Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART I
BY
DR. JATINDRA BIMAL CHAUDHURI. PH.D. (LONDON).
SUPPLEtvIENTS:
I. Text and Translation of
SOtvfE LAUDATORY VERSES
on the Mahomcdan Patrons of Sanskritic Learning
2. THE XSAF.VILXSA XKHYXYIKA
by Jagannadla Pal.l<.litataja
(cd. for 'he firs' time)
w
~ e
t.
. ,;, \ .
I.. ~ .
IDARAH-I ADABIYAT-I DELLI
1009 QASIMJAN ST
DELHI (INDIA)
r
n
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
l The first edition of I of the Muslim Patronage
to Sanskritic Learning was exhausted within a few
t nlOnths of its publication in 1942 Since then, I had
been. contemplating to bring out a second edition; but
thIS did notrnaterialise of my other pre-
occupations, particularly because, new works were cons-
tantly being undertaken and published in succession.
I must, however, acknowledge my gratitude in this
connection to the Government of United .Bengal for
purchasing a large number of copies of the first edition
for distribution allover India and outside. Numerous
requests from aUquaners.creached me in the mean time
for bringing out a second edition; so I do hope, though
belated, this edition will receive the same appreciation
as the first one did.
This edition has been thoroughly revised and all
up-to-date informations incorporated into it, parti-
e cularly, on the basis of myown researches into the sub-
" ject at hand and allied subjects. However, as So many
r:-- new and important materials could not be utilized in
this volume, two more volumes will be published soon
K. in the same series.
The Pracyavani is extremely grateful to MAULANA
,1"'- ASUL KALAM AZAD Minister of ,Education, Govern-
ment of India, for kindly extending his benign helping
hand for bringing ouf the publications of the Institute.
The Government of India have very kindly borne half
tHe cost of public;ation of the present ,vork as of several
other works to be soon published by the Pracyavani.
lAD ORIENTAt (REPRINT) SERIES NO.51
!"'l\
. Cc:,ti3
First Published 1942
Reprint 1981
Price R.. 60.00
PRINTED IN INDIA
PUBUSHID BY MOHAMMAD AHMAD FOR IDARAH-I
ADBIYAT.I DELLI, 2009. QASIMJAN ST.., DELHI-6 AND
ft1NTm AT JAYVEe PRESS. BALLIMARAN. DILHI-6.
Pracyavil,li,
'9
th
February, 195'1'
J. B. CHAUDHURI
I .
I
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
This work presents for the first time a systematic
history of the contribution of Mahomedan rulers and
scholars. to Sanskritic Learning and the manIfold attempts
of rulers to spread the san1e
during their rule in India. A large number of Sanskrit
MSS. has been used: for collecting and authen-
tic informations about the poets and their royal patrons.
Some of the anthological works used for this purpose
are being edited for the first time in my Series NO.4:
The
The Supplement ccnsists of the Sanskrit .Text of
some of the .laudatory vetses on the Royal Moslem
patrons of Sanskritic Learning (along \vith their tran-
slations) and also of the Asaf-vilasa Akhyayika of
Jaganllatha edited here for the first time.
Thanks are due to Mr. P. K. Gode, Curator,
Blwlandarkar Oriental Research Institute, for kindly
lending for my use the unique MSS. of the
haravali of Hari Kavi, by Vel)idatta, Sabhya-
by Jagajjivalla, the of
Haribhaskara, the Asaf-vilasa of Jagannatha anq so on.
As these are the only MSS. of the respective works that
are known to exist, my gratitude to the Bhandarkar
Oriental Research Institute is indeed yery great.
Vll-XV
1l1-1V
PACES
... '!
SEVFRAL OTHER SANSKRIT POETS PATRONISEn BY
RULERS
I. Amrtadatta, court-poet 0/ Shahbudtlin ... 73-75
2. Pundarika Vitthala, court-poet of Rurhan Khan ]6'
3. H:;ri'niriyal)a .Misra, court-poet of Shah lahan 7
6
4. Valllsidhara Misra, court-poet of 'Shah laban
tlneZ great favourite of tbe Queen 77
5. Caturbhllja, patronised by Shayasta Khan ... 7
8
-80
6. of the COtlYt" of Maharnmad Sh,th 80-
8
4
PROPAGATION OF SANSKRlTlC LEARNING DURING
Moslem rulers of Bengal :-
J. Nasir Shah of Bengal
2. Husain Shih
POETS:
J. Bhanllk:lra, court-poet of Sher Shah and
Nizarn Shah
2. Akbariya-K:ilidasa (Govinda C'ourt-
poet of Akbar .... ...
3. Jagannitha court-poet of
Shah lahan
CONTENTS
, SUBJECTS
Preface
Introduction
J. B. C.
PreSidency College,
Calcutta,
'94
2
INTRODUCTION
Comll1Ullal fraternity nlay be of two kinds Scnti-
1l1ental and intellectual. The former implies religious
fusion and the latter mutual love for the languages and
literatures of ea(;h other. Both these interrelated aspects
of COlllnlunal hannony hecanle manifest during Moslem
rule in India. The object of the work is to give
an authoritative account of the second aspect only. .So,
only a brief outline of the firs.t aspect is given below.
Power of- assimilation is the characteristic feature of
Indian people. Whatever be the creed, it is by and by
absorbed by the great assimilating force of Mother India.
The consequence in the Mediaeval ages has, therefore,
been the fusion of and Hindu Culture and
.'\
Civilization. The innennost heart of the Indian people is
always alert to receive the Truth, whatever be the source
and in doing so, it knows no barrier,--<>f caste and creed.
This is cxclllplied best in the grand intermixture of
Hinduisnl and in Mediaeval times.
Even to-da.y the Hindus honour 110 less than the
Mahoillcdaus the reformer saint Makhdiim
Alial who was originally an inhabitant
of Ghazni. His disciple Muinuddin Cltishti (1142-
12
36), brought very close together both the Hindus and
in their (Illest of the SUprcll1C Soul. As a
86
86
8688
&.r9o
90
93-1 It
120
117-1J9
121-124
12
4
12
5-
12
7
128-134
. 112 116
VI
I. Text d T I'
an rans atlon of some budatory
verses on the Mahomedan patrons of
Sanskritic LearninO'
n .. . .
2. Asaf-vilasa Akhyayika by
]agannatha Pal)9
itara
ja
APPENDICES
....
I. Alphabetical Index of verses quoted in the
work those in the Supplement) ...
2. AlphabetIcal df verses quoted in the
3 Alphabetical Index of the verr ... o'f' RI - k'"
.., Uflll ara
quoted in the Padva-racani
4. Abbreviations J
5 Bibliography
6. General Intle%
SUPPLEMENTS
SUBJECTS
3 Parigal Khan
Khan
Imperial rulers of etc.
I. Bibar
...
2. Humayiin
3 Akbar ...,
4 Dara Shikoh
5 Shayasra Klmn
Concluding remarks
\'111
consequence of this intcnl1ixture of both the crceds, the
Husaini Brahmanas of Rajputana are found following
practices though mostly they follow
Hl11du custonlS and rituals; again, the Inlam-Shahi sect
are found following the authority of the Atharva-veda
of The great saints advocating Sufi..
Ism. such as Nlzatnuddin AuIia, Fariduddin Shakarganj,
KarIm Shah, Shah Inayat Shah Kalandar wen: either
initiated to religious life by Hindu saints or themselves
initiated a large number of Hindus to religious life; as a
consequence, Hinduis
1ll
or Maho111cdallislll as a creed
luatt<:red little to thclll. The cckbrated saint Baba
Fattu of Kangra was a disciple of Hindu saint Gulab.
He was worshipped alike both by the Hindus
and of the Punjab. The Khojas &lnd the
followers of M
usa
Suhiig arc tremendously influenced
by Hinduism while the Piran Panthins worship Nif-
kalallka. The Muslim lady Tiij was a "11.'3t devotee of
K 0 ..
'Hl)a and wrote many songs on Him as Supreme Soul.
In spiritual life there was thus a great synthesis between
and Mahomedanism-Hindus being the
diSCIples of Muslims and vice versa-all caring for Truth
and Sadhana, nOt for the external superfluities of
Religion. This was the time when new' "saints like "'
Satyapira were worshipped by both the comnlunities.
And this was the time when caste-system was abhorred
and wilfully violated.
