I Craft: PROJECTS I

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,Syuzii Pakhchyaltn

DIY

A I_TR.O TO

SM~~RT ellA ~rl'JN'G

Crafts/Tech 11'01 ogy

Withl "smart" materials, unorthodox assembly technique'S, and the right tools. you can create accessorles. home accents. and toys that light UPI make sounds, or do even more', ,Fashiofl'jng Techn'oiogy is an introductory DIY book that brings technology and crafts together in a fun and unique way" You get [argon-tree primers and lots of how-to projects that will have you making _ and Hv'en wearing _. 'functional works of' art

R~ADY TO TAK.E VOU.R CRAIFT PROJECTS TO THE NEXT lEVE:l?

lin ,Fashlo,n'j:ng Tec,h'nol'ogy" YOUi"1111 lind:

» An Invaiuab Ie referenoE! section that. orE!C'lks down the mat~ena~5, com pone nts" and tools wlit h olea r, concise expla nations and photos

» A wi cte F@ n~e Qif projects" i nrc I ud iog elect ro nlc accessories. unler,activ€ plu 511 toys, a neil color- ch an~i ng b~inds, a III us ilng diiver5H craft ing technriq UE!'.s

» lecl'rlni q ues lor seasoned cratters ifl!t:erested in mcorporatmg simple electreotcs into the-if 'OWI1 projects

}!:- Meth ods 'fOT l11aIK'@rr:s plfofi ci ~nt in electw,o nics w:ho ,alfe look~ng' 10 r U nC'()l1IveF1ith)naJi ways to create n(lve~ prolscts

Eall::n p reject sncou rages ~Oll,,!l te person ~lli ~e' and custom lze ,using you r own d@'~.ign~, materials. and craft sll·.;.I i~$_ F~.shi.on~ng r~c::hnofQgy tra n;;I'at@s tn;ldiho nal electronics i nte fun, 'fa s hiona bl@ int~r.act~ projects for th€' g.€'~~" fashlenlsta, and craft aflclonadc 31 i k~. Now Y0l:l really cain b€' the flashiest dresser un town.

FASHIONING

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FASH IONIi NO ilE:CHNOLOGY by S~uzi P.aklil!~inyari

CtJpyrigl1't © 2008 Syuzi P~ktJetl~t:ifL AI i li'ights re£erved. ~r'iIl"l~11 il~ .itaLy_

Pl.Jil:t,iis~ed ltJy Ma ~~:.8ot)ks.. an ir'flpr"il~t of Meaker iViM~~L a othlJislfl~ o~ O'R-eilly- Med..a.1 nc.. 100S Gra ... enstein Hf8hway Nortll. Seb~tapDl, eA 95472,

0' RQFlly books m~_Ii' [.1) purchased rer eduestlonsl, buslnoss, . .or 'lalQS promotional !JT~.

Kir more infoQrl'if18,thorl. contact our CQrpol)rate!i!'i!S"titv~iOni:!! sales d'€p:s!rt!""ne!l!t SCiO-998-99138 [N' clJ1rpor.a~@ar"ei lIy..ocm_

Print His.to:ry: July 2:008: fir:sl E'l:IltjQ\f1

Fii!sililloflin8" CJ1:ec!J\flO~OiBY "Tftlml ~!:Iitor. GiJ!i Moh~!TH1,!i5!di [iie~ia:ne;r.: Katie Wi lson

Og.py iEdit'il!!r: ~o!"\"l:;y QVot~ry ~ni;le'):eF:: P[;Itti Schiefi1delmafl Pli!~~i:!i IEdij~or; S,prTi! M !..Irph}' O~!l"' and Fi!!lils;heQ pr~dl!l~t: i?fI®tO.graplil,Y,: R)jbyl11T~-"t!f'I~~

Ma;!i;er M!e~ii! Boo!;;_ [!i~vi;siQn P!.!Ib'!i:;lhe:r:, Dale OO'!..!gherity A!il!iQCi!il~ Plllb!li!5ln!E!ll': Dan '!M;iQd5 E.~~uti~ E(nt~r~ i3ri.;.n. JePSQI'I! C~~ilie !Oiire~r:: D(!Ini~1 C[:Irrer p\r(jd~~i!l;ili! Mii!!li;l~r:: Ten)" Bro-nSQn

'ti:!chin:ic.aIIRev;iewer.s::

Matthew DaitD'n Ku!:o MagrI Bi:!cky Slt!E!rn

Too O"R'Gii i.:r' IfigO I~ ~ ra~i~~r'eu lrati'£!rl'laik ,OIP 0' R!f!llly M.eUI.:i, ~rllt;. CRAFT r..da~iiSr"atlun, fas.!'ti-lmlng TecJln!JJO€y, and roelat.oo trade dr-ess are trademarks of' O'f!'eill~ MedKa. lne, The tr.;lQem[;lrk:;; Q~: third j;)[:Irti~, l,I:;;edl im ~h_i~ 'll.Qrk .pre ~he p-rQ[I$rt~ 01: the.ir re!;>pe~ti\,f~' Qw,ne~

IMPORTANT MESSA'l3 E. TO OUR R EAOERS: I'bu F sar~t.)' If; ~our (IW«llF(i:'Spoi1~lblllty_ Including proper use (if eqlJipFl1efl~ and saf-ety gear, and deterlllir)fl1~ \!',!"3"]ethe.J" you have adequate

~kiml anti expE!r"ieooe. E:..1E;!o;{fi~ity and a~M~1" reSOUrces ussd f{lf these' pr'Q.iei::~.$ ,ar,e oIIangefliU$ U'fl~QSf. IlIS'Qd pf(lfIl.Hlj ana with adequato preeaurlons, IfidudLng saif.ely gear, SomQ III uSH~~liJQ photos do not depict sarelty precautions (iC" eqll ipf1'llent, II! order to show the project :5te.pt5 mlJ'lE' clearly, These pmr,-ecis a re na~ in~E!mEoi for U!:iE! b~ ch ildran,

Use O~: the mstrucuons and 51.I~gesboos In f8si'lilJf!ing Te.::;-ilno.la-gy 15 at you r own risk 0' RE!illy Medii;!, loc. and tha ~LJtl1or disclaim all rE!sponsibility 'F[ljr .any rE!sl,.!IltiflR ,diami;lgE!, injl!.J(:.o. Or' cr)olilI?FI!;I? i~ is your rssponsl tlllLtjo' to m~M SLJr"G that y.uur a.-cll'litle--s ,eoJ'npiiy with a,pplic8 bole. lam, iJlCru![ji ng CtJP},riii!lit.

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(-----------------------------------------------------.

By Syuzl Pakhchyan

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TABLE OF

CO· NT'ENTS"

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New Co I1d ucn ve an d .s ma rt Mate ri a Is I nd ustrla I M ate ri a I 5

EI sctro nic Compo nents Yo u r 1001 box

Working with LEOs.

Bu Ildlng a Simpl e Ci rc urt

Choosi ns ttl e 8 est Power S upp Iy The A rt of So I(]~ri r-.~

The Basi cs of Screen Pri nt i ng Sewi ng Soft Ci r,c utts

Tirou b Ie s.h 00 tijng eire uits

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LED Bracelet

Rock S ta r Headphones S pace I nva de rs Tote Aerial U1e Bird le B roocn

Photochrormc Blinds. Luminescent TeJ Table LED Chandelier

Rock '11' Roll Spea ke rs

E-Puppets

Glam tne Gio Bug Solar Crawler Smart Mobile

207' H ESO 1 ~C ,ES

$H'I BlDG R,'\.Ph]'

~~H:3 CON'fHH] LJTORS

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WELCOME

H ~:~~~c:I:;r:~~~:~r~:~~::~~~~~:: set

of technologies to shape and manipulate materials. Met2ilsmithi~g tools are used to delicate.ly wrap th~n strands o'r gold arounc semiprecious stones. and sheets of si~k

are t ra nsforrn e d with a s ewi ng mach i ne to provocatively curve' around the human body.

lod ay 's d lgita I tee 11 no I og i es a II ow LlIS to p r'i nt our' ow n text i I as Wit h an i n klet prl nt.€ r, kn it ann warmers with a knttting machine, and share, discover, and connect through tile objects ot our own making with online social communities. The old is ~ntegrated with the blew, resulting in innovative objects blended with rich narratives of the past and the moment. Just as today's craft movement: us fueled by current dlgltal

tee h nol og i as and t re n ds. the c ran o'f terror row wfll be equally 3S infl uenced and integrated

wi t h ernergi ng ., S ma rt ,., tee h nol ogl es of tile

fu tu re. Fashioning Techn olqgy ks a wi nd ow into th e 'f uture of cratt today',

Fashioning' 'Kec/1noIQgJI I san intra duct i on to

s rna rt c ran i n s. weav i os togett her' tr aid i tiona] and unorthodox craning techniques with new, Intelligent materials. to create objects and spaces that are lnteractlvs and responsive,

dynamic and playful. Technology, in the form of d igita I electro nics, i 5 treated just I ike any ather material': it ~s employed to fulfill both a tee h n i Cal I and 21 esthetic pu rp ose. com b~ n i ng the fu net i enall with '~he symbo lie .2) no oecora tive,

Wi h the availability of new conductive. inks. yarns! and text i I as" SI m p Ie c i F'C u its. ce n riOV:J

be si I k-screened, hand -sewn, 0 r em bro i derec , and fas h lone a into a bjects of be-a uty tha t no longer have to be concealed .. The dexterous us,s af smart mate ria I sea n tra n sfo r man o I d piece ot uninspired cardboard into luminescent furniture or a banal strip of mdustrial felt into haute-tech ,Iewelry.

Fashioni'ng' 'Iechn o/ogy is w r.tte n for a I i crafters and makers in the diverse and rich craft landscape who are interested i'n learni'ng how to use new conductive and smart materials along with electronics to enhance and animate their crafts- My no ce .i s to se fa felted c i rcu its. qui Its emb ro i dered wit h ph oto clh ro m i c th read s,

p os ters scree n - pr i nted wi th cond LJ ctive inks. and m LI C h rna re that I have 110t yet €v@n begu n to i mag'i n e .. C r.an may be, dee pi y roote din a rich past, but it is also ,a means of innovation fo r (he fut u reo

-.,syuzi

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MAT'ERIA

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1'1 ;an InltroGrLloQtJolli 'to, '!tOfilti'b1 clt1ve ,alfttil St1i\~ rl: InMterihals. Inti ucstrial !1fU:IJt~i~I::ii. elei!lTlFO'n['e oe@!1l!pc'!'!ie!1!'t5i" and the ~s yqu need to Ibegil!'!l [crafting 'w:itilii tJhes'E!' mateiriajs."

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New co In ductiw and :sm allit mat@rial,s; p resent excltl ng creative posslbl I ltles for malldng objects that ~re an lmated, dyna rnic, an d respo nsive . Smart materials react '~O their envkonrnents ,_ changing shape, shimng color. €lil'liUing light, and even produ cl ng sounds. IN ew conduct lve mate ria Is. such a'S inks" threads, a no texti Ie'S"

a IlaMl you to easU,y 'ljreave 's,i mpl e eleC'~rolilli 1:5 into 'fa brlcs, By' il'llcmporalling electronic components and '5 impl,e cutcurils into 'yQUlr oCrBlnS, you ca n give you r PFOJ 8CtS, a centra I n ervous 's,~tem ca pahle (if "'se'nsing:," Ii expressing'," a nd even .. t.hlnking:~ E¥en the moot bas ie. C~r'CLi it tirol d s lyrical ,and emotive potent 1,a,I,

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Raw. ind 1JIl5~rial mtateria~15 from ca rdboa rei to industria I f,el t of'Fe r y€t altrlother p.aleUe to expan d yOU i craftiii'i_g repertoi reo A stro m dowill th,e aisl,es of ,a hardwaroe store C;3 n be as. in 5.pi rat iotJ'lai as nummagirTlg th FO Ughl ;fIJ TIe:(t~1 e sera Pi bin. In orde r to exp~ore ~h~s. new' way of clfafting, the IradiUonal crafting workbench is redefined

with the ac1d.itio n o'f a few new '~ocd's. Y~ur wire' cutters wi II become jUJS,t ClJS important as ,Yo U!F 'threacl sillippers, as, you shi'ftt your v~n~aBe sewi ng rnacbi ne to make' room lor a new solderi ng station,

IIlCOrpQI',at'ing electronics into your p rojects ~flId crarti 118 wit 11 smart mater: rl~S is just like' lea m~nrg ~I"!y oth er craft: til rough e-:.:p>erimentation a no fill [$iking, you ea si Iy become 'tamilt~r with eacn m;;.terriali"s and! each component's ull'iqu@ p@rW(1l~I'ity: its tectlnf call and physica 1 ella racterlsties as, w~m asits vi ~ua~ an d tactila ql!Ja~iW~s.

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NE'V CONDUCT],"E

A,ND

SMART MATERIALS

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Embroidered elreu ~~Si pattem~s hlif1:i Ii!Ig t:eri~ les~ and h"'JII d-se u 1 pt.e-d p'I'asth: toys a I"'!! lust a f:l!w ex~mp~ as of the. Cl"E!ative pO!ii!'ilblnti I!!!S off'ered by t1lil e sed Il![cUVE! world ,of II'IIII!!W eond IiIId we .I!I li'!I'd gm ;)1'1. mailerials.

Th@ ~:xtF8ordill1all"y, almost magical. characteristlcs of these materia lslend themsefves to' fashioning objects and wearables that are artfu I, qu i rky" humorous. alnd poetlc, These high-tee h mate nals are a t3!9Ci nartiFli,g' yet relatively u ne~'P bred medium for expedmenta,l clfaft~ng.

WH A. T EXACT LV MAKES TH ES E MATER I ALS

sa "SMART"? » Srnert or "mri~ejligerrtl! rnetenals are r"espot1l5ive and dynamic. }} They halve 'the alii! ity '00 eha ng_:e color. 5 hape, and SL!'€! in respon 5.'E! 'tt'l) thel r eillvi ron me nts ('~ou~.h, su n light and pressure, rIOt ,example), )1 Some even have 'the capa~ility to rern em ber Oind retljjrn t6 '~h,eiir oriiginal state. »), From thlreQcls and textiles that shift color to piezoelectric materia' s thalt can generate sound with the a pp I_c@ti,on of a small eu rrent, these m¢]i~eri als Qff.er a r(]nge O'~ DOSS ibililies 'for cratti n~ ob,lec:tts. with an autonom ous, secret Ilife of ta1eilF own.

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J) le$s dyfili¥:lmi c but: e,q u(JJlly as rel'ev,iiwll af'e new

cone uctive material So such as i nlks.lhread s, te-xti les, ;tI1r!d e\~e!1l epoxles, whf en now present an Uill orthod o:w:' f,~shi(lr! to a~semlb'liog @'ledrOl1!ic c~rc!Jj~ry, eire utts carl now be colerfu I and d ~cor(3rti\i\el, e-mbr(J~d~r'@d, inked,

or kn[t Th@y C'~n. be e~:~posed. rather t han hi d den, a s a 'fa~hiQi! statern~m orr d~~ign aest hetic. With the s~w~ng machine as a viabl @ su bstitute fur the :so~dl@ri ng iron, this abi I ity to fashion t@Ghnology €jllla b les us to craft a n€:w gsnerat ion of objects that a r€: i nteract ive. unusual, and Iash ion-conscious.

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Fo Ikl1ll,ring are conci se descr lptlons, a pop lica:~i o ns . and ~11.ust!l'at ive examp~es fer a nurn ber of new' cond uctive

and smart rnaterlals tn g'ive you a ,i!Jm p sta rt 01'1 cra~ting srn art

"",

Oil'

.Materials Index

GCl!ili1p~iUon

» Two-part e~eGtrica Ily conductive adhesi\l~ with copper or :sllv~r

'fi laments,

P,m;,e'rliu98

»A n adhesive that a i io't~ you

"to; rna ~ @I ectrical ccrmections between com POIll€ nts and rnaterlals wh€'r€ the heat of a solde rirl@:: iron coul d be cia magin,g.

.Ap;pli·,eotilD liils

» f'-adi t~Qrially used to. rep a ir "traces on c lreu it: boards,

»Calli also be used '~Q ad here eompOiflents 0 nto h::'.td illes. paper. and oti1ej' nontrad Itiolilal materlals to build ci rCiJi ~ry ..

Conductive Fabric and Iexti les

IComp-osiU~1!I!

»·Textiles pl'ated or woven with me-tam e ·~Ieme nts such as sUver, n ic k@i·, tin. OOPIPe-F'. end/or a~urnioum,

P~op'@rti'es

~. Ligtlh"@ight. ch .. ma ble, fl @xiJbI~ fah rics 'that: have Uil~' ca pabi I ity to, conduct €:I@ctricity with low reslStuvify.

eCan Ibe cain sewn I ike' tradit ion 81 '~edlle:s_

):)0 SoH:. ~'II.a5habl.e (some). and we8lrable.

AppiliGMiolfi:S

~ Can be. used to crearte tliexi ole and saU ci rcuit boards, press ureand IP05i ti'o n- sen sing syste rns, aJnd co ntrols ~or elec~mn iC5. that can co ntorm 'to 3D shape'S.

Conductive Hook and Loop

Coml~ositiiQ.n

» Nylon 11Qok and loop fastener coated wj~h rneta Ilie @le!n!l1! nts (tYlPi C~ Ily si I~f).

I~lmperl!ies

» F'u nctions [i k@; an ordliJilr;!IFY hook and loop 'b;,1t~IlI@r ('!J@icro). b[d has t he :;I b,i.lity to 000 nduct €·Ii@ctri city with low resistivity,

}} Cain be can 5>8Wn li:ke trad i·tti 0 na I texti les.

AlPpliDcati'Dr1S,

}} Miaikes. e::(ce~le nt swltches and connect ion points for electronics sewn ooto '~ei{til as,

Conductive Thread and 'ram

Cl!).:ml~ositiiQn

»le".i:ti Ie yarn containi ng meta I~ic e lemel1ts (typica I'ly sta ill"i!less sb~e I or silVer) .. wulh nyjlon or pol'ye$t~ r as the: usu al base 'filber,

~,f@ip~.rt'i@s

}) Simi lar to wires 011" 00 nduct:i\l€!

t races .. creates a path fo r current to "flow from one point to another .. }} Unl i ke wires. is fle:~Jb~€ and can be sewn ... woven. or em broidered onto textl les, a Ik:w.;'l,il1lg for the creation ,of soft ,dftufts.*·

AlPpll~cati'on5

» O'fh~l's an a.I'bernative meU'Io d

to ,electrically. conn ect electro n~c com pone nts on a san and: 'flexibl e tlfrxti le med ilim ..

» Enabl es tra d ltlona I te~tillemanu f:a cturi ng t,ecilni q ues, like sewi ng. wea-vi n~. ~mati ng. ancJ

e mbrcidsri ng. to be use(j to rna ke soft ci rcuits.

«- TF~ditiQn::;!F circuits are etched onto copper shaet ilaminated! onto nanCOitOllctlw ~1.Jb.Mraoo: tIh~-w p(lflood cfraJlit: bosrcs (PCBs) are lFiglid in nature,

E lect ro III m i nescen t (E L)

I -, k-· Fi 1- . 1d·. W':i< n.! .. m. al.. . .re

ClOm posi;tiolil

» Typ'ic~lIy comprised ota dieUectlfic laye r between two- con d uC'ttiw ell@'ct roees a no a laye r screen-

pri nted lNiit h phosphor powdsr,

PI'l~pQ!rties

» A thin an d n!~!'Mibl e f 1m or Vil\ir~ coated in phospho F that: emits

.;I. bright ~iglht. when el ectnclty us applied. usl ng very li.lt le current .. ]i} EL f lrn and wire run Olill AC voltage. Ail ili'lJ¥ert:er 15 ,typically used to run the 'flI1llil or wire on DC voltage.

~plicatii!Jn5;

» TYPIcaUy used tor bac kl ighrting., » fi 1m and wire' can be used til

ill u minate eli rved ,and .3 D surfaces. » Wi rs is, extremelly fl exi bl.e at'lc]

can be' used to c. reate d ecorai(i:ve shapes,

» II1~s used to screen-print

gl owi ng deSngl!l$ onto polyester or Wm substrates.

ICompositi\on

~, PII~st'ic or glass cables capable of: trsnsrn itti ng light.

~peme<s

:ij' Tran srnit ligiht from on~ ~lnd O'f th@ c~bi~ to th~ other, ~~;s~nti.aily acti ng as a tu n nel through which

I ight cain travel !pv.E!:r a dlsta nee.

», Can be bundl ed together and, beca use they aF'€l,ligjhtw€ight artd flexlhle. send a beam of light from one poin ~ to a nether:

», Trafi smit light; (il a,t el ectric:ity', ~'!J ttie· I~,ht sou rce il5 lsol ated 'from tll'h:: ou tput,

,AplPli~a~i ODJ5

i'} Off,er the f~e;":libill'ry to c reate novel am b,ierj'~ I igh'~ projects.

)<} Gaiil be wove n in~o t.exti les dind other heat-sensitive rnaterl als, r> Gan even be' used to Ibri ng natural sl]nl ight into indoor

envi ron rnents.

H eat- S h r ink lilJ bing

Co.mposi~~ic:rn! ~ IP'olyole'fins,

PliopiEH1i'es,

~ fI.~xi ble tu b-e til at shrinks wh~ n h eat@ct

)) Com@~ ln a '\t,arl0'ty of col ors and di~ meters.

Ap pJ~ic_ail1'i OlliS

)) Used tID i nsulate raw 'Wires an d 181 ectron ie com po ne nts,

LEDs

(Light-Erruttlng Diodes)

III

Co:mposiitiiafiIJ

» Gall ium co I1IlPOU nds,

IProperlies

» S rna Illi'ght source caps b'le of ern itljng briglll~ light

n Con ~,um~ v@ry I lttl @ pow@r. do not: emit !ill uch heat, an d ~ F€! [pmgramma b I@-.

» Come in a variety of colnrs, sha pes, a rna sizes ..

A,pp~lica,tiion5'

:)l; Ca n be inca rporated to ereete IPI',ogralmma bile', ambl 8nt. .and decorative' I~,htilng.

Magnetic Paint

Gompii;!){5'ition

» Lead-free'" ~'tter'-'based late'x primer p(3li nt mrx~d with l11e'ttall parttctes.

Pi!fOpel!Ttme~

:»' C nsates a rn~~n~-ti cal~y roC@!p'ii~ ~,Urf,BC€!', turning .;I ny mat~nl.;11 (wood, plastic. texti 185, etc.) into B 5U dace to wh leh m agnets

ar€' att raeted,

,Ap;pli£mtio liiis

»Gain be used f.a r interior design. conve rtill1;€: ow,alls. ail d furruture i nto mag,netti c surfaces.

Phosp ho resce nt (G lowin-the-Dark) Materials

VompQs~fti!Olil!'!ll

» Zinc su Ifide' a no m agnesium st.!lifi d,e crystals.

IPr'opel1ies,

» Mart@rj'~I~ such as inks" pai!!lts, an d thread that ernlt I~t OV~F" ti me a{t,@r th~ ab~rb i nvisi bl~ UV light 'from s;u,nllight or other UV sources.

:)) Dramat lcally come to life at: night Dr ln I.ow I igh~i ng cond ltions after they hawe gat:hered light enef"gy

durl ng the dar}".

AppmicalfiorilS;

,~ Can be i ncorporated te C r',ea'oo lum i nOU5 s kl ns anddecoratl \Ie 'be:d IJ res.

,~ Trad i'tiona'lly see n in gl,ow sticks and gl ow-~n·the dar'K paint

Photochrornic links and Dye,s (U It ra viol et)

Com,~ositiQ.n

»lypically av,a~1 ab~e as powdered crysta Is cornprl sedl of IJ It~vaQiI et (iJV)-s@'nsitive pigments that must b~' di ~oIY~d i~ the: approp riate ink for alPplicatioi1l.

'fGp@rI1ies

}} Ch aoge- from clear 'Ita, CO!OFiBd wh en exposed to s urdigiht:.

blac kl igM. or other UV sou rces, R.ev:ert to the ir orilgil11a I state once removed fro m the lJV Sou rce.

}} Can change f'1r'>!Jm one sol it! color to ,anatlter wher1l rn iX8a with a

pe rmanent, colored ink.

A1Ppli~catil!l)n5,

» Can be 5~enci~erL sprayed, and 3M k-screenee ,0 nto various rneo la, includ i ng pa per, plast le; wood, glass, a nd text iles, For pri'nti ng purposes. a low mesh sc reen (between 85-UO '~hreacJsji'nch) is recommended,

» Carl be usee to create dynamic patterns that cl'll~mge if'! a ccordence to I ighting change~ in their envlrcomeot,

Piezoelectric Mater~als

'Ccmp'OSition

» L'ead zircon ate titanate,

P1m;penie>s

»When su bjecte>d to ~I ight !T1~challlica1 stress, (SOUI!l d. rnoticn, force, 011 vibration), 'C~1lI g~ nerate @I~ctrical charges.Inversely. 'whe-n 8111 'e~~c.tricall charge is a plP~i~d, th€:s€ m ateria Is ce n g€'nerate a phys leal force, often enough to be converted into sound. rh is makes them both sensors and aclu.izrtors* at: the sa me t:i me,

Ap;pli,~a~igriiiI5

)it Se ['';,lie as excel I elTlt envi ron me'n'tai sensors that ca n be u sed! 'too au ~~ put and se nse sou no, mot ion" .a nd vi bration, :5'U( h CiS knock~ng on a

su rtace, ~\O r ,example"

~} C>oupied with ather environ merlital sense rs slIc'h as 00 I@ r ce lis, can

be u sed to corwert light to so unci, motion. or vibrat~on, for exempl e.

