CONTENTS

PART-A. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS USING MATLAB

1. Verification of sampling theorem.
2. Impulse response of a given system.
3. Linear convolution of two given sequences.
4. Circular convolution of two given sequences.
5. utocorrelation of given sequence an! verification of its properties.
". Cross correlation of a given sequences an! verification of its properties.
#. $olving a given !ifference equation.
%. Computation of &'point ()* of a given sequence an! to plot magnitu!e an!
phase spectrum.
+. Linear convolution of two sequences using ()* an! I()*.
1,. Circular convolution of two sequences using ()* an! I()*.
11. (esign an! implementation of )I- filter to meet given specifications.
12. (esign an! implementation of II- filter to meet given specifications.
PART-B. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS USING DSP PROCESSOR.
1. Linear convolution of two given sequences.
2. Circular convolution of two given sequences.
3. Computation of &'point ()* of a given sequence.
4. -eali.ation of an )I- filter /any type0 to meet given specifications. *he input
can 1e a signal from function generator2speech signal.
5. u!io application such as to plot a time an! frequency !isplay of a 3icrophone
plus a cosine using ($4. -ea! a .wav file an! match with their respective
spectrograms.
". &oise removal5 !! noise a1ove 367. an! then remove8 interference
suppression using 4,,7. tone.
#. Impulse response of first or!er an! secon! or!er system.
1
2
EXPERIMENT NO-1
AIM: VERIFICATION OF SAMPLING THEOREM
Samplin: Is the process of converting a continuous time signal into a !iscrete time
signal. It is the first step in conversion from analog signal to !igital signal.
Samplin !"#$%#m: $ampling theorem states that 9:;act reconstruction of a continuous
time 1ase'1an! signal from its samples is possi1le8 if the signal is 1an!'limite! an! the
sampling frequency is greater than twice the signal 1an!wi!th<.
i.e. f
s
= 2>8 where > is the signal 1an!wi!th.

N&'(i)! Ra!# Samplin: *he &yquist rate is the minimum sampling rate require! to
avoi! aliasing8 equal to the highest mo!ulating frequency containe! within the signal.
In other wor!s8 &yquist rate is equal to two si!e! 1an!wi!th of the signal /?pper an!
lower si!e1an!s0
*o avoi! aliasing8 the sampling rate must e;cee! the &yquist rate. i.e. f
s
= f
&
P%$%am:
@ &yquist -ate $ampling.
clcA @ Clear screen
fs B 14,,A @ $ampling frequency8 fs B 14,,7.
t B ,512fs5132fsA @ &um1er of samples
; B cos/2CpiC4,,Ct0Dcos/2CpiC#,,Ct0A @ Input signal
;m B a1s /fft/;00A @ (etermine the a1solute ))* of the input signal
!isp/E;mF0A @ (isplays ;m on comman! win!ow
!isp /;m0A @ (isplays values of ;m on comman! win!ow
G B ,5length/;m0'1A @ &um1er of samples to 1e plot on ;'a;is
su1plot /282810A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the output
stem /1,,CG8 ;m0A @ 4lot the output
;la1el /H7.H0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 97.<
yla1el /H3agnitu!eH0A @ &ame y'a;is as 93agnitu!e<
title /H&- samplingH0A @ *itle is 9&- $ampling<
@?&(:- $ampling.
fs B 1,,,A @ $ampling frequency8 fs B 1,,,7.
t B ,512fs5+2fsA @ &um1er of samples
; B cos/2CpiC4,,Ct0Dcos/2CpiC#,,Ct0A @ Input signal
;m B a1s/fft/;00A @ (etermine the a1solute ))* of the input signal
!isp/E;m1F0A @ (isplays ;m1 on comman! win!ow
!isp /;m10A @ (isplays values of ;m1 on comman! win!ow
G B ,5length/;m10'1A @ &um1er of samples to 1e plot on ;'a;is
su1plot/282820A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the output
stem/1,,CG8 ;m10A @ 4lot the output
;la1el/H7.H0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 97.<
3
yla1el/H3agnitu!eH0A @ &ame y'a;is as 93agnitu!e<
title/H?&(:- samplingH0A @ *itle is 9?&(:- $ampling<
@IV:- $ampling.
fs B 2,,,A @ $ampling frequency8 fs B 2,,,7.
t B ,512fs52,2fsA @ &um1er of samples
; B cos/2CpiC4,,Ct0Dcos/2CpiC#,,Ct0A @ Input signal
;m B a1s/fft/;00A @ (etermine the a1solute ))* of the input signal
!isp/E;m2F0A @ (isplays ;m2 on comman! win!ow
!isp /;m20A @ (isplays values of ;m2 on comman! win!ow
G B ,5length/;m20'1A @ &um1er of samples to 1e plot on ;'a;is
su1plot/282830A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the output
stem/1,,CG8;m20A @ 4lot the output
;la1el/H7.H0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 97.<
yla1el/H3agnitu!eH0A @ &ame y'a;is as 93agnitu!e<
title/HIV:- samplingH0A @ *itle is 9IV:- $ampling<
OUTPUT :
;m
Columns 1 through #
,.,,,, ,.,,,, ,.,,,, ,.,,,, #.,,,, ,.,,,, ,.,,,,
Columns % through 14
14.,,,, ,.,,,, ,.,,,, #.,,,, ,.,,,, ,.,,,, ,.,,,,
;m1
Columns 1 through #
,.,,,, ,.,,,, ,.,,,, 5.,,,, 5.,,,, ,.,,,, 5.,,,,
Columns % through 1,
5.,,,, ,.,,,, ,.,,,,
;m2
Columns 1 through #
2.,,,, 2.,#41 2.34+" 3.1",# 11.512# ,.4,52 1.%++%
Columns % through 14
%."1"5 4.2355 1.2552 ,.335# ,.335# 1.2552 4.2355
Columns 15 through 21
%."1"5 1.%++% ,.4,52 11.512# 3.1",# 2.34+" 2.,#41
4
0 500 1000 1500
0
5
10
15
Hz
M
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NR sampling
0 500 1000
0
2
4
6
Hz
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UNDER sampling
0 500 1000 1500 2000
0
5
10
15
Hz
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OVER sampling

5
EXPERIMENT NO-*
AIM: IMPULSE RESPONSE OF A GIVEN S+STEM
!iscrete time system performs an operation on an input signal 1ase! on a pre!efine!
criteria to pro!uce a mo!ifie! output signal. *he input signal ;/n0 is the system
e;citation8 an! y/n0 is the system response. *he transform operation is shown as8

;/n0 y/n0 B *J/;/n0K
If the input to the system is unit impulse i.e. ;/n0 B L/n0 then the output of the system is
Gnown as impulse response !enote! 1y h/n0 where8
h/n0 B *JL/n0K
we Gnow that any ar1itrary sequence ;/n0 can 1e represente! as a weighte! sum of
!iscrete impulses. &ow the system response is given 1y8
M
y/n0 B *J;/n0K B *JN;/G0 L/n'G0K O/10
GB'M
)or linear system /10 re!uces to
M
y/n0 B N;/G0 *JL/n'G0K O/20
GB'M
*he response to the shifte! impulse sequence can 1e !enote! 1y h/n8 G0 is !enote! 1y8
h/n8 G0 B *JL/n'G0K O/30
)or a time'invariant system
h/n8 G0 B h/n'G0 O/40
?sing /40 in /30 we o1tain8
*JL/n'G0K B h/n'G0 O/50
?sing /50 in /20 we get8
M
y/n0 B N;/G0 h/n'G0 O/"0
GB'M
6

*
)or a linear time'invariant system if the input sequence is ;/n0 an! impulse response
h/n0 is given8 we can fine output y/n0 1y using eqn /"0.
>hich is Gnown as convolution sum an! can 1e represente! 1y y/n0 B ;/n0 C h/n0
F$% E,ampl# l#!-) .in/ $(! an imp(l)# %#)p$n)# $. a /i..#%#n0# #'(a!i$n.
*he general form of !ifference equation is8
3 3
y/n0 B Na
G
y/n'G0 D N1
G
;/n'G0 O/#0
GB1 GB,
)or input ;/n0 B L/n0
3
y/n0 B N1
G
;/n'G0 B , for n = 3
GB,
&ow /#0 can 1e written as8
&
y/n0 B Na
G
y/n'G0 B , a
,
B 1 O/%0
GB,
*he solution of eqn /%0 is Gnown as homogeneous solution. *he particular solution is
.ero since ;/n0 B , for n = ,8 that is
y
p
/n0 B ,
*herefore we can o1tain the impulse response 1y solving the homogeneous equation an!
imposing the initial con!itions to !etermine the ar1itrary constants.
E,ampl#:
LetFs taGe a secon! or!er !ifference equation
y/n0 P /12"0 y/n'10 P/12"0 y/n'20 B ;/n0 O/+0
)or impulse response the particular solution y
p
/n0 B ,
$o8 y/n0 B y
h
/n0 O/1,0
Let y
h
/n0 B Q
n
O/110
$u1stituting /110 in /+0 we get8
Q
n
' /12"0 Q
n'1
P /12"0 Q
n'2
B , / ;/n0 B , for homogeneous solution0
or
Q
2
' /12"0 Q P /12"0 B , O/120
7
*he roots of the characteristic equation are8
Q
1
B 1228 Q
2
B '123
*he solution y
h
/n0 B C
1
/1220
n
D C
2
/'1230
n
O/130
)or impulse ;/n0 B L/n0A ;/n0 B , for n = , an! ;/,0 B 1
$u1stituting the a1ove relations in eqn /+0 we have8
)or n B ,8
y/,0 P /12"0 y/'10 P/12"0 y/'20 B ;/,0 B 1
i.e. y/,0 B 1. O/140
)or n B 18
y/10 P /12"0 y/,0 P/12"0 y/'10 B ;/10
y/10 P /12"0 B ,
y/10 B 12". O/150
)rom eqn /130
y/,0 B C
1
D C
2
O/1"0
y/10 B /1220C
1
P /1230C
2
O/1#0
Comparing equations /1408 /1508 /1"0 an! /1#0 we get8
C
1
D C
2
B 1
/1220C
1
P /1230C
2
B /12"0
$olving for C
1
an! C
2
we get8
C
1
B 3258 C
2
B 225
*herefore8 the solution
y/n0 B /3250/1220
n
D /2250/'1230
n
O/1%0
&ow8 letFs fin! out impulse response.
>e Gnow that8
y/n0 B ;/n0 C h/n0
h/n0 B y/n0 2 ;/n0 O/1+0
8
Compute y/n0 for various values of n
$u1stitute n B ,8 18 28 3 in eqn /1%0 we get8
y/,0 B 1.,,,,
y/10 B ,.1""#
y/20 B ,.1+44
y/30 B ,.,",2
$o8 y/n0 B R1.,,,,8 ,.1""#8 ,.1+448 ,.,",2S
>e Gnow that8 ;/n0 B 1
$o8 the impulse response for the given !ifference equation using eqn /1+0 is
h/n0 B R1.,,,,8 ,.1""#8 ,.1+448 ,.,",2S
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
nr B J1KA @ &umeartor co'efficients
!r B J18'12"8'12"KA @ (enominator co'efficients
h B imp./nr8!r840A @ Computes the impulse response of a given
@ !ifference equation8 returns the co'efficients
!isp/HImpulse response h/n05H0A@ (isplays impulse response
!isp/h0A @ (isplays impulse response on comman! win!ow
su1plot/281810A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the output
stem/h0A @ (isplays the impulse response
title/HImpulse response h/n05H0A@ *itle as impulse response
; B J1KA @ Input co'efficients
y B conv /h8 ;0A @ Convolution of input an! impulse co'efficients to get the
@ output
!isp/HIutput y/n05H0 @ (isplays Iutput y/n0
!isp/y0A @ (isplays the output on comman! win!ow
su1plot/281820A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the output
stem/y0A @ 4lots the output
title/HIutput y/n0 for given ;/n0H0A @ *itle as 9Iutput y/n0 for given ;/n0<
OUTPUT:
Impulse response5
1.,,,,
,.1""#
,.1+44
,.,",2
Iutput y/n05
1.,,,,
,.1""#
,.1+44
,.,",2
9
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
0.5
1
Impulse response
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
0.5
1
Output y(n) for given x(n)
10
EXPERIMENT NO-1
AIM: TO IMPLEMENT LINEAR CONVOLUTION OF T2O GIVEN
SE3UENCES
T"#$%&: Convolution is an integral concatenation of two signals. It has many
applications in numerous areas of signal processing. *he most popular application is the
!etermination of the output signal of a linear time'invariant system 1y convolving the
input signal with the impulse response of the system.
&ote that convolving two signals is equivalent to multiplying the )ourier *ransform of
the two signals.
Ma!"#ma!i0 F$%m(la:
*he linear convolution of two continuous time signals ;/t0 an! h/t0 is !efine! 1y
)or !iscrete time signals ;/n0 an! h/n08 is !efine! 1y
>here ;/n0 is the input signal an! h/n0 is the impulse response of the system.
In linear convolution length of output sequence is8
length/y/n00 B length/;/n00 D length/h/n00 P 1
G%ap"i0al In!#%p%#!a!i$n:
-eflection of h/G0 resulting in h/'G0
$hifting of h/'G0 resulting in h/n'G0
:lement wise multiplication of the sequences ;/G0 an! h/n'G0
$ummation of the pro!uct sequence ;/G0 h/n'G0 resulting in the convolution
value for y/n0
E,ampl#:
;/n0 B R18 28 38 1S
h/n0 B R18 18 1S
length/y/n00 B length/;/n00 D length/y/n00 P 1
B 4 D 3 P 1 B "
11
;/G0 h/G0
3
2
1 1 1 1 1
'4 '3 '2 '1 , 1 2 3 4 5 " # , 1 2
M
nB,A h/'G 0 y/,0 B N ;/G0 h/'G0 B 1
1 GB'M
'4 '3 '2 '1 , 1 2 3 4 5 " #
M
nB1A h/1'G0 y/10 B N ;/G0 h/1'G0 B 1D2B3
1 GB' M

