.
What happened?
=8J of the mangrove s!amps !ere destroyed. The mangroves served as a natural
barrier to stop storm surges. Their root systems slo! !ater flo! and absorb !ave
energy.
<:J of buildings !ere destroyed !ith all buildings suffering damage including roofs
being ripped off.
Se!age systems !ere over!helmed( causing leaage !hich contaminated rice fields
and caused disease.
Electricity lines !ere destroyed( roads !ere s!ept a!ay and dirty !ater encourages
vast numbers of mos-uitoes to breed.
Who?
4.: million people !ere severely affected.
The death toll !as over 47:(;;; people. /any people dro!ned from the rising sea
levels.
/illions of people !ere made homeless.
6ue to the flooding many farmers fields !ere destroyed( families !ere devastated and
development !as put bac a fe! years.
Why did it happen?
2n later April an area of lo! pressure formed in the $ay of $engal.
$y 7
nd
/ay the storm !inds had reached speeds of over 74Im bringing torrential rain.
.rediction2 preparation and response
The American Typhoon 'arning Centre in @a!aii monitored the storm as it got !orse
and moved to!ards land.
Some of the naturally protective mangrove s!amps had been converted into money
maing shrimp farms( tourist resorts and for housing. This led to more areas being
damaged by the !ater because the mangroves had been cut do!n.
2t is believed the government did not do as much as the rest of the 'orld thought it
could.
)oreign aid !orers !ere either no allo!ed in to help or !ere restricted for !here
they could go.
/ore than one !ee after the storm first hit only 4 in 4; people affected had
received some sort of aid.
The army harassed volunteers and stopped 1ournalists from covering the disaster on
the T>.
Theme >:
Economic %evelopment
Water)id in $ali
'aterAid operates in /ali( in 'est Africa. 2t has been there since 7;;;.
Why is Water)id needed in $ali
The natural environment of /ali is harsh and deteriorating.
3ainfall levels continue to decline.
F:J of the country is desert or semi desert.
:;J of the population do not have access to a sustainable !ater supply
The countries !ater industry does not supply services to the poorest areas.
What is Water)id doing in $ali?
2t is providing clean !ater and sanitation services to the poorest people in the slums of the
countries capital( $amao.
2t aims to demonstrate to the countries government that it can provide !ater to everyone.
2t has constructed a !ater net!or.
Why is it sustainable aid?
2t is training local people to manage and maintain the system. This encourages the community
to invest in its o!n infrastructure and to continue their !on development in the future.
'ow has Water)id helped?
Significant improvements in the health of the community
3educed number of deaths caused by diarrhoeal diseases by F:J.
3educed number of child deaths. A child dies every 4I seconds for diseases associated !ith
unsafe !ater.
5ife in times of drought is made easier
Communities are able to plan and build infrastructure
0econdary Industry in 0outh East &ra8il ?(E%"@
South East $raCil is the economic core region of $raCil. 2t economic !ell being and -uality f
life are higher her than all other parts of the country.
Examples of secondary industry in 0E &ra8il
/ost of the 'orlds large maers are based there G )ord( G/( Toyota( >' and )iat.
Ather industries include textiles( furniture( clothing and shoemaing.
Why have they located here?
The region is the focus of the country+s road and rail net!ors
2t contains the main airports and seaports.
2t has a significant pipeline net!or for oil and gas.
2t has a high population density to provide a large !orforce %I7.9 million ppl&
2t has many ra! materials located in the region.
2t has a large maret to sell its products to.
'ow has this been beneficial to &ra8il?
/any other /BCs have follo!ed.
5ots of 1ob opportunities for locals( causing a rise in income for its people
/ore tax for government to spend on health( education and infrustructure
2mprovements to the environment
/ore transport lins %airports( roads( rail!ays& built.
Auaternary industry on the $> corridor in the -+ ?$E%"@
The N/9 corridor+ is the nicname given to the area !hich runs parallel !ith the /9 motor!ay
bet!een 5ondon and $ristol. 2t contains many of the countries -uaternary industries.
Examples of 5uaternary industry in the $> corridor
The are includes electrical oods( car parts and many food companies. 2t also has industries in
research and processing of computer and telecommunications e-uipment.
E.g. 6ell( 5G( Panasonic( >odafone and /icrosoft.
Why have they located here?
Close location of other motor!ays. /44( /78 and /8
They do not re-uire the transporting of ra! materials
There is a !ealthy maret in the area to sell products to
A high speed rail lin follo!s the /9 corridor
Close access to the Channel Tunnel for EU maret
Easy access to the 8 main airports %@eathro!( Gat!ic and Stanstead& for international
business lins
Close to big universities %$rsitol( Axford( 3eading& for a pool of highly silled graduates for
high tech 1obs %research scientists and engineers&.
Bearby universities provide research and development facilities
Bearby countryside for pleasant living for !orers.
,ike in *ietnam
Bies head-uarters are in Aregon( USA
There are 4:; Asian factories employing 8:;(;;; manufacturing products for Bie
There are 89 Bie plants in >ietnam
Bie+s >ietnam head -uarters is in @o Chi /inh City.
About I: million pairs of shoes are made for Bie each year.
&enefits ,ike brings to *ietnam
Creates 1obs for the people in >ietnam
Bie pays higher !ages than other local companies
Ather /BCs have been attracted to >ietnam
Sets ne! standards for other companies in the country %e.g. health and safety( !ages&
Contributions to local tax and the government
%isadvantages ,ike brings to *ietnam
The company image and advertising might undermine the culture of >ietnam
Bie may have a political influence over the government
Bie could leave at any moment to go to a cheaper location
,ike in an international context
F:;(;;; people are employed in I;; factories !orld!ide( more than I:J of its !orforce
are based in Asia. The ma1ority of !orers are !omen are under the age of 7:.
Bie has !ritten a policy promoting safe !oring conditions in it+s factories
Bie aims to produce shoes for the Nniche maret+.
Environmental concerns and economic development in "hina3s .earl
delta
The Pearl 3iver 6elta is in south east China. 2t is the focal point of massive investment in
China. The Pearl 3iver drains into the South China Sea.
Economic %evelopment
The manufacturing industries in this area employ 8; million people.
The ShenChen region produces I;J of the 'orlds photocopies and =;J of the 'orlds
artificial Christmas trees.
The 6ongguan specialises in running shoes( employing =;(;;; people in one factory.
Environmental "oncerns
2n 7;;I( ="4; rainfalls in GuangChou %and 9:J in the province& !ere classified as acid rain.
This is caused by a high concentration of factories and a gro!ing number of cars.
@alf of the !aste !ater in the urban areas of Guangdong is not treated before being dumped
in rivers. The area aims to cut chemical !ater pollution of !ater by 4:J by 7;4;.
Almost all urban areas have reduced vegetation cover. This has resulted in serious erosion of
land.
The Environmental Protection $ureau classifies the environmental situation as Nsevere+.
'ow are they tackling the problem?
@igher se!age treatment charges
Stricter pollution regulations on factories
Tougher national regulations in vehicle emissions