,~ An actustcr is :3 d~iretthat transtorrns an elE!c~r.iCi31 input sig)l1:3~ i nto actiort.

Pol ym orph PI,astic

Co~p.siUon

» C~prQladO'n~ po~ynn er or OO!:eIPa none polyrnsr.

Pro;perti~

:» A tnermopiasttc that becomes rnolda b I~ ~t around 62° C.

:» B~CQme~ lP~it;llb~@' a nd ~~ ~,i Iy hand-scull pted when im me rsed

in hat wa'tt€:r or heated usl ng a hair dlr~81l', R,eh.JIIl'ns to a rigi d state when cool ed.

:» Can h 8 reheated and thermoformed! i nde.fini~te~~l,

»A.v,ail able in .3J va riely of Dolors"

AP1pr;ca~i<i!liliJ5

»A. rerna rka b'le mod FI+mak iOg and pm~()typi ng materi al ~1fI at ca n be mlil eel lnte flat sh eats seu I p1bed i nto 3D flQrm 5, and used: to create molds.

Shape Memory Al110y (SMA or Muscle Wire)

J

iCompos.'i~iOIll!

}ji A combi nation of two Of more m@taillic elemel!'!ts. th@ most fXl!)UI ~r bei ng N ltinol. com posed of n iekel, an d titam U rn,

PlinperU~s

')) Unlqu@ 1il1li5t.~II'~, th4lt remember thelr shape,

I~ E:M:ni bit ha rdness and e 121 stlclty p roperti B5 that change radka,lly at eli sti nett temperatures,

X} lItnl'ike "typical meta I::;, contract whe n heated Gln:d return tD Uielr Cill'i,gJrila I state w(hen cooled

,i'j Some SMA wi res carl be bent into ,;3 palfticlIIl ail' sha pe by heati iig at the transl Ii on tempe,ratu re: will th en ret urn to the if' origlnal ~\Qni1 whe n coo led:,

AppJn~a!tio"s

» Ca n IJ!l? used to 'trigger m(.f'/emelil1. l:}, Can bE!' Wo.VSIfiI into tHxti les,

», Can mak_-e fa brl cs stlri n k QII C u~11 wHh the apDlicatiQr') of a srn alii current

» In robo'Ucs, l)Ised to an i mate ro 00 ts , actl ng as tile moot's rnasctes.

Solar Gel,ls

iComposiftioili1i

~} M~,de of a r€,funea, highly purlfied fo rm of 'si uccn

IPropeMtiesl

» Convra:rt I~ght ~n~rgy (typ,icai Iy hom the sun) into. ~i~,ctric,,1 ~nll;!'rgy',

Appmicatlions

')) An excel lent sustai na ble an d renewable powell' source for projects ..

)) OffJer '~he' atlva ntage 'Of .acUng as. light sensors" ,able to d lst lngu lsh be~ween I igh"tt and dalrk a nd be~ween dlf'h::l'elfkt 'times of day;

Therrnocbrornc inks

(Ie m pe ratu re - S e 115 i tive)

C'Qm posl;th:m

Xi' Made fTlom various organic and lnorga rnc com pounds,

» IP igmenrtt~ must be d issolVE!'d io the a;p;propriatl; irlb; type"for

a ppl lcation ,

PfiOperlti@s

n Change fro IlfiI '0 ne color to

a not her OF' from color '~O transh.llcetnt. at a s peclfic term perature, n Have the abill ity to unli mite Iy

shi ftt Do-loll' ..

»lhre€ main type5: » ~iJW reacts to col d

~ body reacts to teoc h. brea ~h; and bod'y heat.

~ high resets to hot IliQulids, and a ir

AlppllcaUons,

» eEl n be stenc lied, sprayed, and sil k-screeneo onto various med la ililclu cl i n~ pa per" plastic, W00~. glass, a nd textiles. For p rinliing purposes. a low mesh screen (between 85-110 threac sJiflCh) is recorn me nded,

» Ca n be u sed to cn~ate dyn~m lc patterns that cJha~' in accordance to their anvlronmant (for e:(~JmIPJI~, to 'iluctu,atiQns ~n t'i3mp@ra'~ur~}._

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INDUSTRIA.L MATERIALS

KlflOWlng these materials and

thel r capabl lit les ca n lfI:ta~e a stro II dow n the· a isles 0iF a hardwa re store diS llilspi ra tiona I as ru mmaging through a t:e..x~II€ sera p bi n.

IH ere is a If 5'~ of i ndustrl a~ materia~s used III a f'ew ol the proJects,

A. Cotter IP i n

A meta I taste ner with t.wo prongs, Carli be repurposed to md:~e 'fle:-:.-

i b Ie. baUer.y ho'ide rs 'For COll1 cell batt.enies,

B. Copper Tape

A thi II, COli d uc.ti"';!'e fai I tape with eoncuctive @dl1ecsive. Comes in handy when worki ng with broken solar panels"

'C. Flame-Retardant Fabric F~.ttric with fire-rEKs is taint qu~ I ities, An ex'Oell ent medi U rn 'for worki ng e~ectmn lcs imo texti les for the horns, Typica Ily f;!\!'f;I ilab Ie· in wid~ Wildths: stym~s ra nge 'from V~I\,I\~t and ~ IOlUr to basi c canvas ..

D.I ndustrial Fellt

.A. d €:nS6:. texture- delhi fabric: made from 100% wool. a renewable a neil enlli ro nmentally fri Bllldlly material that ca n be used to make vlr~!JJaIDy anythi ng from fu mu~ure to ,i,E:'t'lf81Iry_ Raw wDoi fe·lt is l.ypucaUy wh'ite Or grey; but des.igner wool ~e~ts are 3v,ail.able r n a variety of ee IOr5_

E. Neoprene

A synth et~c. rubber 'ra b ric cornmanly used illllPmtect ive gear and s portswear, Abras ion-res istant, eh em icall-fiesistant waterp roof, and el astir. rna ki ng it an idea I materiel to craft tech ~i nfused sportsweat

P •. Zip Tie (aka Cable Tie)

A 'fabric or plastic fastener ~~edl to b ur'lcUe I'OOS~ ~,I@ictric cebl 13$ and 1N1ires. t.Qgi~ther.

Raw i ndustrla I mate rials - fm m Cia rei boa m to ind L.I s.trial felt - offer yet a not her pal ette to ex pand you r erarting re.pertoi reo

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, ~ , , ~ , , ~ , , ~ , \ \ \ , , \ , \ \ \ \ , , \ ~ ~ , ,

\ , \ \ ~ \ ~ \ \ ~ , ~ , \ ~ \ ~ , \ \ \ \ ~ \ ~ , \ \ \ ,

\ \ , \ ~ , \ \ \ \ \ , \ , \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ , \ \ ~ , \

~ \ \ \ \ ~ \ \ \ \ ~ ~ \ \ ~ , , \ \ \ , \ \ \ \ \ \ ~ \ \

\ , \ \ , \ \ , \ , , \ , , , \ \ , , ~ \ ~ \ \ \ , \ \ \ \

\ \ \ \ ~ \ \ ~ ~ \ , \ , , , , ~ ~ , ~ , ~ , \ \ \ \ \ , \

\ \ \ \ \ \ ~ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ , , ~ \ \ ~ \ \ \ , \ \ \ \ \ \ , , \ , \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ ~ , , \ , \ , , , \ \ \ ~ ~ \ \

....

...

ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

Electro IiII'Cs are E!verywhe Fe, from mobile phones and corm p uters to sensill'fl2 ar~h reUe shees. These sophisticated dev~ces :a II em p~oy som e type or integrii!lted ci rcult along with ;II hand'ru I of baste electrornlc comp 0 nents,

...

...

....

....

-

...

...

""

....

...

...

'») Integrated c i rcu its, or ICos, ,are the ba sic 'buil ding b~ocks ot J11Qde rn @1'ectro!1 ies. Bug-Ii ke in a p pe~mnce. ~C-S are @S~~ll1ti~'II.y· cornp Ie'): circuits et-cl1edl onto si licon a no mounted onto, ctlip~. B@'Cau~@ .an the hard work has ~~r~ady b@~n done fur you, th~y m~~~ Ibuitd i ng soph ist ic~rIt@d ~~~droni c cl rCllJi'is fro m ~cr43rtch .a bFl~~z@. v'o U wi I~ be U sl ng I Cs such .8S '~he Hex-Schm itt i nverter illli some of·th€l adva need projects and Vf;j FIGUS. bask com p orre nts to r "the rest.

» Before yOIlJ start: ~mrkung lNlith I Cs or a ny other electron lc com pone nts, :yDU need to know what they look I ike anti what ttrJey do. Every tYlpe o~ 081 actron ic compo,ne,nt eomas in seve rsl variations wi'tth diU,erent s peel llcat ions. Even com pDne nts wi'~h i n the· same f.ami Iy may' have a dlfi:i m.arUca Ily difr'ere nt appearance, and' ones that lOOK ide'rl'tlcal may h ave very diHerent specl ~i(ations,

....

» It is i rnport~nt to pay attsntlon to tile !l)perot~ng va~l1es and! 'the ~cli;~ type of each! eornpon ent TY1PiC~ Ily. the ail;;rompfI:!l1y~ng specHi'ca:!tior1ls and da't~sJheet of ea en COlT! pensnt t@llyou ns m~ni mum, maximu rn, and norma I op@lraiing valu'@$ 'i!Qr '!Jolttag.@ and! eu rrent, and its pow@r r.:;lliings. These va'lu@s should not b€!· exceeded, to prevent damagl ng :your DO rnponern.

The fo 1~Q1Nin:g pages contain 211 gens relovervl E:W of th 8 e lectronlc co rnpon ents y.ollJ 1.I\.rill be using: to const met

yo ur ci rcuhs. The rnn 0 re drcil.lllts you hu i Id, ·~h.B eas ler it win become to learn the props rties and fu Hdi ons of each.

Fixed-value Resi's'~ors.

ID.'~s¢ ripti 01111

» A cy1in d rica I core with tW0. con d ucti've metal leads. whli ch are n at lPoR~rr:z.:@"d (no 11!!;g~t~ve ;:I no pos itive ~i~d e),

FW'!I1;cth;J;n

n 10 I i mit ,th~' CUfF'G! nt: !;I no drltidi? vott.ag@'-

Op€lr,iarfing Va~ll.!I€i }} lwo ratl ngs:,

» ~e5 lstanee val ue rated ln oh rns (0.) and a power rating ill waUs (W).

» Re.s lstors nave color-coded bartlds to he 115 dlesi,g nab~ tli'ie~r ffi5,istance \,I,allu1e ..

]10 ~? .. U;;,~~ 10''''4 nNe: TEe!"1 NO LOGY

Capacitors

DeSCir;iptton

»AWl! electrical dwice with conductive plates sepamted by (:I n msu l:l3r1tung mate rial cr.;lUed a (ife~ectric,

» Most com FifilI';;m1 types ars: )} mlca

)}ceramIC'

)} IP lastlc-f I m )} el ectrolytlc

», Electroiytic capacitor,S' are

po la rized, halvilng one positive and orne negative lead. and they rese rnble HUle barrels,

F"Ul1ctii!Jlifiil

» Esselri'lt la,ll~l a temporary baUery. capable CI~ storing el ectrlcal ch arge.

OperalUing' YalilllJe5i ,,> Two ratings :

'If A IIOltage mUng. wt'lich sp.ecifi es 'the maxi mum vol'lage that can

be ~pp~i ed W1it:ll~l,.d d\am~gi ng

'the eornoenent.

» A ca~cft~'fJce ~Iu,e. whi en 'is rated i n f~mdl~ and is typi cally pnin~ed em tile capac it;Qr itsel'fJ.

Refer to Chart 2"

\l'o1lu'C' MI.!I~tlpUer
I. 0 1
• 1 ].0
• :2 100
3 lI!K
• 4· 10k;
5 lOO~
is 1M
• ? 10M
8 100M
rJ 9 IOOOM
• - 111ii
V:IIJO
[S] - ±l% ±2%

±0.5% ±0.25% ±0.1,% ±0.0,5<%

±5I% ±l0% ±~%

The color ot thE! flirst !band ir~ffici:J tes, H'IE!' 'rirr~~ .fII(gil. alnd

the Cill10r lfif the- secortd Mr"liDl ind ica te~, thE! second (:hg.t . The thii~ balfld i I'ldicates l11~ ... alu~ that too flr~t two digits i1I900 to be multipl19d by.

I H THE EXAMPlE SHOWN:

The first ~5 2, tho second 6. rilulhplled by 10.:

26:.: 10 := 2600 resistor.

The fourth band is the tolerance {II!" [precision af th.€ resistor,

CA,PAC IlOR NU M BER COlOE

NiO'TE~ For eal:lllcit@F.5i tess th:i!!n roOpF, O!!l~~t ~ 1iwo-!Ii!jgirtt ~!lIm~er is, Wi!!'!ted 0111 th;e' ~~Il1i;;liCiw.f!, or a h'!'Q-g~~' 1Ft!'! mlber 'kill:q,weg by ,a, "'0":, ~iJ'F ex.am(lle. ~ 55(1f Ciill)l;!ci'wr lli!ii&" !;!;e, F!I1!;1~g ,!;'!$ '''!55"' orr "',5'5()1"-

'1:0 iiff!lMnfi.i'ilE' the Vtj'!IiJ,,'S' 01 !It tti!p~dti!!lr:

The mi.Jl~iph9r stands tor htflW fI'lany zeros to add to tlli2 fI rst two va lues,

Tile result 1-:;, tn!} capadt.'ii'lJce !larue In pleetarads (pF).

I N THE EXAMPLE SHOWN;'

100 with B multi plier 'Oof 4 (8dd! ng 4 I€FQS) = 100.(lOOpF OF IIJF {m icrotarads).

SW~TCHES

De s.criptiiori

» Used Io ope n (disconnect) and cIOS!8 (con ned) ci rcui~::; by e~t.her rnechanica I or e lectronic means.

FU~l~tion

» Switch es gene raUy 'faU into the to Iloviil1.g six categories:

I, Singh:~~po Ie s inglemUlIlfow (SPSl)

2. Single~pole doublle~throw (SPDT)

3. Double- pole si ngle-throw (DPST}

4. Doubie-po'le dOOlb'le-thr~ (DPDT)

5. Pu sh- b utto n CPS)

6. ROl~rY'

» Th e term po~ r,ef'er:~, too the

m ovabl~ arm in a ~wijtol;;:'h that ~'it her opens or closes a eire uit.

A singil~ -pnle ~witch QO ntrols on@ cireu it wh ill@ ~ double-pole switch controls MO.

}) Th B term ;throw describes the nu rnber of closed pcsjtions. A dou ble-throw switch actua lily

has '~Iir'EN:! DO nnecti nns: the right fmc] I en el ose the ei rcult; and the m lddle posltlo n opens. the ci rcul t

» Swi tclflies ,are also relFe rred '00 as, Mrl'TIalJy op.en (NO) On" not;nony closed (NC). I n a norma Ily opetJ1 switch, the contacts are! not

~0U chi ng, so '~he circuit is ope n or eli see i"Il'1Iected. I n a norma Ily closed switch, t~1e contacts are' touching. so the circuit is. closed or connected. If' a no Fmally QD~n push -but on (PiBN 0) ,swi~c his conn ected1 to Oil n LED. wilen t he switch is pressed, the' LED turns on, and wtie'li Ft i s releaS~ii;L the lED turns 'off, The reve rse i s true with' a norma Ily closed p~sh-blJlttQ!l1 (PBNJC) switch.

,A. M agnet ~G SW i tc h

The rn~lnetie attraetl on brings the magnets 'boget.her; openlng or cl'ol'Sing the elrcu it Si nee ma;gne'ts, are made of all 001'3. ~hi€!'y ere eond,udtJlf.e.

B. Push-Button (PB) 'When presser] momentarl Iy. connects or d lscomects contact po il'1lts. 'When released, contacts retu m to' orig~na~ posjtlon, as in

a doorbeU.

c. Rei3d Sw i tc 11

Has two th ill! reed s ot rnagnstte mart~lfi'al insids a glass hQu~ing. IN hen a magn et is b ro ught near, th@ ~ @dl~ m;;lglll@tiz@ a nd attract each other, clQSil'lig th@, C ireu it,

W hen t he rnegnet is removed, the reeds S€ palrat€ and move to the ir o.r~gillla I positions .. lieed switch es can also be, norma'ily dosed (N C).

D. Tilt Switch

Contains either mercury. a conouctlve luq u ld. ,0 r a meta I

ball booring 'that 'Wlhen t~lted a:~

,a specifi ed ,angle, connects the contact poi nts, closl ng th e ci rcuit

E. T oggle Sw i tc h

Has ;flllPr-oJeded I'ev,er orr arm used to mee haJn ieally connect or disconnect contact poi nts, openi ng o r clos ifllg a c'i Feu it. Can ~la'!Je ml!l~ijple sets of contact P-O'ir~ts.

F~ VVhtsker or Trip Switch Ha s a til io wir'e e){te nded out from the cornpo nent, Wh~n iightly touched, trigg~rs circ\ll~t to open or close.

Diodes

=

IleSCi~ipUon

»A sern i~Qndlu<ctor that allows,

cu rrent to flow ir. on I~Y' one direct~on. », Tilere' a re sever~li types tllC31t perform a vari,~ty 0-1 f~n ctions Tile most 'common tyIPe lis a ~i i icon

d lcda. Other diodes inc'iud@ LE Ds and p hotodli cdes wh ioh ~mi't i ight and deteet l ight respectively, All diodes ar€' polarized lt~ith a positive and! negative lead.

Fundio;liil

~,TY1Pica:lly used in circuits as a 'form or protection to li'JfIaiJn'~a~n ,a 'fixed \,;10 ltag:e and protect agai nst 'wltage, spi kes.

:t;, Aiso sornetim es used as a ¥01~age· sensltlve swi'~clh"

Oper.at~'n,g' '\falililes; ,,), Two, ratijngs:

» A voltCJge alnd CllJrren t rating

sp ecify~n:H:' the flf1 axrn um volltage and c:u trent 'that eel n be applied witllQut dJamagi ng 'the component,

lll2, 1l"',,!;h'UII~ (liI'\I"NG, TEe I ~NOLOGY

Integ ra ted C i rcu its (aka Ie)

ID esc Iii' pttiii)~

J~ An el ectron ic device made from semicon euctor mate ri~1 conta i~jnlJ3" tra nststors ~l"iId other eleetrornc ccmponents.

'j} Typica i iy' have s@'V@t13i IP io~ that need to b~ connected to Gth@r electron ic com POIfiI~ nts in .;31 ei FCIJi1L

IFillllnction

')) The re are DO unt less ICs 0 n UiI€' firm rket that perform arne-rent funct ions. YOUI mast refer to, the product dstasheet tQ get ,a s pecifie exp lanetion of the appl lcation. pin d iagr.am, a rid Qperartil1,g' values.

OlPEhif.Ct~ilrliIg 'V,alluEi:s

)} Rat.ing::; for ICs vary. Refer ~o the I C da~a eheet fot tITle rn iniffri u m, m@ximum, C'lf1ld typical ,0 peratl ng voltage and ell tT€l1t val ues,

Ira n s istors

D:escril~h:HII

» A semccncuctcr device witt! t t:lr@~ 'e~ds: emitter, base, and colli ector.

]I} Fu netic ns to 81i how 'Or restrtet C!.llr~ nt 1r.ow', much m-::~ ;a $witch, but '!,ivith ~'Iectri city as ,alll ~ch"arllQF' instead Ciff manual rnovernent,

}} '1\1'1,10 major types: bi pola r and fi eld-effeet trarrs lstors (F' ETs). Unhke bi po la r transl 5,tOI"5, the'

lead 5· of FETs, a re referred! to a's the' [arle, 'source, and! dra ln,

» Bi pella r tral1Js.i'!:;.t{)I'.5, 'fan into hVD main categories,: NPN and PNP,

N P NI 'tra nslstors fu ndi 0 n si m~lali' '~o a norma Ily open switch. an d. PN P transistors runctlon as a normally c IOSJed switc 11.

FUlIi1IiCUlOin

» Co mmon Iy used as a current

a IT'iplifier or a n e lectfoi'1l~c swltlC'll,

Oper,aJtililG Val~ye:s

~) R'atings 'lolF transistors vary, Reier to th@ datash e@t for tih~

mi n imu IT!, maxi rmllml, a nd typica I o~rating voitag@ and C"UrFI~n1l values,

VARIAIBLE R:ESISTORS

D'es.criptiiori

» Have a predeterrnmed ra nge of res lstsn oe val ue '~h at ea n be adju sbed rna nua.IIY or a Li'l:omaticallly., un like 'tix€ch!',alu e resistors.

»AII varlabl e resistors wi I~ have no nlPo~arrze:d ~et.ald's,

» Seve raltypes available" as cletaHed here,

Rllll'!lfCti'on

» To I ilmjt the current and divide vol't~ge.

Oper,!lrt'ing, Val'lIa~s :» Til !,1;e< ratings:

III M axun U m resists nee rated in ohms ~!l)

III Pow@:r rating ~Ill W.;:lt~s (W) » Volltag@ rarting' in volts (V)

The po.w€'r ratl ng d ef nes the rnaxirn urn arn ount of curre nt: the res lstor can ha ndle .. The voltage rarllng diefiln 85 the maxl mum

a mou nt o~ vel tage the resistor can ~andle_

,It. Flex Sensor

lncreasas in reslstance 'when be nt in one d i rectlon,

B. Photocell (aka LightDe pe In dent Res i sto r)

Type of photoresistor ·that. vari es resistance irl response to light

I Efvel 6" typic@lily dec re@~:{jf'l~

resista nee as I i~ht le\,,€·ls ~n crease. Less 00 mm 0'11 ~lire photocells

that increase resistance as light le\!Iel's, ijncFerilSe.

'C. Pote Il t ~O meters (aka Pots)

~,v~ rir;l'b i@' resi stcrs wrth th~@J term i na Is" The iQlU~~'F tWD. 'l~rmi nals have a 'fJh:~d resistance b ~twe~ n th€m. from () to th€ maxi mum predefined res istan DE:. The rnidd le term i na I is 00 nneeted to the wipe r, whllch varies. the resl stance ..

~,The most DO rnrn on po;~ is rot,at,Y'. to wlni'ch .3J knob is, li5iJl;:dlty .aUl red. j,), Trim,po is or trimmers are typically usee tXJ ea librate the, resistance needed in a ci rcul t,

D. Thermistor

~), Te mpe rature-sensitiss varidible resistors that: convert tern per.aJtlJre change to a C11@ nge in res istance.

~, Two 5t; inds:

» Olle i ncrss ses in reststa nc~ with ani ncresse in te rnps rature, » The (It her dec-reases in

resist;;:! nee wit'iIl an increase

in tsrnpsratu re.

•

YOUR. T100LBOX

Much 11I~e. ,army yagr~'ety 'o~ (iratft~n.g. you need ,to i I!lIfV.est in a small number c·f· too!l\s to get you :stari:ed,. Helle is a

list of '~he e.ssen~ial t·ools

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A, A~ligator Clips

Provid~ a tern porary etectncs I connecti on betwee n e lectrooi c components, tactl clip ha s two meta.I,cl a.mps· 011 epposlte end s connected by a n in sulated wilF'e.

B,. Electrical Tape

U 5.€'di to insu larte uris hl€ lded wi r€S_

c. Third Hand

(aka Helping Hand)

All i no isp@nsa b~~ tQGIl!5~d to held electron ic corm pone nts a nd clrcult boa rd s illl P la,c~ wh il€ you sol der, iyp iC'.3Jlly eq ulipp€ld 'I",d'~h two smaU metal cl amps. flD gJr~p components -In d ~ maglilli'ffj'i n~ glas$_

D. MultimHt.er

An ·essentia I clJevi'ce that tells, you if' yo u h'~we a broken or we~k con' nection, contl n uity between two components, e noul8~ power. and I'iflIlLllch rnors,

Eo Ne·ed~BnOSe Plilers

A pa iw 'of' small pli.ers Wirth long, taperi ng j~ that end at a PQil1lied tip. Used to grip, be net ($Ind cUlFi wire.

F': Pe do rate d Bo.o rd

(aka Perfboard) PlF'e-punched bo;pjw'd wut 11 or

withe ut coppeff traces used to prototype circuits, Ui1!li,k'~ a breadbo~rd! @I~ctron tc components ,t::I !~. p~r!ilil anent Iy sg.lde~d toge'tlll€!r.