IX
In former times A!)eJa!, a woman of low caste, was
worshipped by the followers of the Alvars in the
The works of Pariahs like Thirupam, author of the Tlru
'Vayamoli, were recognized by leaders like
Ramanuja. Later on Caitanya in Bengal, Saqtkaradeva
in Assam, Tuka Rama and Nimadtva in
and similarly, other great religious leaders never cared
for caste-system or bothered about distinguishing bet.
ween Hinduism and Mahomedanism. Among the
famous pupils of Ramananda were Ravidasa, a shoe-
maker Sena a barbar and Kabir a Mahomedan
, .
weaver. Kabir's life-long mission was a syntheSIS
between Hinduism and Mahomedanism and his noble
precepts were translated into by _
Dadu, Jlvana Prema Dasa, BIJh Khan, RaJJab
and others.. Ban Saheb, Binl Saheb, Yari Saheb,
Bulla Saheb-whether Hindu or Moslenl;-all took
. . b the
up one great mtsslon.......,vlz. unity .
Hindus and Moslems in religious as well as SOCial hfe.
Women, too, at this time, came to the forefront of reli-
gious rejuvenation as is evidenced by and
Bai, (daughters of Dadii), Mira, Jana. Bal.
Ksema. or Ksemasri, Taj and others.
. This urge for fraternity between the two
leading communities in India became manifest in
Literature as well-Vernacular and Classical. The
Dohas, etc. in Hindi of great religious leaders-both
II
and Hindus, are sources of inspiration
and devotion in religious life of the members of both the
communities.
Bengali in particular was much enriched by this
inner urge for a true religious life-irrespective of caste
and creed. Quite a large number of Mahomedan
of them poets of a high order--contributed
substantially to Bengali Literature. They were mostly
inspired by the cult as preached by Sri Caitanya;
again, there 'were many who wrote on other subjects.
Sri Caitanya disdained racial or social distinction.
1
The result was that even rulers like Husain Shah
soon became attracted to him'. Mahomedans all
over Bengal not only enjoyed the Padavalis but
I.. Yavana Haridisa was one of his favourite disciples.
Again, Buddhimanta Khin became a personal attendant of
Srf Caitanya. Vrndivanadisa in his Caitanya-Bhigavata
.a)'8:-
mn ".M,,,,
8TtR crfiI IIi'r-f II 10th chapter
The Caitanya-caritimrta, chapter 10. record. 1-
tI':Q\1 fait 6qSNTWIII
Buddhimanta accompapied him to Niliicala as well :-
IJttTt n 9th chapter
2. it p;r 9TtT
themselves became the votaries of the Muse.
Nasir Mihmud/ Fakir Habib':' Saiyad Martuji,'
I. NaslrrMihmud dedicates himself to the holy feet of
811 Krt9a 1-
VPPf Arm it ,
;pjft "TV, .- II
His Pada of which the above i. the end has been inclu-
ded in the Pada-kalpa-taru of Vaifl)avadisa.
2. He, too, cannot live without Kr'l)a :-
.... .
t;wn-Rftqr,
3. The following Pada -of Saiyad Martuii included in
the Pada-kalpa-taru ()f Vai'l)avadisa is indeed grand 1-
q, CR"I nm I
qp.rft8;rm WTfit "
..ml
II\1TtfR m[ ..
.... 'RnI1IT!I ,
II !J'IT fit! ..
Here the poet himself becomes a woman for -higher
spiritual and one is naturally of
Cardinal Newmans statement -"If thy .oul wante to
attain the higher spiritual blessedness. it must
woman, yea.' however manly thou mayst be among men
j
XII
Fatan,l <:and Kiji,:a etc. have sung the- praise of
and Ridhi as enthusiastically and religiously, as gracefully
CPt also-St, Juan - "Make myeelf thy brid e. I will
rejoice in nothing till I am in thy Hie Padae on
the description of Kr'Qa. Mina, Bhiva-sammelana, etc! too
are very beautiful.
I. Fatan in one of his Padas depicts Ridhi in separation.
Ridhi saye : -
'lilt 'tfiI I
cit ftqr "'liTqt ,"''fl
fc6 ftI'fl fcRr q 1I
1iR;nf( 9rc1
fiRlr qy. 3'fcIRn I
q;r;r iRtI mt, iI6lJ{ ifTft WR,
ilT qyft 'IT{ 1m'1ft fA 'ITt,
.J1 !Ill WtRN
"'" UW:T qrq 6Ii II
2.. The picture of Ridhi in love ae found below i.
indeed beautiful:-
arbft- Cf'mi1 GrPIIiT
cmn.n 'IfJJl lIT i
q;r "Tmm 'fIfiI; lit.I
11m cn:m1JliT l!IrTt wrfir II
('6 qm(.aPr I
'!liT{ 'MTfiNr ,"u t mart;nf( 'ftTf.f "
i\' ff'rn cdVT, nq qi.n I
,Q. m9f..n II
11m.- ilfm all' '1ft I
lIT Ql1g en 'RlMiff mII
I
i
X1l1
and sweetly as possible. Alitija/ Akbar Saha,' Kabir,'
I He 80uriehed somewhere near Feni in Chittagong.
One of his Padivalis ende ae follows: -
- "fin.-I.' 1111 "
2. One of his Padas ie devoted to the deecription of the
phyeical charm of Caitanyadeva :-
l1tu "
l1iRI f6lfil f$fipn "
I' lif1ft .. III I
fQ{ ;nf( "
-rTI I
"" m"" "
3" He depicte an excellent picture of Ridhi. followed
by Krf.,a in eouree the eports during : -
-m1 "6tg fin8 q: I
t;+niR q- It
..,g tm11ft me -'tft
fiIR itn:UI I
QI mii em;I tNr4t'
tift "
IJft
\'I IITS ;p.nll I
fmit Ii "'I '.tR
WItS CI'ITif "
..mtt'I ""w ..n
IIWft 'II!I Q, ;mil iR
XIV
Sekh Bhikhan,l Sekh lala}, Sekhlala, etc. are also poets
of no mean order. They have written on various Mood-
types of women as described in the Alaf11kara and Kama
Sastras with particular reference to Radha, and also on
as Supreme Soul and Sri Caitanya as an incarna-
tion of God.
J. RAdhi in her "Kha9Qitl" mood is depicted nicely
in one of his Padas. KffQ8 palsed the night somewhere
else and naturally-Radhi's wrath. knows no bounds. She
lake. Kr'Qa to task: -
em- tNm q{nI( $ATI ,
.Ad(IIRU
vr, .WCIit
iIR P
'" 'IT IIfft til fA itf8/
'ITf\Ir II
'IlTt,
fW.R ,
.,
" (ft (T mem. mfjp.n Am
e. q I=- tr(iR JA,
'IImYt emf tn'I 'P'f n
'" mm fiIftRt "
XV
Just as, on the one hand, many Moslems helped the
spread of the Hindu Culture and Civilization by
honouring their religious sentiments and ideas, by
following many of their rites and rituals, by patronising
and contribut;ng to Sanskritic Literature-so, on the
other hand, many Hindu devotees and scholars, too,
were the torch-bearers of Islamic Culture and Civiliza-
tion, by preaching the innermost truth of Islam and
paying homage to the Prophet and Moslem saints, by
observing many Moslem practices and by
and contributing to, Persian and Urdu Literature.
Thus, .there was a great synthesis of Hindu and
Moslem Cultures and Civilizations during Moslem rule
in India. It was possible in those days for individuals
of different leanings and capacities to follow the creeds
and pursue the course of studies that suited them best,
without conununal bias and social bar. Otherwise,
could not have been so many Moslem devot(es of Hindu
saints, etc. and so many Mahomedan - scholars in
Sanskritic studies just as there could not have been
numerous Hindu disciples of Moslem saints and yotaries
of Islamic Learning. If this could happen even during
- an age when the relation between the two communities
was that between the ruler and the ruled, there is no
inner reason why it should not be the case to-day also,
when no such relationship exists.
MUSLIM PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC
LEARNING
It is well-known that the Moslem rulers of India
were great patrons of Learning and Fine Arts. But the
fact that filany of them liberally patronised Sankritic
Culture and Learning as well, is not generally known.
Their courts were adorned with Sanskrit scholars and
writers of high repute who got every encouragement,
monetary and otherwise, fronl their royal patrons.