'4 '3 '2 '1 , 1 2 3 4 5 " #
M
nB2A h/2'G0 y/20 BN ;/G0 h/2'G0 B 1D2D3B"
1 GB'M
'4 '3 '2 '1 , 1 2 3 4 5 " #
M
nB3A h/3'G0 y/30 BN ;/G0 h/3'G0 B 2D3D1B"
1 GB'M

'4 '3 '2 '1 , 1 2 3 4 5 " #
M
nB4A h/4'G0 y/40 B N ;/G0 h/4'G0 B 3D1B4
1 GB'M
'4 '3 '2 '1 , 1 2 3 4 5 " #
M
nB5A h/5'G0 y/50 B N ;/G0 h/5'G0 B 1
1 GB'M
'4 '3 '2 '1 , 1 2 3 4 5 " #
12
" "

4
3
y/n0 B R18 38 "8 "8 48 1S
1 1
'4 '3 '2 '1 , 1 2 3 4 5 " #
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
;1 B input/H:nter the 1st seq5H0A @ Tet the first sequence
;2 B input/H:nter the 2n! seq5H0A @ Tet the secon! sequence
y B conv/;18 ;20A @ Convolve two signals
!isp/H*he linear convolution of two sequences5H0A @ (isplays the result
!isp/y0A @ (isplays the result on comman! win!ow
n B ,5length/y0'1A @ (efines the length for ;'a;is
stem/n8 y0A @ 4lots the output
;la1el/H*imeH0A @ &ame the ;'a;is as *ime
yla1el/H3agnitu!eH0A @ &ame the y'a;is as 3agnitu!e
title/HLinear convolutionH0A @ *itle as 9Linear convolution<
OUTPUT:
:nter the 1st seq5J1 2 3 1K
:nter the 2n! seq5J1 1 1K
*he linear convolution of two sequences5
1 3 " " 4 1
13
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time
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Linear convolution

14
EXPERIMENT NO-4
AIM: TO IMPLEMENT CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION OF T2O GIVEN
SE3UENCES
Ci%0(la% 0$n5$l(!i$n:
Let ;
1
/n0 an! ;
2
/n0 are finite !uration sequences 1oth of length & with ()*Fs U
1
/G0 an!
U
2
/G0. Convolution of two given sequences ;
1
/n0 an! ;
2
/n0 is given 1y the equation8
;
3
/n0 B I()*JU
3
/G0K
U
3
/G0 B U
1
/G0 U
2
/G0
&'1
;
3
/n0 B N ;
1
/m0 ;
2
//n'm00
&
mB,
E,ampl#:
LetFs taGe ;
1
/n0 B R18 18 28 1S an!
;
2
/n0 B R18 28 38 4S
rrange ;
1
/n0 an! ;
2
/n0 in circular fashion as shown 1elow.
;
1
/m0 ;
2
/m0
1 2
;
1
/10 ;
2
/10


;
1
/20 ;
1
/,0
;
2
/20 ;
2
/,0 2 2 1
3 1

;
1
/30 ;
2
/30
1 4
15
*o get ;
2
/'m08 rotate ;
2
/m0 1y 4 samples in clocGwise !irection.
;
2
/'m0
4
;
2
/30


;
2
/20 ;
2
/,0
3 1

;
2
/10
2
;
3
/,0 B ;
1
/m0 ;
2
/'m0
B ;
1
/,0 ;
2
/,0 D ;
1
/10 ;
2
/30 D ;
1
/20 ;
2
/20 D ;
1
/30 ;
2
/10
B 1 D 4 D " D2
;
3
/,0 B 13
6eep ;
1
/m0 constant an! rotate ;
2
/'m0 once to compute further values.
*o get ;
3
/10 rotate ;
2
/'m0 1y one sample in anti'clocGwise !irection

;
2
/1'm0
1
;
2
/,0
;
2
/30 ;
2
/10
4 2

;
2
/20
3
;
3
/10 B ;
1
/m0 ;
2
/1'm0
B ;
1
/,0 ;
2
/10 D ;
1
/10 ;
2
/,0 D ;
1
/20 ;
2
/30 D ;
1
/30 ;
2
/20
B 2 D 1 D % D 3
16
;
3
/10 B 14
*o get ;
3
/20 rotate ;
2
/1'm0 1y one sample in anti'clocGwise !irection
;
2
/2'm0
2
;
2
/10
1 3
;
2
/,0 ;
2
/20
;
2
/30
4
;
3
/20 B ;
1
/m0 ;
2
/2'm0
B ;
1
/,0 ;
2
/20 D ;
1
/10 ;
2
/10 D ;
1
/20 ;
2
/,0 D ;
1
/30 ;
2
/30
B 3 D 2 D 2D 4
;
3
/20 B 11
*o get ;
3
/30 rotate ;
2
/2'm0 1y one sample in anti'clocGwise !irection
;
2
/3'm0
3
;
2
/20
2 4
;
2
/10 ;
2
/30

;
2
/,0 1
;
3
/30 B ;
1
/m0 ;
2
/3'm0
B ;
1
/,0 ;
2
/30 D ;
1
/10 ;
2
/20 D ;
1
/20 ;
2
/10 D ;
1
/30 ;
2
/,0
B 4 D 3 D 4 D 1
;
3
/30 B 12
*he convolute! signal is8
17
;
3
/n0 B R138 148 118 12S
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
;1 B input/H:nter 1st seq5H0A @ Tet the first sequence
;2 B input/H:nter 2n! seq5H0A @ Tet the secon! sequence
n B ma;/length/;108length/;200A @ Tet the 3a;imum length out of two signals
;1 B fft/;18n0A @ Compute ))* of the first sequence
;2 B fft/;28n0A @ Compute ))* of the secon! sequence
y B ;1.C;2A @ 3ultiply the two sequences
yc B ifft/y8n0A @ Compute I))* of the result
!isp/Hcircular convolution5H0A @ (isplays circular convolution
!isp/yc0A @ (isplays the result on comman! win!ow
&B,515n'1A @ Tet the length for ;'a;is
su1plot/181810A @ (ivi!e the win!ow to plot the result
stem/&8yc0A @ 4lot the result
;la1el/H*imeH0A @ &ame the ;'a;is as 9*ime<
yla1el/H3agnitu!eH0A @ &ame the y'a;is as 93agnitu!e<
title/HCircular convolutionH0A @ *itle as Circular convolution
OUTPUT:
:nter 1st seq5J1 1 2 1K
:nter 2n! seq5J1 2 3 4K
Circular convolution5
13 14 11 12
18
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
5
10
15
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Circular convolution
EXPERIMENT NO-6
AIM: AUTOCORRELATION OF A GIVEN SE3UENCE AND VERIFICATION
OF ITS PROPERTIES
C$%%#la!i$n: Correlation !etermines the !egree of similarity 1etween two signals. If the
signals are i!entical8 then the correlation coefficient is 1A if they are totally !ifferent8 the
correlation coefficient is ,8 an! if they are i!entical e;cept that the phase is shifte! 1y
e;actly 1%,
,
/i.e. mirrore!08 then the correlation coefficient is '1.
A(!$0$%%#la!i$n: >hen the same signal is compare! to phase shifte! copies of itself8 the
proce!ure is Gnown as autocorrelation.
*he autocorrelation of a ran!om signal !escri1es the general !epen!ence of the values of
the samples at one time on the values of the samples at another time. Consi!er a ran!om
process ;/t0 /i.e. continuous time08 its autocorrelation function is8
19
>here * is the perio! of o1servation.
-
xx
/V0 is always real value! an! an even function with a ma;imum value at V B ,.
)or sample! signal8 the autocorrelation function is !efine! as8
Wiase! autocorrelation
O.. :qn.1
?n1iase! autocorrelation
)or m B 1 D 2 D O. D 3D1
>here 3 is the num1er of lags.
E,ampl#: A(!$0$%%#la!i$n $. a )in# 7a5#.
4lot the autocorrelation of a sine wave with frequency of 1 7.8 sampling frequency of
2,, 7..
&ote that we use! the function ;corr to estimate the autocorrelation sequence8 it has
!ou1le the num1er of samples as the signal ;/n0. n important point to remem1er when
using the function ;corr is that the origin is in the mi!!le of the figure /here it is at lag B
1,240. ;corr is a 1uilt in function in 3*LW li1rary.
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
& B 1,24A @ &um1er of samples
f1 B 1A @ )requency of the sine wave
)s B 2,,A @ $ampling frequency
n B ,5 &'1A @ $ample in!e; num1ers
; B sin/2CpiCf1Cn2)s0A @ Input sine wave ;/n0
t B J15&KC/12)s0A @ (efines the length for ;'a;is
su1plot/281810A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the result
20
plot/t8 ;0A @ 4lot the sine wave on the figure win!ow
title/H$ine wave of frequency 1 7. /)s B 2,, 7.0H0A @ *itle
;la1el/H*imeH0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 9*ime<
yla1el/Hmplitu!eH0A @ &ame y'a;is as 9mplitu!e<
-;; B ;corr/;0A @ :stimate its autocorrelation using the function ;corr
su1plot/281820A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow
plot/-;;0A @ 4lot the autocorrealate! signal on figure win!ow
title/Hutocorrelation function of the sine waveH0A @ *itle
;la1el/HlagsH0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 9lags<
yla1el/HutocorrelationH0A @ &ame y'a;is 9utocorrelation<
OUTPUT:
21
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Sinewave of frequency 1 Hz (Fs = 200 Hz)
Time, [s]
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
-500
0
500
1000
Autocorrelation function of the sine wave
lags
A
u
t
o
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
>e can also inclu!e our own functions to the MATLAB li1rary 1y saving the file name
with .m e;tension.
)or #,ampl# we can write the autocorrelation function for the sample! signal !efine! in
:qn.18 an! we shoul! save this file as autom.m
function J-;;K B autom/;0
& B length/;0A
-;; B .eros/18&0A
for m B 15 &D1
for n B 15 &'mD1
-;;/m0 B -;;/m0 D ;/n0C;/nDm'10A
en!A
en!A
>e can call this function autom in the main program instea! of the function ;corr8 we
will get the output as8
OUTPUT:
22
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Sinewave of frequency 1 Hz (Fs = 200 Hz)
Time, [s]
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
-500
0
500
1000
Autocorrelation function of the sine wave
lags
A
u
t
o
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n