G. Solder'

A met;a~ allu,i that 'is mel ted! (with a soldering iron) to .ioi n e~ectroi1i e com pone nts, The sol der reC0i1i'11~ mende~ ('Of use iill )I5L!i' pm.ie!:.~s is 60!4D rosin-core solder,

!HI. Selden ng Station

A sol d·elfi ng i FO n ls the ~\u!ldarne~1~ tal tool' used to joijn el ectron lc corn pons n' t"" '" tvoi ..... ""I·". .... lder'1 n·QI'

~v. !lLI~ .. ..a. M "~r--- ~~ ~Y .. ~ "0

s~a~i 0 n comes w~h a slOlderrvng iron. 81 sol d'eri ng ti p, a st~rict and a srP0nge-

~ , , I I , , , , , I I , , , , j ~ , I , , , , , , , , , , , I I I , , , , I , I , , , , , I I I I I , , , I I I I , I I I I I , , iii J , , , i , I j , , , I i j j j j , j I , I I I I I , I I I I I 1 I I , , , I I I I I , , I I I I I I , , , , , , , I I I , , , I I I , , , ~ , , , I I I ijjji t,jj'ij',Ji t.i',,111 I I I , I I I I , , , , , , , , , , I , ~ I , , , , , , , , , , , , , , I I I I , I J , ~ ~ , , , , , , , I I I I I I I I. I I j I J , I I I j I I I I I J J J J i i J I J I , , I , , , , , , , , , I I j j , ~ , I j ,

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I ~ I I I I' I' , , , , I I j j I j , , I I j

( ( , ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( C < ( ( ( ( , C C < , , ~ \ \

, ~ \ ~ \ \ " " " \ \ \ \ \ \ \ " , , \ \ \ \ \ \ \ . , \ \ \ \ , \ \ , \ , \ \ \ \ '\ '\ '\ , " \ \ '\ \ '\ '\ , \ \ \ \ , \; \ \ \ " \ \ \ \ '\ " , \ '\ \ \ \ , '\ , \ '\ '\ , , '\ , '\ , , , ~ \ , '\ ~ '\ '\ '" \ \ '\ '\ , '\

\ , , \ \ , , \ " ~ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ , '\ " \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ " , , , , \ \ \ " , , \ , \ , \ \ \ , , , \ \

, '\ \;, \" .~. '~. 'i; ';;,

'\'l,''i,'I;''~\''!, \ '\ \ '\ , \ \ '\

~ , \ \ '\ , \ \ '\ \ \ '\ '\ '\ "" '\ '\ . ; \ ~ ~ '\ , '\ '\ '" \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ , , , , \ \ " " , , \ \ , , \ \ ;,. ,

";, "" , \ \ ~ , , , \ , , " \ \ \ \ \ \ \ , '\ \ '\ '\

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~'~"'.''i,,'''j

, \ '\; " 'i, ~ \" \, \

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I. Sold e rl'BSS B read boa rd

A h~ndly too 1 u sed1 to prototype ci rcuits ,and t'empo'F~ri Iy connect all th e etectron ic eernpo nents together,

j. Wire C utte rs

Us@dto cut wi~. C~n 'C:I!..Ift ~m~11 wim~ w·ry cloS-€l up 'to ZI '~Iart surface, more so 'than cutters an pliers.

K. Wir,e Jumpers

Used to tern porarl Iy CfOnrl ect eledrol'1lic components on a breadbcard., The~l come in aiUerelit predeterm itnetlle ngths with both ends stripped and bent at 90" ,

L. Wire Strippers

Used to remove the ~llastir insulation on of' wi res. Have d iff'e rent-sized gwov€ld teeth tor d ifferen~ wijre gauge;$,

...

2

t I "iQ1!I"ve 1mi!I~1tEred tlhE!' Frellll;:h ~nm !Ill' the

pai1'!i!'Ct. blInd IlEm. ~!l!Iun you win be J~ as nimble with tlTi!i!< M~(i!erIHB 1!f<Iotl! as )'O!!.! are with the !9.ew'!f!:IJ maehlne,

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,

lIL.ii;u~' a~y ernft,~ leam'f1ng' the art 01! eiearonlics 'ta~es a Ilitti'e' Ikn(!lw~htJw acqlililfeid 'throyglil hour.!SI gf riWItaki !ii!g, ,~pe r~m'E!!ntati(!l !J'I!l, al!lldJ pr:~c~ioe~ The' tutoria Is and

knov .. I'~~ presem'~d 'in the' following page.s, are the foundation ttiat all of tlh~ projects a F@ b uirt UP0!flI, You wi ll learn not only the basics. of WOF~ ing with LEDs a no bow to pro~otyp@ simple ci rcu its on bread OO~'Fcd:~., but .;I lso how' to cH;,ft soft ~witch~s ,and screen-pnnt mth p hoto- an d tlh~ FFnOC hrernic in ks, EqLJip~~d with the F~t '!oo,ls ,and funds mental !<;m)w~~dgJ8 of electronlcs, yo u will qukl!dy b.e\~in to lntegrate tech no~ogy with ')(Dll,Ir crafts, w~ring' a chain of LlElDs a s. pFedsE:~ as you can string. B cord of beads.

TLJTOR'IALS

n 2;9' Prototypi ng a Si mtile CiJrcui ~ U ~ilng Allig.'CI to r CI ips »5~ Bu ild a Si'mple Circuit with a B readbo.ard

)) 41 Sol derin.g Lead s onto Broken Sol~r Cell's

"45, Hacklng iililto a POIJ!f.eF Adapter

»48, Sol derin~'

», 4!~1 Desoldenng

», !H~ SCJleen Piililting

». 591 Bookbin der's Knot

D· '6 J Sewvng Components with Long Leads (LEIlS" Resist0FS. Capacitors) »>62 Sew~ng h"~egt1'3wd C ircu it (I C). Chi ps

)) fi!i, S@wilng Components with WIIJ5,

»IU(l' M ak in.e:: Res.istOF5

». 71 M easurirlg the VlOlltage o'f ,;3 CI reu it D· '7g M e@suFiili~ the current ina Ci rcui'~ ». 75 M easuri fig Conti n wily

D· 75, M easuring Resi stance

ORKING

TH LEDS

~-----------~---------------~-~-~-~--------~

LEDs (light-emitting diodes); the modern craze in lighting, 110kl the pro mise, of m a ki ng obsolete Ed i son' 5 greatest i riven tio n , th einca no escent light bu I b. They are in toys! in auto m ob i I 95. in stop sign s, in eve ry co I or-shifting gadget, all dare eve n be i ng add eo to clot h i ng. These tee h no - seq u ins are argu a bly the greats st craft i ng mater i all nvented _

Why are LEDs so darn cool? First of all, they are compact and emit brigbt light lasting as long a'S 10 years. Secondly. unlike traditional light bulbs. they con't get hot, And most importantly. they consume very I iUlle power, T his means th at yo u can co nti DllUOUS Iy run a sup e r - bright L ED off 0" a srna II battery for more tha n a hu n dred hou rs.

L E.Ds come in severa I co lors, b r igh tness levels, sizes, a no s 11 a pes. The two typ es 0'1' L.E Os th at .yO u wi I ~ use in these pro] e cts are stand a rd L E Ds and h igh- fl u x L EDs. These a nd severa I others. a ria discussed in detail a-t the end o'f this section. Be,fore you star: working 'with LEDs, there are a few essentials you need to know,

-------------------------~---------~--~--~~

Powering LED s

and Limiting Current

LEOs are polarized meiil1lrfing tine current· froml your' power .Sc:uJr'ce. (i.e., battery) can !J I11lly nlJn '~hr,ollgh ti~tem i iii one diredi~liiJ.

» 'he. positive si~e' of' your battelr), has 00 eonneci 't,o 'the pOSitive llead (leg) ,of the LED alfldl tltiH~' lfIe,gatiNe' sn;de. w tlIliI!e' lfIegati;y,e, leadl 'in omeir f,"or tl~;e, ILEID '~'Q 1i\ll1t IlMp. The positive laad of'the L£D is ref,erred to as ths ,anode ,and the rlef!Bltht€ lead as the cs thode, N0~ice how youii'" battery has pos'ithfe and negative sides. Ify>ou reverse tlhis Qrde F. the L.ED SiTiI"IPl'y won,·t 1i(8tnt. up, Alrth01Jgh LE.Os. ,~re- Dol~r! 'you wonttt damage them if you Irilug them if'! 00 ckwsrds by mistake, so testing polarit.y is OK.

)t :11111 O'n::h!!II' for LJHls, ~ ,~hi ~e! at theilU' best;.. tllm:~y Il~d W be pOW>e~d b:y lli'fe: lli1ght' ~m'itOI.il"t of vnlta_ge al!li!dl 'CiI!H'i!reB~ 'tm:m a b~lttery ,or 'o~her powew ~~Irce. D'iff'i:n-e-nt:-rl)OIQF!~d L EDs ~qlllilro' d iff.~rent arnou nts of 'rIo~t~g~ tG i~g,ht up. R~d. gr~@n. ~ no ~i low LIE Ds 'lypi,cally Ir~qu ire b~1t~n 22.\1 and :2.4 v. S!uP~f- brrirgtd whi~1]l and blua LlEIPs can requi n~ up to 3 .. 4V- IN hen IOu rchasl ng liEDs.

ch ~C~ the spedflcatlons an the package. T:h ~ -optlmu m volrtag~ is usua Ily labE:~ed as the :forwB'ro v;(llt~ (\IF)-

",""'-ri--· I , ... d ~\i.

,:i oBttenes il 50' ~ome' lin 'varUJ!!I!I5 SizeS aoc Willll!ages.

T ypical Iy., tiny watch. batteries (coin cells) range from 1.5V to 3V. lin arner to right up a n LED. you need to use a battery with the,

m~li1i mum a mou nt CI~ '''Iff recul red boy the LIED; ,al ~houghi ~t is optl mal to Lise a \'Qltatge greater '~han '~he ITi ilili mu m,

}) 'Mos~ ILED\s reqlli.llir,e ZGmAh ,o~ '~UIr1"f:rrlrt fJllQ,wi Q 'fre:m t!ilJe' balttet~y. 8ee:a use' most batteries 5Upp~y more than ,20mAh. we need to LEse a resistor to I imi ~ the 'flow of' CIJI"r\et11~ to each LED so

it won't bum out. There ,are several resistor caleulators Civail abl e online to crunch the nembers '~~r you. 13,1' underst@ndit"kB how to read the tee I1ni cal s p~ci'~ic;t]l~i ons on y.QlIJr lED pa(:ka~irilg, calculatin8: the resister you need is. a bree;;::,e.

LED CIRCUIT

~.~ .. "'.

\ 'I~

,

I

Y

:

,

i I

,

,

Understanding the Technical Specifications for LEDs

Foillowing is an explalltati~ mill ,ofi a~ I ,the 'techm'~cal d\ata and 5~,m~~ls, tlllal come w1rth yOUi!" lE,;O p:aclk~'. 'With an III nil Eiler-stl1ndi fti<g ofJ ,iii few basic: wrms, ,you wil ~ be ,iilble to eiisily c:li!loo5e tillfl e' miiight ILED 'ifo1i' y;our pr,ojec,t and use onl nne resi'.!' c'al~ulators te d!etermine 'the rigjlilt resistor for ,your elroWlit

F:orwaMl V(dtag,e' (Vir')a: Also refErred to as, the lorvtard 'I!!'l~tagF3 drop, the VI" i's the mi nimum arnoent of YoltaHe needed to light: U I) an lED.

Lumincl!JI<S I nte,mllsity (:I'll): The I v is the a rnou nt ~)r light ,emit~ed from an LIED ~n a p®rUcU1lar di raction, It ~s measured illl mill icand~l~ (mea), Fo r our purpcses, consider lum incus intensity the" brightness" of' an LE D. TIl€' great~r th@ l1lillr.cande las. th~ b:righter tile OU Ib,

Viewimg A~le:' Ti1~ vi~ing ,angl~ is the spatia 1 di stribution 'Of spread a.f mght It is expressed in degrees til at rneasu re '~h@ W1idth o.f U11E! ~igW beam, LE.lJs with a small viswi ng .;:I ngle produce a m 0 re foclLIs€cI beam. and L E LIs with larger VI€lwi ng aJngb::~ p reduce a softer; morn dispersed beam,

Using Resistor Calculators

TtiuiltJ'"e ,ii!j re se.vef~1 f~l.!IifCe:5; a'ltailI1a'ble onl ine '~hat ,calculaite the !l!Jppropriate t'le5~'S'tor v;a.lue ,you 5hould use ili!ii YOUI' LEtlO eJ'f'(iuits.. Ti~e~s!-e callcu~latfllon's are based Olil Q'!iIImi':s; law.

'To use' a r,es;'~s~or C'al'~ulat'Oli.., ~~ needl the f'Ollowllil.rg I tlf!lifOf mattllon:,

L S upp~y Yol'tage, or the vo.nage 'fro 11''1 your power sou roe.

fio'F >e::(<)mple, a typical AA bi(Jt elF'y provides 15'1.

2. LE.O voltage drop Of fotw~rd voUage ('IF),

3. LE.O forwmrd current {h:),

4. t.J umb@r ot LEOs that you want to ecruect.

5. WI1@'th~1I you a n~! lNUri ng the LEDs in a Se'rie$ 'Or a pa r;;~~el ci rcuit, The ~sllJl:t willi b~ a resistor val ue 'in ohms and watts.

~ tEID SAFETY Light (J ut{put from high "power irti~rared OR} a n(j UV L E Ds i 5 inl~eii1se an d may callJl5€ eye inj LlIJ'Y I'f looked at

illi close ra nge , UV L E Ds are ps rt~cullarly da n~:emLJs, as the ~igJht em~Ued i 5 invisibl,e to the hu man ey.e, Y6Ll sho ulcm IneVer IhE! neUe UV lEDs witf'to'lJt LJV-bl'o.cking safeil:y glasses"

V~EWjING, A.t'I!IGLE

-... " "

~----' .----~

. dli::;pE!r::iE!d bE!i?J ITI

Ohm's Law

Ohm"s ~aw is t~le rella'~i(ji15h ip bet~en \'01 tage {E}, cUj'f,ent ('I). and reslstance (R) in an el,ectri cal cireu it. It: cain be de5,(:ribed in the fol~OM!in.g three mathematical eq uatlons:

II ;;;; VIR (cunr,etli~ 'ronnnula) V' ;;;; I ~I (voltage f'ormu la)

IR' ';;;; 'VIm (resistanoe tormu la)

When two ol tile three val ues ln a circuit are Ik nowlF'!. 'using Ute aIOOV€! equ8t~ons. ~t i,s rela~i\l€!l~ sun p Ie to ce errn ifiie 'th~ \,Ial ue ot the third u nknovm_

Connecting LEDs

'here are tlll.ree' ways, to ,chaililll :se'lleram LEDs loge,ther' tu' ~reate a stri'ng of Ulghts:; in lptariilllel,. in series. or i Ii'iJ ,31 oom biAatic mlI'O'f seilfi es, andl PiiI raUlet

Di.. To eemect L.ED'S In parallel, each posit~'!,i\e lead is eenneeted to the posmve !Ielfljc] or ths next L'ED. :tl nd each n e,g"dtivB' lead to the ne~tive I €iBl d. ot the following lED.

2~ To connect L E IJs in series, each poo~tive lead of an lED is connected '~0 tile negative lead' Qf the next LED. and so fowUt

3~, S~parate LED ella ins wir@;d together ~n p.ar~lllel can b~ ~'Qmbil'led aU together ijJl series air! d vjce versa,

,111 ... _ ..

~----------------'i

3.II!.Ei[l!j; wired in ~ri!M\i!8M' pttli'.1l1el CtOmh'lin ~ ~Oiii.

'I .firing LEDs in Paralle] Versus Series

----------------------------------~-------------------------------~--

Ti&ii;e' de.cis'uon to wi'rEi lEIDs i 1111 ,serlues venus PiE!! mllLel depends, miil'inly on tJIlI ree fadolf5.:' the pOil\tet sC'U roe. 'the til.lliitiber' of LED-s, ,lImnd ~whether you're 'cgnmectlin,~' d ilfferent"oohn,ed LEDs '~,oget1iit;eJi"~ Her,e"'s, Wl1iUi!!re ,ei litUe, I~it of nil1aHil eemes in.,

PAlRALilLE L tEDs wi tied together in a pa rsllel ci rcu it wo.rk gf-eat. j'[ ynu need to stri n;g '~ojgethelF a narn ber Oir same-color LEDs an cl have them powerecl by a smalll volt2.l£€ sou res,

E11;~~ricU .. y IlIlke~ M tal~e t'he Ipati11 'M [Ileas,t' if'E'sis,tanc-e.

If' }tOU havs two d iff'erent- co lored lEOs, 0 ne red with a Vf of 2V and the ot he r green with a VF of 2A,V. til€' curre nt wi II '~UCNil throui.8h snd light only tlhe red lED, TIle' green LE D will be crrcumvente>d com~l~te;iy. it is posst ble to mix oolored Ii. E Ds with the exact same ~p~cific~tiO!1S (ditfen~nl colors req!Jur;ing VF of 2V, fur ~xample) in a p~r~i I~I circ~,l!n. but oftR!!1 some of t!h~· LEDs @:nd u p app~~,ri~

sl ighrttly dtimrn~r th~n the othsrs.

HEIFU~:',S WHY W hen IL E 1)5- are connected in p~ mil B~. t he "10 Itatg~ across €8ch LlEID rerna lns the sa me, an d the current is dlivid€ld betwee n th em.

F.llR EJ<AM,PllE A. ci rCLJi'~ with a 3'1 battery a nd ih~ a p proprlete resistor win light up two red LED:s (with a 'IF of' 2V) wired in parallel. Iii! ,tth is ci rcul teach LEID wililirece~ve its, req UlreD 2V, and the current wi II be dlseersed between the too LIEOs = therefore. you will drai n your ba~iery more quickly thsn i'~'you had] wired ,y.otiir LIED::. in series, 'Why IfttM Wife your' LEDs ili!ill :se;ri&es, tiliitemi'?'

SE R I ES, 'Whe n ILE Ds ar~ oonnected in seti es, the \/()Itage 15, divided aqua liy across each LED, and the current re rna i~s the same, I n the previ-ous. (paraUel) ci rcuit, were the lEDs. wired in series. they simply wou Id nCi~ ~i~h~ up, as the-y w.ould ,each receive 1.5V rather than 2"1,

So. heW' do y-ou ~fiIlnect d~M:erentmCQmored llEDs, together?' EllSjly, T1he' power supply must be- equall to or more than ftie' su III of Ulle voltage requiremenm for e@ctr! LED accompanlad by the appropriate resistor Irf you W,~!iTt to nn i)(~ colors a no 1NUre you r LIE Os

i n para~I~I, ~Ilerii you need 00 ,add tile. aJPP'F(ilpri ~te 1f~.s1stor to e;(!!ch LED (~mh~r t ha n (me fo r th ~ @nti re circuirt}, I'evel ing t he' a mow rrt of power requ ilF~d for each to light I!Jp.

-------------------------------~

[)iffE.-ent·oohcred LlE[)s wirEd ilildhfl1Ji1JJ\ally wliHlll r~lgD[fa of apprOpriMEt values.

Different Types of'LEDs

Blcolor or Tricolor (RGB) LEDs

'~ TWQ- or'lhroe-colorvd LEDs, sa ndwl ch~d11n!o on@ housl ng_

'~Ii3[cdOIf LEIO~ have-three diff,@re:m-' length leads. shaning: € lther ,61 PiQ~HiV€" (anode) lead or a negative (cathcd e) !e8cL

,j'). Refer to the data sheet to dl5~i ngilJii 5 h t~e leads. or create a ::.i mple ci rcu it usl ng a PB lr of all igator cl i ps, a b,fjr~tel'y; and BJ resistor' (se-e p~e 29).

»Typically, in bleelor tEC¥5" only one Oif the colore d LEOs. can be I it at a time,

»Trucolor (RGB) LEDs, comb'io~ Ir'@d. gm@'n. and Iblu@ '00 lor spectrurns, ,f,)!lnld when mi :t:\2d 'lo~ther can reproduce a wide ran€l'IB' crff colors.

:)} RGB LlEDs have fOUIr differentlength leads, 5,haJmg either a [positive' ~ead or a negstlve,

]I} Typr caUy. a mi crecontrotle r is usee ~Q prog;ram an RGB LIED to gr.a d ua my sh l'ft from one col 0 r to the flied.

» Rare but ,avai lable from a small Inurn ber of retei lers are 'RG B tlash'iog, l.EDs that are preDr~gramme(~ to bl ink and '[aGe. from one color to tile next

Then! .. Fe i3i p'ietliloralo![ LEDs on IIreE!' msd.el', riln~i",g' <ilfll !l:Djcr:;, ,5ihi3ipe, b:riig:h~IiIE!~ liliiid Y~!ilWUiiig ,ulglre. Tihit'5 is ilIiii Q,wmew ~f tite· diff,!3n!1nt t,)!J!'i3S, 'G'f il.EtIs iUid theiir l!:lIHn,~~cteris,th:s ,to help you det:e~m~Ii\e' tllle Ifrio:it !l!!p~Ii"O'.p:Mlah; bfJ~' fer youii' pmjeeb.

81 i n ki ng/Flash i ng LED s

» HaY@' sirn ilalF chsrsctenst ics to ~t~ nda rd LEJD~. ~)(O~pt that th~y cont!;!~n an int@grated circuit (I C). This I C tJ~in ks ths LE.D (hlms it on a nd off) i nterrnittently ,B~ predetermi ned time i ntervals ..

]I} rlesigned to be clk,ectly. connected to a power 5U pp Iy. e lim inatl ng the need tOt .a rasl S."tOL

lntrared (I R) LEDs

», Emit illlfra red I igl1t th~,t is i nvi sitJ~~, to th~' ~u m<;! n '~Y@"

», Typic8Uy coupled with an I R receiver /sensor (aik.B detector) '~hat reeogn iZ'85 the infF8'r,edlllght: and translates it into a n eleetrica I signal.

», The most. common example is '(oUind in your r,emot:e Cl[intro~_

Piranha

or High-Flux LEOs

:» Sqjl!Jlare wi:th foulF I@,Zld~: two p-o:~'itiv@ ,~odl two n!~g:artirv@'. As all four leads ~IF~ the. s~ me ~~ngth, to. di stl ngu ish the positlve from the ll1€garl±iw you must eithe r refer to the LE.D's data sheet (usuaUy .altai 1,a ble as :3 ~ [)F' download onl ine) or' create a simple clrcul t using a pal r O'~ a IItgatlDr c lips, :3 baltrer~l" a nd a reslstor (:see [page ,2~1)_

» Avail abl e iln a n Limber of colors, lbrightnes..'S I evels viewing arrgles" a nd ,(9 'fev~ select sizes.

» Pif:act~calny all come ,in a clear case' a nd ,are brighter than typicall LEDs,

» Grea~ 'fOf sewi ng applica~i ons,

as tt"iey can be positioned flushl te f,~bric and thei r I sads are' pl'iable ._ alb~e' to be bent ea s my and sewn"

Standard LEDs

:fo) Heve '1t\No Ita-ad s: a posttlvs and 81 n@',gath!@- ~ypicJ,1llily. the ~ong' lead is th'@ positive (Ul@ 8nod~) and Uil~ short the n~gative (Uil@ ca'~hooe)_

~,AVali la hie in di~fereirnt shapes" sizes, a neil colors. Norma~lly range in size from 3:mm bJ 10mlfn and come in red, mange, amber, ye~lm'l. greeli1. turquoise, blue, and wh ite. Pin k and vi o:le,'t LEDs are: r,i:IIi"e but also a\,i.aiL:~bl,e"

i:ii' Come in ,a colored, w~j'ber-c lear, 'Of" d iffu sed epo.xy r~5irJ case, E ithe r round. tlat, or sq ua re in shape"

», Apart 'fro m '~hei r physicall proper'tti es, ~l'iIey are diW i la [)1e' in different levE! Is of' btiglltne.ss. measured in mill iC'andela (mcd), and in different vie'Wif.lrg- ~llglE!'S,

)-") The brigh!~er the ILED ,~rl d the' gre~te r the vi@win€!' an.glle, th @ more' e'xp~ri!si'ye the lED,

Surface M au III ID evlce (SMO) LEOs

» Tiny. recta ngu lar LEDs wrth two' copper contacts: i;;I posltlva and a III €! gal H'I.Ie.. 0 n ,th~ back side t here is a grlB;e-n arrow or Ii ne ind ic.3lti ng the negative contact.

n AvalilaMe ina rtu rnber of colors, brlghtness lecels, Viewing a ngles, a nel sizes, SMDs p rovlde the best pac kag.e in terms of size and brightness.

» The downs ide is that they are reLativ,ely d~nicu It to work, with be{:ause they are 00 ~~ny. But with

a mt~e bi't of plfftlen ce and soldering skilll, yoo willi be 300 n i nco.uporating SMiDs into you r prolects,

Ultraviolet (UV) lEDs (aks Blacldlght LEDs)

» E:mut invi'silbl~' UV-A, rays ra ngi ng b@t'iV'@@1lI 34.5n!iTl i;;I nd ,400n rn,

», Whl3'll used with fl uorescent or phosphorescent materials. prod uce ani nteresting lightemitting effect &aU'S in;~ bright objects to g~ow'.

,I&. IUllV LEDs all\e !exn-emJ!i:I~' dalilirgem~15 amd Ciiw~ irreparable dama,ge ,to ,yotl r e,yes if! saJety pre~a lmtionSi are no~ 'tilen. You ,shotimd never IlhlJmidle UV ILEJDs, 'wlthc;llmt Iproper UV;.!fated ,satf'e.ty' glasses.

