Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0.222 0.154
(0.029)*** (0.025)***
Share Owner-Occupied Households -4.191 -3.366
(0.139)*** (0.170)***
Share Ages 65 and Above 1.79 2.051
(0.349)*** (0.457)***
Share Ages 18 and below 2.426 3.562
(0.414)*** (0.586)***
Share Non-Hispanic White -0.308 -0.045
(0.102)*** (0.129)
Log median house value 0.686 0.195
(0.046)*** (0.064)***
Share with Bachelor's Degree 2.601 2.7
(0.180)*** (0.220)***
Constant -8.937 -3.951
(0.548)*** (0.752)***
Observations 55,397 20,945
Standard errors in parentheses
* significant at 10%; ** significant at 5%; *** significant at 1%
population divided by 100,000 for better result exposition
38
Table 3: CorrelationsImputed and Non-Imputed Approval Delay Index
(ADI) and Local Political Presssure Index (LPPI) Values
ADI
IMPUTED
ADI LPPI IMPUTED LPPI
ADI 1.00 1.00 0.27 0.27
LPPI 0.25 0.32 1.00 1.00
SPII 0.29 0.28 0.11 0.26
SCII -0.04 0.06 -0.08 -0.10
LZAI -0.12 -0.07 0.06 -0.12
LPAI 0.12 0.18 0.19 0.16
SRI 0.14 0.09 0.14 -0.01
DRI 0.15 0.23 0.11 0.27
OSI 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.14
EI 0.04 0.04 0.09 -0.03
2,085 528 2,456 157
39
Table 4: The Impact of Imputations on Sample Size
Observations Loss Factor
Municipalities in the Sample 2,729 0%
Available Wharton Index (imputations) 2,612 4.3%
Available Wharton Index (no imputations) 2,002 26.6%
40
Table 5: Subindex Correlation Matrix
LPPI SPII SCII LZAI LPAI LAI DRI OSI EI SRI
LPPI 1
SPII 0.12 1
0.00
SCII -0.08 -0.07 1
0.00 0.00
LZAI 0.07 -0.16 0.05 1
0.00 0.00 0.01
LPAI 0.19 0.03 -0.06 0.28 1
0.00 0.18 0.00 0.00
LAI 0.04 0.20 0.12 -0.04 0.01 1
0.06 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.71
DRI 0.13 0.14 -0.03 -0.03 0.15 0.23 1
0.00 0.00 0.14 0.13 0.00 0.00
OSI 0.17 0.09 0.01 0.02 0.13 -0.06 0.08 1
0.00 0.00 0.66 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00
EI 0.08 -0.03 0.09 0.10 0.07 -0.14 -0.07 0.26 1
0.00 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SRI 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.11 0.04 0.01 -0.02 1
0.00 0.02 0.08 0.97 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.51 0.40
ADI 0.27 0.29 -0.03 -0.12 0.13 0.10 0.17 0.17 0.02 0.12
0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00
p-values in italics for null of zero correlation
41
Table 6: The WRLURI and Its Components
Factor Loadings Correlation with WRLRI
ADI 0.30 0.73
LPPI 0.22 0.56
SPII 0.22 0.57
DRI 0.19 0.53
LPAI 0.15 0.37
OSI 0.14 0.38
LAI 0.14 0.32
SRI 0.09 0.25
EI 0.02 0.05
SCII -0.03 -0.18
LZAI -0.04 -0.10
42
Table 7: Summary Statistics for the WRLURI for Different Samples
Full Sample Full Sample Metro Area Sample Metro Area Sample Non-Metro Area Sample
Mean 0.00 -0.13 0.17 0.14 -0.46
Standard Deviation 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.86
10th percentile -1.18 -1.25 -1.03 -1.06 -1.42
25th percentile -0.72 -0.84 -0.55 -0.57 -1.10
50th percentile -0.10 -0.25 0.06 0.02 -0.56
75th percentile 0.59 0.44 0.74 0.71 -0.00
90th percentile 1.29 1.22 1.50 1.50 0.6
Number of Observations 2,611 2,611 1,904 1,904 707
Weighting No
Yes - National
Weights
No Yes - Metro Weights No
43
Table 8: What Does It Mean To Be Average?