EXPERIMENT NO-8
23
AIM: CROSS-CORRELATION OF A GIVEN SE3UENCE AND VERIFICATION
OF ITS PROPERTIES
C$%%#la!i$n: Correlation !etermines the !egree of similarity 1etween two signals. If the
signals are i!entical8 then the correlation coefficient is 1A if they are totally !ifferent8 the
correlation coefficient is ,8 an! if they are i!entical e;cept that the phase is shifte! 1y
e;actly 1%,
,
/i.e. mirrore!08 then the correlation coefficient is '1.
C%$))-0$%%#la!i$n: >hen two in!epen!ent signals are compare!8 the proce!ure is Gnown
as cross-correlation.
*he cross correlation function measures the !epen!ence of the value of one signal on
another signal. )or two >$$ />i!e $ense $tationary0 processes ;/t0 an! y/t0 it is
!escri1e! 1y8
Ir
>here * is the o1servation time.
)or sample! signals8 cross'correlation is !efine! as8
)or m B 1 D 2 D O.. D &D1
>here & is the recor! length /i.e. num1er of samples0.
E,ampl#:
4lot the cross correlation for the following signal8
24
;/n0 B sin/2Xf
1
t0 with f
1
B 1 7.
y/n0 B ;/n0 D w/n0
>here w/n0 is a .eroes mean8 unit variance of Taussian ran!om process.
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
& B 1,24A @ &um1er of samples
f1 B 1A @ )requency of the sine wave
)s B 2,,A @ $ampling frequency
n B ,5 &'1A @ $ample in!e; num1ers
; B sin/2CpiCf1Cn2)s0A @ Input sine wave ;/n0
y B ; D 1,Cran!n/18 &0A @ !! noise to the input signal
t B J15&KC/12)s0A @ (efines the length for ;'a;is
su1plot/381810A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the result
plot/;0A @ 4lot the sine wave
title/E4ure sine waveH0A @ *itle as 94ure sine wave<
;la1el/H*imeH0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 9*ime<
yla1el/Hmplitu!eH0A @ &ame y'a;is as 9mplitu!e<
su1plot/381820A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the result
plot/y0A @ 4lot the sine wave with noise
title/E4ure sine wave D &oiseH0A @ *itle as 94ure sine wave D &oise<
;la1el/H*imeH0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 9*ime<
yla1el/Hmplitu!eH0A @ &ame y'a;is as 9mplitu!e<
-;y B ;corr/;8y0A @ :stimate its cross'correlation using the function ;corr
su1plot/381830A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the result
plot/-;y0A @ 4lot the cross'correlate! signal on figure win!ow
title/HCross'correlation -;yF0A @ *itle as 9Cross'correlation -;y<
;la1el/HlagsH0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 9lags<
yla1el/HCross'correlationH0A @ &ame y'a;is 9Cross'correlation<
OUTPUT:
25
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
-1
0
1
Pure sine wave
Time
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
-50
0
50
Pure sine wave + Noise
Time
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
-1000
0
1000
Cross-correlation Rxy
lags
C
r
o
s
s
-
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
EXPERIMENT NO-9
26
AIM: TO SOLVE A GIVEN DIFFERENCE E3UATION
Teneral &
th
or!er (ifference equations looGs liGe8
yJnK D a
1
yJn'1K D a
2
yJn'2K D OD a
&
yJn'&0 B
1
,
;JnK D 1
1
;Jn'1K D O. D 1
3
;Jn'3K
7ere yJnK is 93ost a!vance!< output sample an! yJn'mK is 9Least a!vance!< ouput
sample.
*he !ifference 1etween these two in!e; values is the or!er of the !ifference equation.
7ere we have5 n'/n'&0 B &
>e can rewrite the a1ove equation as8
yJnK D Na
i
yJn'iK B N1
i
;Jn'iK
yJnK 1ecomes8
yJnK B 'Na
i
yJn'iK D N1
i
;Jn'iK
E,ampl#:
yJnD2K P 1.5yJnD1K D yJnK B 2;JnK
In general we start with the 93ost a!vance!< output sample. 7ere it is yJnD2K.
$o8 here we nee! to su1tract 2 from each sample argument. >e get
yJnK P 1.5yJn'1K D yJn'2K B 2;Jn'2K
yJnK B 1.5yJn'1K ' yJn'2K D 2;Jn'2K
Lets assume our input ;JnK B uJnK B , ;Y,
1 ;Z,
In our e;ample we have taGen ;JnK B uJnK B , ;Y,
1 ,[;Y1,
>e nee! & past values to solve &
th
or!er !ifference equation.
yJ'2K B 1
yJ'1K B 2
Compute yJnK for various values of n
27
yJ,K B 1.5yJ'1K ' yJ'2K D 2;J'2K
B 1.5C2 P 1 D 2C,
yJ,K B 2
yJ1K B 1.5yJ,K ' yJ'1K D 2;J'1K
B 1.5C2 ' 2 D 2C,
yJ1K B 1
yJ2K B 1.5yJ1K ' yJ,K D 2;J,K
B 1.5C1 P 2 D 2C1
yJ2K B 1.5
n! so onO
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
; B J, , ones/18 1,0KA @ Input ;JnK B uJnK
y\past B J1 2KA @ 4ast values to solve !ifference equation
y/10 B y\past/10A @ yJ1K YB yJ'2K
y/20 B y\past/20A @ yJ2K YB yJ'1K

for G B 35/length/;0D20 @ Compute yJnK for various values of n
y/G0 B 1.5Cy/G'10 ' y/G'20 D 2C;/G'20A
en! @ :n! of for loop
!isp/E$olution for the given !ifference equation5F0A
!isp/y0A @ (isplay the result on comman! win!ow
su1plot/181810A @ (ivi!e the win!ow to plot the result
stem /'25/length/y0'308y0A @ 4lot the result
;la1el/EInput ;JnKF0A @ &ame ;'a;is as Input ;JnK
yla1el/EIutput yJnKF0A @ &ame y'a;is as Iutput yJnK
title/E(ifference equationF0A @ *itle as 9(ifference equation<
OUTPUT:
$olution for the given !ifference equation5
Columns 1 through #
1.,,,, 2.,,,, 2.,,,, 1.,,,, 1.5,,, 3.25,, 5.3#5,

Columns % through 14
".%125 ".%43% 5.4531 3.335+ 1.55,% ,.++,2 1.+34"
28
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
2
4
6
8
Input x[n]
O
u
t
p
u
t

y
[
n
]
Diference equation
29
EXPERIMENT NO-:
AIM: TO COMPUTE N-POINT DFT OF A GIVEN SE3UENCE AND TO PLOT
MAGNITUDE AND PHASE SPECTRUM.
Di)0%#!# F$(%i#% T%an).$%m: *he (iscrete )ourier *ransform is a powerful computation
tool which allows us to evaluate the )ourier *ransform U/e
]^
0 on a !igital computer or
specially !esigne! !igital har!ware. $ince U/e
]^
0 is continuous an! perio!ic8 the ()* is
o1taine! 1y sampling one perio! of the )ourier *ransform at a finite num1er of frequency
points. part from !etermining the frequency content of a signal8 ()* is use! to perform
linear filtering operations in the frequency !omain.
*he sequence of N comple; num1ers x
,
8...8 x
N_1
is transforme! into the sequence of N
comple; num1ers X
,
8 ...8 X
N_1
1y the ()* accor!ing to the formula5
&'1
U/G0 B N;/n0e
']2XnG2&
G B ,818 O. &'1
nB,
E,ampl#:
Lets assume the input sequence ;JnK B J1 1 , ,K
>e have8
&'1
U/G0 B N;/n0e
']2XnG2&
G B ,818 O. &'1
nB,
)or G B ,8
3
U/,0 B N;/n0 B ;/,0 D ;/10 D ;/20 D ;/30
nB,
U/,0 B 1D1D,D, B 2
)or G B 18
3
U/10 B N;/n0e
']Xn22
B ;/,0 D ;/10 e
']X22
D ;/20 e
']X
D ;/30 e
']3X22
nB,
B 1 D cos/X220 ' ]sin/X220
U/10 B 1 P ]
30
)or G B 28
3
U/20 B N;/n0e
']Xn
B ;/,0 D ;/10 e
']X
D ;/20 e
']2X
D ;/30 e
']3X
nB,
B 1 D cos X P ]sin X
U/20 B 1'1 B ,
)or G B 38
3
U/30 B N;/n0e
']3nX22
B ;/,0 D ;/10 e
']3X22
D ;/20 e
']3X
D ;/30 e
']+X22
nB,
B 1 D cos/3X220 ' ]sin/3X220
U/30 B 1 D ]
*he ()* of the given sequence is8
U/G0 B R 28 1']8 ,8 1D] S
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
;1 B input/H:nter the sequence5H0A @ Tet the input sequence
n B input/H:nter the length5H0A @ Tet the value of &
m B fft/;18n0A @ Computes the ()* using ))* algorithm
!isp/H&'point ()* of a given sequence5H0A @ (isplay the results
!isp/m0A @ (isplays the result on comman! win!ow
& B ,515n'1A @ (eci!es the length to plot the results
su1plot/282810A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the
@ results
stem/&8m0A @ 4lots the magnitu!e spectrum
;la1el/HLengthH0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 9Length<
yla1el/H3agnitu!e of U/G0H0A @ &ame y'a;is as 93agnitu!e of U/G0<
title/H3agnitu!e spectrum5H0A @ *itle as 93agnitu!e spectrum<
an B angle/m0A @ Tet the angle of the output sequence U/G0
su1plot/282820A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the
@ results
stem/&8 an0A @ 4lots the phase spectrum
;la1el/HLengthH0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 9Length<
yla1el/H4hase of U/G0H0A @ &ame y'a;is as 94hase of U/G0<
title/H4hase spectrum5H0A @ *itle as 94hase spectrum<
31
OUTPUT:
:nter the sequence5 J1 1 , ,K
:nter the length5 4
&'point ()* of a given sequence5
Columns 1 through 3
2.,,,, 1.,,,, ' 1.,,,,i ,
Column 4
1.,,,, D 1.,,,,i
0 1 2 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Length
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e

o
f

X
(
k
)
Magnitude spectrum:
0 1 2 3
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
Length
P
h
a
s
e

o
f

X
(
k
)
Phase spectrum:
32
EXPERIMENT NO-;
AIM: LINEAR CONVOLUTION OF T2O GIVEN SE3UENCES USING DFT
AND IDFT
T"#$%&: Convolution is an integral concatenation of two signals. It has many
applications in numerous areas of signal processing. *he most popular application is the
!etermination of the output signal of a linear time'invariant system 1y convolving the
input signal with the impulse response of the system.
&ote that convolving two signals is equivalent to multiplying the )ourier *ransform of
the two signals.
Ma!"#ma!i0 F$%m(la:
*he linear convolution of two continuous time signals ;/t0 an! h/t0 is !efine! 1y
)or !iscrete time signals ;/n0 an! h/n08 is !efine! 1y
>here ;/n0 is the input signal an! "<n= is the impulse response of the system.
E,ampl#:
;
1
/n0 B R18 18 2S
;
2
/n0 B R18 2S
)or linear convolution8
Length & B Length/;
1
0 D Length/;
2
0 ' 1
& B 3 D 2 P 1 B 4
Convolution of two sequences ;
1
/n0 an! ;
2
/n0 is8
;
3
/n0 B I()*JU
3
/G0K
;
3
/n0 B I()*JU
1
/G0 U
2
/G0K
>here8
U
1
/G0 B ()* J;
1
/n0K
U
2
/G0 B ()* J;
2
/n0K
33
&'1
U
1
/G0 B N ;
1
/n0e
']2XGn2&
GB ,8 18 28 O 8 &'1
nB,
Tiven ;
1
/n0 B R18 18 2S an! &B4

3
U
1
/,0 B N ;
1
/n0 B 1 D 1 D 2 B 4
nB,
5
U
1
/10 B N ;
1
/n0e
']Xn22
B 1 P ] P 2 B '1 ' ]
nB,
5
U
1
/20 B N ;
1
/n0e
']Xn
B 1 P 1 D 2 B 2
nB,
5
U
1
/30 B N ;
1
/n0e
']3Xn22
B 1 D ] P 2 B '1 D ]
nB,
U
1
/G0 B R48 '1']8 28 '1D]S
&ow8
&'1
U
2
/G0 B N ;
2
/n0e
']2XGn2&
GB ,8 18 28 O 8 &'1
nB,
Tiven ;
2
/n0 B R18 2S an! &B4
3
U
2
/,0 B N ;
2
/n0 B 1 D 2 B 3
nB,


