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TRANSMISSION LINES

AND WAVEGUIDES
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Outline
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1. General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
2. Parallel Plate Waveguide
3. Rectangular Waveguide
4. Circular Waveguide
5. Coaxial Line
6. Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Sheet
7. Stripline
8. Microstrip Line
9. The Transverse Resonant Technique
10. Wave Velocities and Dispersion
Transmission Line
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General two conductor Tx. Closed waveguide
General Solutions for TEM, TE and TM Waves
Assume time harmonic fields with e
-jt
dependence and
wave propagation along the z-axis.
The electric and magnetic field :
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Transverse components
Longitudinal
fields components
Maxwell Equation
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Four Transverse Field Components
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Cut-off wave number
Wave number:
Permittivity of material
TEM Wave
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Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves are characterized by:
Cut-off wave
number :
k
c
= 0
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Helmholtz Wave Equation for E
x
For dependent,
Laplaces Equation
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TEM Wave (Cont.)
Electric field can be expressed as the gradient of a Scalar potential
also satisfies Laplace s equation
The voltage and current
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Wave Impedance
Procedure for Analyzing a TEM Line
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1.Solve Laplaces equation, for (x, y). The solution will contain several
unknown constants
2. Find these constants by applying the boundary conditions for the known
voltages on the conductors.
3. Compute and

from (3.13) and (3.1a). Compute

and

from (3.18) and


(3.1b).
4. Compute V from (3.15) and I from (3.16).
5. The propagation constant is given by (3.8), and the characteristic
impedance is given
by Z0 = V/I .
Cut-off wave number:
Propagation constant:
TE Wave
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Transverse electric (TE) waves are characterized by:
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Helmholtz Wave Equation for H
z
TE wave impedance:
Cut-off wave number:
Propagation constant:
TM Wave
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Transverse magnetic (TM) waves are characterized by:
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Helmholtz Wave Equation for E
z
TE wave impedance:
Procedure for Analyzing a TE & TM Line
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1. Solve the reduced Helmholtz equation, (3.21) or (3.25), for h
z
or e
z
.
The solution will contain several unknown constants and the unknown
cutoff wave number, k
c
.
2. Use (3.19) or (3.23) to find the transverse fields from h
z
or e
z
.
3. Apply the boundary conditions to the appropriate field components to
find the unknown constants and k
c
.
4. The propagation constant is given by (3.6) and the wave impedance
by (3.22) or (3.26).
Attenuation Due to Dielectric Loss
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Outline
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1. General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
2. Parallel Plate Waveguide
3. Rectangular Waveguide
4. Circular Waveguide
5. Coaxial Line
6. Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Sheet
7. Stripline
8. Microstrip Line
9. The Transverse Resonant Technique
10. Wave Velocities and Dispersion
Parallel Plate Waveguide
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Parallel plate waveguide is
the simplest type of
waveguide that can support
TE, TM and TEM
There is no variation in x, the solution is:
TEM Mode
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TEM mode solution can be obtained by solving Laplaces equation:
The boundary condition for :
Electromagnetic Field for TEM Mode
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TM Mode
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TM mode solution can be obtained by solving Laplaces equation:
The boundary condition:
Electromagnetic Field for TM Mode
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Poynting Vector
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TM
1
Mode
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Attenuation
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TE Mode
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TE mode solution can be obtained by solving Laplaces equation:
Poynting Vector
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Attenuation
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Outline
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1. General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
2. Parallel Plate Waveguide
3. Rectangular Waveguide
4. Circular Waveguide
5. Coaxial Line
6. Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Sheet
7. Stripline
8. Microstrip Line
9. The Transverse Resonant Technique
10. Wave Velocities and Dispersion
Rectangular Waveguide
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Earliest type of transmission
line
Use for couplers, detectors,
isolators, attenuators, and
slotted lines
Wave band: 1~220 GHz
Support TE & TM waves
TE Mode
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TE mode solution can be obtained by solving
Laplaces equation:
Solution for TE Mode
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Solution for TE Mode
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Constants
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Solution for TE
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Mode
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Attenuation
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TM Mode
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TM mode solution can be obtained by solving
Laplaces equation:
Applied boundary condition:
Solution for TM Mode
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Some Constants
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Field Lines for Lower Mode
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Field Lines for Lower Mode (Cont.)
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Field Lines for Lower Mode (Cont.)
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Outline
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1. General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
2. Parallel Plate Waveguide
3. Rectangular Waveguide
4. Circular Waveguide
5. Coaxial Line
6. Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Sheet
7. Stripline
8. Microstrip Line
9. The Transverse Resonant Technique
10. Wave Velocities and Dispersion
Coaxial Line- TEM Mode
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Laplaces equation in Cylindrical coordinate:
Applied boundary condition:
TEM Mode (Cont.)
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Because the boundary conditions do not vary with ,
the potential (, ) should not vary with , then k

= 0
TEM Mode (Cont.)
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Apply the boundary conditions give:
Outline
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1. General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
2. Parallel Plate Waveguide
3. Rectangular Waveguide
4. Circular Waveguide
5. Coaxial Line
6. Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Sheet
7. Stripline
8. Microstrip Line
9. The Transverse Resonant Technique
10. Wave Velocities and Dispersion
Strip Line
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Planar type of transmission line
Easy to microwave integrated
circuitry, miniaturization, and
photolithographic fabrication
Be constructed be etching the
center conductor on a grounded
dielectric substrate the covering
with another dielectric substrate
Support TEM wave
Some constants of Strip Line
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Phase velocity:
Propagation constant:
Characteristic impedance:
Characteristic Impedance
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Attenuation due to Conductor Loss
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Ex: Attenuation on Strip Line
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Calculate the attenuation in dB/l at frequency of 10 GHz for a 50 copper
stripline conductor with b = 0.32 cm and e
r
=2.2, tand =0.001
At 10 GHz the wave number is:
Ex: Attenuation on Strip Line (Cont.)
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The total attenuation constant is:
Ex: Characteristic Impedance of Strip Line
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Stripline with
Outline
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1. General Solutions for TEM, TE, and TM Waves
2. Parallel Plate Waveguide
3. Rectangular Waveguide
4. Circular Waveguide
5. Coaxial Line
6. Surface Waves on a Grounded Dielectric Sheet
7. Stripline
8. Microstrip Line
9. The Transverse Resonant Technique
10. Wave Velocities and Dispersion
Microstrip Line
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most popular types of planar
transmission lines
can be fabricated by
photolithographic processes
Easily miniaturized and
integrated with both passive
and active microwave devices
The fields are quasi - TEM
wave
Effective Dielectric Constant
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Characteristic Impedance
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Attenuation Constant
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Ex: Design of Microstrip Line
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Design a microstrip line on a 0.5 mm alumina
substrate for a 50 characteristic impedance. Find
the length of the line required to produce a phase delay
of 270 deg at 10 GHz and compute the total loss
Ex: Design of Microstrip Line (Cont.)
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Summary of Transmission Line
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Onsite Homework & Homework
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Home work: P 3.6, 3.19, 3.21, 3.22,

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