Means
164 Communities with
0.04 <WRLURI <0.024
Full Metro Sample
(n=1,904)
Subindexes
Local Political Pressure Index (LPPI) -0.03 0.11
State Political Involvement Index (SPII) 0.27 0.05
State Court Involvement Index (SCII) 2.00 2.04
Local Zoning Approval Index (LZAI) 1.94 2.04
Local Project Approval Index (LPAI) 1.73 1.64
Local Assembly Index (LAI) 0.00 0.03
Supply Restrictions Index (SRI) 0.19 0.23
Density Restrictions Index (DRI) 0.16 0.26
Open Space Index (OSI) 0.72 0.60
Exactions Index (EI) 0.73 0.75
Approval Delay Index (ADI) 6.03 6.09
Local Traits
Median Family Income (2000) $57,486 $57,610
Median House Value (2000) $136,017 $136,790
Percent College Graduates (2000) 22.4% 24.3%
Percent Poverty (2000) 6.1% 6.5%
Percent White (2000) 79.4% 81.0%
Population (2000) 27,283 27,924
Land Area in Square Miles (2000) 14.8 17.9
Density, Population per Square Mile (2000) 2,545 2,211
Notes: All community trait data are from the 2000 Census. All monetary variables are reported in $2000.
44
Table 9: Comparing Communities with Different Degrees of Local Land Use Regulation
Means
Lightly-Regulated
Bottom Quartile of
WRLURI Distribution
WRLURI <-0.55
(n=476)
Average-Regulated
Interquartile Range of
WRLURI Distribution
-0.55 <WRLURI <0.74
(n=952)
Highly-Regulated
Top Quartile of
WRLURI Distribution
WRLURI >0.74
(n=476)
The Eleven Subindexes
Local Political Pressure Index (LPPI) -0.46 0.07 0.93
State Political Involvement Index (SPII) -0.68 0.17 0.74
State Court Involvement Index (SCII) 2.15 2.04 2.03
Local Zoning Approval Index (LZAI) 2.13 1.99 1.91
Local Project Approval Index (LPAI) 1.16 1.67 1.99
Local Assembly Index (LAI) 0.00 0.002 0.12
Supply Restrictions Index (SRI) 0.03 0.18 0.53
Density Restrictions Index (DRI) 0.04 0.18 0.57
Open Space Index (OSI) 0.26 0.68 0.75
Exactions Index (EI) 0.66 0.79 0.75
Approval Delay Index (ADI) 3.2 5.7 10.5
Local Traits
Median Family Income (2000) $50,742 $58,641 $72,576
Median House Value (2000) $110,926 $150,576 $216,748
Percent College Graduates (2000) 23.6% 27.0% 35.4%
Percent Poverty (2000) 8.5% 7.0% 4.8%
Percent White (2000) 78.6% 76.9% 81.1%
Population (2000) 62,760 43,408 51,567
Land Area in Square Miles (2000) 21.0 18.4 31.1
Density, Population per Square Mile (2000) 2,599 2,886 2,046
Notes: All community trait data are from the 2000 Census. All monetary variables are reported in $2000.