34
3
U
2
/10 B N ;
2
/n0 e
']Xn22
B 1 D 2/']0 B 1 ' ]2
nB,
3
U
2
/20 B N ;
2
/n0 e
']Xn
B 1 D 2/'10 B '1
nB,
3
U
2
/30 B N ;
2
/n0 e
']3Xn22
B 1 D 2/]0 B 1 D ]2
nB,
U
2
/G0 B R38 1']28 '18 1D]2S
>e Gnow that8
U
3
/G0 B U
1
/G0 U
2
/G0
U
3
/G0 B R128 '3D]8 '28 '3']S
Convolution of two given sequences is8
;
3
/n0 B I()*JU
3
/G0K
&'1
;
3
/n0 B /12&0 N U
3
/G0e
]2XGn2&
n B ,8 18 28 O. 8 &'1
GB,
3
;
3
/,0 B /1240 N U
3
/G0 B /1240 J12 P 3 D] '2 '3 P]K B 1

GB,
3
;
3
/10 B /1240 N U
3
/G0e
]XG22
GB,
;
3
/10 B /1240 J12 D /'3 D ]0 ] D /'20 /'10 D /'3 ' ]0 /']0K B 3
3
;
3
/20 B /1240 N U
3
/G0e
]XG
GB,
;
3
/20 B /1240 J12 D /'3 D ]0 /'10 D /'20 /10 D /'3 ' ]0 /'10K B 4
35
3
;
3
/30 B /1240 N U
3
/G0e
]3XG22
GB,
;
3
/30 B /1240 J12 D /'3 D ]0 /']0 D /'20 /'10 D /'3 ' ]0 /]0K B 4
Convolute! sequence of two given sequences is8
;
3
/n0 B R18 38 48 4S
4rogram5
clcA @ Clear screen
;1 B input/H:nter the 1st seq5H0A @ Tet the first sequence
;2 B input/H:nter the 2n! seq5H0A @ Tet the secon! sequence
n B length/;10 D length/;20'1A @ Tet the length of the sequence
;1 B fft/;18n0A @ Compute the ()* of ;1 using ))* algorithm
;2 B fft/;28n0A @ Compute the ()* of ;2 using ))* algorithm
y B ;1.C;2A @ 3ultiply two ()*Fs
yc B ifft/y8n0A @ Compute I()* using I))* algorithm
!isp/HLinear convolution using ()* an! I()*5H0A @ (isplay Linear convolution
!isp/yc0A @ (isplays the result on comman! win!ow
& B ,515n'1A @ (efines the length of ;'a;is to plot the result
su1plot/181810A @ (ivi!e the win!ow to plot the result
stem/&8yc0A @ 4lots the result
;la1el/H*imeH0A @ &ame the ;'a;is as *ime
yla1el/H3agnitu!eH0A @ &ame the y'a;is as 3agnitu!e
title/HLinear convolution using ()* an! I()*5H0A @ *itle
OUTPUT:
:nter the 1st seq5 J1 1 2K
:nter the 2n! seq5 J1 2K
Linear convolution using ()* an! I()*5
1 3 4 4
36
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Time
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Linear convolution using DFT and IDFT:
37
EXPERIMENT NO-1>
AIM: TO IMPLEMENT CIRCULAR CONVOLUTION OF T2O GIVEN
SE3UENCES USING DFT AND IDFT
Ci%0(la% 0$n5$l(!i$n:
Let ;
1
/n0 an! ;
2
/n0 are finite !uration sequences 1oth of length & with ()*Fs U
1
/G0 an!
U
2
/G0. Convolution of two given sequences ;
1
/n0 an! ;
2
/n0 is given 1y8
;
3
/n0 B I()*JU
3
/G0K
;
3
/n0 B I()*JU
1
/G0 U
2
/G0K
>here8
U
1
/G0 B ()* J;
1
/n0K
U
2
/G0 B ()* J;
2
/n0K
E,ampl#:
;
1
/n0 B R18 18 28 1S
;
2
/n0 B R18 28 38 4S
&'1
U
1
/G0 B N ;
1
/n0e
']2XGn2&
GB ,8 18 28 O 8 &'1
nB,
Tiven ;
1
/n0 B R18 18 28 1S an! &B4

3
U
1
/,0 B N ;
1
/n0 B 1 D 1 D 2 D 1 B 5
nB,
3
U
1
/10 B N ;
1
/n0e
']Xn22
B 1 P ] P 2 D ] B '1
nB,
3
U
1
/20 B N ;
1
/n0e
']Xn
B 1 P 1 D 2 ' 1 B 1
nB,
3
U
1
/30 B N ;
1
/n0e
']3Xn22
B 1 D ] ' 2 ' ] B '1
nB,
38
U
1
/G0 B R58 '18 18 '1S
&ow8
&'1
U
2
/G0 B N ;
2
/n0e
']2XGn2&
GB ,8 18 28 O 8 &'1
nB,
Tiven ;
2
/n0 B R18 28 38 4S an! &B4
3
U
2
/,0 B N ;
2
/n0 B 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 B 1,
nB,

3
U
2
/10 B N ;
2
/n0 e
']Xn22
B 1 D 2/']0 D 3/'10 D 4/]0 B '2 D ]2
nB,
3
U
2
/20 B N ;
2
/n0 e
']Xn
B 1 D 2/'10 D 3/10 D 4/'10 B '2
nB,
3
U
2
/30 B N ;
2
/n0 e
']3Xn22
B 1 D 2/]0 D 3/'10 D 4/']0 B '2 P ]2
nB,
U
2
/G0 B R1,8 '2D]28 '28 '2']2S
>e Gnow that8
U
3
/G0 B U
1
/G0 U
2
/G0
U
3
/G0 B R5,8 2 P ]28 '28 2 D ]2S
Convolution of two given sequences is8
;
3
/n0 B I()*JU
3
/G0K
&'1
;
3
/n0 B /12&0 N U
3
/G0e
]2XGn2&
n B ,8 18 28 O. 8 &'1
GB,
39
3
;
3
/,0 B /1240 N U
3
/G0 B /1240 J5, D 2 ' ]2 P 2 D 2 D ]2K B 13

GB,
3
;
3
/10 B /1240 N U
3
/G0e
]XG22
GB,
;
3
/10 B /1240 J5, D /2 ' ]20 ] D /'20 /'10 D /2 D ]20 /']0K B 14
3
;
3
/20 B /1240 N U
3
/G0e
]XG
GB,
;
3
/20 B /1240 J5, D /2 ' ]20 /'10 D /'20 /10 D /2 D ]20 /'10K B 11
3
;
3
/30 B /1240 N U
3
/G0e
]3XG22
GB,
;
3
/30 B /1240 J5, D /2 ' ]20 /']0 D /'20 /'10 D /2 D ]20 /]0K B 12
Convolute! sequence of two given sequences is8
;
3
/n0 B R138 148 118 12S
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
;1 B input/H:nter 1st sequence5H0A @ Tet the first sequence
;2 B input/H:nter 2n! sequence5H0A @ Tet the secon! sequence
n B ma;/length/;108 length/;200A @ Tet the ma;imum length of the two sequences
;1 B fft/;18n0A @ Compute the ()* of the ;1 using ))* algorithm
;2 B fft/;28n0A @ Compute the ()* of the ;2 using ))* algorithm
y B ;1.C;2A @ 3ultiply two ()*Fs
yc B ifft/y8n0A @ Compute the I()* of mutliplie! sequence to get
@ the convolute! sequence
!isp/HCircular convolution using ()* an! I()*5H0A @ (isplays Circular convolution
!isp/yc0A @ (isplays the result on comman! win!ow
& B ,515n'1A @ (efines the length of ;'a;is to plot the result
su1plot/181810A @ (ivi!e the win!ow to plot the result
stem/&8yc0A @ 4lots the results
;la1el/H*imeH0A @ &ame the ;'a;is as 9*ime<
yla1el/H3agnitu!eH0A @ &ame the y'a;is as 93agnitu!e<
title/HCircular convolution using ()* an! I()*5H0A @ *itle
40
OUTPUT:
:nter 1st sequence5J1 1 2 1K
:nter 2n! sequence5J1 2 3 4K
Circular convolution using ()* an! I()*5
13 14 11 12
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
5
10
15
Time
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
Circular convolution using DFT and IDFT:
41
EXPERIMENT NO-11
AIM: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FIR FILTER TO MEET GIVEN
SPECIFICATIONS <LO2 PASS FILTER USING HAMMING 2INDO2=
Fini!# Imp(l)# R#)p$n)# <FIR= Fil!#%: *he )I- filters are of non'recursive type8
where1y the present output sample is !epen!ing on the present input sample an! previous
input samples.
*he transfer function of a )I- causal filter is given 1y8
&'1
7/.0 B N h/n0.
'n
nB,
>here h/n0 is the impulse response of the filter.
*he )ourier transform of h/n0 is
&'1
7/e
]w
0 B Nh/n0e
']wn
nB,
In the !esign of )I- filters most commonly use! approach is using win!ows.
*he !esire! frequency response 7
!
/e
]w
0 of a filter is perio!ic in frequency an! can 1e
e;pan!e! in )ourier series. *he resultant series is given 1y8
X
h
!
/n0 B /122X0 ` 7/e
]w
0e
]wn
!w
'X
n! Gnown as )ourier coefficients having infinite length. Ine possi1le way of o1taining
)I- filter is to truncate the infinite )ourier series at n B a J/&'1022K
>here & is the length of the !esire! sequence.
*he )ourier coefficients of the filter are mo!ifie! 1y multiplying the infinite impulse
response with a finite weighing sequence w/n0 calle! a win!ow.
>here w/n0 B w/'n0 b , for cnc [ J/&'1022K
B , for cnc = J/&'1022K
fter multiplying w/n0 with h
!
/n08 we get a finite !uration sequence h/n0 that satisfies
the !esire! magnitu!e response8
h/n0 B h
!
/n0 w/n0 for cnc [ J/&'1022K
B , for cnc = J/&'1022K
42
*he frequency response 7/e
]w
0 of the filter can 1e o1taine! 1y convolution of 7
!
/e
]w
0
an! >/e
]w
0 is given 1y8
X
7/e
]w
0 B /122X0 ` 7
!
/e
]d
0 >/e
]/w'd
0 !d
'X
7/e
]w
0 B 7
!
/e
]w
0 C >/e
]w
0
E,ampl#:
7ere we !esign a lowpass filter using hamming win!ow.
7amming win!ow function is given 1y8
w
7
/n0 B ,.54 D ,.4" cos //2Xn02/&'100 for P/&'1022 [ n [ /&'1022
B , otherwise
*he frequency response of 7amming win!ow is8
>
7
/e
]w
0 B ,.54J/sin/w&22002/sin/w2200K
D ,.23Jsin /w&22 P X&2& P 102sin /w22 P X2& '10K
D ,.23Jsin /w&22 D X&2& P 102sin /w22 D X2& P 10K
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
wp B input/H4ass 1an! e!ge freq5H0A @ Tet 4ass1an! e!ge frequency
ws B input/H$top 1an! e!ge freq5H0A @ Tet $top1an! e!ge frequency
tw B ws'wpA @ $u1tract 4W frequency from $W frequency
& B ceil/"."Cpi2tw0D1A @ Compute length
wn B /hamming/&00A @ -eturns &'point symmetric hamming win!ow in
@ column vector
W B fir1/&'18wp8wn0A @ (esigns /&'10
th
or!er lowpass )I- filter an!
@ returns filter coefficients in length & in vector W
!isp/HImpulse response coeffBH0A @ (isplays Impulse response coefficients
!isp/W0A @ (isplays the coefficients on comman! win!ow
J78wK B freq./W81825"0A @ (igital filter frequency response. *his function
@ returns the &'point comple; frequency response
@ vector 7 an! the &'point frequency vector w in
@ ra!ians2sample of the filter.
3ag B 2,Clog1,/a1s/700A @ Tet the magnitu!e
plot/w2piCpi8 3ag0A @ 4lot the 3agnitu!e spectrum
;la1el/E)requency in ra!ians in terms of piH0A @ &ame ;'a;is
yla1el/HTain in !1H0A @ &ame y'a;is as 9Tain in !1<
43
OUTPUT:
4ass 1an! e!ge freq5 ,.,5Cpi
$top 1an! e!ge freq5 ,.4Cpi
Impulse response coeffB
Columns 1 through #
',.,,2# ',.,,35 ',.,,41 ',.,,1, ,.,1,5 ,.,333 ,.,"""
Columns % through 14
,.1,4" ,.13%3 ,.15%, ,.15%, ,.13%3 ,.1,4" ,.,"""
Columns 15 through 2,
,.,333 ,.,1,5 ',.,,1, ',.,,41 ',.,,35 ',.,,2#
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-100
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Frequency in radians in terms of pi
G
a
i
n