Unfortunately, many valuable records of their scholarly
achievements are irreparably lost to us and the surviving
literature also is available only in MSS. scattered all
over ~ d i a and outside. Fortunately, however, the
literature that has outstood the cruel ravages of time is
not meagre and it enables us to have a clear idea as to
how in spite of linguistic and religious differences, many
Moslem rulers of India were prone to extend their best
support to the development of Hindu Culture and Civi-
lization. This spirit of mutual tolerance and reverence
for the culture anQ creed of each other alone can ensure
a permanent bond of friendship and collateral progress
of the two principal cOlnmunities of India. That is why
it is essential for us to investigate into the cultural
advancement of the Hindus during Mosleln rule in
India.
Of ~ h e Sanskrit poets 'who adorned the courts of the
:I MUSLIM; PATRONAGE rro SANSKRITIC LEARNING
Moslem rulers, three of the greatest are Bhanukara,
Akbariya-Kalidasa and Jagannatha Pat)gitaraja. In
this work I shall nrst give brief accounts of their
lives and literary activities on the basis of the informa-
tions collected from the various unpublished MSS. of
their works, anthologies preserving some of their
verses, etc.
Of the Mohomedan rulers who liberally patronised
Sanskrit poets and scholars, the foremost are Shaha-
buddin, Nizam Shah, Sher Shah, Akbar, Shah lahan,
Muddafar Shah, Burhan Khan and others. Some of
the poets patronised by them are,-apan from
Bhanukara, Akbariya-Kalidasa and Jagannatha Pat)git-
raja,-.Amrtadatta, PUl)garika Harinarayat)a
Misra, Val11sidhara, and so on. Short
accounts of the lives and literary activities of these
poets also are given below. 1
The arrangement followed here is chronological.
BHXNUKARA
Bhanukara is not only of the earliest of the poets
mentioned above but also seems to have enjoyed the
widest pc as a poet. The Rasika-jivana of
Gadidhara Sabhyalatpkarat)a of Govindajit,
Padya-vet)i of Vet)idatta, Padyamrca-tarangiJ].i of Hari-
bhaskara, of Hari Kavi and Subha-
1. See also the second volume of this Serie. which will
lOon be published.
BHANUKARA
the last two of which have not been
published as yet contain about 160 verses of Bhinukara.
The Padyaracana published in the Kavya-mali Series
alone contains 180 verses many of which are not found
in the above six unpublished anthological works.
LIFE AND DATE
Bhanukara us. Bhanudatta and personal history
The evi4ence of the anthological works is in support
of the identity of Bhanukara and Bhanudatta, author of
the Gita-GauriSa and its Kavya-dipika, Rasa-
manjari and its commentary as well as Rasa-tarangit)i
all of which are available in print and also of the
Kumara-bhargaviya based on the Purat)as),
Alaqtkara-tilaka gnd Srngara-dipika which are as yet un-
published
1
Quite alarge number of verses quoted under
the" name of Bhanukara are traced in the Rasa-manjari,'
1. Kumara Bh., IndiltOffice Liprary MS. 1540. Alatp-
kara T., Tanjore MSS. Catalogue, IX. 1407 and Mysore,
295. Srngara D Cat. Cat. I. 661.
2 etc.=SA. 234=RM. 21, p. 50;
fW, etc. =SSS. 836= RM. 4. p. 9; etc. =SA
270=RM. 29, p. 65; .. etc.=SA..327=RM.
112, p. 138; etc.=SA. 303;;::5SS. 178=RM
79. p. 141; twil'idl6t, etc. =SA. 326r v. II I. p. 188; Eft tM
fiRq{:, etc. =SSS. 606= RM. 33, p. 75; etc. =SA,
G\
312=RM. 100, p. 166; etc.=SA. 246=RM. 24,
p.57; etc.=SHV. 1944=RM. 39. P. 91; t'ft
m2'a1'llRl'c=sss. 177=RM. 75, p. 136; etc.=SA.
-n..
I. etc.
2. aHit mi[J8{:
im I
qiA q)fiiRtl
;rmlll
3. The otMithila furnish the following lineage
of Bhanucandra :
as cGal)apatiputra-Bhanukarasya'l and from the
verse of the etc. as well as from the PanJis
of Mithila,3 we come to know that Bhanudatta was
the son, of Gal)apati. (4) Moreover Bhanudatta refers
to in verse 121 of his Rasa-man-
jari' and in the anthologies several verses ascribed to
Bhanukara are devoted to the eulogies of Nizanl Shah.
Thus it seems that Bhanukara is really identi-
cal with Bhanudatta. I-lis father's name was GaJ)apati
as given in the Padya-vel)i, Rasa-mafijari as well as
the Panjis of Mithila, etc. Unfortunately, however,
nothing is known about his n10ther, early life etc.
BHANUKARA
5
I
Dise Miera
Devanatha Miera
I
Bhase Misra
Ratnesvara i\'iiera
I
Sureevara Miera
I
Ravinatha Misra
I
I .
Bhavanatha MIsra
I
I I
Sarpkara Misra Misra
I
Ganapati Misra
. I
Bhinudatta
4. P. 190, Benares edt
Gita-Gaurisa,
1
and Rasa-tarallgil
f
i of Bhanudatta
2
sss-
2. 'ltTlIl'TfRt" I
fififoaWfIJ. II
rv. 560=SA=SSS. 140,
3. I
lQ'm II
sss. 193.
I.
This is a good example of the figure of speech Virodha.
Here the devotee means to say that he has really attained
the state of Siva on account of his bath in the Manikarnika
though the wording is such that the second part of each
piida may be interpreted otherwise.
of the Gita-Govinda of Jayadeva, and had certainly
some leaning towards religion. The authors of the an-
thologies consulted have not, however, cared to quote
his verses on religious topics such as Sraval)a, Manana,
Kirtana etc., the PT. being the only work to preserve
one verse on the utterance of the holy name of
NarayaI).a. Through a figure of speech known as
prativastiipalna, the poet states that just as the digging
and the levelling of the earth, etc. are useless if no
seed be sown, the perusal of the holy scriptures, the
PuraI).as etc. are all in vain if the sacred name of
Kamalakanta be not uttered.
1
The anthologies preserve a few verses of Bhanukara
on the holy places, etc. In a verse on MaI).ikarl)ika, he
suitablyelnploys the Virodha alalpkara in showing how
a bather in the same attains the state of Siva
2
and in a
3
1
P f. 42.
BHANUKARA
etc. PT. 266.
CfTR! :.iITa:
I
Cll;:fq: qAAar: $r;:a: cIiit
slm: n
I.
2,'
30 MUSLIM PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
the sky; 2. the cloth. The idea is that in
the Hemanta the day is very short and the night is long.
the cooing of the cuckoos is nothing but the chanting
of mantras by him and the moon is the dish houses.
l
In one of his verses on the summer Bhanukara
has elnployed a pun very effectively. 2 Of
has been the use of a happily chosen word VIZ. Kanya-
rasi in a verse on the description of the Autumn.
3
In
his description of the Hemanta the poet strikinglyatri-
butes the husband-wife relationship to the Day and
the Night, during this season. The Day offers the
major portion of sky (or the cloth) to the beloved
night and himself shrinks for her _,
Bhanudatta was the author of the Glta-Gautlsa
with the on the same work that is a prototype
I
cmmiEi
II PV. 573.
aRT =1. a star: 2. pupil of the eye.
bright: 2. restless. Ci(-1. rays; 2. hand.
This magical rite is performed even today in some parts of
the country for detecting thieves.
2. SA, 529. 3. PV. 650 - SSS. 424. =SA. 601.
qTfi:t;:q enm: I 4.
n
PV. 650-555. 424=SA. 601
2.
PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
verse on the Trivel)i .he assigns some reason in his
poetic way why its water should be darkish.
l
In his Anyokti on the Lion he illustrates how
heredity works. No sooner is a cub born than it exhi-
bits a tendency to jump upon the tenlple of an elephant
even before sucking its mother's breast.:I Thus, in his
other Anyokri verses too he hints at some truth or
other.
One outstanding feature of Bhanukara's composi-
tion is his great liking for the employment of figures
of speech.
3
The lofty flight of his poetical fancy
couched in the garb of idiomatic language reaches
at times the maximunl height of poetic excellence.
particularly with the aid of rhetorical perfection.
I.
I
sttii cp;rf(=J
II
PV.877
{=6;:Q it ,
pif II
PV.707
3. in PT. 266; in a large number of
verses; anQ in 555. 564;
in PV. 815; mf.:t:mT'l in SA. I ;
in PV. 573; in SSS. 606; in
555. 193; etc. etc.