45
Table 10: Average WRLURI Values by State
State WRLURI
Number of
Observations
State WRLURI
Number of
Observations
1. Hawaii 2.32 1 26. Georgia -0.21 56
2. Rhode Island 1.58 17 27. North Carolina -0.35 64
3. Massachusetts 1.56 79 28. Montana -0.36 6
4. New Hampshire 1.36 32 29. Ohio -0.36 135
5. New J ersey 0.88 104 30. Texas -0.45 165
6. Maryland 0.79 18 31. Nevada -0.45 7
7. Washington 0.74 49 32. Wyoming -0.45 7
8. Maine 0.68 44 33. North Dakota -0.54 8
9. California 0.59 182 34. Kentucky -0.57 28
10. Arizona 0.58 40 35. Idaho -0.63 19
11. Colorado 0.48 48 36. Tennessee -0.68 41
12. Delaware 0.48 5 37. Nebraska -0.68 22
13. Connecticut 0.38 65 38. Oklahoma -0.70 36
14. Pennsylvania 0.37 182 39. South Carolina -0.76 30
15. Florida 0.37 97 40. Mississippi -0.82 21
16. Vermont 0.35 24 41. Arkansas -0.86 23
17. Minnesota 0.08 80 42. West Virginia -0.90 15
18. Oregon 0.08 42 43. Alabama -0.94 37
19. Wisconsin 0.07 93 44. Iowa -0.99 59
20. Michigan 0.02 111 45. Indiana -1.01 47
21. New York -0.01 93 46. Missouri -1.03 67
22. Utah -0.07 41 47. South Dakota -1.04 11
23. New Mexico -0.11 16 48. Louisiana -1.06 19
24. Illinois -0.19 139 49. Alaska -1.07 7
25. Virginia -0.19 35 50. Kansas -1.13 46
46
Table 11: Average WRLURI Values by Metropolitan Areas with Ten or More Observations
Metropolitan Area WRLURI
Number of
Observations
Metropolitan Area WRLURI
Number of
Observations
1. Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA 1.79 16 25. Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI 0.25 21
2. Boston, MA-NH 1.54 41 26. Akron, OH 0.15 11
3. Monmouth-Ocean, NJ 1.21 15 27. Detroit, MI 0.12 46
4. Philadelphia, PA 1.03 55 28. Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton, PA 0.10 14
5. Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA 1.01 21 29. Chicago, IL 0.06 95
6. San Francisco, CA 0.90 13 30. Pittsburgh, PA 0.06 44
7. Denver, CO 0.85 13 31. Atlanta, GA 0.04 26
8.. Nassau-Suffolk, NY 0.80 14 32. Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazelton, PA 0.03 11
9. Bergen-Passaic, NJ 0.71 21 33. Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT -0.10 19
10. Fort Lauderdale, FL 0.70 16 34. Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI -0.15 16
11. Phoenix-Mesa, AZ 0.70 18 35. Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria, OH -0.16 31
12. New York, NY 0.63 19 36. Rochester, NY -0.17 12
13. Riverside-San Bernardino, CA 0.61 20 37. Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL -0.17 12
14. Newark, NJ 0.60 25 38. Houston, TX -0.19 13
15. Springfield, MA 0.58 13 39. San Antonio, TX -0.24 12
16. Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlise, PA 0.55 15 40. Fort Worth-Arlington, TX -0.27 15
17. Oakland, CA 0.52 12 41. Dallas, TX -0.35 31
18. Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA 0.51 32 42. Oklahoma City, OK -0.41 12
19. Hartford, CT 0.50 28 43. Dayton-Springfield, OH -0.50 17
20. San Diego, CA 0.48 11 44. Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN -0.56 27
21. Orange County, CA 0.39 14 45. St. Louis, MO-IL -0.72 27
22. Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI 0.34 48 46. Indianapolis, IN -0.76 12
23. Washington, DC-MD-VA-WV 0.33 12 47. Kansas City, MO-KS -0.80 29
24. Portland-Vancouver, OR-WA 0.29 20
Notes: Metropolitan area definitions are based on 1999 boundaries. Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas (CMSAs) are
disaggregated into Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas wherever relevant.
46
Figure 1: Distribution of Sample Weights (kernel density)
0
.
0
1
.
0
2
.
0
3
.
0
4
.
0
5
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Inverse of Prob(selection)
47
Figure 2: Factor Analysis Weights Are Less Critical
-
2
0
2
4
6
W
R
L
U
R
I
-10 0 10 20
Sum of Component Indexes
48
Figure 3: WRLURI Looks Approximately Gausian (kernel density)
0
.
1
.
2
.
3
.
4
D
e
n
s
i
t
y
-2 0 2 4 6
Wharton Residential Land Use Regulation Index
Kernel density estimate
Normal density
49
APPENDIX 1 THE SURVEY INSTRUMENT
Zell/Lurie Real Estate Center
Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
SURVEY ON RESIDENTIAL LAND-USE REGULATION
JURISDICTION
Name of J urisdiction ___________________________________________________________ Zip Code___________
Type of J urisdiction ______________________________________________________________________________
(City, County, Township, Town, Village, Borough)
Size of J urisdiction ________________ square miles
Population
Current population estimate ____________________
Population growth: Past 5 years __________ % Projected next 5 years __________ %
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAND REGULATORY PROCESS
1. In your community, how involved are the following organizations in affecting residential building
activities and/or growth management procedures? Please rate the importance of each on a scale of 1 to 5
by circling the appropiate number (1 =not at all involved; 5 =very involved).
