HTTP WWW - Spppumps

WATER
FIRE
OIL & GAS
AUTOPRIME
STANDARD PRODUCTS
SERVICE
ENERGY
PARTS
TRANSFORMER OIL PUMPS
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DATA FOR
PUMP USERS
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CONTACTS
Sales and Administration
1420 Lakeview
Arlington Business Park
Theale
Reading
Berkshire
RG7 4SA
Email: solutions@spppumps.com
Tel: +44(0)118 932 3123
Fax: +44(0)118 932 3302
Manufacturing Centre
Crucible Close
Mushet Industrial Park
Coleford
Gloucestershire GL16 8PS
Tel: +44(0)1594 832701
Fax: +44(0)1594 836300
UK Service Centre Contact Directory
Western Service Centre
Tufthorn Avenue, Coleford
Gloucestershire
England GL16 8PJ
Tel: +44 (0) 1594 832701
Fax: +44 (0) 1594 810043
North West Service Centre
Greg Street, Reddish
Stockport
Cheshire
England SK5 7BU
Tel: +44 (0) 161 480 4955
Fax: +44 (0) 161 476 2193
Southern Service Centre
Unit 1 Stanstead Road
Boyatt Wood Industrial Estate
Eastleigh, Hampshire
England SO50 4RZ
Tel: +44 (0) 2380 616004
Fax: +44 (0) 2380 614522
Northern Ireland Service Centre
Unit 2 Oak Bank
Channel Commercial Park
Queens Road, Queens Island
Belfast
Northern Ireland
BT3 9DT
Tel: +44 (0) 2890 469802
Fax: +44 (0) 2890 466152
Scottish Service Centre
137 Deerdykes View
Cumbernauld
Scotland
G68 9HN
Tel: +44 (0) 1236 455035
Fax: +44 (0) 1236 455036
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France
SPP Pumps
2 rue du Chateau deau
95450 US
France
Email: tima@spppumps.com
Tel: +33 (0) 1 30 27 96 96
Fax: +33 (0) 1 34 66 07 33
North and South America
SPP Pumps, Inc.
6716 Best Friend Road
Norcross GA 30071, U.S.A.
Email: james_hunt@spppumps.com
Tel: +1(770) 409-3280
Fax: +1(770) 409-3290
www.spppumpsusa.com
Middle East
SPP Pumps Limited (Middle East)
P O Box 61491, Jebel Ali
Dubai
United Arab Emirates
Email: general@spppumps.com
Tel: +971 (0) 4 8838 733
Fax: +971 (0) 4 8838 735
Asia
SPP Pumps Limited (Asia)
152 Beach Road
Gateway East #05 - 01 to 04
Singapore 189721
Tel: +(65) 6576 5725
Fax: +(65) 6576 5701
South Africa
SPP Pumps (South Africa)
6c Roller Street
Spartan Ext 7 Kempton Park
Gautent
R.S.A
1619
Email: lvw@spppumps.co.za
Tel: +27 (0) 860 777786
Fax: +27 11 970 2472
Italy
SPP Italy
Via Watt, 13/A
20143 Milano
Tel: +(0039) 02 58111782
Fax: +(0039) 02 58111782
Mobile: +(0039) 346 3204457
Poland
Parent Company
Kirloskar Brothers Limited
YAMUNA
Plot No 98
(3-17), Baner
411045 Pune
India
Tel: +91 20 2721 4444
www.kbl.co.in
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USEFUL WEBSITES
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS:
British Pump Manufacturers Association (BPMA)
www.bpma.org.uk
Construction Equipment Association (CEA)
www.coneq.org.uk
Fire Protection Association (FPA)
www.thefpa.co.uk
British Automatic Sprinkler Association
www.basa.org.uk
European Fire Sprinkler Network
www.eurosprinkler.org
Energy Industries Council
www.the-eic.com
Pump Centre
www.pumpcentre.com
REGULATORY AUTHORITIES:
Factory Mutual (FM)
www.fmglobal.com
Underwriters Laboratories
www.ul.com
Loss Prevention Certication Board
www.brecertication.co.uk
National Fire Protection Association
www.nfpa.org
Pump Distributors Association
www.the-pda.com
Pumps-Directory
www.pumps-directory.com
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6 Contents
CONTENTS
Introduction to SPP ................................. 8 -14
Manufacturing .................................................. 8
Test Faciylity ..................................................... 8
SPP Divisions .................................................... 9
SPP International ............................................ 13
Fire Protection and Approval Standards ........... 14
Pump Specication & Operation ..... 16 36
Data Required When Buying Pumps ................ 16
Dimensions of Cast Iron Flanges to
BS EN 109221 ................................................ 18
Dimensions of Cast Iron Flanges to
ASME/ANSI B16.1 ........................................... 21
Dimensions of Steel Flanges to
ASME/ANSI B16.5 ........................................... 23
Pump Installation ............................................ 25
Pump Operation .............................................. 25
Faults and Remedial Action ............................. 26