i
n

d
b
44
EXPERIMENT NO-1*
AIM: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IIR FILTER TO MEET GIVEN
SPECIFICATIONS
Wasically !igital filter is a linear time'invariant !iscrete time system.
In.ini!# Imp(l)# R#)p$n)#<IIR= .il!#%: II- filters are of recursive type8 where1y the
present output sample !epen!s on the present input8 past input samples an! output
samples.
*he impulse response h/n0 for a reali.a1le filter is8
h/n0 B , for n[,
n! for sta1ility8 it must satisfy the con!ition8
M
N c h/n0 c Y M
nB,
E,ampl#:
LetFs !esign an analog Wutterworth lowpass filter.
$teps to !esign an analog Wutterworth lowpass filter.
1. )rom the given specifications fin! the or!er of the filter &.
2. -oun! off it to the ne;t higher integer.
3. )in! the transfer function 7/s0 for ec B 1ra!2sec for the value of &.
4. calculate the value of cutoff frequency ec
5. fin! the transfer function 7
a
/s0 for the a1ove value of ec 1y su1stituting
sf /s2 ec0 in 7/s0.
P%$%am:
clcA @ Clear screen
4a B input/H4ass1an! attenuation in (W5H0A @ Tet the pass1an! attenuation
$a B input/H$top1an! attenuation in (W5H0A @ Tet the stop1an! attenuation
)p1 B input/H4ass1an! e!ge frequency in 7.5H0A @ Tet 4ass1an! e!ge frequency
)s1 B input/H$top1an! e!ge frequency in 7.5H0A @ Tet $top1an! e!ge frequency
fs B input/H$ampling frequency5H0A @ Tet $ampling frequency
wp B 2C)p12fsA @ Convert 4W e!ge frequency in 7. to ra!ians
ws B 2C)s12fsA @ Convert $W e!ge frequency in 7. to ra!ians
J&8wnK B 1uttor!/wp8ws84a8$a0A @ )in! cutoff frequency an! or!er of the filter
!isp/HIr!er5H0A @ (isplay the Ir!er
!isp/&0A @ (isplay or!er & on comman! win!ow
!isp/HCutoff frequency5H0A @ (isplay Cutoff frequency
!isp/wn0A @ (isplay Cutoff frequency on comman! win!ow
45
J18aK B 1utter/&8wn0A @ Tet &umerator an! !enominator coefficients of
@ the filter
!isp/H1BH0A !isp/10A @ (isplay the numerator coefficients on comman!
@ win!ow
!isp/HaBH0A !isp/a0A @ (isplay the !enominator coefficients on
@ comman! win!ow
w B ,5,.,15piA @ (efines length for ;'a;is to plot the result
Jh8omK B freq./18a8w8HwholeH0A @ )requency response of the filter
m B 2,Clog1,/a1s/h00A @ 1solute value of the frequency response vector
an B angle/h0A @ Tet the phase of the frequency response vector
su1plot/281810A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow to plot the frequency
@ response
plot/om2pi8m0A @ 4lot the response
;la1el/H&ormalise! frequency5H0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 9&ormalise! frequency<
yla1el/HTain in !15H0A @ &ame y'a;is as 9 Tain in !1<
title/E)requency -esponse5F0A @ *itle as )requency -esponse
su1plot/281820A @ (ivi!e the figure win!ow
plot/om2pi8an0A @ 4lot the 4hase spectrum
;la1el/H&ormalise! frequency5H0A @ &ame ;'a;is as 9&ormalise! frequency<
yla1el/H4hase in ra!ians5H0A @ &ame y'a;is as 4hase in ra!ians
title/E4hase spectrumF0A @ *itle as 4hase spectrum
OUTPUT:
ass1an! attenuation in (W54
$top1an! attenuation in (W53,
4ass1an! e!ge frequency in 7.54,,
$top1an! e!ge frequency in 7.5%,,
$ampling frequency52,,,
Ir!er5
3
Cutoff frequency5
,.4+14
1B
,.1",, ,.4%,, ,.4%,, ,.1",,
aB
1.,,,, ',.,4+4 ,.334, ',.,,45
46
47
48
P%$0#/(%# !$ S#!(p Em(la!$%5
1.Ipen the $etup CC$tu!io v3.1
Setup CCStudio v3.1.lnk
49
2. $elect Create Woar! /3arGe! in Circle8 can witness in the 1elow )igure0
Chose this option
50
3. -ight ClicG on the *I U($51, emulator an! select a!! to system.. :nter8
/fter selecting that options a Connection 4roperties win!ow will 1e opene! as shown in
step 40.
51
4. 4rovi!e Connection &ame as Chip3a;\"#13 an! clicG on &e;t.
5. Choose the option )alling e!ge is g*T $tan!ar! in *3$2*(I Iutput *iming.

52
". -ight ClicG on *3$32,C"#1, an! $elect !! to $ystemO:nter.
53
#. a0 4rovi!e 4rocessor &ame as *3$32,C"#13\,
10 $elect T:L )ile8 ClicG on 1rowse icon an! select ($4"21;\"#1;.gel.
c0 $elect &2 in 3aster2$lave.
!0 ClicG on IG.
54
%. ClicG on $ave an! quit /highlighte! 1y Circle0.
+. ClicG on hes to start Co!e Composer $tu!io.
55
1,. To to (e1ug an! select the option connect.
56
57
11. &ow *arget is connecte!
58
E,p#%im#n! 1: Lin#a% C$n5$l(!i$n
P%$0#/(%# !$ 0%#a!# n#7 P%$?#0!:
1. *o create pro]ect8 To to 4ro]ect an! $elect &ew.
2. Tive pro]ect name an! clicG on finish.
/ N$!#: Location must 1e c5iCC$tu!io\v3.1i3y4ro]ects 0.
59
3. ClicG on )ile &ew $ource )ile8 *o write the $ource Co!e.
60
Aim5 Linear Convolution of the two given sequences
Ma!"#ma!i0al F$%m(la:
*he linear convolution of two continuous time signals ;/t0 an! h/t0 is !efine! 1y
)or !iscrete time signals ;/n0 an! h/n08 is !efine! 1y
>here ;/n0 is the input signal an! h/n0 is the impulse response of the system.
In linear convolution length of output sequence is8
Length /y/n00 B length/;/n00 D length/h/n00 P 1
P%$%am:
jinclu!eYst!io.h=
main/0
R int mB4A 2CLenght of i2p samples sequenceC2
int nB4A 2CLenght of impulse response Co'efficients C2
int iB,8]A
int ;J1,KBR18283848,8,8,8,SA 2CInput $ignal $amplesC2
int hJ1,KBR18283848,8,8,8,SA 2CImpulse -esponse Co'efficientsC2
2Ct the en! of input sequences pa! H3H an! H&H no. of .eroHsC2
int CyA
yB/int C0,;,,,,1,,A
for/iB,AiYmDn'1AiDD0
R
yJiKB,A
for/]B,A]YBiA]DD0
yJiKDB;J]KChJi']KA
S
for/iB,AiYmDn'1AiDD0
printf/k@!ink8yJiK0A
S
O(!p(!:
1@ 4@ 1>@ *>@ *6@ *4@ 18.
61
4. :nter the source co!e an! save the file with 9 .CA e;tension.
5. -ight clicG on source8 $elect a!! files to pro]ect .. an! Choose 9.C 9 file $ave! 1efore.
62
". -ight ClicG on li1raries an! select a!! files to 4ro]ect.. an! choose
C5iCC$tu!io\v3.1iC",,,icgtoolsili1irts"#,,.li1 an! clicG open.
63
#. a0To to 4ro]ect to Compile .
10 To to 4ro]ect to Wuil!.
c0 To to 4ro]ect to -e1uil! ll.

64
7ere it
shows
error if
any
%. To to file an! loa! program an! loa! B.$(!A file into the 1oar!..

65
+. To to (e1ug an! clicG on run to run the program.
66
1,. I1serve the output in output win!ow.

67
11. *o see the Traph go to View an! select time2frequency in the Traph8 n! give the
correct $tart a!!ress provi!e! in the program8 (isplay !ata can 1e taGen as per user.
68
12. Treen line is to choose the point8 Value at the point can 1e seen /7ighlighte! 1y circle
at the left corner0.
69
E,p#%im#n! *: Ci%0(la% C$n5$l(!i$n
P%$0#/(%# !$ 0%#a!# n#7 P%$?#0!:
1. *o create pro]ect8 go to 4ro]ect an! $elect &ew.
2. Tive pro]ect name an! clicG on finish.
/ N$!#: Location must 1e c5iCC$tu!io\v3.1i3y4ro]ects 0.
70
3. ClicG on )ile &ew $ource )ile8 to write the $ource Co!e.
71
AIM 5 *o implement circular convolution of two sequences.
Ci%0(la% C$n5$l(!i$n:
Let ;1/n0 an! ;2/n0 are finite !uration sequences 1oth of length & with ()*Fs U1/G0 an!
U2/G0. Convolution of two given sequences ;1/n0 an! ;2/n0 is given 1y the equation8
;3/n0 B I()*JU3/G0K
U3/G0 B U1/G0 U2/G0
&'1
;3/n0 C D ;1/m0 ;2//n'm00&
mB,
P%$%am:
jinclu!eYst!io.h=
int m8n8;J3,K8hJ3,K8yJ3,K8i8]8tempJ3,K8G8;2J3,K8aJ3,KA
voi! main/0
R
int CyA
yB/int C0,;,,,,1,,A
printf/k enter the length of the first sequenceink0A
scanf/k@!k8lm0A
printf/k enter the length of the secon! sequenceink0A
scanf/k@!k8ln0A
printf/k enter the first sequenceink0A
for/iB,AiYmAiDD0
scanf/k@!k8l;JiK0A
printf/k enter the secon! sequenceink0A
for/]B,A]YnA]DD0
scanf/k@!k8lhJ]K0A
if/m'nmB,0 2CIf length of 1oth sequences are not equalC2
R
if/m=n0 2C 4a! the smaller sequence with .eroC2
R
for/iBnAiYmAiDD0
hJiKB,A
nBmA
S
for/iBmAiYnAiDD0
;JiKB,A
mBnA
S
yJ,KB,A
72
aJ,KBhJ,KA
for/]B1A]YnA]DD0 2Cfol!ing h/n0 to h/'n0C2
aJ]KBhJn']KA
EFCi%0(la% 0$n5$l(!i$nFE
for/iB,AiYnAiDD0
yJ,KDB;JiKCaJiKA
for/GB1AGYnAGDD0
R
yJGKB,A
2Ccircular shiftC2
for/]B1A]YnA]DD0
;2J]KBaJ]'1KA
;2J,KBaJn'1KA
for/iB,AiYnAiDD0
R
aJiKB;2JiKA
yJGKDB;JiKC;2JiKA
S
S
EF/i)pla&in !"# %#)(l!FE
printf/k the circular convolution isink0A
for/iB,AiYnAiDD0
printf/k@! k8yJiK0A
S
O(!p(!:
enter the length of the first sequence
4
enter the length of the secon! sequence
4
enter the first sequence
4 3 2 1
enter the secon! sequence
1 1 1 1
the circular convolution is
1, 1, 1, 1,
73
4. :nter the source co!e an! save the file with 9 .CA e;tension.
5. -ight clicG on source8 $elect a!! files to pro]ect .. an! Choose 9.C 9 file $ave! 1efore.
74
". -ight ClicG on li1raries an! select a!! files to 4ro]ect.. an! choose
C5iCC$tu!io\v3.1iC",,,icgtoolsili1irts"#,,.li1 an! clicG open.
75
76
#. a0 To to 4ro]ect to Compile .
10 To to 4ro]ect to Wuil!.
c0 To to 4ro]ect to -e1uil! ll.
77
In case of
any errors
or
warnings
it will 1e
!isplaye!
here
%. To to file an! loa! program an! loa! B.$(!A file into the 1oar!..
78
+. To to (e1ug an! clicG on run to run the program.
79
1,. :nter the input !ata to calculate the circular convolution.
80
*he correspon!ing output will 1e shown on the output win!ow as shown 1elow
81
82
11. *o see the Traph go to View an! select time2frequency in the Traph8 an! give the
correct $tart a!!ress provi!e! in the program8 (isplay !ata can 1e taGen as per user.
83
12. 12. Treen line is to choose the point8 Value at the point can 1e seen /7ighlighte! 1y
circle at the left corner0.
84
E,p#%im#n! 1: N-P$in! DFT
P%$0#/(%# !$ 0%#a!# n#7 P%$?#0!:
1. *o create pro]ect8 To to 4ro]ect an! $elect &ew.
2. Tive pro]ect name an! clicG on finish.
/ N$!#: Location must 1e c5iCC$tu!io\v3.1i3y4ro]ects 0.
85
3. ClicG on )ile &ew $ource )ile8 *o write the $ource Co!e.
86
AIM5 *I CI34?*: &'4II&* ()* I) TIV:& $:n?:&C: &( *I 4LI*
3T&I*?(: &( 47$: $4:C*-?3.
Di)0%#!# F$(%i#% T%an).$%m: *he (iscrete )ourier *ransform is a powerful computation
tool which allows us to evaluate the )ourier *ransform U/e
]^
0 on a !igital computer or
specially !esigne! !igital har!ware. $ince U/e
]^
0 is continuous an! perio!ic8 the ()* is
o1taine! 1y sampling one perio! of the )ourier *ransform at a finite num1er of frequency
points. part from !etermining the frequency content of a signal8 ()* is use! to perform
linear filtering operations in the frequency !omain.
*he sequence of N comple; num1ers x,8...8 xN_1 is transforme! into the sequence of N
comple; num1ers X,8 ...8 XN_1 1y the ()* accor!ing to the formula5
&'1
U/G0 B N;/n0e
']2XnG2&
G B ,818 O. &'1
nB,
P%$%am:
22()* of &'point from looGup ta1le. Iutput from watch win!ow
jinclu!e Yst!io.h=
jinclu!e Ymath.h=
j!efine & 4 22num1er of !ata values
float pi B 3.141"A
short ;J&K B R1818,8,SA 221'cycle cosine
float outJ2K B R,8,SA 22initiali.e -e an! Im results
voi! !ft/short C;8 short G8 float Cout0 22()* function
R
float sum-e B ,A 22initiali.e real component
float sumIm B ,A 22initiali.e imaginary component
int i B ,A
float cs B ,A 22initiali.e cosine component
float sn B ,A 22initiali.e sine component
for /i B ,A i Y &A iDD0 22for &'point ()*
R
cs B cos/2CpiC/G0Ci2&0A 22real component
sn B sin/2CpiC/G0Ci2&0A 22imaginary component
sum-e B sum-e D ;JiKCcsA 22sum of real components
sumIm B sumIm ' ;JiKCsnA 22sum of imaginary components
S
outJ,K B sum-eA 22sum of real components
outJ1K B sumImA 22sum of imaginary components
87
printf/k@f @fink8outJ,K8outJ1K0A
S
voi! main/0
R
int ]A
for /] B ,A ] Y &A ]DD0
!ft/;8 ]8 out0A 22call ()* function
S
O(!p(!:
2.,,,,,, ,.,,,,,,
,.+++++" '1.,,,,,,
,.,,,,,, ,.,,,,,#
1.,,,,11 1.,,,,,,
88
4. :nter the source co!e an! save the file with 9 .CA e;tension.
89
5. -ight clicG on source8 $elect a!! files to pro]ect .. an! Choose 9.C 9 file $ave! 1efore.
90
". -ight ClicG on li1raries an! select a!! files to 4ro]ect.. an! choose
C5iCC$tu!io\v3.1iC",,,icgtoolsili1irts"#,,.li1 an! clicG open.
91
#. a0 To to 4ro]ect to Compile .
10 To to 4ro]ect to Wuil!.
c0 To to 4ro]ect to -e1uil! ll.