- Local Council, Managers, Commissioners 1 2 3 4 5
- Community pressure 1 2 3 4 5
- County legislature 1 2 3 4 5
- State legislature 1 2 3 4 5
- Local courts 1 2 3 4 5
- State courts 1 2 3 4 5
2. Which of the following are required to approve zoning changes, and by what vote?
Yes
Yes, by simple
majority
Yes, by more than
simple majority
No
- Local Planning commission
- Local Zoning Board
- Local Council, Managers, Commissioners
- County Board of Commissioners
- County Zoning Board
- Environmental Review Board
50
3. Which of the following are required to approve a new project that does not need rezoning, and by what
vote?
Yes Yes, by simple
majority
Yes, by more than
simple majority
No
- Planning Commission
- Local Council, Managers, Commissioners
- County Board
- Environmental Review Board
- Public Health Office
- Design Review Board
4. On a scale of 1 to 5, please rate the importance of each of the following factors in regulating the rate of
residential development in your community (1 =not at all important; 5 =very important). Please circle
the appropriate number.
Single Family Units Multi Family Units
- Supply of land 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- Cost of new infrastructure 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- Density restrictions 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- Impact fees/exactions 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- City budget constriants 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- City Council opposition to growth 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- Citizen opposition to growth 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- School crowding 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- Length of review process for zoning 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- Length of review process for building permits 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
- Length of review process for land development plan 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
RULES OF RESIDENTIAL LAND USE REGULATION
5. Does your community place annual limits on the total allowable:
Yes No
- No. of building permits single family?
- No. of building permits multi-family?
- No. of residential units authorized for construction single family?
- No. of residential units authorized for construction multi-family?
- No. of multi-family dwellings?
- No. of units in multi-family dwellings?
6. To build, do developers have to meet these requirements?
Yes No
- Meet the minimum lot size requirement?
If yes: acre or more________ acre or less _______
1 acre or more ________ 2 acres or more _______
- Include affordable housing (however defined)?
- Supply mandatory dedication of space or open space (or fee in lieu of dedication)?
- Pay allocable share of costs of infrastructure improvement?
51
SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS
7. How does the acreage of land zoned for the following land uses compare to demand?
Far more than
demanded
More than
demanded
About right Less than
demanded
Far less than
demanded
- Single-family
- Multi-family
- Commercial
- Industrial
8. How much has the cost of lot development, including subdivisions, increased in the last 10 years?
Please circle the appropriate category.
0-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 81-100% >100%
9. How much has the cost of a single family lot increased in the last 10 years?
Please circle the appropriate category.
0-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 81-100% >100%
10. What is the current length of time required to complete the review of residential projects in your
community?
For single-family units: _______ months For multi-family units: _______ months
11. Over the last 10 years, how did the length of time required to complete the review and approval of
residential projects in your community change?
no change somewhat longer considerably longer
- Single-family units
- Multi-family units
12. What is the typical amount of time between application for rezoning and issuance of a building permit
for development of:
Less than 3 to 6 7 to 12 13 to 24 If above 24,
3 mos. mos. mos. mos. How long?
- Less than 50 single family units
- 50 or more single family units
- Multi-family units
52
13. What is the typical amount of time between application for subdivision approval and the issuance of a
building permit (assume proper zoning is already in place) for the development of:
Less than 3 to 6 7 to 12 13 to 24 If above 24,
3 mos. mos. mos. mos. How long?
- Less than 50 single family units
- 50 or more single family units
- Multi-family units
14. How many applications for zoning changes were submitted in your community in the last 12 months?
15. How many applications for zoning changes were approved in your community in the last 12 months?
In the event we might need to clarify any of the answers to the above questions, we would appreciate the
following information, which will be held in total confidence.