~----

BUI DINGA ,SIMPLE CCUIT

By wea1ljng technology - specific~ny~ electronic cin:uitryinto the 0 bj ects yo u m ake1 yo U ca n give your proj eets a nervous system capab1e of JI see i ng ,n ILl fee ling," urea cting,'" and even ·'thinking:·

Even the m os t rud i mentary electro n icc i re u i t has {he magica I

a b i Iity to an i mate the i nan i m ate. Before you beg~n ti n k€ n ng \1IJ lth C~ oec i'~o rs and diad es, you m ust 'f i rst U n derst a n d a '~ew bas i c

p r inc i ples beh~ n d electro n i cs, 'Wi th know ledge of the ba sics, you wfi I be ab I e to c reate res ponsl ve and i nteracti ve ob j ects i ntused with personality and an autonomous Ufe of their own.

The best way to learn and, more importantly" to understand electro n tc 5 IS by. creati ng ,a n d exp e r i me nti ng ViI ii h c i rcu its T h Fa eas lest way to prototvoe 0 r create temp orarv circu its is by u si ng a Illiga tor clips and a breadboard"

------~-----------------------------------

Tile Basics: Voltage, Current, and Resistance

Tille thlll'ee' Imos,t' Iba5Ji:c concepts, in elec.ironi!l::S arEl' 'VOltag,e,. CLltr.reot. and resisil;;i'Ree',. A siim pie citoCuit is, made 'f1m m 'components tl&ii\iit use, \to ~tillige. C4iI Fren~. and !resistance to perform some flU rrudiO'fiII. ,SUcil~1 ,as turniliflg en an !LED.,

'YQ,L1AGIE I's 'the drlvlnl fONe In ellect:r'h:;: ~ifCJtgi~s.

I ~ eXJC:ites. electron 5, causi ng them to move through a circu it. I~, is. measured in volts, symbto1izecl try V,

A" 'few commo II SOUIfC~.s of voU4!gE! are batteries, so la r celli S"

gene Ft:ltOFS. and e~ectmn ic ~ower su~pl ies, su ch as wall ada pters, w~n adapters don't actu~lly IprodU1ce electric~11 energy, but simply en ~l1l1el a nd 'co nvert it from a wall outlet These sources of voHaige ,~!fe tYiPiC~ Ily n;f.efl'"redi to ;::!:S the" power su pply"' or ," power SI)UIfCle~ 'for cirOIJ~ts-

T.!)iko@ a hook at a batt~IF'y, 'f-or @lx~rnpb~. S~tt~ri~s hr;lV€! a iix~d v0it~g@ '~hBt i~, usually spscif ~d on 1th~ b;;;lrtl€!fY it~@lf _IEvv:ry battery has a

't· . ..l t' t 'I ' . ..l -1,_..l ..,..I!. , I h ,. II

posr nvi!' 4IIn!LI n@,ga I"i/IE' errmna OF' SI!l,.Ji8', mar tri.t:U re~p€'L'lliV@ y Ii,! a 4-

rand. a "-'~ I n a circuit, 1th€ electrons filOV!.l' 'from 'th€ ne,g"iltiv€ term lna I of the baUery, through the circuit'. and back to the positive terminal ofthe barUery. Once electrons are energized, they ~lin to move '~hrQugh a. cJrcuit

,eu R R:ENI i6S the movemen~ or' 'iWD'W ,m elecim:n]s i~ ,Iii cilf·cli.fiit.

I t represents t he a mou nt O'~ elJedr lea I charge and! is What gets work. eone (~or example; turns 0 n a I igllt), It, is, measured ina mceres. symbol iz,ed b~ A, As you will be 'I,i'ifOrklng wutll1law v{)~ta;ges and currents. the un it of measu re you need! to become' ra mul1ai' wi'~h is ~he milliampere {«LA) which is one-thousen dth of a n ampere"

RES~ISTA'NCE The, mO\ilemetlil ot el ectrons "ell rrent) through a m@'~,erial res ults i n Ute cecaslonet 00 iii s.iolil w"th atoms th at restricts '~h:e~r flow., This restriction of electron '~U0W is known as the mate-

ria l's resfstiiiHC€. 'This resista nee creates a dis persi on of ,excess 'energy i n t~e 'fQrm of heat, M at'erla~$ wittl! 11~gh reslsta nc~ (plasties" 'tor ex~rnple) are poor conductors ot eledticily, snd materials with lOIN resist.an;r€' (meta~ wires.lQr e:.:-a mple) are' exce~le-n~ ccneuctors, Resistar'lce' i~ measurec in ohms, IF,eprese ntw Oy. tile: symb\11 Q,

IBstt:ery

----------------------------~--~

-~------------~---~------------~

I"TUTORIAL I

~-------------------------------------------------------------------~

Prototyping a Simple Circuit Using Alligator Clips

» At bash: en ec,trlc. c~reu lit ~Jil5'15tS or OJ V.o Ita.ge ,so~ rce pro'll~CJ I filg elec~r~(;a~ ,ene~y, :Sto'me. de'IJie::E! er "'1 oad" to make 11.!l!l.E! O'f' Utat ernel1lY, ,and :aJ path 'for the current to 'flo.w ~ etwee-1'iI the sou nee and UI e·lcadJ. irb lJrlJdelTstand the' basic pri'n,ciples. I'et's Inow build a slm pie' c~rou fit ILtSJi 11'1 alligator clips.

'I::ec~u ss you s n~ us ing a 9\1 b~tt@ry. a resistor ~$ ab:$()lute~y necessary ~11 tt!i~ circuit to limit the current 'flow te th.e LIED to €Word 0YeF'~o.~di ng and bu mi ng out 'th~ L'E D-

~rl'''''':' P 1·1L - II· I·

;.::). I~ , , :: 1'!;tta ch !:;l separate <:! tg't;)t-Of Il;: Ip

to '~h:8 positive .;;I nd n~tiV!B' ,t€ rrn lna Is of your ba'Ug,<ry, errsuringthetthe teeth of the a lhgator d ips do not touch.

!NOTE: It. is gQodilPltaetice to use d ifiTerelflrl:oolored alligator' 'clips to ic;i 5tin.~u i'5i1li ViiSUi;lllly Ibet,weelfll tf1e, pos.it.ive, a rna negatilv-e temifiiSil5, of the lbattery", U\S!l!Ially bl!ac~ is, used fOil" the negative 'berm i na~ gf a power ~ulrce and r,ed torr tlM,e poslth/e'.

is'rEP 2:: GIlCiJb the a Ilig]Jtor ~,Iip oonnected te the [positive term inal of the battery. conaeet its opposite end to the positive lead orf the LED, The [positive Ilead of'the LIE D wi II be '~he ~ongelf ~eacJ,

S'rEP 5:: Usi rs tile rem~i ning ~nigatQr c'lip, connectthe negative (short) lead of tile LED to one si ce (If the resistor,

)} 9~l bat't,e!ry 'the voltag;e souree » Standaim f,ed ILED the load

~ J alllligatiQIf cllips that '1-'/111 providle a tempora ry p.at~l 'for' the current tIC flow beooee'i1 'the battery and the LED

» 390n-800fl. ~W res~S'mr to limit the' current now to leve Is saf-e for the LE D'

STEP 1,:: (;; rab th e all igator em p con necied to tile n~i~ term~n~l of tile' OOtte.ry" Connect its opposil~ ~rTId to 'the rssistor, completing the ci rcuit. Th~ LlEID sh ouldllight up,

N'OTE:: If the 1U1E:[) do@s!I1't lighit '1!J~; go lback and l!TI~l~i8' SUlI'Il ih~t :YQu h~'I;I@ ICiOIl'lI!fl;ii!c.b~d1 ti~€i cin;:uit pm;p€lrly. LIE,[),s ,ar\fl' polarilmd, mga.lrding thart: ,th€, olLilll1r,_€lfiIt 'wom youlF' power 5tJ~rt:e (the lut!ttery") C81:11 run tnlffiugh Ml'ilam in ,one, diilrediali'il oftilly. The CUIII",roll1i: m~5t ftlow' frOm the ~o5Jtive :5lrdle' of ,your battery to 't1lTi1e positH'i.ile, lead c~ the ILJE D and balck frern 'tJ~e negative I eadJ ,of tine LED 'bo the I!te,ga'tilive 'terf'll'1ljn!a~ of th~ llbiaitlery In order 'f;or the LED to I igM: up'. HOWe!ilEN~, pllUlggin! in 'tjne LIED back,wa rds will net harm ut:: it me.!fe.~ 'W~II nO't I ~gM: uP',

'Wha't exactlly '~s liIap,-en]ng i'R '~he ci'rouit? ~}ectroflls from the 'ne~atj\i\e termirual of the b.a~t)t!fY 'flow thrcugh the all iga~or eli ps and through tile 'LE~! I ighti ng the LED, arid back ~~i n to til€' posltlva term inat The' Fe5isior tu nctlons to I imit tile current to safe I evels,

L ~------------ ~

Prototyping a Simple Circuit Using a Breadboard

Once ,roUIlf circu its e:et nil Ore complex, you wi II need a breiiial~ bo:al'd m tempc;rarily ooliin~t all the !E!flleetmmic components, togeUler.

» 'B.r'eadboardls Illf'e ,ra Iqu~\ck ,!aJliid eaJ51y' w~' to, Ib.<Iii1i1iCill drolJlits"

but t\~r:st you meed ,to IlIlliitders,tand ~;il)W tll1l!e,Y wark:.. The easiest way tID understand where' the hnle:s are connected and willIenE!

Utey are not is lJy re mcw-irng the' pl,asti C 110U sin~ to see th e strips 0f rnetal undemeath.It y-ou do not own a breadboard with a piastre encasement 'that can be easl 1"1 remQY€!d I Fe'fer to U"le plctu re at top right for reference, A~ti1QUgh tile pattern of ho Ie'S varies 'from mode I '1;0 model, the basic a rrangemsnt ,of a bre~dbQaFd is e'xpll$linedJ below.

,ANAJ"O MY OF A BIIEAD'B,OARD IJnd@rneath the perforated plsstre are m@1tai strips. (niC"k@;I-pl~rt,@d} arr8lng@o in rows. Th@ 'typical breadboa rd has '!wo colurn ns of many r.o'oVS of shorter m~tal! ~tr1ps i;;:Il igned pa rallel toO one !;I nether (A). The two col u rnns 43 F'@ S€para1ti3d by' 8 C@I1~~\F d ivid8r (B). These two col umns a re used to 00 nrtect the e lectronic com ponents .. Along €:ilch si de is ,8 co lurn n

of 0 ne or two IOllger strips (C). Th€'5€' OI,J~E:r eolu rnns are u sua Uy reserved for Ute pO'i'Vr8r su pop I~l.

I f you have removed U, e pia stic hQusing: 'from youii' breadlo.oa rd; yDiLI can nOW 5'eCulte it back in place. Tille me~al 'ships that you jU5;t observed (1\) are conn ected to the holes. on top ,of '~he board. The holes ,are spaced OJ" apart = the standard, spacing- fOr '~he teads of electronic components" The holes that corraspo nd '~o tlhe, rn eta I 5'~rnp beneath - ~ypi.cally 'five holes per strip - are connected i and those besi d'e ~hem are net,

. ..

oil.

.AEiCDE , IIF'!iI

I I

I

1 __ -

5

I il _

i! ·2 __

_ .S! !I! Ii

F I H , .I

=s & _ ·,1

,---

_ ....... _C!,

_ .... __ 't:i

___ :;6

- - 4·

_ _.;!".i

I[

,

I I

US~ING YOUlR BREADBOIAIRD lo. u5;e your breadlboard, s.imply pus'h the leads or ~eg5 of the com penents into the Ihol es. To

con ned two components bJgethe r. you must elther silp ~h;eflr leads ~rl'bo, a row O'f ~"I 0 les eenneetsd 'together or connect them usl ng ,~umper wires. Jumper wires come with some breadboardllkits C'.Ifild are designed ;in prerneasu red lengths to m b readboards. lf YDU don't have jumper wi res" you carl ct'et8ite YDur own by cuttnng and stripping' 0 rd ina ry nonstrs nded (sol id) wire {see how-to at ri~hO,

The cente r d iV1dJer en a breadcca rd (8) is IJsea to place inte,grated CircUft (Ie) ch'ip~. such as tll~ H'ex-.schm~tt iniilert'e'F, Ie chips are placed in the middle of the beard alongthe diviider Inne so that: h~n the I'eads ars on on e side alnd the ot he-r 11(lllf are .oil! the Qtlhe r, Tbls ~~IOW$ for each ~e"d of the ~C en i P to be adcressed sepr)rate'ly and I eaves row r hetes ,~'ilai lable for components. to be connected,

POWER~N(i, TlHflE, CI ReU If To pO\i'!.lVr yot,ar circuit, y.ou snou Id

con n~ your pOIW~1l" supply to the oul@1r 00 lurn rts (C), You r breadboard may nav@ 000 colored lines.a red. and 8 blue. accompany~ng '~8C!h roW' in th€: colum n. Thes€' designate the power (red) and ground (blue) 'for the drouit I'f your breadboard doesn't have any colored lines. u se the top column 85 YOUir power and the bnttn rn as ym,jIf ground, fhi 5 '!.vi II hel p keep you from confusl ng the 'bNo Bind shorting your drouit To lea rill more about shorts, see the sidebar at rlght,

1. U:5,ing wi re ciJItte rs, cut ~h e wire to the des iredl ~ength"

z. U'6,i~1E:: wi re striopers remove JA" of plastic sheath trorn :both en (J;3, nf the wiI'le,

3.. For stVilnded wired. t;wi$t tile stripped ends together and Un. th e en ds to prevsnt the' wire from ft1J,yi ng,

To tin tn@ ends, ,add a touch of ,~.01 d er to the :~trupp$dl wiro" coati ng the ends with ,8 '~h i n lalY€'r of solder,

A short occurs w,he n a ci rcljJi'~ is wired, ~ffIfI pro pet1y and' the current 11 ows through the ci rcuit alon~ an u nlintended paUt.

W len a s 110rt haDpe nSF tile. cilr(u~t may not "'!,lurk properly or may nat work at all, Short illS:: a eire un can rssu It in da ma~ed 'e~ectrornc components if an accidental surge of high current IIQ1IIIS thl'ougll tnem.lt ~s ~rti~u'awl~ dangerous tc short a batbery, as the ~at~ery will (!rYe r~eat a nd mal}" E!'J<plode, If ,~ny com ponent heats up urle'xpect,edJly, q~icky d isconnect th e power so uree,

31

I. TUTORIAL I

-------------------------------------------------------------------,

Build a Simple Circuit with a Breadboard

}) N rrJW Ilet":s, 'tinker wlil:lhI the' b readb!Oa rd. We a re going b:l Ib UlI'I~d ,a 5~!nnllrar ,eiflcult as we dJd before, Dtlil: this 't~rIl'H!' withl the addition o.f am, exbra [,1E,[l,

WHIA'T' YOU'L1L INEED

}} 9V bi:i'lt"rety' aln'tdl b-atreFy' c:Oll'illnu~'do[j' }} N,eedleno5e pliers

:» Jum per cw~res

» ,2 LEDs of nile same color » Bread board,

» ,a9CQ-800l"l_" ,mu W res Lstcr

-----~------~--~--~------~------------~---~-------------------

STEP I: Place the longer, p.o~i'ttive le~(j O'~ the LE D illl

a row above' ttile center divider. 'Place the shorter 'Ie~ d in enother row be 1Q1N the dlivide r. The' lE D shou~d '~tr~ddle the center ,d ivid~f of the board,

S'I' I~ P 2: U:s~ng, rt~~dl@nG~e pli ers, :g~llftly' bend tu!~ 1~~1:1ii:iS of ym.llll resistor irv!to right .ijngl~s. This wi II rnake it ~~is.i@'r to place tn€: leads of the- 1F,~si:stolr ~nt!Ji t he breadboa rd.

STE P 5: Con ned D ne lead of "lh€ r€lslstm to tlh€" nE;gailliive I Bad of' tin e LlEILl. plac in,g it in the same mw_ Sli p the second lead into ,Ej different row. Using a jumper wire, connect the second I ead of tli1e resistor bJ Uile bottom iie.g:ative column of "the powell supply.

STEP 4: Using a ju mper wire; COfilnect the pM It i\,le lead Qif the LED to t~le top. positive eolemn o~ tile power supply.

STEP 5,: Place 'the batte ry connec tor onto the 9V ba~tery. Slip 'the p.asi,hve and ne,~tive teads into '~he '~()P and bottom columns. rle5pecth!'e~y, The' LED should II~ht up"

STEP 6~ N ow '~ry @dd~ng a second LE.D to th:e breadboerd You can connect the LED in eatler P<'lralle~ or series (page 22).

Prototyping a Circuit Using a Perforated Board

Penmra~ed boarCJ;. typ ~callllJ' lli'merred to' 85. lperlboards •. ~U'e pre~punch9 boan1:s with Of without copper- ·tf.aCes. lii.isedl ·to prolot.y.pe oeiWiJiiits. llJ'iIilli kg rwith breadboiilrd\5. e;~et~mfiic ccmpQ iii emu ,iilTe. soldlemd to aaeh etfler or onm tl~ Ie lboan:l it'Self. miil!l:i iilrg '~he drcuits penmanen~.

» TJrlefie· ar<e two, types of' peI1\b,Gll'ds\~ boardls wltli1l cop~ef '~raoes ali1dJ 'those wlthc!!Irt. Petiboards without oJppeil traces are :senera Ily less expensive but the-y t=!Jr€ more diUicu It! andl messier, to work with. 011 these boards. the llead s o~ e loc~ronic' com PQnents must be soldered til) ,e~ctJ other dli rectly. or try u.$~ng wi~es, to

con ned oompo rents to on e another.

For' ~ lifi!ll)Vclil ~le!!l!li1e'r i~n1.dl :sirnpme;!I" aiter"a:~ive. llIse pel1lb'oali,ds. 'With (:op~;eli' tr,a~~, ~peci'ficaWly '~~Hles laid !~I;I~ witlhl Ie spaoing', P@rfboalFds 'with Ie ~pZI!;;:ing ,~llow you to ~asily transfer a c~rcuit

bu iH; on ~ breadboard dti~cti::l w ,a rnore p~lrTn~ n~fift cirC\!lUlt soldered onto a perfticard.

"' n.....-ii!iI:.·~·- .. ds W'~L ~l"" sua ... ·I""'g """""..!Ii.. ,c..'·lm- 'I I''''' lit'v' ''''·0 iL""""iiI--'liLO'" --1."

1..1 r-II2"'lr~.I' -_..:Il .1IUlfl-1 [I~' ,F~tI .. 'II..rl ~r. ~" !III! PII.lr,111!\, ~ - _U I 1;S- I~.:.' ~I ~ OlD. : ... !ru~_.

The leads of electronic components m ust be bent and inserted into the, through-he les 'from the top of the board {the side without the copper traces). The leads then caFll be bent fl ush tn the butte rn cr~ the board to h old the eornpone nts temoorarl 11' I n place, Sim ilar to IUs~ng .a breadboard. jurn per wi res come ln handy to jump components to difr'erent, r"O'ii,rS LI'r '~o, con nect d Iff,erent CorTI POl'1ents to each otF~er. Once yoU flEiVe .aU the· ccmeen en~5 ;Irl p laee, yo Li CEIIl s:o!dler title lea ds ot each component '~(i, the copper pads Uf1Idlerneil.th the bMrd accord i ngly. Once ,alii 'the' components are soldered the' exoos':J, ~eads can be tnm med !J s,ing a pair !Jf wi re ciJtte rs,

It II ,. iii ..
,.
I! i!I!' ,II .. !ill >to
I!I!I ,., ,., II! .. ,., G8 .-.

- .

r-------~---~----------------~·-~-~---------,

You r power su pp-ty is the life source of your prOject.

Vii he n you begi n design i ng: your p roiect, yo. u r c h oic e of power source will affect not only the design of your circuit but tl:he form of your project as well. Choos·ing.a power supply is determined by tee h n i ca I a n d econo m ~c fa ctors as. we'll a s des ign oecis i on s.

I s you r project srn a n a 11 d porta ble? How rna ny hou rs does it need to work before it can be rec h a rged or the power so LI rce re pi aced? Is the project used oredorrurately outdoors, indoors. or both?

1 a k i I1g the va r~a:b I es of size I dura tion, porta bi I i ty, and environment into co ns ideration wr~ I help you determ i ne the best powe r sources fo r a~ I you r· projects ..

Be cause yo u wii II be worki ng exclusi vel y with low vo ltages in til e projects In this book, the three main sources of power that you s bouid become 'fa mil iar wi th a re batte nes, solar ce 115. a nd ~ow-

1 vo ltage p ower ada pters, Fa II owi filg is all! exp I a natio n of the th ree.

•

including the benetlts and disadvantages of each.

~---------~-------------------------------~~

Understanding Batteries

» Fa(ii' tltite· lllfi~Olii'i'ty g,f YOUiii' pmili~ts, baHEHii'ii:es, wilill be YOUiii' primary IPmver SCUillifCe. 'They .are portable; availlable in d i'fferent sizes. shapes. and weights: and some a re rae ha rg.eable., The maior down'S~~e of batteries ls that they a ~e not. very' SUI5'~ainablie,. ~f y.ou don't cheese your battery t~k:ing ill1to consi de ratio iii '~h,e amount o'f power req u ired ~ nd 00 nsumed by ~iJr project, yOiu may fi nd yourse If h:arving to rect:J@lrge or rs p'l@t:€! you r batteries ottan.

Tlile two mQs~ ilmperrant un its that ,yo;ua need m IlIndersta~d in batteries are ·theiw voJ~tage and ea:paclty 'ratill!llg5.

'VO:lf,AS E The p !',edorniF1'a~e' tact-or in c hoosijng ® battery ~$ rts v{)lrtage. :Ilr! yeJaJr projects, you mu st USE! th e mini mlUm emount of vo~t~g·e requi red b<y yo ur c rcuits to get them to 1,iVOrik properiy (se~ page :28. 'for mere),

'CAPAc~ri' Mthough batteries ha1/0 ~ fiN@d l.Ioitag@', th~ir capaclty ls \,i'ari~lble:. If yOUI think of y>DUr battery as U~@ stc r.ag~ conla iner

'for ~·lectriC'~1 @neF,gy. t:h€' .a rnou nt O'f electrical @'nIH'F,gy r:jl'iJ'<'3 ilaibl@ 'for us€' in a battery aver a period of ti me is its capaoity,. expressed in am p>EF'€- hC)UlF5 (Ah). I Ill! general, the higher the ampere-hour rating. Ute lon,ge r the ballIlery wnllisst: for a eertal n load'. f:o r example, if you have t.wo, 3V I ithiurn batteries rated at .250FflAh .and 500nnlA h. the second batte'ry should ttJem-eti,cally last tWi08 as long 'w,hen u sed in Ute 'same c lreuit.

s~ why ~m ,ilil~wa.ys Use ilIil b~tlter.y with mOire 'cap~~ity?

Tbl 5. is wh E!r€ econorn ics i bat~elf',Y SU!\E!,. din d we ight come i nte play, G,eE1era.l~y, when comparring batteries wi'~ht the same cornpos~t.ion ane va It~age bLl'~ ,d i f'fe~re.nt !:apac.i'~i es, '~h e battery wi'tt:1 a gr,ea'ter cspaci ty wi II be hea-vi er, l.fIJrger i n si~e - :BJn d pro bably more expe nsive,

Connecting Batteries:

Series Versus Parallel

Most eil,eami1ic gadge~5 and t:a,Ys use more than olite liDaiH,ery'. Silmi lialrly. illl1l yOUF circuits. you m~ clilll)ose- to grQup baUet,ie-s ,to ,get ,the desit,edi \l\olta,g,e andi'capacii;y ..

» B-aJtteries, ell MIl be grouped tQ.getliier lin series, ':or hlgjttiJelil" 'voltages. or 111 p3r,3JlI'ell f'Oll" more tCajp-liIclly.,

TO GROUP BIATJERIIES 'IN S'ERI ES The pooiitsVle terminal of 'the battery is. conneetsd to the rlegative t,ernl~n~1 of the next baU:ery, and so on, as ill ustrated at: fi±:!f" ri;ght. The re'Sl!!iIt is an i ncr-ease in 1t{l1Jt~tE:e 'that: is tile' sum of the indiviciuall battery voltages, while the ca paclty rernai ns th e SaJIlW,

flOoR EX_AM PtE U YQU grou p four ,3V batteries witll a 200mAtu cap~city.'Ule result is a 12\1 PO~W1F supply witlh a capacity of 200mAh.

TO GROUIP BATTER IE'S IN PARAtLEIb All po-sitiv@ t@rminal~ are con nectcd '~ogGltIh€i r and ;;III negative tsrrn ina Is are con nectsd,

as i I lustrated at 'fair I'€'ftt_ I n a p.arailiel con neetl on. the caJpad~y is increased to the sum of the ind ividual battery capacities. wh i 112- the voltage FiE rna ins the- same,

F!OR EXAM PiLE ~f YDU gro!Jlp fOLir 3V batterles with a 200mAh capacity. tllile result is a 3V pewst sup-pl,y with a mpg,cit.y.of 8.o0~h_

Connecting Solar Cells:

Series Versus Parallel

!Umi lar t>o batlieli'l,es. 9 ~a r "ells ,can be lJiOu~ed linto soilla r panels, oonnected h~ ,ser'les OIr parallel.

