A. Animal Form, Function & Organization Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial Tissue Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body Occurs in sheets of tightly packed cells Functions as a barrier protecting against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms, and fluid loss Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial Tissue Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of epithelial cells: Cuboidal like dice Squamous like tiles Columnar like bricks on end Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial Tissue Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types: simple epithelium stratified epithelium Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 2. Connective Tissue Functions mainly to bind and support other tissues Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 2. Connective Tissue Types: Bone a mineralized connective tissue supporting most vertebrates Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 2. Connective Tissue Types: Loose connective tissue functions as packing materials, holding organs in place Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 2. Connective Tissue Types: Fibrous connective tissue dense, due to its large number of collagenous fibers e.g. tendons & ligaments Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 2. Connective Tissue Types: Cartilage an abundance of collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery matrix Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 2. Connective Tissue Types: Blood functions differently from other connective tissues but has an extensive extracellular matrix called the plasma Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 2. Connective Tissue Types: Adipose tissue stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout the matrix pads and insulates the body and stores fuel as fat molecules Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 3. Muscle Tissue Composed of long cells called muscle fibers that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses Muscle is the most abundant tissue in most animals, and muscle contraction accounts for most of the energy-consuming cellular work in active animals Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 3. Muscle Tissue Types: Skeletal responsible for voluntary movements Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 3. Muscle Tissue Types: Smooth responsible for involuntary movements found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 3. Muscle Tissue Types: Cardiac forms the contractile wall of the heart Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 4. Nerve Tissue Senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of the animal to another Neuron functional unit of nervous tissue Neuron Animal Form, Function & Organization Types of Animal Tissues 4. Nerve Tissue Neurons consists of a cell body, dendrites and axons Dendrite transmits nerve impulses from their tips toward the rest of the neuron Axon transmits impulses toward another neuron or toward an effector, such as a muscle cell http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/9/98199ddbe43ff513afd2a78840bb5cc5/neuron.gif The Animal Organ Systems Introduction Organ systems carry out the major body functions of most animals. Each organ system consists of several organs and has specific functions. Any organism, whether single-celled or an assembly of organ systems, is a coordinated living whole greater than the sum of its parts. The Animal Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System The outermost layer Protection against mechanical injury, infection and drying out Skin and its derivatives (e.g. hair, claws, feathers, etc.) The Animal Organ Systems 1. Integumentary System Human skin The Animal Organ Systems 2. Digestive System Food processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination) All animals eat other organisms - dead or alive, whole or by the piece (including parasites). In general, animals fit into one of three dietary categories. Herbivores, such as gorillas, cows, hares, and many snails, eat mainly autotrophs (plants, algae). Carnivores, such as sharks, hawks, spiders, and snakes, eat other animals. Omnivores, such as cockroaches, bears, raccoons, and humans, consume animal and plant or algal matter. The Animal Organ Systems 2. Digestive System The Animal Organ Systems 2. Digestive System Types of Digestive Systems: Paramecium Hydra Incomplete there is only one opening; no anus The Animal Organ Systems 2. Digestive System Types of Digestive Systems: Complete there is a mouth opening and an anus The Animal Organ Systems 2. Digestive System The Animal Organ Systems 3. Skeletal System Body support and protection of internal organs e.g. internal skeleton (cartilage, bone, ligaments) e.g. external skeleton (shell) The Animal Organ Systems 3. Skeletal System Types of skeleton: Exoskeleton Endoskeleton The Animal Organ Systems 3. Skeletal System Types of skeleton: Exoskeleton external skeleton Mollusks made up of calcium carbonate Arthropods made up of chitin restricts growth of internal organs The Animal Organ Systems 3. Skeletal System Types of skeleton: Endoskeleton internal skeleton grows as the animal grows does not limit growth of internal organs supports greater weight e.g. Echinoderms and vertebrates The Animal Organ Systems 3. Skeletal System The human skeleton: Axial skeleton lies along the midline of the body (in blue) Appendicular skeleton the girdles and the attached limbs The Animal Organ Systems 4. Muscular System For movement and locomotion The skeleton and muscles interact in movement The Animal Organ Systems 4. Muscular System http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/f/f3/250px-Muscles_biceps_triceps.jpg Antagonistic action of the biceps and triceps in the human arm The Animal Organ Systems 4. Muscular System Tendon connective tissue that connects muscle to bone Source: Mader, 2010