Name ____________________________________________________________________
Title _____________________________________________________________________
Organization ______________________________________________________________
Address ____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Phone______________________________________
Fax ________________________________________
E-mail ______________________________________
Please check this box if you would like to receive the results of this survey.
Thank you very much for taking the time to complete this survey.
J une 2004
53
APPENDIX 2 INDEX CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
INDEX COMPONENT VARIABLE
LONG NAME
DEFINITION CODE SOURCE
LPPI
local Local Council, Managers,
Commissioners
Involvement
The degree of involvement of the
local council, managers, and
commissioners in affecting the
residential building activities
and/or growth management
procedures of a jurisdiction.
1 =not at all
involved; 5 =very
involved
Line item 1 of
survey question 1
LPPI
pressure Community Pressure
Involvement
The degree of involvement of
community pressure in affecting
the residential building activities
and/or growth management
procedures of a jurisdiction.
1 =not at all
involved; 5 =very
involved
Line item 2 of
survey question 1
LPPI
sfubudget Importance of City Budget
Constraints, Single Family
The importance placed on how a
jurisdictions budget constraints
affect the rate of single family
residential development.
1 =not at all
important; 5 =very
important
Line item 5 of
survey question 4
LPPI
mfubudget Importance of City Budget
Constraints, Multi Family
The Importance placed on how a
jurisdictions budget constraints
affect the rate of multi family
residential development.
1 =not at all
important; 5 =very
important
Line item 5 of
survey question 4
LPPI
sfucouncil City Council Opposition to
Growth Important, Single
Family
The importance of a jurisdictions
city council opposing growth, to
the amount that it affects the rate
of single family residential
development in that jurisdiction.
1 =not at all
important; 5 =very
important
Line item 6 of
survey question 4
LPPI
mfucouncil Importance of City Council
Opposition to Growth, Multi
Family
The importance of a jurisdictions
city council opposing growth, to
the amount that it affects the rate
of multi family residential
development in that jurisdiction.
1 =not at all
important; 5 =very
important
Line item 6 of
survey question 4
LPPI
sfucitizen Importance of Citizen
Opposition to Growth,
Single Family
The importance placed on how
citizen opposition to growth affects
the rate of single family residential
development in each jurisdiction.
1 =not at all
important; 5 =very
important
Line item 7 of
survey question 4
LPPI
mfucitizen Importance of Citizen
Opposition to Growth, Multi
Family
The importance placed on how
citizen opposition to growth affects
the rate of multi family residential
development in each jurisdiction.
1 =not at all
important; 5 =very
important
Line item 7 of
survey question 4
54
LPPI
sfuschool Importance of School
Crowding, Single Family
The importance of a jurisdictions
school crowding in regulating the
rate of single family residential
development.
1 =not at all
important; 5 =very
important
Line item 8 of
survey question 4
LPPI
mfuschool Importance of School
Crowding, Multi Family
The importance of a jurisdictions
school crowding in regulating the
rate of multi family residential
development.
1 =not at all
important; 5 =very
important
Line item 8 of
survey question 4
LPPI
totinitiatives Total #of Conservation
Initiatives Approved
Number of ballot initiative passed
by the jurisdiction from 1996 to
2005.
Trust for the Public
Land, Landvote
database
http://www.tpl.org/
tier2_kad.cfm?cont
ent_item_id=0&fol
der_id=2607
Accessed on July
26, 2005
LPPI=STANDARDIZED{STANDARDIZED[local+pressure+countyleg+(sfubudget+mfubudget)/2+(sfucouncil+mfucouncil)/2+
(sfucitizen+mfucitizen)/2+(sfuschool+mfuschool)/2]+STANDARDIZED[totinitiatives]}
SPII
stateleg State Legislature
Involvement (STATE
AVERAGE)
The degree of involvement of the
state legislature in affecting the
residential building activities
and/or growth management
procedures of a jurisdiction.
1 =not at all
involved; 5 =very
involved
Line item 4 of
survey question 1
SPII
execrating Executive and Legislative
Rating
The level of activity in the
Executive and Legislative branches
over the past ten years that is
directed toward enacting greater
statewide land use restrictions.