» ,~!aJr ,ceUls grouped tQ,ge~her it'! soerles, pro¥itde hi~ilIleil!" Wl~ aps~, and w\h,eli1l gro:!J.lI ped iili1llpalraU:em, provide mor'te! iC:!i!lipa(';:ity., Uf'!!e:ss you pu rchase sola F panels, most individual sotsr cells or economy paeks of brQ~en sota r o@~I's, don't corns with lead's pr~sotdered to th @ur positiive an d l1!egattrve. sides, 'YOUI row st either so Ider Uilt;m (r~~ r to page 4:1.) '0 r glu e them on your~l'f with cencuctive ~IPD:(y- VOl!) willl@arrl'll mon~ about solar C~ lis on thil;!! 1'01 howing, pag@$.

3V 200mA

3V 200m.t

3V 200mA

9ATIElR I ~S liN PARALLEL l;V'

~OOIllA'~'4 .~ :8QQmA

200m ...

3V 200m ...

• III ••••••••• _ •••••

, ,

3V 200mA

_,---,_,------ --

•

Different Types of Batteries

'11ft~re ,lire ,two dilff;elren~ c!lalSses tiltaJt batteries are, d~iid~edl into~: primary alnd SeGlM!!Ia:ry.,

PRmMARY IBAITERI ES

a rs d ispo:8C,!t~le, Tiley are usso once ~nd eli scardec wilen they alFe dmin edt

SI.CON DARtV BATIEfUES ca n b@ rsche r~d a(ild reused manytim@s_

WithollJt .I§~tti ng into the nuan Di§:S of \18 rlo us battery compositions, the fQnQW~ng is a g8Fter.3i1 evervl ew of the dffrerent barUe ry 'type::. and the il' characteristlcs to help you dlets-rrni ne the most

a pproprlate power supply f,o r your projects_

Alkaline Batteries

i)1I11f_'~

r .... ?Jlli~' t'I,!iJIj

')} The most common pnmarv b.att~ri @~ used in electronic d~V11c€'S.

'j) ih@~l come illli fl\i\E: d iffer€ nt sizes:

AlA. AAlt C., D., and '9"1. All except the 9V are c.:y!i ndrlcal in sha pe and rated at 1.5V. The 9V is squa re. alnd as lts name suggest'S, is rated at9V

~ The If ICap,aeiity lneresses with baUery '5 iz,e. AAA bel ng the small L est o,nd ID ~h e largest.

AWllrdage; Ubiqu ltous aJnd therefore i nex,pensive ..

IDisadvamta,ge: Size, weight. and low v.oH:tIge. Not rechargea ble,

'TheR!: line plenty of betlterie!i tl;!! ell1l!!!~e "rem. 1"i3i"J!:ing ~'1i!1 ~mw~Jti~!'!l, :5iiz,e~ !5Ihape;, w It<Jgi3~ capiJ!f:i![y. <lind we ight.

Lithium Polymer/ Ce II p he 11 e Bat te ries

» Seooilldary fllat.. recta ngu la F' bettertss used i n ~ v.ariiWty 'Of pc!lftt~bl@ d€!vi ces such as cellphones. PIDA~. and earn era 5..

}} ~ag;chargeabI8. fairly I ighhveight:. 8 nd DO rnpact, with a high caJpaci1ry rating_

TH I NIK TWI,CE ,aRm tJif,mwin.g away ;~f rec:!i'~1 ing' .YOUlf 'Did cellplita\lli!\iIDe ,_, i~ mii~ be, ,the be~ ,io1nd ciiiteape.5'~ power Sl.!Ippllly f'or youw p~ject.s.

Adivali1ta.g~; I deE],1 (Dr any midsized IPort;3Jb~e proiect lh3~ req~kes a great ecnsumotlon of' poweif.

Disadvantap; 'Typically on Iy available at: l7V·_ 'the standard volltl.8f! tor rC'!e11 phones. COf'fllmercia I battery contacts. battery holde-rs, a rid 001 te ry cnergers are not generally ;;vail~b~e 'for thecSe batteries. $Q ,~ 'custom one must b@ d;@sigTii@d_ Last 11'" thi@y ar-e q!)~~ ~'](p~n$ive .

Photo Batteries

»Si rni~ar to alka lin@ bstterres

in th@ir cylund rlcal sha pe and appearancs. but rated art 3'1. 6V. and @'\lellil .12\1_

,Ad¥Bn~iilI.:: Volrlage_ You on Iy need one photo barite ry versu 5 two 031 ka~i ne to get the same ,aijrHJUIi1~ of volt:Jg.e.

Di,sacaiv\iiI'irnlta,ge= Cost. One photo MUe r.Y typically stim costs rna re ~h.ai'IJ two a Ik;a line batteries.

Rechargpabl'p Batteries

:» The most susteln ,,01 ~ .and ~nvircnrnentally fri~ndliy' option.

» W1h@in dlrainecil. can b~' restered to fu III charge and reused.

}) ,A,v.ail.abl'i;l in most eernrnon battery sizes. lnclud i ng coin cell.

AdvsntB,ge= ave r 11:1 e lor'8: te rm, they end up 'saviog you money and salti ng '~he enVYrnlllment

Watch or Coin/Button Cell Batteries

:t). PFim~ry srn alii, circlll~ar ib,rt1t'@ri@s cornm on~y used i n watch@~" C~ leulators, tlOY~, and! so Olll.

~.iYlPict;llly .avaiLable from i.5V-3V

». An excelle nt: choice in p rolects with ,a I ighiI load that requi re

a DO rneact. I ightf.Neighrtt pewer source.

jo). Thel ~ s Ize ts delili"ieatoo iln mi llimeters (mm), specrryi ng the ou tar ,d lsrneter of the bat~ery.

», SeCUiri dary corn ceJl1 biliUeti es arne a IS!3 dVClJi 1;£1 ble, but a re not. very

,ec0n>Olnicall,

D[sad!v1aI1l!Qg;e: Fa irly ~jm ited, ln capt:!city"

The Alternative Energy Source

Solar Cells

Disaid¥an~age:: I ni~ia'i I nvestmen ~ is eos~ly" The batterlies themoolve:s aW1e expens~\,I\e and requ ire din a~xompanying batbery c ha rg,er; Also, sacen clary batteries genera Ily have a lower capac ity than p rimaty

batteries, and so me even requ i~'·e .Advantage~ Co mprKt size,

$pec.a~ disposal,

'X',;. S~la r ceus, 'Oil' pnatoroitaic wJXs. mn;;'!k~ use of tlh~ gr@"~rIt·@~t If@n~W.!3lbl~ ~n>ijrgy sou Fe€! - the $1;.1 n - by converting Irght iIlril@lI"gy i nto electrical €"n€'r.gy.

)) The, most sustal na h Ie pGwelr source av.all abl e: '\WeIll 5U lted t,o r wei::! rable artd olJJlcbDr projects,

Afi~ntillge: SoLar ceUs make exee Ilent I ight sensor'S. They d:isr'

tl ngu Ish betwe,em ;3 reas OfF I ight and d.awk and d if~erent times of d~. Sohar eelts ;c,llo'l'll yo ur Ipr9iec:ts. to be awaw€ of the 'tllUctuating li,g11tjng conditions of the en'!J~mnment. arid with the I'H~ Ip ot a 'few electronc components. this ,rlw.areness can be easi Iy tr.anslartted into an infi nile num ber of: behavi 0 FS, They are 'flat and lightweight. Some' ~~e even tlle';dble, and can easl Iy be bent ,a:!nd curvedl to ,'·it 3D su rtaces,

Il):is~dva"tag:e~ Th~y don't work at night ,'t'!,!'ithourt reserved ~'n~Tgy. Th@y' 'W"Qli"k IPDor1y i n ~nvi ro rim ~nt;, with low outdeo r I ighti ng eondl-

t ions. Tlh~y a re not su ltable for

a ppli cations that req uire 211 eonslstent and DO nt inu,aIIPO'NeF' source. However, with the addltlon of a few e leetron ie com pOll1ent:s" e leetr ica I e ne rgy generated by solar cells

ca n be stored and u sed at rtIi,g,ht..

Fi na II,Y; se la r eells a ~e 's'~i II 'fa irlt expef1lsi'ie; and you need qu ite a few o.f the m to genercrbe a nota b le a meu nt O'f pc.wer. For projects wi~h a mg~lt load, th is i sn't tot) much O'~ a concern,

Different Types of Solar Cells

'h~re ,lire 'few different

'tjflPes lof ~I!;lr ,ceills ,aryan· able Q~I tllilie' market., ,All so~lai!1I" oems :sha!rE! si'fill1Uar desigmsi ,and offer v'illrlous ad'!lantages. andl,maisadvan~' 'ti1'§eSi. d!epellld ine C'UiI! ~he

matbe!i'ta~(s usad ~'1iI '~heif'

ee __ 1:I't~cti~n.

40 F.\:&ITliON"I'NG TECWI NOLOGY

Amorphous

» M!ad~' from pi acing a thi n 'Ii 1m of ~ctiw sal leon on a sol id or 'fltl;l:X'ibl~ baclk illig.

}} lh~s8 are the least effici E:nrlt of all three 1tyP'~s. but th€y offer a level of fl exl b ili:ty that th E: other two do not.

Her'e ~s aI general D'lN3f'!.!'I:E!W ofJ: the dH'fp, 11\8 iii 'It solam ce:il 'lYlIfH:!S ,and tin:E!ir 'li:t1sraciteris,tics 'b]1 iti!!"ip ,l{(ItlI det!l!-l'rnin8' the most appropnlate !5fi'i';Jr 'I!:eml fDr }'!tnJr' p~tOJi3ct!5,

Monocrystall,ine

]I} ProdutO@d from 31 th in :s~ic@ of a si ngm@ ~i hcon cryst~i_

}) lh@ most €'ffici~,nt. and t.Yipka Ily tlh€- most €xpl§:lil!sive_

Po lycrystal ~ i ne

» Prodluced fIr-om a, thin sli C~ of a cast si i leon block. th@:'y h~v@ th~ alPp@af1:!InC~' of bl ue shattered glass,

» Cheaper and ~es5 efficierrt "than monocrystalline solsr rei ls.

I_TUTORIAL I

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Soldering Leads onto Broken Solar Cells

» :Solder'lll'Ig Ile~d5 0 nte 50la r cell:5 can be- a bit 'trioky. fj rst, you need to

diete rmlne the poslitilve Ii1Wi1d lIiIe.gatl've side.s ,of }!\O~ 11' selar eell, 'Tlhe fo_ac:~ (typlea 11(y' ,gray') 's~de of the :solar ce'l~ is 'tIMe positive, s~de: the' front '~b I UlE or bllac~. die pending O~ w\na~ type of s~laJr celli you halve), with 'Ute lines ~5 'tine ne~ati'!lE'.

STEP I: Usijog a piece of 'ti n€'-gm~!1 s~lldlpaper, C~ raful Iy ~~nd a SIl1l ~lli section Q1 the tn! cker met~li lie bar tJ"Urlni ng peflFJ~ ndiclUlaf to tlh~ thli nl1~1F Itio~s on the front: neg-at iv@ side of your solar C:~ II. Th@ section sino uld be smooth and shiny_

S'l" Ii; P 2:: Sl§f~ YDUr soldermg i ron '~O 1Q1N t€:mpeuahJlF1ZL Wi'~h the tip of YO!.Jr so.ldell'i'ng iron. heat the section you hav-e justt 'sa nded for BI second or two. Theil add aJ touch of 5--Q~der. drawing it along the ba r,

NOTE~ If yOiiJi if snlder bans, iUlP. e lther If-O~lF' iro,rn [its teo hot. Or 'tln'e meta 1111iG, balif Irna5n~~ been si3fi1(11ed properl,Y.

STEP 5: Cut your lead wi re to the desired I engt h @l1ItJ stwi'p 1J.2" off bot h endls. Be su fie

to use ,a '~hi n·~Ll~e. non stranded w~re. Piae:e one of th~ stn ppoo e nos of you r wir.e direcUy onto the widell contact th@it you created, LJse the tip 0'f you r -s.1JIdleri ng iron to Fe heat the solder and m el:t '~h-e sora er over the w~lf'e.

STEP 4·; A Ue r YQlI have so'lde:r'ed on you r neg~tiv~ I~dl, ni P the' ce II over to sord er on the positive ~~ad.. The' back s[d ~ of the solar cell does 1l!0'~ n~d to b~ sanded.

S'TEP 5: Cu~ and strip al1loth~r pi@c~ o~ wi~',. CF~at.~ a 'sol,d er contact b<:t h~ating' th i3 cell 'for ai second Bind adcliFl!,g' a drop of solder, Attach you r vilre to 'the wider contact.

S TEIII! 6: Repeat, 'for the other cells you warnt to connect

NOTE:' Irif ,your wiire,s; won"t ad liiI~re '00 ¥Crull" :sO[ICif '!:ellls, y{);jj can U5e ooifldJliJ cUv.e me,ta II tape, to create tOOiiiil::ad po~nt5 to solder onto" AnotlMler 'OpUO'i'ii il:5 t'O use OOlfiiiG 1J.!I;(:~fI\I'e epoxy O!!ee' ~age ·4) 'to, glue 'tJliie w~res ,om,o the. 5iO I,ar ,~e.llls.

WIHAT 'Yt)U" u, N IE,ED

)} Solli3r cells

)ji lFin~·g1l"aJIi1 sandpalper

» Sollde{~ll1lg ir,oli1l and selder

')} T1id Ii'fi la UI~"'e, ncnstlfaJln;dled wilr·e

L ~_~ __ ~ ~_~ ~_~_~_~_~ __ ~_~ ~_~ __ ~~_~_~~_~ ~_~ ~_~

41

Power Adapters

Powe r adapter,s alIlI1lrwn At (,ill t~erlllii~Ung ClWlrrent) 'voltqe fllrom ,iii, wal ~ outlel' bJI a ~nstii Ifilt DC (d ired ~ulirreiilil.l W ttiilge twhii1lt you need to PGWef yOUII" IPm~;ee~s,)\. 'h~y C-C,me i~1 dif1fel'\E: mt voltag,e o~puts, cllnrrent outplJlfts. POWE!or wa~ingsr and v,iiulh)us Iconflle~r types and :s.11es..

BAS;IC EXAMPLE Tak"€ a look ;j3it your ceUphone power@dap'ter. The r;!Jtil'il~ vary trorn model to mod,el, but typically t.he output wi I~ be wi~hin the r'aJng.e of 3,.7V~5V at: 40Q=700mA of current, Your cell PlllQI1 e power ada pter converts 'tth'e 120V AC (ICO mmon irJ 'In e U"S.} coming trorn your w~11 outlet to safe' operati'ng levels for your phone,

» The m~mn I jrnitart'ion bJi. ~~ I b.aHe,ri~e-s is, t'h;at: they ;evenluaJlI'!t' draiUn. Iff you need aJ ,cQ~'ti]nuQus powell SilLl!ppl:y' ~!" y'Our prol= leid~ .. YOUIT' (!i'~ ty o;p~iom iis tOI IlLiJSiei! a ~r ,~u;ila"pte(lI' ..

FO R' EXAMI~I!.E, If YOUI a r,@ crsatl ng ,a!i1 LE[) desk 143 mp or indoor n lght II~ght. you need a pO\i'ileF' source that will Rast lor hQU rs, s.aUerl€s. in th is case, ,ar'€: not: an €:conom leal or ~agr,cal opt ion,

)-> BiesiOles, choosing an adaptBlIf wi'ffinJ illite, appmpri:ate vnt~age ,amdi ;current OUt,.lllIlt, 'Dill haiv.e a ,chout:iB: of p'ij"rda5~:mg mgu~at:ed ;Dr l!Inr,eg)i.!IlhDe~1 pOWE:lir adaptErs. Untregu laf~ed power ada pters are sign lfica nt Iy 1855 expensive tha n regild,alec ada pters, becau se they do not have ,;3 vol tage ragu later buil t lnto them, What. th~5 mea ns is '~h\at they are de.sig,noo to Pr'(ivj'd,e a ,speci'~~c v{)l~age at a specified load.

Fa R EXAMPILE An unregulated 3V po~r C1d~ pter wi'th ~ 500mA cu rrent rat1ng wi II p rovtdle 3\1 if the c:i Feu it draws dose to 500mA of current lIf'y{)ur circuit uses, less current, the vDltage m@Y,jump UIP ,ami vice V€rSCi. An im~fease in VOn6ige to @I eire uit can damage the co mponents ~n that c rcu it.

) iUnless, y~1J!l ,11 re c:eI1ii1Jin that :YO;jJJ1 'kif![ ow tlhe ex_act: current:

Idraw' cf' 'the ci~f!ii1iuit~ Il)Ese a lregullated Iiii~er !aidla,pte ~ A rsgu I~tedl power acaoter supplies the exact voRage specified, regardless of U);I!! ernouet (If (;1..1 [Tent ccnsumed, as long th~ rated output ;t:lurre:nt is rn ct exc~ededl.

I.TUTORIAL I

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Hacking into a

P Ad t

olw'er' .. ' ' ap'.,er

:r.'! ~h.u Itimeteif

)} lE~ectruca~ tape )J! Wire cutters

» Wire sbii p,pers » Pcwer adapter

» Most powe II' ad!apte.rs, on 't'lfl e market c-omrne wfitlh some' tYPE of' connector. To In~orporabe 'tll1,e, power adaptor ~ R your pfloJec,t, ,If)lU rn !l.Ist flrst re'l1I1cve ttliE~ tonneoto!!'" Seoorn d r yeLl! neeQl to dI5~~nI,giUlI51l1 the pollarlty of the' two w~ res.

LJ nto rhm a.te Iy, tllle:re is no standerd or ccnventtona I

rnarki ng on the plastic coating of' the wireo,s t10 Ilel~ d etermi ne t1lie' pes it ive 'fro m the negative. 'Even with two, si mUar w~i'i aO;;3 pters U S,ing the same vlsuel {';O n'!,i\em~o ns, there is no guara nt~1; that the 1,Wijre is the :S~ me: in both, line best way to, eIli sti nguish the WJol'~rity or tns wi res is by I;.l1sirtg a

mu ltimeter (St;l~ pai5~ 7CJ). 10 Id@'!~If!11 illl~' ths pola Fiiy 0,1 YQyr po<w@r ad ap~~f. follO'N th€l n;@!x~ fuu F st,~p~.

$II'EP t: Cilip the CDl1IlIlBCtDIf ofi the wall adapter and separate the two wires, CUI~ 01118 of the wires slightly shorter tha n the othe-r.

~T'E"iP (1 U' . .L' -. b - I.t." f

C!' "Ii:,., , "'",: . 5 IrillS WI re strippers, S.tFlP a . out '')(i!j, a

In 5 ulation from both wires.

STEP'S!: U~,irrtg e,lecirical t.fiJpe, tape the two. wi res 3par~ 'from each other oli1io a hard sou rtaee su eh ;3S, a td'b'le~

A STEP 4:: Now IP~ug, the wall ada pter ~t'i.

STEP 5!. Set your mUllm meter to the vol'~age seUi n~ an d. select the a P propriste mn~e 'for the v>l)~ta~e bein~

m easured, Us.i n~ the red (po<sitive) and black (negative) probes of y.nl~r m ultim ete r.hook tile probes rafildomly

tIJ the wire'S to see if the voltage measured is negat{ve or pos itive. If YOlfve never used a WIlL! ItimeteF' before, see p~ge 70. I f 'it is l1!egative, reverse the lea ds, NOW' yO'U know that ttle wi Fe th,~t the black Ier;d is .attacf,l@d to ~s tile negatirve (ground) wire, and tll@ othe F is the pOGitive wire'.

« lilt i!t!e,v:olit:af,e l!I'E!aEis ,1iIE!gatill'E\, tM~:cn (Ita. Pnill!!@;$. to g-.et o!l! p@5llthre '!.i'Olta~

« i,l iltJe ¥Diltage lIi(:aci!li ~O£lltJv(!I. 'the; w.ir~ ~tt.ae!l1e~1 b!I, tile black prailJe'

lis ~'ha, IIlC-PUVCl wlf!e, .E!~i!I h 'W~~ iillHadlilE!ii!l1 bJ the lli'(jt!l pfobo is 'IUii~ 1!!)1lk5!it w.e'"

A ElECTRIClrrY' SAFETY Onc~ p~lJgged ill. do not touc 11 tne stT~ppedl wires with your fiinger.s, to prevsrrt shockin~ yourself. The wires also, sh ouldll!'Ilat tt'01Jch eac h other to ~reve nt from sh 0 r~ing and ruini'ng your w8!11 adapter.

L ~-------------------+----------------~--------~- ~------

THE ART OF SOLDERING

r------ - ---- -------- - ----- ----------

The 1''410 rnOJJ,t funda me ntal sid lis n eededl to assemble th e e lee'trDnic pr'Oijects c'OvEi'red iin 'this boo k am so~de ri'nlg ,and ,S;I!:Wilng .. So I deri rTIg 15 the t radit I Dna I way. of joi n I ng electronl c co m po n e nts to 'fo rm a n ~ I e ct rica I conoecto n _ It is a de I i cate skU I that is not d j'ffl cult to master once you u nd e rs ta nd the too I s yo u a re us i ng and the be 5 i C conce pts, The. a rt of 111 a king a perfe ct solde r joi I1It takes some p ra ctlcs but. just like riding a bike, easily becomes second nature

Wea k or 'fa u ~ ty solder jo i nts may result in need I ess hou rs spent troub leshootl ng you r ci rcu its Dr. u Iti matel y, your eire LI I ts m a I fu nctl on i ng entiraly. With a little a patience. practice, and the right tools, you will be making shiny joints, ilrl no time.

II. ... _ _ _ _ _ --..._ _ _ _ ..__ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___- _ _ _ _~ _ _ _~ ..

The Tools

SOLDE R I NS I RaiN/STAT ION There are r1J'f1arl,Y wlderl ng lrofls on '~he rna rkst to choo5.€ 'from that range vast:ly I n price CJependilfl(g on ~he '~eatlJ res ~h ey on~r, S~lld:erlng iron 5 come 'itil d iU1ere'nt vo Itage and wattage Ii,fl'~ings, and some hav.e temper.atu fie control eaeab il lties,

» 'he 'twill mamn 'features m, taliDe' l~n~'Q c:e!fiish:I)el[:g:h:m Melfi pur'Cli1as~'mg a ,solld)e~img' ifOlfI all"e tlhe wattage alfrld '~he 'ternperalW'1'e ,cQntrol, You'll want to pu rchase afi1liron rated betwee n 2,5W=45W, 'Tn is I OW~ to m id'lFange' wattB~e 'works. weill to r :solderi n~ ,electronijc components" Usi ng a tJigI1-Wrlttagl9' solds ring- i ron (TOW 'for eoxampl e) increase'S 'the chencas (If (Jam;ruging an electro nlc

'00 mponent by midi !"IS: too 1!'iI1UiCh heat. law'-wat.ta,ge irons (l5W' for exam ple). O!1 the other Ina nc, increase your chances ,of rneki ng a ~ak sotder ,joi nt.

)t ih~ more e!!:[pensiv-@ :sol'd,@rir!g iron 50 come with a temperature '00 ntrol f@'_a~!lJ~' that ~ I lOW";; YQIU to vary t h~ t@mp~ rature et the tlp, Th is i s id~ril if yo u ar@ gO~nlg to be- wo rkir.Ji,f:' wit h components, that affi pall"ticl.!,Jl.arly sensitive to heat,

)<> Generally. you r solderi ng iron will come with an iron tip .. If YOlJIf iran comes with :3 cop per 'lip, replace ~t with an i ron tlp, COPPEl r '~i piS are more d imtull:t to 'work wirth becau se they corrode qui ck~y..

RDSI N,~CORE 'DR LEA.D~JREE SOLDER The solder recommended 'for use In YOUII" IProjet~515, 60/40 rosin-rolfe 5Older_ Basic eleetronlcs sotder is eemoosed O'F an ,amDY rna de of 'tl n and 'lead; The most

00 mii1fl o iii oompoiS~tnon is 00/40 sohj er ~ 60% tlilfi and 40% lead

- wh iclh ls su ltable 'for a II ~eneral -pu rpose electronic proiects,

» ly.pi cally. sol d er is. In wire term ~ nd is so Id i n spools, Wire solder co mes in vsricu s d~anllete rs, Use a thi n so Ide r (0,.015"-0,0,25-

c! i.alFne'~,er) to give j!.ou more' control (Ne r 'th e :amoulflit appl ied, W~re solder conta ins rosin fl ux in the center: tt1e.r,sfore, unlike in jewel ry rna ki ng. the re is 110 need to use additlona I 'flux.

>') If you ~re av€'rse to produ cis conta ini ng le~d. le~(Hiree solder is ,~\I(li'lable, lea d -'free' solce r 00 nt~i ns 0 nly tin a Fi!d s ilver, but it is. very d iffi'culit to work w~tn bOC~U![i.e it has 8! !T'iUCn tJighe F' melting poi nt.

)t Ai~ys pu II or teer solder apart with youtJ" hands inst'(;)ad of cutting it. CuUing th~, soid~'F can cal,J'S~ t hs rosl n '~Q I@-.;:ilk cut, whiil~ pumng it $@4i 15~ th~ ros in ln.