AKBARIYA-Ki\LIDASA
His date
Akbariya-Kalidasa composed a work entitled Rama-
in praise of Vaghela Ramacandra
.of Rewa who was a contemporary of Akbar and tuled
from 1555-1592. We published for the first time
a critical edition of this valuable work
1
as vol. 3 of
Pracyavani Gopal Chunder Law Memorial Text
Series in 1946. In the introduction in English to
this work, we discussed about the date of the work
and came to the conclusion that the work ll1USt have
been composed by 1580 A.D. Here we also dealt
with the Fatuily of the patron of the author viz. the
Royal Family of Rewa and the inlportance of Ranla-
as a Sanskrit work, patti.
cularly, about its style which has a unique grace and
beauty of its own. The authors of the Padya-
racana, Sukti-Sundara and the Padyavel)l have quoted
verses from this work (see Appendix to this work).
From the colophon to this
it is clear that Akbariya-Kalidasa's real nanle was
Govinda Bhana. !-).s a contemporary of Ramacandra
and Akbar, Akbariya-Ka1idasa must have flourished
about 400 years ago.
I. For MS. see p! 85 of Mm. HarapratBd Shastri's
Catalogue of Sana. Maa. belonging to the A.iatic: Society
of Bengal. Vol. IV, p. 85, Calcutta 1923
.s
1.
I
,. tlPV.77.
2. iHIm VtfinqrtWf fcmat ..
.... qfct(litI(-qi fiMfa I
I
"
SSe 174; PV. 168; 4th line missing in the latter MS.
3. For details about the kings of Rewa,see Dr.Hirananda
Sastrin's Memoir on the Vaghela Dynasty of Rewa. 1926.
4. See under Bhinukara.
35
AKBARIYA-KALIDA-SA
I. mI I
tiM II PV. 96
2. Padyimrta-tarangiQi. 72=HV. 67=55. 121
3.
cR: (fC(
if ;(iffir "
4. ( ri\ft II f( (1=lt m_-
<:\ ...
p? tJllTRr ?
.. II
PV.65
5.
I
Rfim): II
PV.76
One of his verses is devoted to the praise of king
Rama for his charitable acts,l particularly the gift of
elephants. The king of Kabila who is said to have
invaded the country of Vaghela was repulsed by the
latter in spite of the former's very strong army2. In
another verse he describes the sword of the Vaghela
king; to him it appears like a swarm of bees emerging
out of the calyx of his hand-Iotus.
3
In a verse in the
form of a colloquy between Gaud and Rambha he allud-
es to the mighty prowess of the son of king Virabhanu
i.e. king Ra-macandra of Rewah. He praises the queen
of Dalapati in one verse. 5 He describes Akbar as an
His patrons
MUSLIM PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
34
Akbariya-Kalidasa was one of the greatest Sanskrit
poets of his age. Though he had had other patrons,
the' name of the poet itself shows that this Kalidasa
of the sixteenth century A.D. was a great favourite
of Akbar. Nothing about his parentage is, however,
known. He praises in his verses several kings who
must have extended patronage to him in some fonn
or other, and he avowedly acknowledges the patro-
nage of Akbar by assuming a nanle after him. Thus,
he refers to Gurjarendra, Jallala, Vaghela, Dalapati"
Virabhanu-putra or Ramacandra of Rewa and Akbar.
He praises the king of Gurjara as one whose fame has
pervaded the whole world.! King Jallala is referred
to in a beautiful verse 011 the wife of his el.lemy.
The Vaghela King praised by Akbariya-Kalidasa was
Ramacandra of Rewa who was responsible for sending
Tanasena to the court of Akbar.
3
His father Vira-
bhanu was the patron of poet Bhanukara.
4
37
No. of verses
I: PV. 611 =5SS. 309
... I
AKBARIYA.KALIDXSA
PV. 620=55S. 330; and SSS,
3
2
9
b. Malaya-breeze... I: PV. 609
c. Moon-rise . I: PV. 58o; S55. 25
Cb) RllT
illl: I
mIT II PV. III
(c) etc. S5 63. see 5iihitya Parishat Patrika
1. Ft;:n' ,
C6: Ii
V.786
A kbariya..Ktilidtisa as a poet
Akbariya-Kalidasa was proud of his achievements
as is manifest from one of his verses preserved in the
Pa,dya-vel}i. 1
The verses of Akbariya-Kalidasa that are traced
may be classified as follows:-
Subject
Personal
Deities
a. Bhavani 6: PV. 16, 36-38; SHV. 27)-274
Bhavanicchatra... I: PV. 46
Devicchatra I: PV. 47
b. Sambhu 3: PV. 25, 14- 1 5
c. Ganesa ... 2: PT. 6=PY. II; 5HV. 124
d. 3: PV. 33-35
Animal
The horse
Love
VirahiI)i
5. Nature
a. Summer-wind ... 2:
I
Clim'- ..
"
PV.53
MUSLIM PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
2, etc.=PT. 97=55.158
-.;l
3. PT. 89=PV. 138= Rasika-jivana. 14a, 29=
Padya-racana, 29.27. Probably, }a1151a praised by Akbariya-
Kalidasa (p. 34) is the same as Akbar.
4. V. 168 (see Sahitya Parishat Patrika)
5. V. 191-
6. et. =PT. 01
133 168 ('ifCfiqUo)
7. (a) mfi muqllCl qlqct1
t qa: I
ii4i: II PV,l 67
outstanding ruler wno possesses the might of a lion.
l
The emperor he says, is so powerful that he extirpates
all his enemies instantaneously and terrifies even the
king of Ceylon.
2
In another verse his sword is
beautifully compared with various objects.
3
The
Siikti-sundara( preserves a verse in which the poet
describes the march of the Nizam for conquest. But
as both the Padyamrtatarangil}i5 and the Padya-vel}i
6
attr;.bute the verse to Bhanukara, the attribution of
Sundaracarya does not seem authentic.
There are a few other verses which he presumably
composed for pleasing some king or other.
7
he praises the umbrella of the goddess as a wonderful
thing. No sooner is it seen than it enters the head.
1
Again, he pays homage to the goddess in her Jvalamukhi
in two verses. Very fortunate are they, exclaims
the poet, who worship the holy feet of Jvalamukhi
with bodies horripilated, eyes tearful, and heads rolling
011 the ground-muttering prayers in faltering
accents.
2
Again, the poet worships her for dispelling
all the gloom of his miseries by means of the shoot-
ing rays of her toes.
3
He has depicted Siva in a very pleasant as well as
angry mood. In one verse he intends to deceive
Parvati and replies accordingly to her questions re-
garding the identity of the person on his head. It
is really the goddess Ganga, traditionally, the co-wife
I. I
...(i'6ilfa n 46.
The significance is that it is very pleasant to the eye ;
and ,secondly, it remains long in the memory of the visitor.
_the verse is designed to contain the figure of speech
Vlrodhabhasa.
2.
I
II
" ... ---".. PV.38.
3. -
I
'lR II
PV.37
39
AKBARiYA-Ki\LIDi\SA 38 MUSLIM PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
6. Description of kings 12.: PV. 53; PV. 67; PV. 76;
PV. 111; PV. 168 =55.
174; S5. 63 = PRe IP. 14;
55. 168 =PT. 91=PV.
133; PV. 77 =55.80; PT.
97 =55. 15
8
; PT. 7
2
=
PV. 66=55.121; PT.89
=PV. 138=PR. 2J.27;
PV. 65
Sword of a Vaghela king I: PV. 139
Gifts of king Rama I: PV. 96
7. Anyapadda I: PV. 73 2
8. Features: Hair I : PV. 259
9. Kavi-varl)ana 1: PV. 786
Akbariya-Kalidasa did not professedly belong to
any religious sect such as Sakta or
He pays homage to Siva, Bhavani and
Gal)esa. Three of his verses are devoted to
(including one on three to Siva, eight to
. Bhavani and two to Gal)esa.
In a verse on goddess Durga he prays to her for pro-
tecting him from all evils ,in that majestic form in
which she is worshipped by Indra with the Mandara
flowers that attract a large number of bees. As they
.,sit on the golden umbrella of the goddess, they cons-
titute another umbrella as it were and the goddess
appears like wearing two umbrellas.
1
In another verse
L
I
II PV. 47
II
,
2. V.r.
PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIe LEARNING
His sword compared to
1. swarm of black beea.
