THEORETICAL BASE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION II

Submitted by,
HASEENA.E
Physical Science
KUCTE, Aryad

















INTRODUCTION

No course in science cannot be considered as complete
without including some practical work in it. The practical work is to be carried out
by individual in a physical science laboratory. Most of the achievements of
modern science are due to the application of the experimental method. At school
stage practical work is even more important because of the fact that we learn by
doing scientific principles and applications are thus rendered more meaningful. It
is a well known fact that an object handled impresses itself more firmly on the
mind than an object merely seen from a distance or an illustration. Centuries of
purely deductive work did not produce the some utilitarian results as a few
decades of experimental work. Practical class-room experiments help in
broadening pupils experience and develop initiative, resourcefulness and
cooperation. Because of the reasons discussed above practical work forms a
prominent feature is any science course.



CONTENT
Importance of laboratory work
The achievement of modern science is mainly due to the application of
experimental method. It is in the laboratory that pupils get a training in
this important phase of science study.
In doing laboratory work the pupils get a chance for activity both physical
and intellectual and they are learning by doing.
Laboratory exercises train them in scientific thinking they develop scientific
attitude and scientific methods as a result of laboratory work.
The laboratory helps the pupils in the development of manipulative skills.
The experiments done serve as a source of motivation. They are interested
in handling material and doing experiments.
The laboratory, the teacher comes into closer contact with the individual
and helps them to bring out of their difficulties.
Principles of laboratory construction
The laboratory should be compact in arrangement but at the same time
capable of expansion to meet the growing needs of the school.
Fittings and furniture should be planned to be convenient for use and
economical in the long run.
The arrangements of furniture should ensure ease of supervision and
proper lightening.
There should be enough storage accommodation and sufficient well space
should be left for additional fixtures.


Registers in the laboratory

Once the apparatus is received, the articles should be properly checked and
entered in the stock register. The types of registers are
1. Permanent Stock Register: it contains details of articles which are not
liable to be consumed or broken like magnets, iron stands, wooden
blocks, and Newtons colour disc. Some articles like ammeter, stop
watches, thermometer, and voltmeter are also entered in the register as
they are considered nonconsumable. Working and non working models,
charts, telescopes and microscopes can be entered in the register.
2. Breakable stock register: it includes the articles of glassware, flasks, test
tubes, beakers, pipettes, burettes and funnels.
3. Consumable stock register: it includes chemicals and other fluids liable
to be consumed such as acids, alcohol, distilled water, potassium
permanganate.
4. Order register: it includes record of the orders sent for the purchase of
new apparatus.
5. Requirement register: the most appropriate method of collecting
suggestions for new resources for the science staff is to note the ideas in
a requirement register.

Storage of chemicals
In storage of chemicals the following methods are normally adopted:
a. Arranging the elements in alphabetic order
b. Arranging the elements and their components in which they occur in
periodic table.
c. Grouping all elements and their similar components together
d. Numbering each bottle and jar and keeping an index book
e. Storing similar types of solutions at one place
f. Always store large bottles on floor and not on shelves
g. While storing Winchester bottles of concentrated acids, they be kept
in brackets with sand
h. Bottles containing inflammable liquids be stored in a cool place
outside the laboratory
i. White phosphorus be stored under water and sodium be stored
under kerosene oil
j. Hydrogen peroxide be stored in an air tight tin


Planning
Teacher should be very careful while planning the purchase of equipment
for the laboratory. He should carefully weigh each item to be purchased
with its educational worth. he may classify his requirements as below
Apparatus required for laboratory work
Apparatus required for demonstration purpose
Apparatus required for general use
While determining the quantity of apparatus to be purchased he should
keep the following points in mind
Financial resources at his disposal
Demonstration and laboratory work that has to be done during the
year
Scheme of work including the method of teaching to be used
Storage facilities available


Equipment
Science room should be provided with:
i. Galleried seats
ii. One demonstration table having cupboards, gas and water fittings
iii. A black board
iv. Black curtains for covering doors, windows and ventilators


Laboratory rules
Laboratory rules are very important.
no pupil should be allowed to enter the laboratory in the absence of the
teacher
every pupil may have a seat assigned to him
when the pupil are working in groups they might be allowed to discuss in
a low tone
reagent bottles should be returned to the shelves immediately after use
stoppers are also to be replaced on the bottles
Unnecessary talking should be strictly forbidden.
Accidents in the laboratory and first aid
First kit is necessary to keep in the laboratory.
Burns from fire: apply burnol and sarson oil
Caution: heat burns should never be washed
Wounds: apply cotton dipped in tincture iodine
Burns from acids: wash with water and then with 1%sodium bicarbonate
Caution: in the sulphuric acid, wipe it from the skin before giving the above
treatment
Alkali burns: wash with water and then with 1% acetic acid and finally with
water. Dry the skin and apply burnol.
Injuries to eye: it should be dealt with by doctor
Acid in eye: wash the eye with water a number of times then wash it with
1%sodium bicarbonate solution by means of an eye glass.
Alkali in eye: wash the eye with water a number of times then wash it with
1%boric acid solution by means of an eye glass.
Electric shock: switch off the electrical supply. Beat it with a wooden stick.
Admit to a hospital.

First aid box
A first aid box should be provided in every laboratory. It contains:
Bandages, eye glasses, Vaseline, boric acid powder, a tube of burnol, sarson oil.

Facilities for individual and group work in the lab
In the Laboratories, students conduct experiments in mechanics, optics,
electromagnetism, electronics, modern physics, astronomy, as well as
numerous individual research projects.
The electronics and optics labs are similarly equipped to allow students
to conduct experiments in modern electronics and optics, using industry-
standard equipment.
The advanced physics lab gives students the opportunity to explore in
greater detail the fundamental experiments in modern physics.
The instrumentation lab will give students direct hands-on experience
with sophisticated state-of-the-art data-acquisition and sensor systems.










Conclusion

A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in
which scientific or technological research, experiments. One of the important
functions of the science laboratory is the deepening of the students
understanding that scientific concepts and application are closely related to his
own natural environment. Practical work in science even at the school stage is
essential because of the fact that we learn by doing most students like doing
things with their hand. Practical work provides an activity which can be profitable
and emotionally satisfying.
Reference
M.Vanaja & D.Bhaskara Rao (2004): Methods of teaching physics
Amit Kumar (2002): teaching of Physical Science
Physics.program.kutztown.edu