92
7ere it
shows
error if
any
It will shows
warnings an!
errors if any
%. To to file an! loa! program an! loa! B.$(!A file into the 1oar!..

93
+. To to (e1ug an! clicG on run to run the program.
94
1,. I1serve the output in output win!ow.
95
Iutput will
shown here
11. *o see the Traph go to View an! select time2frequency in the Traph8 n! give the
correct $tart a!!ress provi!e! in the program8 (isplay !ata can 1e taGen as per user.
96
12. Treen line is to choose the point8 Value at the point can 1e seen /7ighlighte! 1y circle
at the left corner0.
97
E,p#%im#n! 4: FIR FILTER
P%$0#/(%# !$ 0%#a!# n#7 P%$?#0!:
1. *o create pro]ect8 To to 4ro]ect an! $elect &ew.
2. Tive pro]ect name an! clicG on finish.
98
/ N$!#: Location must 1e c5iCC$tu!io\v3.1i3y4ro]ects 0.
3. ClicG on )ile &ew $ource )ile8 *o write the $ource Co!e.
99
AIM: -eali.ation of )I- filter /any type0 to meet given specifications. *he input can 1e a
signal from )unction Tenerator2$peech signal
100
Fini!# Imp(l)# R#)p$n)# <FIR= Fil!#%: *he )I- filters are of non'recursive type8
where1y the present output sample is !epen!ing on the present input sample an! previous
input samples.
*he transfer function of a )I- causal filter is given 1y8
&'1
7/.0 B N h/n0.
'n
nB,
>here h/n0 is the impulse response of the filter.
*he )ourier transform of h/n0 is
&'1
7/e
]w
0 B Nh/n0e
']wn
nB,
In the !esign of )I- filters most commonly use! approach is using win!ows.
*he !esire! frequency response 7
!
/e
]w
0 of a filter is perio!ic in frequency an! can 1e
e;pan!e! in )ourier series. *he resultant series is given 1y8 X
h
!
/n0 B /122X0 ` 7/e
]w
0e
]wn
!w
'X
n! Gnown as )ourier coefficients having infinite length. Ine possi1le way of o1taining
)I- filter is to truncate the infinite )ourier series at n B a J/&'1022K
>here & is the length of the !esire! sequence.
*he )ourier coefficients of the filter are mo!ifie! 1y multiplying the infinite impulse
response with a finite weighing sequence w/n0 calle! a win!ow.
>here w/n0 B w/'n0 b , for cnc [ J/&'1022K
B , for cnc = J/&'1022K
fter multiplying w/n0 with h
!
/n08 we get a finite !uration sequence h/n0 that satisfies
the !esire! magnitu!e response8
h/n0 B h
!
/n0 w/n0 for cnc [ J/&'1022K
B , for cnc = J/&'1022K
*he frequency response 7/e
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0 of the filter can 1e o1taine! 1y convolution of 7
!
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0
an! >/e
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jinclu!e Yst!io.h=
jinclu!e kc"#13!sG.hk
101
jinclu!e kmaster.hk
jinclu!e kaic23cfg.hk
jinclu!e k!sG"#13\aic23.hk
jinclu!e Yst!.h=
jinclu!e Yswi.h=
jinclu!e Ylog.h=
jinclu!e Yc";.h=
jinclu!e Ycsl.h=
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2C Length of sine wave ta1le C2
j!efine $I&:\*WL:\$Io: 4%
22 (elta
2Cfloat filter\CoeffJK BR,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8
,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8
,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,81.,,8,.,,SAC2
22 Low 4ass )ilter
2Cfloat filter\CoeffJK BR2.#152+#"341#114"e',,38 2.315%1+%,2+42+24e',,48'
1.2444+35%13#3"43e',,28 #.2443"4+1#2214,1e',,381.2,#341#1"154354e',,28
2.#341341""5%5232e',,38
'1.+41#,"44,#+,"#%e',,28 '1.#2+,+%21%%4322"e',,281.##3,,%#3,5"%"#5e',,28
4.,+14+51#4,5+34+e',,282.11343"#5113"+44e',,38 '".#%%4"%54+##1#3,e',,28
'".,5+44,#,,5#,#+1e',,28 %.+#,31325"44%2""e',,283.,145#2+4+3#4"25e',,18
4.,1+,,+4542+++"%e',,183.,145#2+4+3#4"25e',,18 %.+#,31325"44%2""e',,28
'".,5+44,#,,5#,#+1e',,28 '".#%%4"%54+##1#3,e',,282.11343"#5113"+44e',,38
4.,+14+51#4,5+34+e',,281.##3,,%#3,5"%"#5e',,28 '1.#2+,+%21%%4322"e',,28
'1.+41#,"44,#+,"#%e',,28 2.#341341""5%5232e',,381.2,#341#1"154354e',,28
#.2443"4+1#2214,1e',,38'1.2444+35%13#3"43e',,28 2.315%1+%,2+42+24e',,48
2.#152+#"341#114"e',,3SAC2
22 7igh 4ass )ilter
float filter\CoeffJK BR3.2+431"42,#,2"+"e',,483.%,,,2,,#"4%"443e'
,,38+.%222,,%,"#3+,14e',,381.51#2"5313%%+1"#e',,28
1.32354#,,#544+,%e',,282."35%+"+%",4%+1+e',,48'1.%,%215#3##34512e',,28'
2."""%33,132"+#5%e',,28
'1.155354+"22#,,25e',,282.44%211%"""5"4,,e',,285.5341,1,55#%3%+5e'
,,284.42435+,%#1+%%+"e',,28
'2.+2232+551555#5#e',,28'1.4#3332,22"%+2"1e',,18'2.5#4"25"5+,#3+34e'
,,18".+#"2,31,+1254+3e',,18
'2.5#4"25"5+,#3+34e',,18'1.4#3332,22"%+2"1e',,18'2.+2232+551555#5#e'
,,284.42435+,%#1+%%+"e',,28
5.5341,1,55#%3%+5e',,282.44%211%"""5"4,,e',,28'1.155354+"22#,,25e',,28'
2."""%33,132"+#5%e',,28
102
'1.%,%215#3##34512e',,282."35%+"+%",4%+1+e',,481.32354#,,#544+,%e'
,,281.51#2"5313%%+1"#e',,28
+.%222,,%,"#3+,14e',,383.%,,,2,,#"4%"443e',,383.2+431"42,#,2"+"e',,4SA
22 4re'generate! sine wave !ata8 1"'1it signe! samples
int sineta1leJ$I&:\*WL:\$Io:K B R
,;,,,,8 ,;1,148 ,;212,8 ,;3,f18 ,;3fff8 ,;4!ea8 ,;5a%18 ,;"5%18
,;"e!%8 ,;#"3f8 ,;#1a18 ,;#ee58 ,;#ff!8 ,;#ee58 ,;#1a18 ,;#"ef8
,;"e!%8 ,;"5%18 ,;5a%18 ,;4!ea8 ,;3fff8 ,;3,f18 ,;212,8 ,;1,148
,;,,,,8 ,;ef4c8 ,;!ee,8 ,;cf,"8 ,;c,,28 ,;121"8 ,;a5#f8 ,;+a#58
,;+12%8 ,;%+c18 ,;%45f8 ,;%1118 ,;%,,28 ,;%1118 ,;%45f8 ,;%+c18
,;+12%8 ,;+a#"8 ,;a5#f8 ,;121"8 ,;c,,28 ,;cf,"8 ,;!ee,8 ,;ef4c
SA
($6"#13\IC23\Config config B R i
,;,,1#8 2C , ($6"#13\IC23\L:)*I&VIL Left line input channel volume C2 i
,;,,1#8 2C 1 ($6"#13\IC23\-IT7*I&VIL -ight line input channel volume C2i
,;,,!%8 2C 2 ($6"#13\IC23\L:)*74VIL Left channel hea!phone volume C2 i
,;,,!%8 2C 3 ($6"#13\IC23\-IT7*74VIL -ight channel hea!phone volume C2 i
22 ,;,,14 micin with ,!W 1oost
,;,,148 2C 4 ($6"#13\IC23\&4*7 nalog au!io path control C2 i
,;,,,,8 2C 5 ($6"#13\IC23\(IT4*7 (igital au!io path control C2 i
,;,,,,8 2C " ($6"#13\IC23\4I>:-(I>& 4ower !own control C2 i
,;,,438 2C # ($6"#13\IC23\(ITI) (igital au!io interface format C2 i
,;,,%c8 2C % ($6"#13\IC23\$34L:-*: $ample rate control C2 i
,;,,,1 2C + ($6"#13\IC23\(ITC* (igital interface activation C2 i
SA
($6"#13\IC23\Co!ec7an!le hCo!ecA
Int32 Init>ait B1A
Int32 !ataA
Int32 LoggerJ1,24KA
Int32 LoggerIn!e; B,A
float in\1ufferJ1,,KA
main/0R
int iA
L:(B,;,A
22 )ilter Initiali.ation
for/ i B , A i Y 1,,A iDD 0 in\1ufferJiKB,.,A
22 Initiali.e co!ec
hCo!ec B ($6"#13\IC23\openCo!ec/,8 lconfig0A
I-n\glo1al:na1le/0A
103
I-n\ena1le/I-n\:V*\-I&*10A
I-n\ena1le/I-n\:V*\UI&*10A
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static int cc B 1A
L:( B ccA
22 *o $hift 4attern
if /cc BB ,;,30 cc B ,;,5A
else if /cc BB ,;,50 cc B ,;,"A
else if /cc BB ,;,"0 cc B ,;,3A
else cc B ,;,3A
22*o count Winary
22ccDDA if /cc=,;,#0 cc B ,;,,A
22 *I *oggle L:(
22 Ccc pB ,;,#A if //cc mB,;,,0 ll /cc mB,;,#00 cc B ,;,#A
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int i B ,A
float resultA
!ataB3CW$4\rea!/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:0A
if/!ata=B32#"%0 !ataB !atac,;ffff,,,,A
for/ i B ,A i YB 2+A iDD0 in\1ufferJiK B in\1ufferJiD1KA
in\1ufferJ3,KB//float0/!ata0021"A
result B ,A
for/ i B , A i YB 3,A iDD 0 result DB filter\CoeffJiK C in\1ufferJiKA
!ata B /Int320/resultC5120A
22!ata B /Int320/in\1ufferJ3,KC1"0A
LoggerJLoggerIn!e;DDK B !ataA
if /LoggerIn!e; BB 1,240
LoggerIn!e; B ,A
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voi! write/0R
if /Init>aitY1,,,0R
Init>aitDDA
3CW$4\write/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:8 ,0A
104
3CW$4\write/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:8 ,0A
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elseR
3CW$4\write/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:8 !ata0A
3CW$4\write/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:8 !ata0A
S
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Iutput5
4. :nter the source co!e an! save the file with main.c e;tension.
105
5. -ight clicG on source8 $elect a!! files to pro]ect an! Choose main.c file $ave! 1efore.
". !! the other supporting .c files which configure the au!io co!ec.
106
#. #. a0 To to 4ro]ect to Compile.
10 To to 4ro]ect to Wuil!.
c0 To to 4ro]ect to -e1uil! ll.
107
%. To to file an! loa! program an! loa! B.$(!A file into the 1oar!.
+. To to (e1ug an! clicG on run to run the program.
108
It will shows
warnings an!
errors if any
109
1,. *o see the Traph go to View an! select time2frequency in the Traph an! give the
correct $tart a!!ress provi!e! in the program8 (isplay !ata can 1e taGen as per user.
110
11. Treen line is to choose the point8 Value at the point can 1e seen /7ighlighte! 1y circle
at the left corner0.
12. In the graph8 chose ))* magnitu!e as !isplay type we will get Traph W
111
Traph 25))* magnitu!e of )I- filter.
13. *he impulse response of )I- filters.
112
113
E,p#%im#n! 8: N$i)# R#m$5al
P%$0#/(%# !$ 0%#a!# n#7 P%$?#0!:
1. *o create pro]ect8 To to 4ro]ect an! $elect &ew.
2. Tive pro]ect name an! clicG on finish.
114
/ N$!#: Location must 1e c5iCC$tu!io\v3.1i3y4ro]ects 0.
3. ClicG on )ile &ew $ource )ile8 *o write the $ource Co!e.
115
AIM: &oise removal in a given mi;e! signal.
N$i)# %#m$5al: In the real time systems every signal will get corrupte! 1y the noise. *o
analy.e the noise we nee! to a!! the noise8 a noise will 1e generate! an! a!!e! to the
signal. noise of 367. is a!!e! to a tone of 4,,67. then the noise is remove! 1y using
an high pass filter.