2. dark spot on the moon
3. smoke issuing from it,
4. ichor flowing from
5. plaited hair
6. duck-weed.
1.
91
AKBAR
4' ]
tel
I
fi It;mr
:q 2 II
The Emperor on tbe btlttle-field.
o Akbar the hero! when yOll carry the bow with a
terrible twanging sound,the stain-like Kings reduced to
skeletons imn1cdiJtcl
y
recede to a great distance. The
o Gazl Jallaluddin, the foremost of all kings, as
soon as your beloved ones are convinced of your march
for conquest they,-moving to and fro in confusion-
begin to perform the auspicious rites; their children are
the tendcr leaves on the tops of the breast-pitchers
filled up with tears and they go on scattering fried rice
the pretext of falling pearls and the Rowers dropp-
Ing down from their breasts.
1
i . For the performance of auspicious rites. new rnang"o-
I(;aves are placed on the top of pitchers filled with holy
water. Further, fried rice is scattered all around. Here
the.. breasts of the ladies of the harem soaked with their
tears are conceived as pitchers filled with holy water and
the Buckling babes as the fresh leaves covering the top of
the pitchers j aod the pearls and flowers. torn asunder in
distress. a8 fried rice scattered all around.
2. Pf. 97::0:55. 158.
D
3' ]
stara
I
It
.,
1. This implies the generosity of the King.
2. I.e. the emperor is pulling the hair of Lady Fortune
of his enemy. This implies that his rivals are constantly
under his strict control.
3. The sword is here compared to various dark objects
Thus:
Hand of Akbar compared to
1. lotus
2. moon (finger-nails)
3. fire
4. elephant of Gift
5. x
b. lake of beauty
The sword shines in the hand of Emperor Akbar
(as it were) like a swarm of bees on the hand-lotus, the
agreeable and dark shade of the moon-like nails, the
column of smoke of the fire of prowess, the Row of ichor
on the temple of the elephant of Gift,l the stuff-like
plaited hair of the Fortune of the enemy,
2
the young
duck-weed (Blyxa Octandra) growing in the lake of
sword which is as graceful as (the dark)
doud.
3
quarter-elephants
l
and having come into contact with
all the forests In the world and the deep caves
in mountains.
2
2. EMPEROR OF DELHI
<\T..
Gl'sqTf(;ftqf6f<f I
(fa fcrif2
crTifcb II
As a king
3
the paramount lord of Delhi puts the
Moon to shame ana the Airavata that is exquisitely
beautiful on account of shedding ichor,4 challenges the
sea which is the lord of many rivers,5 rivals,
I. I.e. the King-s fame spread over the quarters. It
implies that the Kings fame spread far and near on all
aides.
2. I.e. just as a lion has access even to a deep and
remore forest. caves etc., 80 the king's fame now rules
lupreme in every nook and corner of the world.
3. Here the pun is on the word Rajan: -I king; 2
Moon.
4. The pun here is on the In the case
of the king. it means 'his fortune has increased immensely
by the practice of charity while in the case of the elephant.
it means 'whofJe beauty has increased immensely by the flow
of ichor.
S. Here the pun is on the word Bahuvahinipati. In the
case of the king it means the lord of many armies while
in the C!H#e of sea, it means the lord of many riven.
MUSLIM PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
king of Lanka seiz'ed with terror, shunning his pride as
a consequence of his mind being- besmeared with the
mud of confusion about the (real) cause, abandons his
if
1
W e.
5. ]
,
f((:{;:'T4JT(;Q
II
[ ]
Fame.
o Lord of Kabul, the great lion of your fan1e is again
and again roaming about, having spread out its manes
in the form of transparent and big waves of the Manda-
kini, and having coiled up its tail on its lofty head in the
form of the Moon,1 and having jun1ped upon the
I. The king of Lanka is unable to determine the cause
of the terrible sound of the Emperor's bow and of the im-
mediate destruction of the enemies of the Emperor. This
confuses his mind which again mnkes him give up his pride
and run away, leaving even his wife behind.
2. v.r. 5S. 3. v.r. 55.
<''''
v.r. 55. , 5. v r. 55.
6. PV. 76=55. 80.
7. Here the fame of the king is conceived as a mighty
Hon as high as the sky. 50 the manes of the lion are said
to be the Waves of the celestial river Mandiikini while the
coil of its taiL the moon.
EMPEROR OF DELHI
99
King's phYSical charm.
. this is Nizam or Cupid-what do you
th:nk-lfi order to ask this as it were the eye of the
lovely-browed (ladies) approaches the ear.
3
l'
101
NIZAM SHAH
5. NIZAM SHAH
I. [ ]
'illi CTT "CfCJ'lIR<iJJ,. I
i"WllJJ,.2 II
'0
II II
I. The sense i. that the earth, etc. witnessed glory of
former king. such a8 VeI}a but they did not burl then.
The fame of Muddafar Shah is such that the earth is unable
to bear it and i. on the point of bunting asunder, 80 to
speak.
2. Padya-racana. 17.6.
3. I.e. the eyes of these damsels are so large that they
are conceive.d a8 stretching up to the ear (akarI}aviltrta).
The sense II that even exquieitely beautiful damsels are
enamoured of the physical charm of the king and taking
him to be Cupid incarnate.
o sky, widen yourself; 0 quarters, you too extend
yourselves; 0 earth! You too be larger; you (all) have
witnessed the glorious upheaval of the fame of Vena. The
. Universe will' attain the plight of a burst-
. 0
lng on account of the swelling up of the seeds due to
the wide ,extension of the fame of king Muddafar Shah.
l
100 MUSLIM PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
openly the enemy of the (three) cities i.e.
lord of Durga
1
and torments Vasuki possessing a
supremely beautiful hood
2
on account of his fame.
3. JAHANGIR
({CI fiifl{f(f ilr:frtTlJT<I
,
...!)
-f(!J
ewitij3 II
3'1 -iO=ift 0 31
.
35
26 2S
74 43
56
26
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF VERSES
QUOTED IN THE SUPPLEMENTS
101 .nre(Ja1s
108 lfTR
100
1OZ
104 ffift
107
96
I06
liZ m(if.
-.a
13
I05
110
104
112
Verses
'fiTII)
(nIT(f-iffn(:)
51q{
"
"
ifitJl(f:
M'3IllfiClI(
f.I1!qrrsfq
0
..
Pagel Verle. Pales
110
10Z
113
99
114
109
106
98
97
95
100
111
96
APPENDIX III
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE VERSES
OF BHANUKARA QUOTED IN THE
PADYA-RACANA
The first figure againet each Partilta refers to the pale
of the Padya-racani and the second to verse number a.
given in that page.
Verses Pages Verse. Page.
53'S
!!lTm 57'25
30'40
80'20
!tlt.J 83'39
'IlTf4fl?i 7Z'3
fl{fi(l' 784
59'42
2128
8233
!SI;rClTR-CAf
...0
74'14
74'17
84'7
... 11991
... 64'30
56'22
... 7911
0 9"47
.
,a' ... 10049
73 5
...0
79 12
ClTft 51"32
'f,fq)
.. , 176
81'21
...
UT-P: 50'26
... 103'69
,., 61'12
S'28
!Slit
... 3220
0 5 24
llit 27'66
46 17
65'38 0
5623
Claf"
.,.
f78
&:l ... 11463
28'68 CfiTJl(JI'( 0
.. 59'41
wit 78'3
... 82'32
16
..
" , ... .--........... _ .. , .....-... -. _. +" -,.(,....."..... ''',' ',. . .... _ --.l--..- .. ''''','_
_.",,', .........,
PAtRONAGE to SANSKRt-rtC tEAltNtNG
I
INDEX OF VERSES OF BHXNUKARA IN PADYARACANA }23
Verses Pages Verses
Pages
I
Ve18es Pages Verse.
Page.
4620
99'44
27'63
82'34
...
...
I
...
...
5'24
14'32
... 114'64
68'55
.,.
... 16'3
51 '34
I
51T=ift ;r{l \oR- 1739 -crRTQ'fij 0
2"30
iRr: 5"31
49'22
51T((: 0 31' IS
3'14
...
'" .l)
31'51
51 '30
I
92'61
ifiRA 30'9 ..:,
86'18
...
5027
Q 14'15
IS 38
16'39
.,. 48 15
51Rr: 0 84'1
qJ(T1:TTilf.t 13'23
fimJi 13'24
44'13
22'34
41"16
...