Code: 1 =little recent
activity, 2 =moderate
activity, 3 =high
level of activity
Foster and
Summers (2005)
SII=STANDARDIZED{STANDARDIZED[STATE AVERAGE{stateleg}]+STANDARDIZED[execrating]}
CII
judicialrating J udicial Rating The tendency of appellate courts to
uphold or restrain municipal land
use regulation.
1 =restricts local
regulation, 2 =
neutral, 3 =supports
local regulation
Foster, and
Summers (2005)
55
LZAI
commissionD Local Planning Commission
Required to Approve
Zoning Changes
The requirement that a local
planning commission review and
approve a new project that entails
rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 1 of
survey question 2
LZAI
loczoningD Local Zoning Board
Required to Approve
Zoning Changes
The requirement that a local
zoning board review and approve
a new project that entails rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 2 of
survey question 2
LZAI
councilD Local Council, Managers,
Commissioners Required to
Approve Zoning Changes
The requirement that local council,
managers, or commissioners
review and approve a new project
that entails rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 3 of
survey question 2
LZAI
cntyboarD County Board of
Commissioners Required to
Approve Zoning Changes
The requirement that the county
board of commissioners review
and approve a new project that
entails rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 4 of
survey question 2
LZAI
cntyzoning County Zoning Board
Required to Approve
Zoning Changes
The requirement that the county
zoning board review and approve a
new project that entails rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 5 of
survey question 2
LZAI
envboarD Environmental Review
Board Required to Approve
Zoning Changes
The requirement that an
environmental review board
approve a new project that entails
rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 6 of
survey question 2
LZAI
zonevote Town Meeting Vote
Required to Approve
Zoning Changes
The requirement that all new
projects that entail rezoning be
voted on at a meeting of the
jurisdictions citizens
0 =not required,
1 =required
Survey response
write-in for
question 2
LZAI=commissionD+loczoningD+councilD+cntyboardD+cntyzoningD+envboardD+zonevote
LPAI
commission_norezD Local Planning Commission
Required to Approve New
Projects
The requirement that a local
planning commission review and
approve a new project that does not
need rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 1 of
survey question 3
LPAI
council_norezD Local Council, Managers,
Commissioners Required to
Approve New Projects
The requirement that local council,
managers, or commissioners
review and approve a new project
that does not need rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 2 of
survey question 3
LPAI
cntyboard_norezD County Board of
Commissioners Required to
Approve New Projects
The requirement that the county
board review and approve a new
project that does not need
rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 3 of
survey question 3
56
LPAI
envboard_norezD Environmental Review
Board Required to Approve
New Projects
The requirement that an
environmental review board
approve a new project that does not
need rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 4 of
survey question 3
LPAI
publhlth_norezD Public Health Office
Required to Approve New
Projects
The requirement that the public
health office review and approve a
new project that does not need
rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 5 of
survey question 3
LPAI
dsgnrev_norezD Design Review Board
Required to Approve New
Projects
The requirement that a design
review board approve a new
project that does not need
rezoning.
0 =not required,
1 =required
Line item 6 of
survey question 3
LPAI=commission_norezD+council_norezD+cntyboard_norezD+envboard_norezD+publhlth_norezD+dsgnrev_norezD
SRI
sfupermitlimit Limits on Building Permits,
Single Family
Annual limit on the total allowable
number of building permits for
single family homes.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 1 of
survey question 5
SRI
mfupermitlimit Limits on Building Permits,
Multi Family
Annual limit on the total allowable
number of building permits for
multi family homes.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 2 of
survey question 5
SRI
sfuconstrlimit Limits on Residential Units
for Construction, Single
Family
Annual limit on the total allowable
number of single family residential
units authorized for construction.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 3 of
survey question 5
SRI
mfuconstrlimit Limits on Residential Units
for Construction, Multi
Family
Annual limit on the total allowable
number of multi family residential
units authorized for construction.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 4 of
survey question 5
SRI
sfudwelllimit Limits on Number of Units
in Multi Family Dwellings
Annual limit on the number of
single family dwellings.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 5 of
survey question 5
SRI
mfudwelllimit Limits on Multi Family
Dwellings
Annual limit on the number of
multi family dwellings.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 6 of
survey question 5
SRI=sfupermitlimit+mfupermitlimit+sfuconstrlimit+mfuconstrlimit+mfudwelllimit+mfudwellunitlimit
DRI
minlotsize_oneacre Minimum Lot Size 1 Acre
or More
The requirement that developers
build on lots no smaller than an
area of 1 acre to 2 acres.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 1 of
survey question 6
57
DRI
minlotsize_twoacres Minimum Lot Size 2 Acres
or More
The requirement that developers
build on lots no smaller than an
area of 2 acres or more.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 1 of
survey question 6
DRI=1 if minlotsize_oneacre=1 or minlotsize_twoacres==1
DRI=0 otherwise
LAI
LAI Local Assembly Index Dummy variable indicating if a
local assembly (Town Meeting) is
involved in land regulation process
1=Town Meeting
required to approve
zoning changes, 0=
otherwise
Post-survey phone
interviews to all
municipalities in our
sample located in
New England
OSI
OSI Supply Open Space Response indicating that
developers are required to supply
mandatory dedication of open
space, or open space, or a fee in
lieu of dedication in order to build.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 3 of
survey question 6
EI
EI Pay Costs of Improvement Response indicating that
developers are required to pay
allocable share of costs of
infrastructure improvement in
order to build.