P%$%am:
jinclu!e Yst!io.h=
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jinclu!e kmaster.hk
jinclu!e kaic23cfg.hk
jinclu!e k!sG"#13\aic23.hk
jinclu!e Yst!.h=
jinclu!e Yswi.h=
jinclu!e Ylog.h=
jinclu!e Yc";.h=
jinclu!e Ycsl.h=
jinclu!e Ycsl\mc1sp.h=
j!efine )iltLen 4#
j!efine $I&:\*WL:\$Io: 4%

float filter\CoeffJ32K BR,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8
,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8
,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,8,.,,81.,,8,.,,SA
float 4r&oiseJ",,KBR,.35,+8,.111%8,.3"318,.2"#38,.2%2"8,.1+,+8,.2+,18,.13#%8,.12#,8
,.1#+%8,.2+258,.3#3,8,.13,#8,.13%,8,.2%5+8,.1#3%8,.32#%8,.,3558,.31##8,.2+,58
,.14#38,.23%,8,.21128,.2""28,.322%8,.,2"48,.2++18,.3,2#8,.122,8,.1"#"8
,.23",8,.2+428,.3,5%8,.3,138,.14238,.14#%8,.34#+8,.2,1#8,.32#%8,.11"48
,.2#4#8,.2#528,.423+8,.,"""8,.213,8,.21248,.,1248,.33,"8,.31348,.142,8
,.2%3#8,.,44"8,.243%8,.1,"+8,.1+,28,.34+#8,.,+"28,.14,48,.2,4"8,.141+8
,.32318,.3+"28,.,54+8,.,%#58,.2#428,.141%8,.3#+#8,.3#5"8,.24418,.32#18
,.145"8,.23328,.3#%+8,.225,8,.3#+%8,.31538,.22+58,.2+5,8,.3+248,.,+%28
,.14+38,.3"4+8,.115+8,.2,+58,.3,%%8,.3"5"8,.253+8,.,","8,.,54%8,.2%4#8
,.2"1,8,.4,,58,.2+%58,.245+8,.1#%+8,.,%248,.3##48,.225"8,.,3,+8,.2+4+8
,.21338,.,13"8,.32%%8,.,+238,.,4+18,.,1#%8,.12,58,.11,#8,.3,428,.,#"18
,.15128,.13,28,.34348,.13%48,.24548,.1%#38,.2%,48,.,4,#8,.41"48,.3%5%8
,.,"#%8,.22#58,.143,8,.23,48,.,5,,8,.1#+38,.1%%#8,.2,"#8,.1##"8,.,3#48
,.244+8,.2,+38,.,##28,.1+%28,.1#%#8,.2,218,.2+1"8,.255#8,.33,48,.,1%48
,.,%+28,.1%238,.3#"28,.2+%48,.15#"8,.112,8,.,,%%8,.3,2"8,.22#48,.12238
,.21518,.11318,.324%8,.14418,.34#58',.,4#18,.2#4+8,.1+258,.1#,%8,.24318
,.2+#58,.,"348,.3%+18,.,3#28,.14%"8,.,+438,.3%358,.,3558,.232,8,.24""8
116
,.242%8,.31#58',.,1,58,.2%+18,.1#"48,.2"218,.,%148,.223+8,.3,#48,.41+"8
,.2,"58,.,"138,.,3218,.24+58,.3,448,.25138,.11+38,.3"358,.2,318,.3%,18
,.,3,38,.,#338,.3,,18,.35,#8,.2+%58,.11%"8,.,"5"8,.3"128,.33+#8,.12+48
,.11,28,.11+48,.3,258,.2%+28,.1%458,.1+5"8,.1,#38,.2+%18,.3"%28,.23118
,.22448,.2,++8,.,++,8,.222,8,.2%+48,.2%138,.231"8,.,"538,.2%#28,.1,4%8
,.13358,.1"3+8,.13358,.2#528,.,2"28,.2+5%8,.222"8,.2+1"8,.11428,.2,1#8
,.32528,.2,+38,.12%,8,.43358,.,"2#8,.1%5,8,.43%%8,.1%218,.14518,.,5448
,.34"28,.,1548,.,%228,.3,318,.14#%8,.213,8,.223,8,.2%+#8,.,3+#8,.243"8
,.,42%8,.35518,.145%8,.33%28,.,+5#8,.23,38,.3%,48,.,2"28,.,35"8,.,13,8
,.2",#8,.21,28',.,,2,8,.25%18,.1+338',.,,4#8,.,2448,.,+228,.3%,58,.1,+28
,.1"#,8,.144#8,.,4##8,.3,##8,.21248,.21248,.1%#+8,.1"238,.121+8,.2+,48
,.,+538,.11328,.,5,28,.4,,28,.3#"58,.,,+"8,.144,8,.22+18,.1,2#8,.31148
,.25%,8,.2,%+8,.14348,.31"%8,.35,38,.25518,.1,"48,.312#8,.,5%%8,.1+2"8
,.3%"#8,.141%8,.153%8,.42418,.,"5+8,.143%8,.22%"8,.,5,%8,.2,#28,.2#4,8
,.1"%%8,.241"8,.,%2#8,.23148,.34+"8,.1+348,.3%%"8,.,%+48,.,#,48,.14+38
,.1%438,.1%5+8,.12528,.255+8,.,,358,.121#8,.,#1#8,.,+128,.,2518,.24,58
,.143"8,.1,#48,.,4+38,.15528,.245"8,.35"58',.,1"#8,.3,258',.,1%#8,.2##28
,.2%1"8,.35%28,.,#5,8,.24228,.21"+8,.121,8,.2"348,.24248,.,",,8,.1"318
,.32+38,.13%38,.23#18,.15518,.,33%8,.15+38,.3#2,8,.1%128,.,",#8,.1+++8
,.12,"8,.24118,.1"358,.2#2#8,.2+5%8,.,#5%8,.,#,18,.35"58,.2%%,8,.,3"38
,.3#2"8,.2,,28,.2,,38,.212#8,.2#"%8,.314"8,.14,,8,.,2+18,.2+3"8,.13418
,.33#58,.15448,.33218,.,#1"8,.,5328,.34#38,.,1#"8,.2"#18,.2##28,.1"1#8
,.12"48,.3"%%8,.14#58,.1#"%8,.,#"48,.155"8,.153+8,.3"%48,.,+#+8,.1,128
,.12"18,.24,18,.,1538,.32348,.,3#38,.2,528,.,4"58,.34,58,.3,5"8,.,+,18
,.25%58,.1#4"8,.2+,58,.1#+58,.33""8,.1#448,.1"1%8,.23#28,.14218,.3+3#8
,.1+2#8,.,#",8,.124%8,.23"#8,.115+8,.,4318,.335,8,.24528,.1%,,8,.12348
,.11338,.21"48,.1#428,.2#%38,.,,538,.31%,8,.251%8,.,3%"8,.32#,8,.,",+8
,.22#38,.2,",8,.,4##8,.,,2+8,.31%28,.321%8,.1+%,8,.,4%38,.25328,.,#,48
,.2"%%8,.1%,58,.,"348,.33,48,.2%1"8,.34#,8,.,3+"8,.,%228,.3,##8,.2%128
,.2+,"8,.1"5+8,.14""8,.22#%8,.35",8,.3,+58,.2"#18,.1#+%8,.333+8,.1"128
,.1+"#8,.2#558,.22258,.24%38,.3,138,.2+418,.,2,18,.,%,#8,.13+58,.21148
,.,+118,.213#8,.113,8,.14358,.2%1#8,.,31,8,.,"#%8,.31,#8,.142+8,.,%148
,.242+8,.3#128,.15%#8,.2"228,.21"+8,.15,38,.1%348,.3%+#8,.,%4"8,.1#,38
,.23418,.2"318,.34128,.13448,.,+,38,.1++38,.,+3+8,.2%4#8,.1"+#8,.23128
,.2#"18,.1#538,.11+,8,.,%"%8,.3%"48,.,%138,.3,238,.21458,.2#"48,.314%8
,.,,%"8,.132+8,.3+528,.2"%48,.3%438,.21%18,.,22"8,.2"%18,.1,%,8,.224+8
,.2%328,.23+58,.21+38,.15+,8,.,""38,.14#48',.,1"38,.22",8,.3#2#8,.,3,38
,.,2358,.3"2#8,.1,"28,.,,%48,.324"8,.,5"%8,.34%58,.,4,#8,.13538,.233%8
,.23158,.25458,.24%28,.151,8,.,3"38,.2%%28,.,+258,.2",38,.34448,.,4458
,.4,348,.,1"28,.331+8,.32128,.,,""8,.2,1,8,.3",48,.112,8,.31558,.23+,8
,.32318,.33,18,.,2"+8,.113%8,.252,8,.1%#58,.3##%8,.2+3+8,.21338,.11#,8
,.,+##8,.35248,.1""48,.32118,.,2528,.33"18,.,,238,.35138,.3"%"8,.21518
,.,5%18,.,###8,.1""48,.32118,.,2528,.33"18,.,,238,.35138,.3"%"8,.2151SA
float -em&oiseJ4#KBR '2.1%1,3,"2+,"2+,%e',,28%.+1#42%2115"425"e',,38
1.1%2%"313,+"3+4#e',,281.42%4533#5#4%1,"e',,281.4,335,%14552515e',,28
117
1.,3+%5","#"4+,"#e',,28 5.,+32#42,,2#5%2#e',,381.4215%12"231%%43e',,38
2.51543,+3"5##3"%e',,38+.3"3,5321311112"e',,381.+4+15211244""23e',,28
2.#22%+#"+%"%4+#2e',,282.5#++4323##,,51#e',,281.,5,"451+1333"#5e',,28
'1.%321"3++%",43+#e',,28'5.4,"1+41%1,33"4,e',,28'%.514%"+#235%4"1"e',,28
'+.%%#"1%###1+4#"4e',,28'%."33153232%2,#5%e',,28'4."51515,2451#2"1e',,28
1.21#,11"1,"2+542e',,28#.3+4%3%432,%%444e',,281.2,"%,2"1"4,+422e',,18
1.3%,"243###2+,+4e',,181.2,"%,2"1"4,+422e',,18#.3+4%3%432,%%444e',,28
1.21#,11"1,"2+542e',,28'4."51515,2451#2"1e',,28'%."33153232%2,#5%e',,28
'+.%%#"1%###1+4#"4e',,28'%.514%"+#235%4"1"e',,28'5.4,"1+41%1,33"4,e',,28
'1.%321"3++%",43+#e',,281.,5,"451+1333"#5e',,282.5#++4323##,,51#e',,28
2.#22%+#"+%"%4+#2e',,281.+4+15211244""23e',,28+.3"3,5321311112"e',,38
2.51543,+3"5##3"%e',,381.4215%12"231%%43e',,385.,+32#42,,2#5%2#e',,38
1.,3+%5","#"4+,"#e',,281.4,335,%14552515e',,281.42%4533#5#4%1,"e',,28
1.1%2%"313,+"3+4#e',,28%.+1#42%2115"425"e',,38'2.1%1,3,"2+,"2+,%e',,2SA
int sineta1leJ$I&:\*WL:\$Io:K B R,;,,,,,,,,8 ,;,,,,1,148 ,;,,,,212,8
,;,,,,3,f18 ,;,,,,3fff8 ,;,,,,4!ea8 ,;,,,,5a%18 ,;,,,,"5%18 ,;,,,,"e!%8
,;,,,,#"3f8 ,;,,,,#1a18 ,;,,,,#ee58 ,;,,,,#ff!8 ,;,,,,#ee58 ,;,,,,#1a18
,;,,,,#"ef8 ,;,,,,"e!%8 ,;,,,,"5%18 ,;,,,,5a%18 ,;,,,,4!ea8 ,;,,,,3fff8
,;,,,,3,f18 ,;,,,,212,8 ,;,,,,1,148,;,,,,,,,,8 ,;ffffef4c8 ,;ffff!ee,8 ,;ffffcf,"8