R:j(J;r 16'4 ...
13'70
12'21 0 53'3
2026
70'10
2'10 cr'il):j[. 0 72'4
q'(-lflRlf ... 103'70
.,. 43'15
18"16
ijCf 53'2
=iii
33'29
Co
II
... 46'4
58'34
CfT1tft 31'16
0 67'51
...
47'8
0 ... 108'17 em{ 19"19
...
53'4 ;:rr(Ruf
.,.
52'38
57'1
18'14 ..,:,
73'6 iill
... 114'62
q'CfifO .,. 83 41
fqt\ 10'8
42'11
19"18
0 ... 54 7
fq-n 33'25
..$
52'39
4'19
... 22'35
i1i'lii 53'6
\5fTYfT;') 39'66
38'60
!Ii" ... 65'37
0 ... 116'71
:j[TiftlI) 0 39'(,5
70'9
17'22
'" 1815
42'18 QTif'
99'43
fi.:l: ... 8'46
.. ,
3961 ., ,
30'8
21'32
3im il;:;rtT ... 6'32
'" 6'94 ...
24'41 iJijiO
... 105"86
... 116"72
'iflt
o
... 41"14
37"52
50'23
...
67'50
m{fui ., . 51'33
80'18
19 17 0 ... 19'20
7'40
(if ct.fu 54'12 Wf) mern:. 21'29 fcrf\i ... 27'85
97'34
0 13'25 64"29
7.38
6'33
28'69 q:q: ... 114'61 15'33
51'29
24'50
78"2 ... 119'90
86'19
0 2870 ... 77'38 l{"t ... 38'59
36"47
...
MUSLIM PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
Lilt of Abbreviations
PRo = Padya-racani
PT. = Padyamrta-tarangiQi
PV.=Padya-veQi
RM. = Rasa.maiijari
RT. =Rasa-IaraIigiQi
SA. =SabhyalarpkaraQa
SHV. = Subha,ita-haravali
55. =Siikti-sundara
SSS. =Subhisita-sara.samuccaya
Verses
I
6f(f
I
6f1mr I
ri
6TtI!'q'1lT:
l'ttu
Pages
... IIZ50
61"13
ZI-31
48-14
... 115-65
177
5835
3649
... 693
Verses
ilTm if
,n(f ;rrft!
!I
(Cfiif ftJmr
fSPlTifif 0
o
Pages
46-19
... 102'59
, .,'t 52'35
8'45
3326
27-64
50'24
57'26
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Character: Nagara. Date. Saka 1643. Appearance
very old; worn-ont, llightly worm-eaten throughout.
and written . by different hands. Compoled partly in
prole and partly, in versel- Generally correct. Complete.
Edited by Dr. J. B. Chaudhuri. See p. &l above.
Ain-i-Akbari, by Gladwin.
----by Blochmann.
Alamgir-Namah. See Elliot'l Hiltory of India (al told by
its own Historians).
Aiarn!eiira,tila!ea by Bhanudatta. Tanjore MS. 5314. Sub-
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15 to a page. Script Devanigali_ Complete: FiIJe
Paricchedas.
Anyokti-muktilata by Sambhu Mahikavi. Published in
Part II of the Kivya-mili.. Pp.61-791' Znd ed.
It
1932.
AsaE-vili,a (MS) Ed. here lor the first time from a MS.
of the same belonging to Bhandarkar Oriental Research
. 732 (iii)
Institute. Poona_ No. 1886.92. Size 8 x inchel.
Extent 19aZ3b leaves; 8 lines to a page; 30 letters to a
line.
Bernier by Conltable.
GUa-Gatlr;sa by Bhinudatta: tippa1)a by the lame.. Pub-
lished in the Grantha-ratna-mila, vol. I, pp. 32. 1887
and vol. II, pp! 33-92. 1888.
1%6 MUSLHvi PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
History of India (as told by her own Historians) by Elliot.
Kathi-sarit.sagara by Somadeva (MS.), copied by
See MM. Haraprasada Sastrin's Catalogue of Sansknt
MSS., vol. vii..
Kavindra-vacana-samuccaya. Ed. by Dr. F. W. Thomas.
Bibliotheca Indica. New Series, No. 1309. Calcutta,
Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1912.
Kiivya-dipi1{ii by Bhanudatta.. New Imperial Press ed.,
Lahore, 1885.
Kumiira-bhiirRaviya by Bhanukara. India Office Library
MI. No. 1540, vol. vii.
Lipi-miilik,ii, also called Abdulla-carita, (MS) by Lak,mipati
belonging to Calcutta Sanskrit College Library. See
Abdulla-carita above.
Memoirs of Babar by Erskine.
Miniature Painting and Painters of India, Persia and Turkey
by Martin.
Muntakhabul-Tawarikh by Lowe.
Padyamrta-tarangil)i by Haribhaskara: Sopana by jaya-
rama. There are six MSS. of this work in the
Oriental Research Institute, Poona. For detaIls, see my
ed. of the Padyamrta-tarangiI)i. Ed. by Dr. j. B. Chau-
dhuri. Calcutta, 1941.
Padya-racana by'Lak,maI).a BhaUa .A nkolakara. Kavyamala,
89. Bombay. Nirnayasagar Press, 1908.
For an alphabetical Index 0/ the verses 0/ Bhiinuk,ara quoted
in the Padya-racanii, See pp. 121-124.
Padya-veni by Venidatta (MS.). Foil. 1-76. 27 x 12 Cm.
See Reports o( Search for Sanskrit MSS. in the years.
1884-1887, No. 375. Ed. by Dr. J. B. Chaudhuri. Cal-
cutta, 1944.
Rasa-manjari by Bhanudatta: Surabhi by Badarinatha
Sarman. Hari1(rft;la-Nibandha-mat;timiilii, No'!. 4. Bena-
res, [19301.
Ra8a-kalpa-druma by Caturbhuja (MS). This belongs
to the Library of His Highness the Maharaja of Ulwar,
No. 1065.
Rasa-tarangir:ai by Bhanudatta: Nauk,ii by Gangarama.
Bena'res, I885'!.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Rasa-:..Garjgiidhara by Jagannjtha Par:t.c.:litaraja: by
Nagesa BhaUa. 5th ed. Bombay, NUI)aya-liagara Press.
8931. See also Benares ed.
Rasik,a-jivana by Gadadhara (MS.). Calcutta Sanskrit
College Kavya Ms. No. 140. Substance: Paper. Hand-
writing rather old. Condition: fairly good. Edited by
Dr. J, B. Chaudhuri. CalcuUa, 1944.
(Ms,). MS. No. 10566-15-C. 7.
Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal. Substance: paper.
Only the Piirviirddha is available.
by Hari Kavi. MS. No. 92 of 1883-84.
Bhandarkar's Heports. Pagination very careless and
not continuous. Several parts wiitten more than once;
wholly rearranged in my edition. (In the Press).
Sabhyiila7pkaraT)a by Govinda;it See Bhandarkar's Reports,
1884-1887, No. 417 and 1887-90, pp. Foil.
37. x 12cm. 11,12-19. Hand-writing bad. Ed. by
Dr. j. B. Chaudhuri. Calcutta, 1947.
Siirngadhara-paddhati by Sarngadhara. Ed. by Peter Peter-
son. Bombay Sanskrit Series. Bombay, 1888.
by Vallabhadeva. Ed. by Peter Peterson,
Bombay, 1886.
Siik,tisundara by Sundara Acarya(MS.). Bhau Daji's
Collection deposited at the Bombay Btanch of the Royal
Asiatic Society. MS. No. 1237. Ed. by Dr. J. B. Chau-
dhuri. Calcutta, 1943.
Siira-sa7pgraha by Sambhudasa 'Pal)c;lita (MS.) Kiiv}'a MS.
of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Srngiira-dipik,ii by Bhanudatta. See Oudh Cat. 12
Tiilikh-i-Badiiur,li. See E:lliof"s History of India (a8 told by
her own Historians).
Vrtta-ratnakara: o!ikii by Haribhaskara (MS). See Bhandar-
kar's Reports, 1877-91, p. Ixii and p. 60.
N. B. Full Biblio,raphicallnformations about some Printed
wor1(s and MSS. have been ,ioen in loco, and, there-
fore, nof been repealed here in the BibliografJhy.