0 =no, 1 =yes Line item 4 of
survey question 6
ADI
time_sfu Length of Residential
Review, Single Family
The average length of time
required to complete the review of
single family residential projects in
a jurisdiction.
Line item 1 of
survey question 11
ADI
time_mfu Length of Residential
Review, Multi Family
The average length of time
required to complete the review of
multi family residential projects in
a jurisdiction.
Line item 2 of
survey question 11
ADI
time1_150sfu Rezoning Application Time,
Less Than 50 Single Family
Units
The typical amount of time
between application for rezoning
and issuance of a building permit
for a project with less than 50
single family units.
1.5 =less than 3
months, 4.5 =3 to 6
months, 9.5 =7 to
12 months, 18.5 =
13 to 24 months, 24
=more than 24
months
Line item 1 of
survey question 12
58
ADI
time1_m50sfu Rezoning Application Time,
More Than 50 Single
Family Units
The typical amount of time
between application for rezoning
and issuance of a building permit
for a project with more than 50
single family units.
1.5 =less than 3
months, 4.5 =3 to 6
months, 9.5 =7 to
12 months, 18.5 =
13 to 24 months, 24
=more than 24
months
Line item 2 of
survey question 12
ADI
time1_mfu Rezoning Application Time,
Multi Family Units
The typical amount of time
between application for rezoning
and issuance of a building permit
for a project with multi family
units.
1.5 =less than 3
months, 4.5 =3 to 6
months, 9.5 =7 to
12 months, 18.5 =
13 to 24 months, 24
=more than 24
months
Line item 3 of
survey question 12
ADI
time2_150sfu Subdivision Approval Time,
Less Than 50 Single Family
Units
The typical amount of time
between application for
subdivision approval and the
issuance of a building permit for a
project with less than 50 single
family units.
1.5 =less than 3
months, 4.5 =3 to 6
months, 9.5 =7 to
12 months, 18.5 =
13 to 24 months, 24
=more than 24
months
Line item 1 of
survey question 13
ADI
time2_m50sfu Subdivision Approval Time,
More Than 50 Single
Family Units
The typical amount of time
between application for
subdivision approval and the
issuance of a building permit for a
project with more than 50 single
family units.
1.5 =less than 3
months, 4.5 =3 to 6
months, 9.5 =7 to
12 months, 18.5 =
13 to 24 months, 24
=more than 24
months
Line item 2 of
survey question 13
ADI
time2_mfu Subdivision Approval Time,
Multi Family Units
The typical amount of time
between application for
subdivision approval and the
issuance of a building permit for a
project with multi family units.
1.5 =less than 3
months, 4.5 =3 to 6
months, 9.5 =7 to
12 months, 18.5 =
13 to 24 months, 24
=more than 24
months
Line item 3 of
survey question 13
ADI=[(time_sfu+time_mfu)/2+(time1_l50sfu+time1_m50sfu+time1_mfu)/3+(time2_l50sfu+ time2_m50sfu+time2_mfu)/3]/3