IDAMP SPONGIE Most 50ld@ring stations, come equipped with a small sponge_ lhi'S. spa,nge is dam pened wi(~h a. bit o.f IN.3'ttE:1f .3 nd used Io clea n "the tip of the soldering iron. If you r 50 lderl ng stanon doesn't DOme with a sponge, you can cut and use a small portion of elin erdl il.3JFY' kltcnefil '5 pCinlg,e_

'HII RD HAN D AIND MO':DE LJIING ClAY llhe 'firla'i '1:001 recommetlidetL ;allthoiJJgh not required; 15, the third MOO (see [page 14). The tl1i rd hand is an itne,xpensi,'/e; i ndispenseble '0001 '~h~~ makes solde rung COnti ponents muclTl easi er, Th is too I is f d,eal 'foor solde'ring comaenents to carc uit boa rds, but ill !bit more c lum s..y when yo u FI eed to solder small, del ieate electron ic cornpon etli~s. t:ogeth er, lin these eases, modeling ,clay is. a much bettB~r attemath'{'e, M0aelin~ clay can be u sed to ho~dl electroniic components in place temporarl Iy whi Ie you solde r th e compere nts together;

Solderi B" 0' ermg tsasrcs

» LESS, US MOIRIE

As a ru Ie of tihum'b. wlfien it. comes to sol d'erin.g, les5 is mora Y()U wan ~ to LJ se ilJl5'~ enoug h heat to heOi~ 'the lel not a nd melt the solder and the min imu ill smo UflIt OIF solder to melt eve nly oveif the e-ntir-e JOint, lt's el8 sy to tiel I when you '\Ie created a s~rong jo~nt. A~:ood solder joint will be srncoth and shirTIY, not. dull i3fi1d pitied,

» 'CLEAN I NG AND TiINNliN'G YOUR 'fliP'

Another inllport~nt factor is cleanlinE!'ss. A dirty solderjntgtilp or rusty electrol1~c components are d iffi cult to solder. bscau se tile-

so Ide r s imply wo n't adhere to the sou rtace: inste~d. it wiU bead 'into tir1Y glo butes, Before you be,gin to solder, make SUire that the 'tip Qf your sol deMing iron is clean ~Ind "ti noed." To t in tile Sol der'in,8: iron, add a to we h ot wider to the ttp a nd then wipe th e ~x.ce-ss '0 n the damp sponge. Your tip sheu lei be 'smooth ~rild :~hin¥-

I_ TUTORIAL I

r-------------------------------------------------------------------~

WHA'T YOU'ILiL N E EDI

Soldering

I

i

:» Sohj\ering ifiO,jij) :» So,1 dlew

» Pir,om1b(Jard or ,circuit bll:!(ilU'd » Elec~rnnic com[p(J;rnents:

J) Once. Y>01!I"ve tl'rn iiI.ec:il the' tip of yeur sonde riWll~ Ir,o~. you are ready te be.g/I'm s()~dering. Sclder~ng Is ,iitcomplll,s:fi'ted ~WiI three IP ~ nnaln-y steps: heating UlIe j~dnt area, apply:1 ng: the' seider, ,and remov~ng the. I ron.

STEP 1: Heat the Joint wWh th e ti P Qif tIMe ~ron to r a few seconds before you aDply the sol der, Heat most be appl ied simu It~f1;eoust\!' to botn surtaces be ins; .joined in order for th e sordsr to rna ke a prope r connactlon.

II )1 II

srI ~~ p ~: N~:dt. a p p~y a 'tDU;:::1"l of so Id@r to 'the corrponents, not UiI@ iron. G@n@r~lty, you C"-{:In add heatto o.n~' side of lh e joint while a p plying ;'0 Id~ r to tfiJ€! oth er. The sol der shou Id melt com p letElly. CQv.flring t he ~ ntire [oi nt. R'eme'rnber, I E:Sl!;. IS more. You do not: n eed to a dd very much solder to creat€' a strron,g conneeti on,

S1" tEP :l: Remove the ~roFll, a Ilowmg, the joirn to cool Make 5 ure that the cornpn ne nts :you have soldered do not Iflll DV8 w\lire n lhe JOIn ~ is ccoli ng_ Thi 50 can result in .a weak internal cormectlon 'thar~ is nut vi sl hle from I ookmg at t he' ,joint

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PRAClmCE.

,A, good] way ee prnd~ce and fine-'itu ii"i.-e your :5101 dlering ski Us ~s by using ,a t:OPlpe r- etched perf1board and some .cheap com po'l'iIents" Wit~ some practice, you wm qulck Iy leanll !Mow' long '00. hieat your .J:oiint area and how mueh solder to app Iy tel create a perf'eCt :s,ih fliW ,solder joirtlt.

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I"TUTORIAL I

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Desoldering

t) Whe~her you are scavenging parts from other e.~ectron]cs 'Oil" rileecil i IiIg to resolder ;iii mess.y Io~nt there w~ I ~ U I!'I d10u bledly oOlrrne ,£l time when you need to fiemove sol der fwol'lJ'l a JCint.

'TO d esoldsr a jQi nt you wi II need to h~ve a

dese Ide r~ng braid 11(3 ndy., A d esc lderi ng braid

is a fine copper bfrtiid tl1ar~ draws mottsn wider tnto i~~ mash, removing it fmm the com ponents, fb!~O'W these fou r steps tJO desolder a joi nt:

(;I~I~I""P I 1'3:;' t.... . • .

'-.' 1~ ': :!-I.ac~ 'b ~Gl d ~~{l~d~tr! ng b raid iD"II@r

the s-okll]!f joi nt that n@-ed:s te be removed, CAUTION!: 'OI1liIy hold ,ithe ma'id lllsing iJ]ie' ,tube it 'COflill!S in. lhD bJe:id w;ill ,~t uDlun@jjl¥' hot.

Sr. ... ,I£P 2:: Usi0,8'lhe tip of the Iron. press U18 tip over the braid and [oint. Once the solder melts. rl wi II be absorbed by' the bra ld Be ea reful n [It to o\,!l8rheat th e jOln.t and the components.

STE ., 3<: HelT:i(J~e the of-aid] whi Ie t.he 5Qlder ls stim mo lten: othem ise.the braid wi II stlck to the components.

STEP 4.: '~epeat these ste ps wutlh ,a clean piece of des-older braid if necessary.

WH,AT 'VOIU'LL NIIE.EID

:t'! Soh:le'rii MIg: iirOi!1

:t'! IDesolderji!iiilg bra id

~ SOLDEIII NG SAI'E'fY

~, Never tou~h Ute $O!~t1r.!:IJ. ito". The :sDI:dE!lMing iron iii5 gCili,G' t'D Ibe~· !mll"lE!m:ely Iilat ~filill 'willi bllU'i1 you. A!1;W~s Ili'(lwitin ittia sotdetilf!K Ir,on to ~iti;$ s.uuu;i!'.

;2'. We'lu ,s~fety i!I,@UI~ or ey-e.' p-r@teef,lo~ wlllli!lfll 5.(]h:lleri~G'_ 1.oDsE!. ,s!llilde:~ (,t,)m mollti'en mebd) Om, the lli:p earn 'Ha:sili,)i' bElIi!J~j)eeted 10m; your ,ey.e~ iIlliulf'atle .. DOJ:i"l!' !EVER fLICK EX~E$S S(liILDER; OF-"~ T.HE 'f!~, ~ U~e ~;po:ngEl' 'liD eleon arnoi mmD'itEl'B~:5S Stii!IIl:h!iif;

,], Werk I tll :(I! 'W~II-Vefl.iilhded aree, 'The' fU-lIill~ hDnn title. sQlde~ an!: iItCIooic and ,can 1~E!' harrrmfi;J1 ,<'!'i'ld irriitL1:tifiig.

,4, W.!ll~h Yi!I!!!IJ' ~E!~.Q~ i!l"fte!i' y,Q!,J ~Jt!!er ,STI-"4:!I li1E!:Ver 8'.Ei1t iM'h.ile sDlcfE!riirng'. S!Il!ldeir ClDiIltaiilttrs. l!<liUI. inliul I I!!: ltd h;; polsornous.

L =------_---_=------ __ -- ---_-= __ -= __ --- ----_= __ -----=_- __ =-~

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Scree n [p'ri nting is a fUln and ea s:)i' way' to, transfe'r com pi ex graphiics onto iii ea rly any S·LI rfa ee, The best: part: is til at once

yo u've mad e a sc re€ n, yo u carl use It over a nd over aga into re pro-

d u ce the sa m e a rtwo r k. Screen prl n ti ng with the rrno ch rornatic,

ph otocn rom auc, ph asp h oresce nt, a~d cond u ct i ve i ~~ s uses th e· exact same process as printing with water-soluble or plastisol inks. USE a polyester m on011 I a m e nt mesh sc reen ot 85 -110 t h reads

per inch for best results. The oartides in these inks are large, 50 a coa rser 5C reen m 8S.11 a nd a heavi er a pp I i cat ion of the ink is req ui red.

P hosp h orescs nt inks ty pica Ily requ i re you to mix a p hasp h orssca nt pigment with an acrylic or water-solubie base be .. tore you begin

p ri nting, Dry clea ni ng or rna c 11 me d ryi ng a 11)1 of these screen-p r i nted fab r lcs i 5 not reco m ml€ nded . as they will lose t he i r tra nsforrnat lve

p rope rues

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Choice in Materials

CHOOS! NG THE IR IGHT :SCREIEN

» Pr'emade: scree;m;i5 come wiUll e~itlile;r iii wuod oJ a~ll.!lmiFu!l [fIiI hllitE'. AI u min Lim frames a re more dura b Ie' a no aee not suseep'~iltlle to Wei rping. as ;are W{)od 'h'ames a'rter repMted use (rrl.akfng '~h:eilfl rna re expen slve), If you are' plann ing to use yo ur SCIF€!ern several times, purchase OJ screen with an ;!lluminlLim frame.

» :5creen.s· also !Come with dUfereAt: mesh OOl!lin~Si Mesh count refers to the tightness, in the weave of the screen 'rnbrEc and represents the rum ber o~: threads. per inch. 'The higher tt1e cou nt, the srnajer the mesh opening'S vvilll be. H~er rnesn counts allow less ink to pass through tile screen a nd lower mesh cou nts aUow more in~ to pass,

'WHlY liS 'TH IS IIMPOR'TAJNf1 FUr~t of a II. diiUerent mal~'Fhill~ absorb i nk diff~ r'@[IlrUy .. For ta'xa rnple, most 'fabrics afla' m OiF~ porous ths n IJaP@r, W h~ n worki ng with te>:ti les. you will typic~Uy W~ nt '~O IUS€!

a IO'i'~r mesh, b~h"~@n 110-:16-0. because the 'f~bric win absorb

8 lot o.f ~n k ~f ymJ '!hI@ re to pril1~ the same gr.a p hie: ,0 n ,8 poste r, as opposed to ,8 T-shirt. you maw want to U$€ a higher mesh.

)<> AnD~he.r iTactollf to, ta~' runltiio 'DIiUltsidililirartiion ~'s 'whelthiB'r you ,iiire prillrnlt!in,g (J.;irnl ,a, Iliglhrt !!ilr d8lrlk. eo I Ollf., ILigliTt-coli[lred matenals ,typically need less ~l!Ik thalli da rker-colored rnstertals. it'Or exa rnple, a black T-shf rt rnignt reqilJi re ,you '~O' jJJ&€ a IO'i.i.rs-r mesh screen than ,;jj white sh ilrt to get th e '5BJme coverage "OF' the exact same g)(',aphic.

The arnoun t of 'Fine ctetali lin .your gra p hies will a lso he Ip detarrn irae '~h;e right m esh, To print 'Hn e detaiils, use a .hig,h rnes h count. in order to tt.ans'f:er ~hinner lines. Fitnalht, if you ar-e usin~ specialty i,nks &u~'h as therrnoeh rornatle, photochrom:alic, phosphoreseent. eortd W:,· lilve, pufly, ~I~tter, and so. on, use a lower mesh, as the pa rtictes in 'these inks ,are large and ,needl a OJar.se mesn to pass, t I'H"Qug'h th e screen.

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C HOOIS ING TiHE RI'G HI SijUEEGEE

}) Squeegees ,come in a valfi:ety 'M widtl1s~, slfia:pes" and blade hardness (oftiEli'llii1 re~r,eed te,;as til\i;e' dUlOmete_r). Whel!1 seledrng a sq uee,gee, the· width O'f'the sq ueegee w~11 be t1ebs<rlllli ned b'y the width (Iif: the graphic you wi I~ b-e p:ri'nti.ng. Select a sq ueegee that's at: least ~ f,ew inches wi doer tha n your gra~h~c,

The hardness or tile' bl'adle determi nes how much ink pt.aJS:5!9':5 UlJmugh the screen, Softer blades deposit more ~n k than hards r

bl adss, In ge ne'Fal. tile lower your screen mesh, '~he sane F the blade you win want to use. The most common and versatl Ie' SQlueegee is, ~he stra ight edge. lllli$ blade- is usee 'tQr Dr-ilnt ins: on nil est material s, from T-sllirts to posters" A s.qlle~g~~ with a round blade is used for het:!vy in~ deposits or cooting ~ppli{;atr.ons. typ'ic~lly' on 'fabrics.

@l, SCREENJ·PRI NiT'ING SAFETY I'f'yo U are working with ol I~

L:{ based inks and 5IO!\iients 'for ink deanup. rolr.ow '~h,e 50i~~ty data sheets Slrtld laools, f,ouildi Oi1 the (;oi1ta'iners o'f the pmd~LI(;:~5, Some solvents are highly 'flammabl,e and to)jie and should be stored and disposed of p'fioperly, Wf1en working wilh these inks (as opposed to waite.r·,b,aseej inks). rna ke sure, ta1at y-ou worK in a propet1y ~nti la't'ed area, AI~.s LJ se solve nt- resistant i£:11oliJes 'For rem0V~ng ~n ks and ea~UlI:S10n fmm t he screen,

I. TUTORIAL I

Screen printing

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STEP 1: Prepi1lfe yo~r ~riI!tSpaCie.

Screen p rlln~1 ng call be a me&-<sy procsss, :;0, it's important to prepare your V!I'Ork:sp80e properly, Before you begin prep.ar·

i ng you F' screen, place newspaper and cratt paper a round! your 'Work area, Also, wear Qld clothes or an apron to protect. your cloth i n~,

STEP 2:: Prepare the screen.

ThorOl!Rllly scrub you r screen with ®. l1ylon b Fl! :;11 and (JishVif('J~hing soap, tet the screen d1ry completely. Using 1" water-resistant mas~ing ta pe, tap€' the grooves 01 the front ,~nd bfZlck of the sere-en, H~I'f of the: tapa ('h") ~hou~d b@ QJl th e scree n, and the oth er hf;!1f on the frame, Til is will pr~nt ink from I@aking from th~ ~dg@"s, of you"" 'SCF~~\fl_ pr~c@' pusillpi ns, two at @'1JIch corner, on the b~c~ of th~ ~F'@@'n: this ~II h~lp keep th~ 'SCF@@n '~!~va~@d in order fOrUl€l €!Inilulsion todry,

5'F~_:P 3: C~ait '~he sorefl:~.

Us.i ng a squ eegE:i3'. coat the bottom of the screen evenly with.iS! thin layer Gi~ photo emulsson. Repeat evenly cGaJ~ing th 8 i nsl de 'Of the "5C reen, Dry "the scree n h ori :ronr!tall.y ln a dark COD I area such as a closet, D rawer, or inside a cardboa rd. box. You can use a fan to expedite 'the drying process,

STEP' 4:' Create the tt,a nsref image'.

Print a rich, black posltlve of the i mage to be screened on

.a ~ra nspar~ncy usi ng your darkle5'~ print set~i ngs, f(jf best rssu Its" ptit1~ two! transpare Flt.y copies of you r i mag,e an d stack them on top of one a nether, You can use clear tape to. ,al ign the two copies in p lac~, Th is win ensure t II~Tt you have a ~Qiod transfer wj.thout any holes.

STEP 5:' Bum tlilie Image.

Place tile' transparenctes in$ide the screen, Ilolding them in place \Witt! a ttl! nsparent WJ~e(;e of gl ass or pfelo;Jgla.ss, Place tn e scrss Fl ,0 F'j top, Gi~ a dark p,iooe of ~ b F[C or pa pe.r, PI~C~

,~ I igllt reflector with ;;I h igh-l/i.!'attage bulb (a ph otcflocd is recorn m~ ndsd) '12" d irecUy ~b()'!.lt; ths screen. Bu rn the

WHA'T YOU'LiL NEEDI

:» Ar'E!{ma;d~e 5areen :» screen ii n ~

» Pli1mo,graphic emiullsion » EmllJiision remiOi!,l~1i'

» S~Uieegee

» 'Iranspa reliiiC'Y' im nn

}} 'Waltefl·lfe.s.l5tan~ Inn!ai5~dllilg

'tape

]I} PI)e::dllass

}) [ns'm!l.i'iai$;~!~ng :SO!(.l!p '.0 Ntyh:m brush

}} CeUoph;Hlie 'tape.

» L.arnlp witihl mei:amc IF'eflil'!ac:tOf » ,2S()W-,50OW photiofl~()O;dl bulb

» Da,iilk 'fab~c larg'er ~han

your screen » Ria,gs

» Pushp~ iii 5,

» tlJew,spalPer or Clf21ft !)aper » ,S\prary' bQ:ittle

» S.oUvent to Fe 1'lI10Ye oi l-bassd inks

» Apl"Oitli (rec:oml11€'naed)

I..

L ,_ _ _ ~' _ ,_, _ _ _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ _ ,_ _ '~ _ _ _ _ ,_, _ _ ~ _ ,_, _ ~ ~ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ,_, _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,_, _ _. _ _ _ _ ,_, _ _ _ _ ,_, _ _. _ _ _ _ ,_, _

screen fo r th e approprlate exposure ti me. Ref.er to Ute i nstruetlons on yo ur photo e rnu Is ion or screen-printlng ki~ for the suggested duratiof~,

STEP 6: lRem.QYe the em WIlls1'on.

FiU a ~!JtPray bottle wi tn, iUKlewarm water, The water shoul d no t, be hot Spray ~~e sress of the. image. with the bottle. oDef1l~ng up the screen, Continue spraying LJnti~ all unwanted emulsion is removed, Wash am] com p Ie-'tt,ety dry ttl e Sf. ree n,

STEP 7: M1a'ke the pril11t.

II. Secure the matertal to be screened (that is, f,abric or paper) onto a hard surtace, If: "jo!J t:I~e prl ntin.g onto f:abr'ic. it is (I gnq.xl ide'iJ to 'P~~ce a piece at cardoca rd in betweell tile' I~yers of fabric to prevent 'the ink 'from bleeding'onto the bottom ,layer (for e):'~mple, in the' ce nter O'f' a T-slhlrt), PoMti 0 n the screen where you W~ nt th~ graphic to be print,ed-

h. Shgfhtgy i lft up the bottom ~lIld of th~ sc r'@@n_ PI ac~' tlll@ ink

he r~zom<:!~~y across ttl@' ~ rtd nearestyo u. Using t h€' sqJu@'~ge~. ~ p p Iy 8[1 ,gv~n smooth 1D08t of ~nk onto the pri nt ~ r'138, moving the Ink 8way fro m y0U_ LD'.fi.i-er th€c screen,

Co Hold the 'Squeegee' at a 4500 a ngl e arid move th B ink 8C ross the screen bait k towa rds you, You shoul d mam~all'1 a ha rd. evenllPres.- 5U re '0 n tne squeegee during t he print stroke,

d .. Remove the screen. U5~ng' a bOI~tl e oO'f ,am -purcose clea ner ('Or water* bas~di ~nks or' the a ppropil'i.arte 5O!~nt 'for oi I-,based In k:5; y{)u ca n cl ear mil ~h.e sc ree n if the, screen get:; clogged 'rro m '~h,e ink.

STEP 8; Clell~ up.

LJs.~ng w'@rm water and CIi sort brLl:.5~1. wash all the rnaterl ais immediately.

NOliE: If yotJ IUliSEd ciHbased 'iliil'ks, yOUl w~lllli1eed to, use the a ppr<i.priarte so~",ent 'b:), olleaJIi1! the llililIarerial s, M1ake sure you w,ea r SO~w.U1!t~~es~s.ta ni't'gICllv>E!s.

Th~ photo em ulsiof'! s how Id be stored ill! a daJf'1t:, 0001 place, If 'yOU want to reuse' he sereeri. removing' he emu Isio n wit h photo em !JIsion ~mover imme:d i~te~y is ~;ttrongly rscorn m~ ndlEd: otherwise. yo IJ may h~ve a perrna nent ste:ncil.

SE ING ~ ~ SOFT C RCUITS

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Electron i e textl I as are dri;lm at i cally red efi n i ng th e wa,Y C i rcu'its look all1d feel .. The increasing availabil~ty of rEiW conductive materials sue II as. Inks. thread s, a n d text i I es ope n s a new we r ld of posstb i I iti es to expsrlrnant wit&-B, to batter help you cratt electrcnlcs into fabric-

C~ fCU its ea n now be han d· or mac h i oe-sewn wove n Ie m bro i,dered" inked, or knit they can be lightweight. flexible, and even threedimensional. But don't throw your etchant solution and copper

b 08 rds away o u ~te yet, as it is, d i't'fi:cu I'~ a n d '~i m e- co n su m i ng '~O

sew complex circuitry by hand. Far most projects, you wi~1 want to com Dine trad i tion a I: pr i nted circu it boa rd s (PC Bs) with soft circu it s contro Is, a n d swrtchss. Tns followl ng sect i on i ntro cues s bas ic

te c h niq ues 0 n how to in tegr ate e I e ct ronics into texti les to get you started experi rnent i ng with soft eire u its"

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Conductive Threads and Textiles

» Conductive '~hr,ead5, amd ~extililes ClJii1fie witll!nl Viiltryimig sunau, resistlivilty;. SlJJ1rface 1l'e5istlvuly, 'typically measured in ohms per soua re, is the reslstanee {if a materia I to the f~ooi' .a'f electric CLl rren t between oppo<s~te s~(fes of its 5U rtaee, In IfIi'1 ate rials witlrllow e~ec~rl~ cal rssistan 09" electrons easl I~ now through or across the sJJJrfalt:e 'Oif the material. Generally, you will want to work with threads and '~extHes wrih Ilow surtace [fE!'.sislivi'[y,

N'OlE: flru!re is a variety oOf 00111 d!ll'CtH\IIe threads, and tex~nes on tltlle market' that isn·t ''!leI'" oonducti'y~. mrneafllii 1111 that '~1i'1 ey' have ~lil8~ :5,'!J;! rface lIe.5,~s·t ivil[y., Sero re pu rclhi{Jlsing a~y ecndu ctfy,e

tll11 read or teonille. it: ~s Ii mpertant to cnecik '!the prod uct's specifieatiens te ,dletiimnine its, su rmee. rss i:sti'Vity.

[.TUTORIAL [

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):} 'The bee kbinder·s, knot: ts a great irteedle..f'hil'eading 'rechf1l~q L1ie JQi,ii can Ulse for hs rid ',511tc:11I I !fig (;10 tiJd'uctlvE paths a i'lId sewing ,electmn~c compone<Jilts. 'tou willi rr1ee<il' a needle wTtil aJrIJ ,eji'"e Illarge elllou~h '00' pass the cc filc!lUlCUve 'tin read tIM 1I"01lgh. A. ne<edle ttrllreaJde,r' tomes, II n ll1landy

if you ~a\!\e dlff~culty thread i mg the~ lIiIee(!l h~.

STEP l ~ Sill p the end Qf the conductive thread] a& a 450 ,[}ngle to give t'lle ttJread a sharp e>ds,@·

811' f~ P 2: Hold the need~e u wight and push 'h ,i of thr~ad 'through the eye o~ n~@'d I@,

ST~P 4: Hold the needle in a horizonsal pa(s it ion and pierce' the bp of the need le tllrmJigtJ th 8 center of the thread's fi hers.

S'TEP 5: U'silll.g your til umb and rorefirn~rsi pUll I the pierced thread tcwatd the eye o.f the' needle'.

STEP 6: Pu'll '~he othe r end of the. t'hread 1'aJu't untill tlhe, ~nO'~ is secure.

STEP '1!. KnO'~ the bottom of the thread,

),'! Needle

),'! ConductBve tB'lliN~ad

59

Sewing by Machine:

The Perfect Stitch

)<) Wih;e{]fll :5 eWi Hg' ~,~ macliiime" you winl want to Use a!: iCombiilill\Cition !®tf~ ~mductlive ,iii_iilI11II tE,g)i!lliaif :se.wiilHg' threadl. Un less y(1u'!fe

us log an i ndustria I or cornm ere l!!ll·grade :sewing mach line'; al WEYS use 'bhe conductive thread 8:5 the bo'btiil1 thread an d reg,u~ar thr-ead 'for tihe' top th read, Also. use a neecll,e suita b le~ f,o r rned lum to heavy· we,ight fabrics, to p revent the need Ie fmm breaknng.

The pertect machine-sewn conductive path will have '~h€! condu em liive tbread isolated on 'the bette i111 side' O'~ the fabric, whi le the regu l:t!ir thread locks a mUriel the conducf VB, t.11read and fo rrns a stitch on ttJe' opposite side, Tile cone uctivs ttw~dl shou Id not be pu lied tll rough to th e top of' 'the 'fabric.