GENERAL INDEX
caMERAL INDEX
Abdul Qadir, translator of
Ramiiyal,la and Atharva-
veda" 87
Abdullah, Minister of Muham-
mad Shah, 82
Akbar, Moslem ruler, 2; Naqib
Khan translates Maha.bha-
rata at the instance of,
86; patron of Govimla
Bbatta otherwise known as
'33ft.;
praise by GpY;illda Bh.a\\a,
30; text and translation
of Sanskrit verses in praise
of, 95ft
Akbariya-Kilidisa j
tion of verses of, 3if. ;
patrons of, 34ff.; real
name of, 33; relig,ioll of,
38 . Sanskrit poet, date
of,' 33 j verse on Anyokti,
44f. j ,'erses on gods and
godde6&es by, 38f..; '"er-
on nature by, 42ff.;
works of, 37ft.
Alamgir, death of 81
Ahupkiira.tilaka work of,
Bhiinudatta, 3
Amrtadatta court-poet of
. 72ft.; Sans-
krit poet 2
Amrtn-lahnri, work of .Jngnn-
natha, 56 ,
Anyoldi-ll1uktn]atn, work of
Sambhu l\IahiikuYi, 58
Aparl.tu goddess, 40
ApllaY3 l'Olltelllporary
of Jagannathn. PaJ;l(lita-
raja, 49, 54. 00; rival of
J agannatha Pn1,1t,i ita-
rajn, 68
.l\lSnf-Khiin, counsellor of Shiih
Jilhan and brother of Niir
tTahan, 48, 56
work of Jagaulliitha
Pal}(Jitariija, 10, 48; 00
nabal', Hindu Astronomy and,
86
Oughcln. Riimacnll(lra, ruler of
Uewa and contemporary of
Akbar, 33
llengnl, Sanl!\kritiq learning en
couragcd by Mus-lim rulers
of, 85
Dhallu. kiug, father of Bhaga-
\'8ntadisa and g1'l\udfatbcr
of lfiidhavasiJ}lha and
)liin8shllba of Kaccbapa.
dynasty, 8f.
llhumini-viHisa, work of Jugall-
llatha, 50, 55, 57ft.
UbiilludaUa, author of Gitn.-
Gaurisa and its t.ippal)a,
3 ; , gel\ealogical table of,
5fn.;, identical with Bba-
nukara, 3ft.; identity of
Bhiinukal'a and, 3ft.; 80n
of 5
Bhiinukara, of
yerses collected fro,m un-
works ns<'.ribeu
to, Uff. j date of, GfL, 10;
eulogy to Nizam, 11ft.
identical with Bhanudatta,
3H.; patrons of, 10f.;
poetio excellence of verses
composed by, 20ft.; Sans-
krit poet, 2, 14ff.,
verse on Buddha by, 2Of.;
verses dealing with simi-
lies by, 19, 32, verses on
de,-otion by, 19, 3Of.; vel'
ses on gods and incarna-
tions of Vili!l}.u by, 14;
verses on Iqings by, 14f.;
,-erses on love by, 18, 28 i
verses on Mal}.ikarl}.ika by,
31; verses on nature by,
19, 28, 31. ; verse on
Nizam Shah by, 21"; \"er-
on seasons by, 19, 30;
verses on sentimentl;l by,
]5, 23; verses on
by, 15, 17, 23ft, 27; Vira-
bhanu's march for con-
quest described by, 22
BhnUoji contemporary
of Jagannatha Pal).Qita-
raja, 71 ; grammarian,
table showing Jagan-
natha's relationship with,
52f
Bhliva-sataka, work of Rudra
Nyayapancanana, 58
nhiivnsilpha, patron of Soma-
9; son of Mana-
sirp.ba. 59
Durhan Khan, PUl}.Qarika Vi-
tthala at the court of, 76
Caturbhuja, t\Uthor of Rasakal-
pad1"11 mn.. 7Rf. , go: Banill-
17
krit poet patronised by
Shayasta Khan, 00
Chuti Khan, son of Para.gal
I{han. 86; translation of
As'"anmedha Parvan of
Mahibharata encouraged
by, 86
Oitra-mimaIJlsa, work of Appaya
49. 60
Oi tra-n1\imaIJlsa-khaJ;lQana, causes
attributed to ita incom,-
pleteuess, 68 j Jagan-
natha's criticism of Oitra,.
mllllarp.sa, 49 55. 60;
priority in composition of
Hasa.-gangadhara and1
67f
Dnlapati, queen of 35
Darii. Shikoh, author of Sirrul-
Akbar and disciple of
Mullah Shah, 89 j Samu-
dra Sangama romposed by1
89 j murder of, 49; SaIl&-
kritiQ studies of, 90; son
of Shah Jahan and patron
of J agannatha, 59 j Yago-
translated by89
Durga., goddess, 38
Gadadhara BhaHa, author of
Rasika-jh"ana, 2
praise by Aklbariya
Kalidasa,
Gangi'l, goddess, 39
Gailgadhara, teacher of
BhaHa, 54
Ganga.-Iahari, same as Gangli.-
mrta-Iahari, work of
.Tagannatha P., 50, 6lf.
1]0 MUSLIM PAT;RONAGE TO SANSIQUTIC LEARNING
GENERAL INDEX
GaJigimrta-lahnri, same as
Oangi-Iahari.
Oita-Oauriga, work of Bhinu-
datta, 8, 30.
Govinda BhaUa, real name of
Akbariya-Kilidisa, 33
Goviud.ajit, author of Sabhya-
lalpkar&l)a, 2
Haji Ibrahim Sarhindi, transla-
tor of 87
Haribhiskara, author of Padya-
mrta-tarangini, 2, Mf.
debate between
Jagannitha P. and 53fn.
Hari author of
hiral"&1i, 2
Harinariyal.1a Misra, date of,
76 j Sanskrit poet, 2
Hindu Civilization, Muslim pat-
ronage to development of,
1
Hindu Culture, Muslim patro-
nage to development of, 1
Hosain Ali Khan, brother of
Abdullah ,82
Husain Shah. Bhigavata Pu
ril)a into Ben-
gali at the ins!tance of, 80
J work of J agan-
nitha, 49, 62..
Jagannitha ap-
pointment as court-poet
at Delhi, 476. ; RaBa-
manjari of Bhinudatta
quoted by, 10 j court-poet
of Shah J ahan, personal
of, 466 j date of,
511f. j death of, 50; debate
on Islam won by, 47 j hon-
oured with title of Pal.1-
<Jit&rija by Shah J ahan,
48 ; insulted by Appaya
49; patronised as
court-poet of Delhi, 47. j
51if. ; patronised by Shah
J allan, 10 j period of lite-
rary acthities of 55, Sans-
krit poet. 2 j son of, 48;
time of, 69ff.; works of
55ff.
J ngatsirpha, son of Karl)RSilpha'
ruler of Udaipur, 63
.Jahangir, full name of, 48 fn.,
51 j and translation
of Sanskrit verse in praise
of, 100
Jfiallendra t{>acher of
PerubhaHa, 46
JvaHimukhi, goddess, 39
Kilidisa (Akbariya), Sanskrit
poet, 2
Kalilah-Damnah, Jfnuliina Bu-
siani Wniz's translation
of P8olicat.antra, 88
Karul)a-Iahari, work of Jagan-
nitha, 63f.
Katha-sarit-sagara, work of
Somadeva, 9n.
Kavindra Paramelh ara, tran-
slator of Rtri Parvan of
Mnhabharata, 8.5
work of Bhinu-
datta, 3
of, 55 j of Amrta-
datta quoted in 73fn.
Kit ,ya-prak;aaa-tiki, 10
KhaJ:lQadeva, ieac6er of Peru-
bhat1ia, 46
Khandesh, Pharuki faroil,. of,
76
Khirad-Afza Namah, Abdul
Qadir's tran91ation of
DvatriJTlM.t-Puttalika-Sitp-
hasana, B8
K as depicted by Akbariya-
Kalidasa, 4If.
Kr':it:tlt Riiya), rll-
ler of Vijayanagara, 6
Ril.ya, king of
Vijayanagara, patron of
Rhiinl1kara., 10
Kula-prnb:lndha. date of. 53
Kumara-bhiirga\'iya, work of
Bha.nndatta, 3
JJakhyii. poetesR, 79f.
