I. Mere rationality- law must be rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose
A. Of the three standards, this test is the easiest to satisfy; the government ation is always upheld !. "egitimate governmental ob#etive- very broad onept, inludes pratially any type of health, safety, or general welfare goal $. Rational relation- has to be a minimally rational relation between the means hosen by the government and the state ob#etive. %his re&uirement is easy to satisfy' only if the government has ated in a ompletely arbitrary and irrational way will this rational lin( means and ends not be found. ). !urden of proof- the individual who is atta(ing the government ation will bear the burden of persuading the ourt that the ation is unonstitutional. *. )eferene to legislature' under this test, the $ourt will usually defer to a legislature+s deision that a law is rational. "oose fitting laws are permitted here. %he law need not be the best law that ould have been written to ahieve the legislative goal. It need not go far at all toward a oneivable legislative goal; the $ourt will uphold a law ta(ing a ,first step- toward any legitimate goal, even if the $ourt thin(s the law is unwise. .. /hen used' 0. )ormant $ommere $lause' 102 the state regulation has to pursue a legitimate state end, and be rationally related to that end; and 132 the state+s interest in enforing its regulation must outweigh any burden imposed on interstate ommere, and any disrimination against interstate ommere 3. Substantive )ue 4roess' *onomi liberties, ta5ation, lifestyle 1drug laws, motoryle helmet law2, 6oning, et. 7. *&ual 4rotetion' mere rationality test is used as long as 102 no suspet or &uasi-suspet lassifiation is being used, and 132 no fundamental right is being impaired. %his inludes' eonomi regulations, non-fundamental rights suh as food, housing, free publi eduation, and age. II. Intermediate srutiny- law must be substantially related to an important governmental purpose A. %his standard is halfway between the rationally related test and strit srutiny. %here is roughly a 89-89 hane that the governmental ation will be stru( down. !. !urden of proof- on the government $. /hen used' 0. *&ual 4rotetion' will be used to #udge an e&ual protetion laim, where the lassifiation being hallenged involves a semi-suspet trait. %he two traits, whih are onsidered semi-suspet for this purpose, are 102 gender, and 132 illegitimay. III. Strit srutiny- law must be neessary to ahieve a ompelling governmental purpose A. %his is the hardest standard to satisfy. %he government ation will almost always be stru( down. !. %he fit between the means and the end must be e5tremely tight. $. :o less restritive alternatives' in pratie, this re&uirement that the means be neessary means that there must not be any less restritive means that would aomplish the government+s ob#etive #ust as well. ). !urden of proof- on the government *. /hen used' 0. Substantive )ue 4roess ; *&ual 4rotetion' where a governmental ation affets fundamental rights, and the plaintiff laims that his substantive due proess rights are being violated, the $ourt will use strit srutiny. .undamental rights inlude' right to travel, privay, voting, and all first amendment rights.
2006 Consensus Agreement On The Design and Conduct of Clinical Studies With Low-Level Laser Therapy and Light Therapy For Musculoskeletal Pain and Disorders