» Unlivk'e 'tradljtio:m!'~m Wili'~ o~ndl!Jdti¥e thf!e'ad [Is flot sJlm'ield'ed~ AnY' ~i ngl'~ fn;.y i n th~ thread can cause tile circu it to rnisbeha\,i'~ '0 r '~en short, @_speci.a~ly H 'S~V'lar,a~ condlucttiw paths are s~wn in proximity to iQn@ another, To m~~@ tJh~' r9~l'"i~ct stitch, experl rnent with the ,d iff,@uent ~mch 'sri~ing;; Dill }.'"QlUlr machi ne. The results will also vary d~ pl!md~ng on th€: Iabric :YDu US€L One€: 'you h.aw found

fa setting that 'i'!lC!rks, 'writ€, it down §Q that you wi III have a. g.ood starti ng pomnllr for th€ next [project.

At: the begi nillung and end of each conduct lve path. if both ,tth reads are on the same side of the f.abric, '~i 8 a knot: close to '~h e stitch and lrim the ~Cess with selssors. You ca n Use a touch oJ Iliqu id seam 'sealant to e nsure that the, conductive tlrireil,d deesn 't fray. 1ft he two '~r~reads are On OppM~te si d,es.; pU II the ~,op thread '1::.0 'th e oot:oom of 'tree '~d b rr c. Knot trl rn, and !J 5.e a seam sesla nt to IPffi1Ieint frdlyi ng"

I ~ yOU will be :J.e'W ing e'ledron le components a~ the begirm in,g or end [If the eon d uctiv-e patills, le~v-e at least 5"-6" of loose thread at the begimli n~ or end of 'the path. Using the booklJit1cJer's knot, you can use th IE! ,excess tf'wead to sew th e leads. of the eern ponent d i F1ect'ly to ths path,

Sewing Co,mponents

E leetron ic com pen ents Uillrortu nai~el.Y aren 't maiiluFadu red in packages that readJi Iy ~end thernsetves to sewing, Fortunate1ly, moot com pon ef:llis do come witl1 I·ong, pi iCIJble leads that ca n be be nt in~o loops to maK'1E! h:tJjn(kJ€win~ possi ble,

Two, tool So tl1(Jit will co me' in 11:f! ndy wh en .sewillg elect Fa nir components ,~fI"e a sewil1!g fileedll e ,r:mdi a Pilii r of ne~d lenoss pli ers

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"

[.TUTORIAL [

~-------------------------------------------------------------------

Sewing Components with Long Leads (LEOs., Resistors, Capacitors)

STEP I: u s irll~ ;fl sewi ng needlle, pi ercs the' fabric at tIle location where' you want to place the leoads.

ST iii:: P 2: S~i P' th~ I eads ot tile OOOlr-O nsnt thrQ~ t11;@ pi@:rc~d hetss to th~ op peslte s,id~' GiU tlh~· fabric,

S'l'lli.: P 5: U s illlg need lenosa p li!31f!;, ~'ntl~l

twi st t heleads around the tip of the pli ers a "few Hm 85, creatingl oops. lIs~ng the needl en DS€: plliers_ gentrry bend "the I DOP flush to the fabric.

STEP 4: Us illlg a needle with cond uctlve thread I' shtch areu nd "the loop several times, securl ng the 100 p to the fabric,

STEP 5: On oe ,a~1 '~he electron lc com ponents are sewn into' the c~rcui is aJnd ,~ou have

e nS!Jred 'that. the circuut is V!.®rki ng IProperly, you cart! ,acitj CIJ touch ot a liqu id ssam sealan t to each com ponent lead an d OV"B r 'each s.€Wl1 cone uctive ~aUiJ to ansu re that: the conductive ta1F"ead, dcssn't 'flray over time.

:r.'! Needle

:r.'! ConductBve tB'lliN~;ad

)J! ComponEM'iIt wi~1i'I1 il;Qmlg ilei!:ld )} f.abnlc

» Uquld seam ,5le;a~alrilt

I. TUTORIAL I

-------------------------------------------------------------------,

Sewi ng Integrated

C' it (:IC' ')' C" h'

rrcurt •••. •... .......•• .•. IpS

» Whenl sewlirtJg n:5. IUi5E i! DJf;! (duaJ lllJfne p.ac-ka~) sock-e·r" a c;:onWilec'bolr ,de~ rg-)I1Ied 'to, [hold Ie c!h 1P;5" 'They i! I"e: :I fileXpeli'li5~v.e a MId l'iI'iIaJk.e I't. eas~er t-o addre:S$, eac~ rlildlivh:luallead wlth:ou!l:' risking damag~rng tln!e chfp, Look 'for 01 P sockets with h:~nlleads t.o lrrfIiIake SEwing ,eais~er.

STEP t: Gently [push t Ile' leads of the DIP we k;e~ th FO Ugh 'ttte' tabnic.

8'"fE P 2;: Using needlell!ose pi! ers, bend 'U~~. leads tlush to tile fr; brie,

S'l'l;;:: P :);: U~irlg' a n@@dh~ 'With conduct h/@ 'i:h~~d, ~titch a FOI,JlI1Id the first ~~~d W!{~~ I times. Co ntinu B. :3 nd rna ke a StT8~ht: stiItch about 2" in length, RBP€.:;It for ~n t:h€< leads. rnakl ng s ure that the conductive thread from Bach lead does not intersect 0 r tnuch ,th 8 conductive thread from the lead beside It

STEP 4: Once all the leads are sewrt, you ean add, a much of a ~iqLl id s..eali1il sea l.arl't 1'0 eac.h I ead ,and aeee rTiipanyi ng COIiI!jUCUve ~.l1:r~h; to. ensure that the CIOi1;d uctlve thread' doesn !,~ 'fray over 'ti me'.

,62 '1)\\.~IIION"I"NG TECH NO LOGY

l

» NeedJ!e

» Conductive' thre8.d :» DilP' s-od~e,t

» Fabric.

» LT,ql~l~d seam :sea1lant

[.TUTORIAL [

~-------------------------------------------------------------------

» for ,ccmipon ents w~~11 wHiI'e-5, (batter-y lhender,s, ~'Ie:ro 5 pea k,eW5, ~OtOr5, alii dl :50' on)I, you wi~ I fl'rs,t hav-e to solder metallic. I,~o~, to tlli1e e'tild olf each wIre. In romer to:5'eW 't1fi1em l'irIJ p~aoe. YbU can use, (ilf\din~ry rll'ckel-plared f'OUll'ilded er '[jnrtanlty'shaipedl eyes_ or slm Ua r meta lilic ~ocps usedl ~n beading ,enid ,~ewelry ma ~jll'il~.

Sewing Components with W~res

STEP l: Stri p a[Jo!Jt a v~ OJ 'of insulation from each wir'e., If' the wire ts stranded. using Y>OlW tlhum b and forefinger. twist the strands togetller.

S1l"'l~~p 2;: Loop the strlpped end of each wilF'~ around the nlfl eta lllc loop.

S1' Ir~ P 5: Us il1l8: ~ sold@"ring iron. add a touch of solder.

S1I'1E P 4: U s il1lg <:I, needle with cond uctlve th~41 d. stitch a ro LInd! the locp severe I times, secLllnlng: it in place.

WlHA'T 'YO'U"LL NIE,EID

:r.'! Needle

:r.'! ConduciD1ie tB1iN~ad

)J! Componelilf wi~1i'I1 '!Nil res, )} F.abrllc

)} Sewin~ eye 'f:as,te'l'iler

Making Swi ches

from Fastening Devices

,A :swib:l1lns ,ij) dev~ce that ins used 't,o open (dns!t:onnec.t) ,iilIlt~ Iclc5e (oonnec~)1 Cif,cuif~5 by rne.etiialfilical or electronic means, When workiing wi~h ,soft cl1ro~'i~s. tm~litign~1 ,eI~ectrnnic :switches ean be easily SlI bstiluted foil' ord inary fiaiS'temn'in.g· devlr:~es such as metall ic sn~ps. gl'om mets. and zipper.s ~YlPlcedlly wsed i D1 garmem ,eoli1s;truc~loliI amd Jewe11lry lmaklng,.

SWliH'::'HIES fROM SNIAPS

M!et(Wll~c snaps, nil ake ideel switch-es, as they .are. com posed of MO parts: a felilil~I'e .and a. male counts rpart, which int'elflo.ck when pressed! together, '110 ma,ke a switch usi ng sna ps, you nee;('j en

'0 pen iog or brea k ijn tile ccnductive path otthe ci rcuit. Idealll}.". you 1,i'!,!'OU Id h ~ tile opel1!iil1g near tt:Je' power sou rCE!. At tile end of' sach open path, you C:-aJ n se« the- fem ~h:i! and m~l~ ends of the snep. Whe'n the snaps interlock, th~ circuit i~ closed, a11lowil1lg e·lectricity to flow th ro ugh tih!'a' cirrcuit

SWlilCHES [FROM MIETAUl.I:C 21 PP ER,S

With '!thE: help of conduct lve thread or ink, zi p pers canbe transformed Into control devices for €Iectron lea I~y enh anced wei! rables and accessorles. IQ tUlFFlI a. zipper imo, 8 switch, the uppe r or 1000000000r t\iVO teeth apposite ~ra m each other carl be sewn with eonduetlve thread. A conductive path from each zi pper tenth cain be contmued to the rest of the' cilfCuit Wh en the zipper is closed or opened with Ute 'sliider. the t.wo, opposl ng teath connect, closl ng the c iroUlit, Each 'set ,of' teeth on opposing rows of the Lipper ca n also be hd ividually addressed to create' a switc.h. T1he~ ma~n ch',jlwback of uSing eendu c~ 'b ve thread (o rink. as an al ~,emditfJve) in 'the middl,e of thle zlipper ls '~h;e leven~ual wear and tea ron the thread (Oif ink) from the 51 lder,

SWli'CHES [FROM MAGNE,iS

Magnets make' e():)cell ent g,wutdles {nOi~ to mention clasps} for haute-tach accessories. Sim i~a r te snaps, 'to -nake, a swit!C h us il1g magnets. you need an openi08: in tile' conductive pa~h of the circuit, At the end of each 'open path. }'DU need to secu re th e magnet. usili1~ coneuctive epoxy, t~rMd, or 'fabric. Wh en sec uri ng them ~n pia ce, keep ~n mi'nd that t'he two magnets on opposlte ends should attract (not repel) one a nether,

SWlfiCHES IFROMI GIROMMETS

AnoUill~r cr~~tiv~' sw.!tll;: h you C11In incorporate ill1ltQ W~O; rabies is a.

d rawstrin,g swiitc h. Tti!'a basi c compcnerrts n'@@o@d to mak~ a d~w,~tfling ~wHc'h aro grommets. 00 ndu.ctirV@' fabric. and! 411 drawstrl ng'_

iF!!1Ilh!iiMng !;!I~' ,!;!l f~w tI;!;t;'ample51 0;1' !iimple $wit~h'i;!~ m:;lide ffi'n!lm d~rem !!i1rl!aIfls. lti.oo-l!;, .and] ~~" ZijPP!l!iFS" and ,~roliiililiet!S.

Making Soft Switches (or Pressure Sensors)

»lb malke ,iii soft: swH!iCf:I" all ,fOU lfiileed ar;e two'lla~ellr5, of: comductive m31rerial (f,iliiDric ~J .:Ii patolii ,011 ~liirea;d sewn onto f:abric) '~hat are sl ightl~ separated frlDlnl,eaclhl other.. You C;!I n u 5e iIJ separate pi ece of t 1ickelt' faiJn-ic wi ~h, the' eenter portion cut out

or a piece of' netted f,abric~ such as tu lie. in trHl~ midd Ie ot the two coneuctlve layers.

» When you ~ I'D Iy pressu rs to U'JE!' top conductive ~a~ief. the c ircult is closedl" @llowifllg ele~tticity 'to flow, By c:ll@nging the thickness ct the middr.e tabrte layer, you can adj~S'i the sensitivity or til€' amount of weigh! and pressure i~ ta~.es to close 'the ci Feu it.

» The p~imaw'y :advanrttage et soft switch es OV@r '~fad1itiol1lal sw~tch@s i~ mat tlley Ci3 n be d e~igtJled to' @~'si~y contorm 00 a 3:1) sllIrnoe, such as yo'ur bodti,

» ro make son r-e-s i siers, expe rimell'lt: uSilrilg' diff,er,entstit.ch' lpatterns Cin :yO!JJI1!" sewing liiI'1Iachine" iLJsur'l!g a m IlJ IIt;i meMf. test the' lFe:s~staJ'Lce, of ei!icml ;stitch. Ytiu] ea fI ei~her 5~irl::chl the re5~st~lF direcl~y I rim' your dr,cuit path er create indivl1dUlal soFt 'comipolfl ents,

------------------------------------------

I_ TUTORIAL I

Making ReSistors

'Theile ara mCliny ways. to create va ti@ble resisters. lIh e 'followi ng tytoria~ is an 'exam p'IE!' (!if how to crests a variable resistor usi ng two magnets.

~n tllj~ 'ttu1tori ~I, ~I pieG€' of f~bric is SE!'Wn with Iliglilly resis.tive conductive th read arnd with two cone uctlvs contacts placed on OP1PQ~ite sides, The fl:!'S!s·tVve fabric wi II h ~v@ IQW Fe'S~si;;'!"!ce' at one end that will gradua Ily i ncrease b) :;3 maximum resistance 00111 the opposite @n d. OFl~' contact wi I~ '00 rmsct to th e PQW@r so:urce whi I@< th@ other wi'11 connect to grrou nd of th~ drcuirt. Two rnagnets.placed on oppcsite s id€s of tn@ 'ful bric, ~ re rna nUr:;Illy moved across th~ f'@slsltiw fabric la~liar. conn plmi ng the ron III ection.

SFrEP 'I:: Cut one piece of fabric to ,at leasI2"x6'! In. size. F,=I~ace a bobbin of conduetlve thread wiith hi.8ih r8sls~ivity in the machine. Startl ng from the ~eft edge. rnachl ne-stltch a 5" pattern. lea'!.!'! ng a rn illli mum of 1" 1il0i~ sewn on the opposite side.

STEP 2:: Set your mu ltlmeter to measure reslstanee. The restslanCe' fjjndion is us-u.ally mar,k_OO on the lfifieter by' the symbol U. 'The resistance val Lie shou lei I nerease as you move fu rthe r al;ong (to the rnght 00 the: conductive path.

STEP 5:: Using the conductive th read with I'ow resl stivity, s.ew a n eye clirfiect~y onto '~he conductive path on the, ~efl side. f"0mJt and cut 'the thread. Sew another eye, em the ~pposjte si de, a bou ~ ljz" away 'from the conductive prtlth. Do NOT cut t 118' t 11rea~ at th is po iilt

STEP 4,: G Fa!) the n1~~net lc j'eW€1 ry c~asp. Cut a p'iooe of conductive fabri~:ttlJf:H!! ~Iiglltly r~rger than the diameter of tile clasp, IPla(:e it on the bottom of'the magnet and 'Wr,~~ the edges ottne concuctive t~p~ a round the d~:sIP. Thi s wi II enSUIF>e that th e metal housi ng (If the clasp and '~h€! m~g!iliet h i;!1,i'@! an t;! le-ciriC'.13i1 con necttcn.

» Magn'eiDic jew,elry d~S\PI metallic » SUpew'isOOtll,g magiitet

» ,2":idi" p~eDe of fdlbrile

» :l'"~'51!1 piece of f:abric

» Se:wing ,e),'€; fas~efieffi, (2]1

» Co!l'iIdUc~'!le' 'thread! witlfM h [gil resistivity' » COil1iCfUlctive' ~1i'I read wi'th low resistivity » '1'" oOrl!d~di'!.i'e fabric ~a~e

» Sew~ng li'rI'iIaeh~wne ,iilwnd sewlilillg [!meed lIe' » AIHp10r dl1ps (3),. LED. and '9V battery » Mulltiflt'l:et:er

STEP 5: Leavi ng ,5," of loose th read, th read Ute needl e through th I:: loop of the magne~i c clasp, KnCi~ an d CUlt the thre.adJ.,

STEP 6: F~i P' the fabric aver so lt IS wrolfLg, side up, Cut

a pi ece oJ f,abr'ic 1j;\," wi der and longe r than the. WI dth and length o'~ 1f1e sewn conductivE! path. G rab a magnet and

U1e second piece' (}'f f,abric. The' seton d pr ece (2'1 f.abrh: wi II be used' to creraite a poc~ket around 'the ma~net Place the ma~ne'tt d~rectly on to D of ' the sewn conductive path., You. want to make sure that you pl@C€ the magnet in the right direction SQ that will attract and nat repe I the magneti~ clasp on the 10 pposlte sids of' the 'fabric. Center the second ptece' G'f tabric directly on top of the fufJ'"St. coveri ng the nn~gnet Us~ng ordlnarythread, machine QF hand-~ew the' f,~bric eround all edge-:s, The magnet, S~ ndwici1@'d betweE!'n the' two pieces of ~ b FtC, should havs ample [!"OQm to move a ro und. f'1 ip th ~ 'fu1 b rrc over a no pia O@ tne magn@tijc clasp dilrnctly QV@'r th~ second rnagnst Sr.;!ndvl,ricih~d i n Itl!~tw@l2r! til€! fabric h3YBII!i. ¥o\.J s hould b@ r.;!b~~ to. move both m~~'ts, a long the oQa:ndllJc~i\,i\~ IJi3lth.

ST Ili:: P 7: i85t the va r~Bb~e resistor usinc.e:· three ailliga-'

tor dip's .. an LED. and a 9\1 batlEllry. Connect one ertd of an

a Iligator dip "bIJ the eye on ,tllle left side of ' the f.abFlc and the opposlte end to the negative baUery te rrn i na I. Connect one end .of another alligator c~ip to 'Ins p'osit~v€ loatt'8r,Y "bell'min al a nd th e oppos lte end to the positive I ead of 'tille LlEID_

Con neet one, end o'f the lei st a I li,gat'tJf cl~p ,~,o the Itega'tive fead of the ILE.D a nd title 0 pposlte end to the eye on the right slde ofthe 'fabric. As YOlii move the mag.netic clasp' from ~en t~ nght U~e LED she uld ge~ dJi rnmsr in brightness.

ROUBLE-

S 0'0 G

. -. ." - -. . . -. ",

.. ,' I·· ... ' ", """ '. ". ." r ",

. . '.

. .

'. I I

.

.' .' ' . .

............. N .

. . . . . . - .. " . ~. . . ."

CIRCU TS

r----==--------=--------=- -=---=-=-=------~

Ha If tin e fu III of' bui lid i ng ci Feu ifts liS trou bl esh 0 oti ng ith em.

You will al most ceria i n Iy encou nte r so 111 e gl itch that will req u ire YDU to s pend a good am ou nt of ti me try 1 ng to un rave I exact Iy wtlaJt we nt wrong and where. This oetectlvs work ls a large part of the process (es p ec ia'lly the, tea r n i rag oroce 5,S) and part o'f the che II e nge in worki ng with electronics. Even if you have done everything perfectly, you

may h ave a fa ul ty com ponent i n ft h e m,IX that wi II cau s€ ft h (3. c i Fe LI it

to misbehave or simg)ly to not work at aiL

Ar med with! the right too Is; patience, and know-how. you can lea m to detect and so Iv€! pro blerns qu i c kl Y _ R'e me m ber, every circu it that you trou bles hoot tea c he's you sorneth i ng,

Check Your Connections

---------------------------------------------~-----------------------

):) Ihe 'mi rst IftIle lof tl~uJilm'b iBllI tfOu'6)le,shooUrmg ciireuits is, te, dleciilt, ttlle oomnecti~fiij5. Follow the clrcu it pcr~h from power to ground; makung 5 ure that you [have con ned,ed e';..rery comoonent properly, (] nee ~OLl' re eelf~ain that the compo:f1le nts ail'e wi red prop-eiiy, yo U can oo\l1lt~nue to tlfOljjbleshoO'~ using a mu~timeler.

Using a Multlmeter

,A mlU~itiifi!lle~eli i'~ an i~d ispe~b~\e d~ice '~hak. wHI 'te;n :you w:hether yO'I.I!I h~ve a we~k !cQ'!i!! ~edi{Uil, ~o"ti~ ~it,Y between ':two ,compom;ent's'l' enoug:im ju['ce ,ito ,ge.t ynllF oi!"t-cuit l"il!llnni~,g! a I!I! d

lin l1.li C h IIi11 0 I'D..

» Them :aM' two typil?~ ofli 1Ii'IlIIIIJIitim@jfuil!!'rB: digItal ,and a\PitB~'. D~:git;al mlllil1l:im@'hj1f8 :arifi' lrecommgmu:ilid because '~h~' are ifl'asiier bl' wod 'Wilti~i. Digita I meters ca n be normal or autora ng-

i ng meters, 'Tille ,2I!utOF'a ngi ng mu Iti meters automatically detect Ute range of the com ponent and give you a va~ue, whereas norrnel meters r'eq uire yOLi to set the range f rst rna nuaUy before tlhey can calclJllate a Val'Li!B. As meters prodlucedllby d ifferent manu fa,du rars '!JBlr~l in deslgn, YOLII shou Id read yo ur orcduct's manual to become 't.aJmimaF' wi ~h tJtiat specHie mummeter.

Digitialli1'l u ltim ete rs generally- Iha\,i\e an LC D to show ca lc ulated 'Val'uecs i a d la I :5w'it,: h 10 se lec't wlhat. yo u !iitant to measure (CiJi1'~i1i~, 'vott@g,e, res ista nee, and SUi on), a n umber of ~aC'ks, and two colored lest pro bes that plu~ into 'In e lacks, The two colored '~es't p robes ,aile t.ypically red and black, Genet'@l~y" tne blac~ prob€ P~~JgS into '~he negative ("~") or "common" jack, mark,ed by·'com."' The red probe need s to be plugged ill~G the jack associated with a par-

'ti cu lar type of measurement (for exampl~, cu rrent, resists nee, or vJjJlrt~~e), Because mutt.meter des igns dilfe F. you must refer to YOUIF manual to de'tennine th€ p'FCIIPE!r jack 'for each probe.

)} The 'mi rst :step; iin 'tF'oubIDe-sJim;oot'ilitg allty ,CITreuit ~s dhecking ~he v~lt~e' bertwee;!m poweili' and gro:IU!IJild.

I.TUTORIAL I

~-------------------------------------------------------------------

Measuring the Voltage of a Circuit

STEP I ~ Connect 'the power supply to the circ]Ujt,

ST'EP 2;: C.Q.rmect'the red probe to tits app roprime jack {r'li!'fe.r to you r mut~imet~r's man u;;3l}

a nd select the eppropnate 'n;!nge to r the voltag@ b~1li1g rneasurad. For @,xr;!mpie, frf you a re using a 91l battery to power th@ circutt, you 11I€!@'d to select 'ttl ~ closest range: higher than 9\1. !t's ~mpD r tant to dist~ngJLIish between [l(: 'VDlts and AC VDnS. B@calu'S€' you ',"vi II be working only with DC volts, you shoul d select the IDC vaH~' optl on rna rked with a 5D llii

Ii ne over a dash ed line.

STEP 1:: Touch the' black, p robe oJ "the Ff:iul timeter at a grou nd co nnectlcn (if the c lrcu it (normB:II~l

ttle lfiegal~ive termi r'i.::iJ1 M tile bat:ber-YJ_ 'Yoiu can use an all,lgator cl~p to eennsc t the. bl ack probe to the iileg'ai~r ve termi fjal Cif the battery tempera rily.

STEP 4: Iouch th e reel probe wn ere you want the voJt~e te be measured, The voltage' across '~he eJ"Jtire circuit. shoul~ ~~ near 'the wllW~ [if tJle power source, ~f" the v.[JJlue' is Ine:9a~j\,i'e, switch the probes tD get: the right ponarity.