JJalqmHI.t:ta DhaHa Ailkolakara,
author of Padya-racana, 6
IJak,:,mi. mother of Jagannatha
Pnt:t<litaraja, 46: nature of,
7,t.
work of .Taganna-
tllR .54fn., 65
TJnkr:;mipati, RR historian, R4;
knowledge of Arabic &
'Perf;ian of,
8M.; lineage and work of,
80ff.; Sanskrit poet, 2
La"arlgi, Muslim girl married
Jaga.nnatha Pal].c;lita.
raja, 47f., 68
LipimiiJika, pomposed by LakF}-
mipati, 80fI.; references
to :.\fuslim in, 82ff.
){a.dhavasi111ha, patron of
ViHhala, 9; 76
Madhuravalli, 79f.
Jfahamma-d Shab, Abdullah"s
campaign against, 82;
13
1
son of Aurangzeb, date of
accession of, 81
Mahendra, teacher of Peru-
bhatta, 46
Majma-ul-Ba1,lrain, i.e. Samu-
dra-Sailgama, work of
Diira Shikoh, 89
Basu, translator of
Bhiigavata-puril)a into
Bengali, 85
:Manoramii-kuca-mardana, Jags-
nnatha's criticism of Dha.
ttoji Diklllita's oommen-
tary on Siddhanta Kau-
mudi, 65f., 71
Maulana Imimuddin, transla-
tor of Rijatarailgil].i, 88
Maulanfi Shih Muhammad
Shihabidi, translator of
Sanskrit history of Kash-
mir into 88
Jfuddafar Shah, Moslem ruler,
j text and translat.ion of
Sanskrit "erses in pra.iae
of, lOOt
Mukalamah-i-Baba-Lal Das,
work of Dara. Shikoh, 89f.
Mukammal Khan Gujrati, tran.
slator of Tajik in Per-
sian, 88
Muslim Rule, propagation of
Sanskrit learning during,
'856.
Muslim Rulers, text and tran-
slation of some laudatory
verses on, 956.
NageS8 Bhatta, Sanskrit poet,
53f.; 57
Naqib Khan, translator of
Mahabharata, 86f.
1
13
2
MUSLIM PAllt0NAGE TO SANSKRlTIC LEARNING
GENERAL INDEX
133
Niriya"a, student of Jaganni-
tha Pa"Q.itarija, 53
Nasir Shah, ruler of Bengal,
Bengali translation of
Mah8.bhirata at the in-
stance of, 85
Mustafa, translatot
of HarivaI!llla, 88
Navya-nyiya, existence of, 91
Nav,ra-smrti , existence of, 91
Nizam Khan, otherwise known
as Sikandar Lodi, 7
Nizam Shah, eulogy by Bhinu-
kara, llff. j identical with
Burhan Niz&m Shah 1, 7;
Moslem ruler, 2 j reign-
period of dynasty of, 7 ;
text and translation of
Sanskrit ,erses in praise
of, l011f.
Pa.dJriimrta-tara.ngi"i, date of,
54f., 59 j work of Hari-
bhaskua, 2
work of Laklilma-
"a Bhatta A.ukolakara, 6
Padya-ve"i, work of Ve1).i-datta,
2
Pa'1J.Q.itarijHataka, same as
Bhfimini-viJasa.
Para.gal Khan, general of Hu-
sa.in Shah, 85
Parva.ti, goddess, J9f.
(or Perambhatta)
father of Jagannitha
Pa1'}(1itarija, 46
same &8 G&!iga.-
lahan
Prii"abharaJ;la, work of J agan-
nat.ha, 66f.
Pra"aniraya"a, king of l{i-
mariipa, 66f.
Prastiviks-Yilasa, work on
Anyoktis, 59
ni, Sanskrit grammar of
Jaganl)itha P., 55, 651.
PUl).Q.arika Vitthala,. authot of
R.aga-maiijari and Riga-
mala, 9, 76; Sanskrit
poet, 2, 76
Rajjab, ix
Hiimacandra, praise by Akbari-
ya-Kalidisa, 34f.; SOIl of
Virahhanu, 9
R.aga-mili. musical work of
PUl).(1arika Vitthala, 76
workt
of Akbariya-Kalidasa, 33
Ramil.nanda, xii
Rasa-GaJigadhara, causes attri-
buted to its incomplete-
ness, 68 j rhetorim) work
of agannii.tha Pal).(Jita.-
raja., 10, 48, 671.
Rnsn.-Garigadhara.-tiJdi date of,
541., 60
Rasa-kalpa-druma ,poets and
quoted in" '19;
work of Oaturbhuja, 78ff.,
90
Rasarmafijari, work of Dha.nu-
)mra, 3, 10
Ra.sa-tarangi1).i. work of Bhinu_
datta, 3
Rasika-jIvana, work of Gada-
dha.ra BhaUa, 2
Ravidii.sa., vii
Riya Mukunda, ruler of Kash-
mir and patron of JagaD-
natha, 48.
Razm-Nimah, Faizios versified
translation of Mahabhi-
rata, 87
Uudra Nyayapaiicinana., author
of Bhiva-Sataka, 58.
U.upa1).i, patronised by Dha.Ya-
sitpha, 9fn.
SabhyilaI!lkara1).a, kork of
ndajit, 2
Sad-ukti-karI:lamrta. ('omposed
by Sridharadisa. verse of
Amrtadatta Quoted in, 72
Sahel!, Dawri. viii
., Riru, viii
,0 Rulla, viii
, Yiiri. vi ii
Rniynd Ali aJ Hlljwiri. vii
F::ti.vltd )fndu.ia. xi
Mnhi'ituwi. :lnth,)r of
Aynokti-mllkHi-1nUi.. t'Sg
ix
S:lmudra-F:mignma. of
n;i Til
nature of. 74'.
pira. viii
S('kl, 'Rhilthnn. xiv
S('kh ,Jalan. xiv
TJii1a xiv
ix
teacher of nhAHoji
71
tea.('her of Peru-
bhaHa. and hi!': son
nflt.hn. P .. 46
F:llnh. Husain x
.Tahan, dnt.e of
of, 10; Jagannitba's TO
verence for, 48; Moslem
ruler 2; text and trall8la-
ilion of Sanskrit ,"fOrses in
praise of, 110
Shahabuddin, date of, 72; Mos-
l('\m ruler, 2
Shaikh Fai?'i, trnn!"lation of
Atharvaveda undertaken
nnd left to Ibrahim
hindi by. 87;
of Lilarnti in 88
Rhayn.sfn. Khan. gen('nlogy of.
78; patron of poet CatllT-
hhuin. 78: Ranskrit know-
l('<lge of. 90
Sher Shah. Mo!':lC'm rll)('r. 2;
patron of Rhanulmrn.. 10:
t.ext and tram::lation of
veTSeR in
of. 111
in.. Jr,od. as depreted by Ak-
bariya-KiHidiisa. 31ff.;
tfil1c:'iaya dnllC'(\ of. 40
Aridllaradiisa. :tuthor of Sad-
ukli-kart:tamrta nnd
COllrtpoet of
nn. 72
riknrfl Nandin. of
Pnryan of the
86
pi gara-dipildi. , 'Work of llhfinll.
datt.a. 3
"'ork of
Hnri Kavi. 2, .')4
verses of Arprta-
daft.a t!uotRl'l in. 72.
Sudha-1nhari. work of Jagan-
natha. 68f.
134 MUSLIM PATRONAGE TO SANSKRITIC LEARNING
8 h
-g l\Iusa, viii
u a ,
S
-1 t' uktiinJi, work of JaI-
u,l-m
hnna. ,rerses of Amrta-
do.tt8- quoted in, 73
SukU.Sunda
ra
, author of, 36
Sukumaradevi, wife of Vira
bhiinl1, 9
Tai, viii j"
Tanasenu, court-musician of
Akbar, 34
Tbil'upanl, ix
Tirn Vayrn
o1i
, ix
Tukaram. ix
Ya.islla,'adiisa, xi
Misra. ('.ontempo-
. rary of Jl:1gaullitha PaJ.1-
ditarlja, 77
VeJ.tidatta, author of Padya-
'eQi, 2, 4
Vidyii , poetess, 79f.
VirRbhanu, father of Rama-
candra 34 . identity of,
8f. ; of Bhinu-
kara, 10; same as Va-
ghela Virabhii.nu of Re-
wah. P
Vire!f\'Rra, teacher of .lagan-
natha 71 .
V as Karnni-
laharL .
date of,
1)<1
Women Bhallukara's descrip-
tion of, 1618 j tYPes of, 25
Yamuuii-varl)ana, proS(.. work
of Jagannitha PaJ;l<lita
raja, 69ft