,;ffffc,,28 ,;ffff121"8 ,;ffffa5#f8 ,;ffff+a#58,;ffff+12%8 ,;ffff%+c18 ,;ffff%45f8
,;ffff%1118 ,;ffff%,,28 ,;ffff%1118 ,;ffff%45f8 ,;ffff%+c18,;ffff+12%8 ,;ffff+a#"8
,;ffffa5#f8 ,;ffff121"8 ,;ffffc,,28 ,;ffffcf,"8 ,;ffff!ee,8 ,;ffffef4cSA
($6"#13\IC23\Config config B R i
,;,,1#8 2C , ($6"#13\IC23\L:)*I&VIL Left line input channel volume C2
,;,,1#8 2C 1 ($6"#13\IC23\-IT7*I&VIL -ight line input channel volume C2
,;,,!%8 2C 2 ($6"#13\IC23\L:)*74VIL Left channel hea!phone volume C2
,;,,!%8 2C 3 ($6"#13\IC23\-IT7*74VIL -ight channel hea!phone volume C2
,;,,118 2C 4 ($6"#13\IC23\&4*7 nalog au!io path control C2
,;,,,,8 2C 5 ($6"#13\IC23\(IT4*7 (igital au!io path control C2
,;,,,,8 2C " ($6"#13\IC23\4I>:-(I>& 4ower !own control C2
,;,,438 2C # ($6"#13\IC23\(ITI) (igital au!io interface format C2
,;,,%c8 2C % ($6"#13\IC23\$34L:-*: $ample rate control C2
,;,,,1 2C + ($6"#13\IC23\(ITC* (igital interface activation C2
SA
($6"#13\IC23\Co!ec7an!le hCo!ecA
Int32 Init>ait B1A
Int32 !ataA
float in\1ufferJ1,,KA
float In$igWufferJ",,KA
float &oiseWufferJ",,KA
float Corr$igWufferJ",,KA
118
float -ecov$igWufferJ",,KA
int LogIn!e; B,A
main/0R
int iA
L:(B,;,A
for/ i B , A i Y 1,,A iDD 0 in\1ufferJiKB,.,A
hCo!ec B ($6"#13\IC23\openCo!ec/,8 lconfig0A
I-n\glo1al:na1le/0A
I-n\ena1le/I-n\:V*\-I&*10A
I-n\ena1le/I-n\:V*\UI&*10A
S
voi! le!/0R
static int cc B 1A
L:( B ccA
if /cc BB ,;,30 cc B ,;,5A
else if /cc BB ,;,50 cc B ,;,"A
else if /cc BB ,;,"0 cc B ,;,3A
else cc B ,;,3A
S
setpll2,,3/0R
S
voi! rea!/0R
int i B ,A
float resultA
float In(ataA
float In&oiseA
float InCorrupA
static int &oiseIn!e;B,A
static int $inIn!e; B ,A
!ataB3CW$4\rea!/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:0A
if/!ata=B32#"%0 !ataB !atac,;ffff,,,,A
22 Comment from here
In(ata B /float0 /sineta1leJ$inIn!e;K021"A
$inIn!e; DB 4A
if /$inIn!e; =B 4%0
$inIn!e; @B4%A
22 Comment till here
In&oise B 4r&oiseJ&oiseIn!e;DDKC4,+" ' 1,24A
if /&oiseIn!e; BB ",,0
&oiseIn!e; B ,A
119
InCorrup B In(ata D In&oiseA
for/ i B ,A i YB /)iltLen'20A iDD0 in\1ufferJiK B in\1ufferJiD1KA
in\1ufferJ)iltLen'1KBInCorrupA
result B ,A
for/ i B , A i YB /)iltLen'10A iDD 0 result DB -em&oiseJiK C in\1ufferJiKA
!ata B /Int320/resultC5120A
22 )or (emo
In$igWufferJLogIn!e;KB In(ataA
&oiseWufferJLogIn!e;KB In&oise A
Corr$igWufferJLogIn!e;KB InCorrupA
-ecov$igWufferJLogIn!e;K B /float0!ataA
LogIn!e;DDA
if /LogIn!e; BB ",,0
LogIn!e; B,A
S
voi! write/0R
if /Init>aitY1,,,0R
Init>aitDDA
3CW$4\write/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:8 ,0A
3CW$4\write/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:8 ,0A
S
elseR
3CW$4\write/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:8 !ata0A
3CW$4\write/($6"#13\IC23\(*7&(L:8 !ata0A
S
S
Iutput5
120
4. :nter the source co!e an! save the file with main.c e;tension.
5. -ight clicG on source8 $elect a!! files to pro]ect an! Choose main.c file $ave! 1efore.
121
". !! the other supporting .c files which configure the au!io co!ec.
#. #. a0 To to 4ro]ect to Compile.
10 To to 4ro]ect to Wuil!.
c0 To to 4ro]ect to -e1uil! ll.
122
%. To to file an! loa! program an! loa! B.$(!A file into the 1oar!.
123
It will shows
warnings an!
errors if any
+. To to (e1ug an! clicG on run to run the program.
124
1,. *o see the Traph go to View an! select time2frequency in the Traph an! give the
correct $tart a!!ress provi!e! in the program8 (isplay !ata can 1e taGen as per user.
11. Treen line is to choose the point8 Value at the point can 1e seen /7ighlighte! 1y circle
at the left corner0.
125
E,p#%im#n! 9: Imp(l)# R#)p$n)#
P%$0#/(%# !$ 0%#a!# n#7 P%$?#0!:
1. *o create pro]ect8 To to 4ro]ect an! $elect &ew.
2. Tive pro]ect name an! clicG on finish.
/ N$!#: Location must 1e c5iCC$tu!io\v3.1i3y4ro]ects 0.
126
3. ClicG on )ile &ew $ource )ile8 *o write the $ource Co!e.

AIM: *o fin! Impulse response of a first or!er an! secon! or!er system.
127
!iscrete time system performs an operation on an input signal 1ase! on pre!efine!
criteria to pro!uce a mo!ifie! output signal. *he input signal ;/n0 is the system
e;citation8 an! y/n0 is the system response. *he transform operation is shown as8

;/n0 y/n0 B *J/;/n0K
*he convolution sum can 1e represente! 1y8 y/n0 B ;/n0 C h/n0
F$% E,ampl# l#!-) .in/ $(! an imp(l)# %#)p$n)# $. a /i..#%#n0# #'(a!i$n.
*he general form of !ifference equation is8
3 3
y/n0 B Na
G
y/n'G0 D N1
G
;/n'G0
GB1 GB,
Find out the impulse response of second order difference
equation.
P%$%am:
jinclu!eYst!io.h=
j!efine Ir!er 2
j!efine Len 5
float hJLenK B R,.,8,.,8,.,8,.,8,.,S8sumA
voi! main/0
R
int ]8 GA
float aJIr!erD1K B R,.13118 ,.2"228 ,.1311SA
float 1JIr!erD1K B R18 ',.#4#%8 ,.2#22SA
for/]B,A ]YLenA ]DD0
R
sum B ,.,A
for/GB1A GYBIr!erA GDD0
R
if //]'G0 =B ,0
sum B sumD/1JGKChJ]'GK0A
S
if /] YB Ir!er0
hJ]K B aJ]K'sumA
else
hJ]K B 'sumA
printf /k @f k8hJ]K0A
128

*
S
S
O(!p(!:
,.1311,, ,.3",23# ,.3"4#++ ,.1#4#41 ,.,313#3
For first order difference equation.
P%$%am:
jinclu!eYst!io.h=
j!efine Ir!er 1
j!efine Len 5
float hJLenK B R,.,8,.,8,.,8,.,8,.,S8sumA
voi! main/0
R
int ]8 GA
float aJIr!erD1K B R,.13118 ,.2"22SA
float 1JIr!erD1K B R18 ',.#4#%SA
for/]B,A ]YLenA ]DD0
R
sum B ,.,A
for/GB1A GYBIr!erA GDD0
R
if//]'G0=B,0
sum B sumD/1JGKChJ]'GK0A
S
if/]YBIr!er0
hJ]K B aJ]K'sumA
else
hJ]K B 'sumA
printf/k@f k8 ]8 hJ]K0A
S
S
O(!p(!:
,.1311,, ,.3",23# ,.2"+3%5 ,.2,144" ,.15,"41
4. :nter the source co!e an! save the file with 9 .CA e;tension.
129
5. -ight clicG on source8 $elect a!! files to pro]ect .. an! Choose 9.C 9 file $ave! 1efore.
130
". -ight ClicG on li1raries an! select a!! files to 4ro]ect.. an! choose
C5iCC$tu!io\v3.1iC",,,icgtoolsili1irts"#,,.li1 an! clicG open.
131
#. a0 To to 4ro]ect to Compile.
10 To to 4ro]ect to Wuil!.
132
c0 To to 4ro]ect to -e1uil! ll.
%. To to file an! loa! program an! loa! B.$(!A file into the 1oar!..
133
It shows errors
an! warnings
here.
+. To to (e1ug an! clicG on run to run the program.
134
1,. I1serve the output in output win!ow.
135
136
Iutput will
!isplay
here
11. *o see the Traph go to View an! select time2frequency in the Traph8 an! give the
correct $tart a!!ress or the output varia1le name provi!e! in the program8 (isplay !ata
can 1e taGen as per user. $elect ($4 !ata type as 32'1it floating point.
137
12. Treen line is to choose the point8 Value at the point can 1e seen /7ighlighte! 1y circle
at the left corner0.
138