WIHA'ir 'YOU"LL NIEEID

)'). Battery

),'! BarHery Ittollde\i" » Resms,tof

)) LED

)} ~hJ Itimeter

» AU Ig:att(;r d~:P5' (3)

N:O"ll'iE': 'The '~"Olftagc :seU[I'Ig" also comes in l'iand)l' when YOUI nfj~d to d'e:~(j1'"1IlfI1Illilli 'th(l' flIo'larlt¥ Q'f :;II ~.:;Itter)"!, $O~atF cell, itllF the w,ires Q'f ,:;II pGWer ,adap'ter~ 1I5il1!8 the ~e~ ~~~rv.e,) an!;ll;ila~k ~l!Ie8ati!jle} lI:Jrcbe5 of ~ur mulli'miE!lsr, Ih(](liol: 'UI~ pirl[}.biE!s IFoandIJ:mily ~'iJI the C(lIil~8.cl5 (II'" wires, t® see i1: fnhe wlttlge, i'iiiB8!iiiLired ~s, t18.gative at jj]O'!1iitIYB I~ the iti88idill'l~ iii;. ne~tM3, t\8~Bt:!:ie the ~Qacli~, NCM!' YmJ, ~J'iOW 'ttlilit, 1ihc oon!t1eVwlrn ~hru~ tha' black lril~d I~ aUacMd 'to, Is ncgill'b"v!l!; ~s:!'-o:!'!n!ll!). and. 'tille, otlM.er is, tine lPositrw,

I. TUTORIAL I

r-------------------------------------~--------------~--------------,

M . th C:·· t

..... ",' . . '.' ' .. - . 'I ..•.. .... '. .'

easurlng '.' e ··urren

in a Circuit

STEP , : Con nect th e power su p P Iy to tile resisto r IJsjng the ~ni~ator clips,

SITE P 2~: Fi us: the red probe into the correct socket for Uil~ measurement '1;0 b~' rnace. If you ~r@i unsure of th ~ cu rrent rneasurerns nt, plug the ~OC km into the one m~,rh~d lOA,

S~rE P 3:: Switclil the mllJllti meter to measure CLJIrT~ntt. seleetl ng the closest nmgg f,o r the cu rrent b8ing rneasu red,

STE P 4:: ''liempora r.l,y disconnect the battery 'from the cl rcult and open the droult bet.ween the resistor and t he pos ltlva battery term lnal, Connect the posltlve red probe to the alligator

el i p con nected '~oJ) the piYsJ1Jive oott.e ~y term ina~ and the blac k negative probe to the alljg.a t,o r clip eonnected '00 the resistor. Connect the battery' to the elrc uit agai n ,

NOTE:: 'fo measure the' currenit' of'.a more lli:ompaex c~r,cuit. yO!ll1 lIIeed ,t~ mal~e sure It~at 'tine miLl ~ti m met.er is IConnecibed to tlliJe cif1cuit ~n series ~$.O tlnat ~alll the CUlrrent' 1i'~ows 'It1n rougiMl the meber:

» '9V oatlery'

» .AIIi~8tof clip5, (,2) » 'lOOK res i'sbn

._ _ _ _, _ _ _. _ _ _. _ _ _ _. _ _, _ _ _ ._ _ _ ._. _ _ ,_ _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ _ ._ _ _ _, _ _ _. _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ ._ _ _ ._ _ _ ,_ _ _ _. _ J

["TUTORIAL [

~--------------------------------------~-----~----------------------

Measuring Continuity

),'! eii rcu~t boa rltl » Mlu ltlmeter

» C~e, king 'for ,oQrI1~1 n u Irty I'rIl a cd rnu~t a'llow,s, you to test' whethe.r two p>oInts aJre eleetrrc~n,Y c:ornnedecil,

IfTlis is mportant if you want to ensure that polnts oT a circtJit that you lhi nk" are connected r~lly ~'Fe con nectsc ,and that t11@ solder ioints and sewed con nectton po int:s ~re working 'a.tWctiveiy. MO$t meters tliZlve an aud itJl~ b~e p or tone to verify that conti nuity o@>::ists bi~tweell two petnts ~n a drc uit

Make SlIHfE!! '~O di_scolll!lm:t!id ynU!i' pifilwer SOQlrcB bBfG'H!i 'it es'll'in,C.'

ST IE: P '~: Set the meter to tli€: contl n!lJit'l s€ttung (refer to the p rnduct IllIl anual). Typrcally" the continu ity settl ng on aJ meter rese mbl 85 aI speaker or Q f'm resi s.tiJililOe,

STEP 2: Iouch th e 'bNo ends of the probe .a ~ the poi nets where you wa nt. to t'es.'~ whether colilti,(iLi ity e?::ist:; be/tween t,wo po lnts in th e ci Feu lt. Ourll1g

a contl nULly t,es~F the probes are in ~erc ha ng,eab~e - you do n"t have to w-orry' a beu t 'the pol arlty of a cir~uit, If contin uity exists, 'th,e meter sh ou~tj h~ep, If the meter does not beep. e heck the connections,

Some meters will dls{p r,ar '~OL" (meaHnl~nfJ open loop), to signify that the-lie i<s Ii1 () O()l"ItijII1lU~t.Y. 'V!in i lie' QUI:er,s djsplQ a very I~ uge number (imjie-a~~"g

~I mi'gl"l reslstaJlnce). In 'these. p;artrcldaJlf me.te.r:5" a low ~IU ~'boer is displayed (typicaUy ~!i'!d er 1.00 QJ ,to ~ r;!d ic~t!l;!' ccn11inllJ!tty. IdeaUy. y,cr LJi W!iI 1'111 ,3 r>i!~d i ng' !illS ,d@~i2,to zere a!1j: pOS1s~bl@.

Determining the Polarity of an LED

LEDs ,iUre ge{ll'u!r,ally rniiJIil Idact.w red witlill ,iill number of visuall eues tha~ wi,n Ine~'p you determine po!RilI ru~y iifJ you do:mltt harve the lliiianlllfa-cbJr~fS, d\ii),taslile.et. Wi~h the hellP ,O'f a mulftimerer er ,ai, :simpI1e· !Coilfl ¢elllbaHery, '~here are, also ,iii fIlIIumiber ,of Iquiek el~trh:al~ metllmGds to, d.eterm ine pclaliity;.

ro R S1[ANDAR D ILE DS

'» 'lihe lange r lead is the anode ("") an d the' sh orter lead is '~he eathoce (~).

'» 'The L'ED case' e';<t~tior i So CUIfVOO on the anode s ide' a Filed llat on tile cathode,

:» If YQU look inside tJhe plastic casi ng ot ,~f1J I..E:D, ,YO'U wiU Il"lGiti'ce ens I@~d is wi der than 'the other, 111""9' naITO'l,i';.l~ F le~dJ is typically theanode a nd the wide r ie~d is 'tth~ cathode.

'» Use a 3V f1~t lithi urn oel i to t~~t the ,LED by touch i[]g tlhe' LED across the battery termi nals, When the LED i ights. you wHi klnO\!V you h.aw u:!~, p,:m'SHh/@ lead of the LED tCH'!ll;;hirlig tli1@ p-'o~rti~ sid€! of '~h;@ b~U~'FY.

FO R SMm:llED"S,

:» The back of su rface mou nt (SMDllE,Ds have either a. gre€lfil arrow or line lndl eating' the negative contact.

:» Some rTI!LIIlt:i meters 0 utput enough voltage tID '~est LEDs us ing Ute DiDde' Check setti ng, Some meters, wi m beep .anal/or show tihe '(OMa rd vo Itage'. an d/or ,th,e LEO win light up '!Nnen eormacted il1 '~h;e correct polarity (anode +, cOi~h{jde -l

Fa R PIIRAN HA 'OR till G H~ FllUX ILE_DS

,» Cre'Oite a simpl e ci rcult uSing alii igator clli ps, a res istot.'" and ,a battery. Re'f'e'l 'to pag.e 29.

Fa R BI-COILOR OR 'TR'I"COILOR LED$. '» lhe center is 'the 00 mrnon cathode {~).

'» 'The outer leads are the anodes (+ ),' on e for each color.

N'OfE: B~~color and tn-eeler l'ElOs <:1)0 ~oif:: tol ~01.iY' '~ne, conven~j'ot'llal ~oF!lig I'e~di iis ,a~ode (+) rule,

cethcea (-} ,~- .anode- {+)

(flsJt) {ct!fVea)

r~ I

TOP V.lEW

cattlodeH -) anode (+)

SIDEVIEVif

SMD l!ElO

TOPVIE't\i'

BOTTOM VIEw

anoco {+) I aood(l (+» COnril'nOfl c.atncrde (- )

[.TUTORIAL [

~-------------------------------------------------------------------

Measuring Resistance

:r.'! ~hJlltjmeter » Resis,'f!or

» M IUIltl meters are' also III sed to measLJI re the ffi.s:15tartce. value !Qi~ aJ lfeisj'stor.

lo measure 'the value 0.1 a resistor, 'fonow th,ese ttlf'~e steps:

ST IE:'P ~: ,Set the meter r~J1Ige gre~ter t ha n

th~' ~~$t~ nee b~ ing rT1 ~asli.l~d, I'f you a FI;! U nsure of tih~ f@'slsta nc~ 'i,lalua~" s~~~ct the t:l~~st ~ettilllg !13\1~ ilr;lbl~r Th!I! ~sist~nCI2 fu netlon is u5u.;;IlIy marked 0111 the meter by th2' sym bol Q.

S II' E P 2: ~emov€ the component from t hlB' circUit

ST,EP 5: ilbuch '~h 8 red probe to one ~eacl of the resistor and the black probe to the other. If the mete r reading is c lose to zero, select a lower res lsta nee rarl:ge' untl 1.Y0u get a re.adalb[e vall ue

II '1ihe. fUft!llRIe 0" er,arfll n~ fas~loli'I has 'fJlI1i1lilly

8_!l'~i1i'ed! I!i!ccl\;ell'.5. !N"afte~,5. 'f:8£h'i'nFl]stl!rs, .I!Ill!ilI 'tef:lilli1o ~E!~~;, ge.f 11!a.Q1Y t!iii ilip;clatEi yliliUi" wii~if,!iiiD~ wlltiTi tiJgj1;-tech tmiilBs ,an:cI tMllnkrl ng LEDs.

EARABLES

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Now you iCilI,l1I sl:I.l!IIniter into H11C! night: dll!eSSN in lighrt! LOi[l~ smart arid crafty with a handmade tote that 'bArimkles 'when you iI"'BC€ I-oJ€' a cellphone call .. Or get S'~I i'sh~y geared and rock oIJ11o you F' f.8VG rifle tunes 'With fIJI;:::;;::'Y headph ones that keep Y"Du 'toasty end noticed on .a brisk morni ng jog. When fashion. 'tech ni[lIQg~;". Bind craft merge. YOUI get: custom c lotliling and accessories emlbell ished 'with techno-wizardry '~hat iUu m lnates YO!Jli'" pe rso na I style, a nd expressive fLailf', Til ls cha pter fe:a'~u;Fe5 J'Our ~utorials tD g'e'~ you 5:tart~ng' fn creating your very QWIiI'~eC'hlilo-at'eli,er.

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Ado a little sparkle to your little black dress w'it':h' a be .. ssp eke LE'ID Bra celet C,' J'ff S········ •. imp .• le and

... . ..... ... _ . . u. _. I ... n ...

streerruneo. this LIED cuff is made 'from raw mdustrial felt and lnllaid, high-flux LEIDs. lt's the perfect accessory", Donni'ng tbrs haute-tech cuff w'illl certainly make you the ligh:t of the party.

HOW IT WORKS ~

The L,E D Brace let i nco r po rates til ree squa re L.E Ds in I a id i nto i ndustria I fe lit 'The coi n cell batte ry in th iss i m ple c i reu i t is used both as

18 mecha n ical~ clasp to ho lid t he two sides of the b race I e'~ together and SJS a switch to power and turn the bracelet on 'when it is worn. 'Whe n tne cuff is worn a nd the batte ry is 511 ~pped into its slut th e lE,[)s tu rn 0 n. Whe n t he cuff' ls not i n U:5,e!, tt he battle ry is sto red in the pocket of the inner lining o'f the braI09~et.

COM PillE:>:: IlfV: BAS I C

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'!;:3!:i 1i,,..iII. "I" IE ~ I Ai, L ,t!" .9, I¥I I'1i. I ,n..iP1i ,,;;J'

» InduiS1trrl8l~ Mit

» Oeoornrthre 'f'a b,riic

» Sol~d.,colored 'h~Jonlic » COiltdiiU,cUv:e, thre~d

» Cot,teif' plns (2), 1 ~," -11!h·. 'f'ouilld in

any hardware store.

» Ma~lle~, (4), '!h" d i8Jme'~,en", stmng » Oo~ored 'tlrnread

» lHeat·5hr~nk, tubing, 4"

..

» Pii'rainlha higtH\llu;( ILlE.Ds (3.)

» ,3V 20mm·=25mmn co'i fii De~llibatl::ery

...

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... ....

..

.. ... .....

'1<, 'bc===================:.Jo.. '1;" ...

, , ~ , , .... , .... .... .... .... ~ .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ~ ... ,

» :SCltSSiOrs

» ,$ewi'ng i!'l@@d h~

» Need Ilig!no~e pll~i!;!irs

» P,!B!rllOii~ Of 1fHi3lfiking piEl1ri! » Hot g~1lJ ~ gun

» !l1fimi[y k!ni'if!~

» :S~i:lllrg maehlne

» Heat' ,gl!!il'i1l Qir hi!liur d~r

L

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~ V TEMPLATES

» lempla!t'E! A

~ndustlFial fe'lt top ~ayeF (1) » lemplar1@ B

Bracelet back I irting (1) » lemplarte C

B~ttery pocket (1)

» lemplart~ D

D~COf13r1ti~ fabric (m~ddl@) ~~'y~r (1)

.... ... .. ...

.... ...

.... ...

.... .. , ..

.... ...

.... ... ....

.... .... .. ~ .. ~

.... ... .... ... ... , ~ ,

:}(--------------------------~

. I ~

Cha:pb?r 3: '\J!j~n~b'~e"": [E,I) ,B'racj,dii",~ I

I I

TEMPLATESI

Tern p larbEls av~ilabl~· onl lne a'~ 'Fa s hionl ngtech nelogy.co rn/led braeel et.

L _

10"

4"

A

lA," I

~==========================================~

INIDUSTRIAI., FEi. T il'O,j¥I' :d

10'"

B

IB ffll'ACElLE,T BACK 1I NIING 2--

iifll.

1.%,"

5"

1~"

~ ri II

Lfi!"11

c

.

D

B\AT'Il'1ERY POCKEr

:M"l

10 mO~ATiVE, FABRIC .i'!iJl:.

Vi"

llh:"

SEWI ~G GUIIDE - - - NQgaH v Q OQ'fldi.i(;~i¥!l path -, - - P05itive conductive p.a~h

WRONG SlOE UP R 19I1t-hand side --f

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.~

:1

i.ooP (IlrQl..rnd 'Outer biSltt'el)' 5! It

t .. CUT THE 'T'[MPLAT,E.

a, U sing a mar'ki,ng pen trace Tarn plabe A onto the .no ustrlal 'r'elt U !:i.i ng a uti lit~t' knife, cut au ~ '~h e tempi ate.

b. To deterrnlne the length of the braceiei~ and the 'ba~tery

51 it location [\Dr j'OlJlr wrist, wra p the indLtstria I fe~t around] y>our wrist IloO'Sely. makl'ng sure to align the ,ectg'es ~f both sides, Punch the opposit,e sides of the "('elt close to, your wrist u nti lit 'feels snug, Us il,g a. ~1I1alrkinlg pe n, maJtik the location,

e, Using a III arkiing- pen, m@ke another mark abou!~ 1'''

trorn yo U~ '0 rig ina I m ~rk; tni s ~s the location Qf you r b~t.tery sl it. Using;!.! utmrty knife, make a vertica 1 31 it s liglltly sme lie r than your CiQi!fl oelll [b;~rlt[ery, Repeat creating- a slit on the

'0 p.p~~ite eWld 0'1' 'the' f,et~, Vou ~h()'u,ld now h~lve :2 battery

sl its ~ on the left and right :sgoes) that al~gn wilen you wrap the '1~I't areun d YOUT wnst,

d. 'Wr.:;lip the fult arou no YPU'F wrc;.'~ u nti I both edges ~i~gn. S~ip th @ baU~ry through the batts r'Y' 5.1 its, m8~dng s!U~ the bracelet f 15 co mfo rtably, If yO!lJ hal\/€' 411 srna II wrmst you m.;lY wa nt to cut off th!g extra materia I from the ed,eles of the braeel et, Le..a!Je' at least 1" o~ material 0111 b nth edges, Make ,ad,1 u strnents to Ternpl ate B accord ingly_

Usi ng ,;3 mar ki ng pen" trace l'enn plate B and C 011 the colored fabric a nd Tern plate D on the deco rative fabric. Using scissors, cut, ou't all :3 "le,mp~ates,

2. SEW'THE CIRCU~TPATIHI

a. PI ace the irujlUs'irial f'e It laye'r wrong s.ide up. U:s.in~ eoncuctive thread, loop th e thread seve ral times (]r0U no 'the outer battery slut on the· left side of the felt T111is will be the n e,gatirve contact tor the battery. Co nt iru1le sewi ng ,[$I path to tile top of the f'eH untvl you, reach the' edge of the rectartigle cutout.

b. The high-flux lEI)s have 4 legs: .2 positive (anodes) and 2 negative! (cathodes). The hest way to d!i stl ngu ls h the· pO's ltlve and nE!gahv>8 leads ls to refer '~o the datasheel OF wire them~ernpofalrily U:5~Hfg: alligaftor clips (&€e page 29).

Co On ae you have dete rrn i ned '~he p(js~ti\f€ and negative Ileads, posi~ijon the LIE Ds wmn~ slds up ilns ide the rectaill_gle cutou t 'IN it.h alf'ttJle n eg";!l'tj \Ie leads '~Eci ng LI p a nd the pos.itiwa, I eads facing drrwn, You wi II be sewi ng th e LE Ds to.gether im paralll,el (see page 22), Usi ng needle n()se pi iers. carH~ull'y bend the leads 'fl ush to the fa b nc,

d. Continue '~he pat~ 'from tha negat~ve b[]ttery slit to th e LE.Ds, sec uwefry ~'ilif'!g the n~tiw' ~eaa s to 'the f,el~, Sew only (iJ'ong t,ne SU[,f.[iJce of Ui!e' f~1t. and not tl'm:m.g~l it to ~'roid na'Vrng'the conductiW'! Ul'lB~d visitJle on tn'e oppos~te sid~. o n{:@ yOIiJ h~ve sewn th e last LED, knot and cut t!he thlF~ad" Repe~t" ~oop lng tile th rea d s@v~r~1 ti rnes a rou nd Ull~ ~nne.r battery ~sHt on the .r~ght sid~ of t he f~ It, Th is, wii i bs your pos iti~ b!;lt1t@ry contact. Conti n ue s~~ing a path to ·th@ Do:ttom of th@ ·fel'~ I,J nt:i I yCfU mach th ~ @dge< oOf 'ttl @ rectangle cutout. Contlnue the pat h securely S@-"iNi~ the positive

I eads to thE: "felt. Once :you havE: sewn the fi nal LIE D. knot. and cut the thread, Th€ condocti'Ll8 ,thf.€OOs frOJJ1 th~ podtill8 and J1eg;3tlrv.e tflJ- feads shou'!d never touch.

e. Wrap the f.eit around your wrist: until hoth edges ail ign. 8.1 ip the battery through th e I:lattery sli:t with the positive slde ,of the batt,ery '~o,ucNn.g the posltl '!foe contact and the negarti\le ,side of 'th e battery touching' the, Ifiegatj\,liE! eontact. Your LEDs should I igh.t u p,

NOTE: Wlta~ don~~ I need ,:r.J1 rfls,istor?

TYIP,i ea Illy" whellli wcrk.i ng wiU, ILiE Ds, yo IJ need to add a resistor to '~he

c~ rcu~t '~o P Mvenrt: the' LEDs from bl:i li'ird rig: cut I~ tIM ~5 clreulf, we are us'l ng ccndu;c,tlve threa dJ TrinteaCil of' 'Wires 100' OO'l'iI nelCt 'the

3 LEDs tog,ectl'iler un lP-arallT lell ,a!nd are t! sing a 3'1 coin tell b~te ry with a fa i Ii~Y m iiru~m:al capa city., Ufll~ ike' traditiona II wi 1feS" t~ e co.nductuve tlhwe~d h!i!s a m~ch hi,gherr level of" r@!1!ii~tall'llCl@!. and ~~lf1ICi! th i!!! LEDs, are. !Iaibi!d for 3V. we ,QtOI'lI!t rtI@I!!!O to !lIcld :3 n additlenal JllHs,i's.tor tiD k.@!E!P thD CIlJ rrent at S8fh! IDWls.

M,AIKE THE MIAGNET' C,LAS,P

i'!. Ne;xt. place the 'relt ,!'!lW'O ng s iae' up, Place the cecceat ive fabriC' from Tem p'Lai~e ID wrong 'side IUD" covering the rectangula r cutout and LEOs. U 3i ng a ,s,ewir!g mach i!1!e, topstttch a long the' rectangul er cute ut, sewi ng thie d1ecoll'ativ.e 'ro~rlc securery in pi acs,

b. Using hot: glue, glue a magnet :::I't least lA," from the edges to 'the top nght corn er of the l-elt Repe:.at glui ng the second magnet to the ooUOITl rigF~1 corner.

c, lIsin,g, SC~5YJrS; CUlt. the haat-eh rink into four 1- pieces. S~ip a piece Ci~ hea t-sh rink over ~he 'h)P and bottom leg of sac h cotter P~II, Us !rlg a he®1 gun or haJi r dryer, sFliilink the '~Lilbi ng. Repeat for th e s,.eCQII d cotter pi~l. The heat· sh rink win insul ate the p'in from the battelf'Y and p,revent 'the circuu~ from shoti:iilg"

d. AJli~n a cotter ~ijn wit 11 the battery sl it. Th e battery slrt shoul d' Ibe be'~ween the 'top a nd bottom Ilegs of the pi n.

Usi ng o,rdJi nary thread. sew tile cu rvad corner of the pi n to 'the 'felt Knot and cut th e thread, N rJW' :sew only one' c{ tile pi n Ilegs to the f'eRt The cotter IP ill win hel p hold t he coin celli battery io place. Re peEit tor the op p().~ifte ~td'e. gliu i ng th'e

n~ me irili!1i8' :2 magnets and sewi ng th e cotter pi n in 1P1~~,

N'OTE:: Both ssts of magFl sts on eppeslts 's.ide>s s.honJIld 'ElII igUli and S nap tegeths F (not rep@'11 aach other), If tlhl@ magnets am f'S!p@lIi Iflg e rn~ 8111 other, flip orll@ of' 1thl~ magrrets iD'I.i'E F"

4. SEW'THE B,A,CK ILINIINIG ,AIND BATTEIRY POC,KE,T

iii. Gr.fiJb the 'back Ii niii1.g and bat.t,ery poeke'~ '[abrde. Mark '~he pos ltion of Ule righil battery sli't onto the, back lini ng. Position the pocke'~ piece at Ileds'~ Iii" to th e leU of 'the maJt1k, Using a sew~ng machine, t:ops:Htch the pocket Di ece ,0 nto the bac k ~il1i n~. lhe' pocket pjeoe win be used to store the col n ce III batt,ery whelf'l the bra celet is not b~i ng worn,

b. Place the i ndustri [li f-elt Ilayer wrong slds u p, PII~ce tile back ~i n ir1g 'Iaye.r right side upon t'OD of the in d ustria II ayer. Usi ng a uti'l ity 110: n ife. !S lice the Ib(:l<CK I iniog layer i n betv~een U"lie cotte-r pi 11 so tile coin Icelll b~ftte'FY C\3 n sl i p tttrough.

N Ol~: D@p.em;dling on thi!!! fabric ).!lOLl ar@' usl mg f,o!f" th@

lini "g', you may want tal stitch areu rid tn i!!! !!!ll iit araa to plf@'!IBn1t iii from v,rnyiilFIIg. An atmmartiv@ i~ to IiJ:S@ Flray Ch!l!!ok_

c. Us ing: ordinary tlilreadi., ilia nd-stitch t he hack I ininsg piece to the industrial "Fe,lt layer. sewing only along the surface ut' the, felt aria not entl rely througJh the felt

d. Put the cu ff on and 51 i p the battery Uif'Ou.gih "the batberry 51 it with the lPo5,itlve s ide o'r the batl:ery touchung the pos~tiv..e con tae~ an d the n~~at.ive s~tje OIf' the· battery t(}u(:~hlng the negarti\lle contact, Y0U i!Jre now perr-ectly aeeesserized to be the liglht: O'f aJny p@rty!

At the end of a IOr!g @1v~n.irilg, don it 'riorgo-t to store the battery i n tha In ner pod\:;@t:.lh@ pocket i~ a handy f~~tu m' that willi h@lp prov~nt you from mispl,acing th~ battery.

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Keep the chill away by rnakirg gear that will k€'ep your ears warm and protected trom the harsh winter wind. The Rock Star Headphones are the perfect gear to k,eep you rockin' - and waF'king out. Dressed with 2, small LEIDs for a little added b~ing and safety. now you can hit the slopes or go for a brisk morning ]og in style"

[HOW IT 'WOR:KS >

The R:ock Sta r Headpho nes req u i re you to h a c k i nto a n exi sting set of head pho nes a no ~ ncorp orate it i nit) a new des lgn, The Ro c k sta r will a I SCi have two squ a re lE Ds s.ew n onto the exterto r of 'tt he ea rwa rm ers, The L E Ds have both a n a es t 11 etic function and 2JJ practical, s afet.y fu net ion: rna kl ng the wea rer vis i b I e fa r j oggi ng or b i k i ng at. night T h e: cl rc u nt i ncorpo rates s son sw itch m lEI die fro m CIO n duct i ve Ih ock a nd 100 p, so the L ElDs fu rn on on IV whe n the head ph om es are worn,

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» lh.:ydl ns~ce 0'1l" i5!tiJerpa 5ue<d1e· fBibr&c

"for top fabric

» 112.ydJ n,eoprleru~~ for I I nir'lig

» 2" oondiWe~we hook. and loOp » COiil,dJu;d~ve thread

» Meta~ '5 rIIitiP!5, (2}

» lhre~d'

» 'Jape

)} E mb n:dde.ry 'thread

» LEDs (,2,) Piranh.a high-ffux U::[)s are recommended.

» Head plM,!J(iiliE:S 11Ii8xpen5ive' ones work just fine,

» te I ~phone' barttery wirtlh leads

Gold mm e~e lee.com (tiHe:rs llaw prices.

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E>:b:lrior su ed@ and iri!!ll er ri!@iOprene I ilr!~ng (1 each)

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» .Sewi·ng 1!'1lii!@O il~

» Need Il~no:!;le 1P11~i!;!irs

» P!l!!lrmii~.of l!TI:liIlfiking piEl'l'i! » .Se.wi'lI1rg machine

» .Sold~riJng Iron and ;siQ,I,d~~lI"

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PLA'ES

Tisnn plates avalilalb'l@ onl i ne 2rt l::l sh loni ngtech nology.corn/ headphones.

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