Vibration Tolerance ......................................... 28
Condition Monitoring ....................................... 30
Flow Estimation Methods ................................ 31
Application Dos and Donts ............................ 36
Hydraulic Design Data ........................ 41 61
Pressure (bar) vs Head (m of Water) ................ 41
Calculation of Head for Pump Selection ........... 43
Autoprime Pumping Terms .............................. 46
Friction Loss for Water
Hazen-Williams Formula, C=140) .................... 48
Resistance in Fittings ...................................... 51
Quantities Passed by Pipes at
different Velocities .......................................... 52
Recommended Maximum Flow
through Valves (l/s) ......................................... 52
Water Discharged by Round Spray Holes in thin
walled Pipes Under Different Pressures ........... 53
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) .................... 54
Maximum Suction Lift with Barometric Pressure
at Different Altitudes ....................................... 56
Liquid Viscosity and its Effect on
Pump Performance ......................................... 57
Approximate Viscosity Conversion Schedule .... 59
Test Tolerances and Different Standards ......... 61
Velocity Head Correction ................... 66 74
Electrical Design Data ........................ 76 84
Average Efciencies and Power Factors
of Electric Motors ............................................ 76
Approximate Full Load Speeds (RPM)
of AC Motors ................................................... 78
Starting AC Motors .......................................... 79
Whole Life Cost ..................................... 82 84
Whole Life Cost Principles and Pump Design ... 82
Features of a Low Life-Cycle cost
centrifugal pumps ........................................... 84
Energy ..................................................... 87 90
Conversion Factors .............................. 92 97
Conversion Factor Tables ................................ 92
Vacuum Technical Data ................................... 96
Product / Application Charts ............................ 97
7 Contents
Engineered Pumping Solutions Focused on
Markets where Application Knowledge, Service and
Expertise Add Value
For more than 130 years SPP Pumps has been a leading manufacturer of
centrifugal pumps and associated systems. A global principal in design, supply
and servicing of pumps, pump packages and equipment for a wide range of
applications and industry sectors.
SPP pumps and systems are installed on all continents providing valuable high
integrity services for diverse industries, such as oil and gas production, water
and waste water treatment, power generation, construction, mines and for
large industrial plants.
Major applications include water treatment & supply, sewage & waste water
treatment, re protection, and mobile pumps for rental sectors, for which
our low life cost and environmental considerations are fundamental design
priorities.
Certifcate Number: EMS111 Issue 1
8 Contents
MANUFACTURING
SPP requires the highest standards of manufacturing excellence from
its facilities around the world. This is crucial to the on-going growth and
development of the company. At the main manufacturing facility located in the
UK, SPP set the highest standards attainable in the industry for quality and
reliability.
SPP distinguishes its product split between pre-engineered standard products
and fully customised equipment engineered and packaged to order. The
extensive manufacturing and testing capabilities reect this wide and diverse
product range.
To ensure efcient use of production resources, an ERP manufacturing
planning system is utilised. Assembly areas are segregated into the main
product groups; standard pumps, industrial re pumps, contractors pumps
and engineered products. The machine shop is planned in cell layout with
individual cells specialising in types, or ranges of components. CNC machines
are linked by a DNC system allowing programming to be carried out on the
machine or ofine.
Lean manufacturing principles ensure that SPP are always focused on
continuous improvement to support their Right First Time philosophy.
Customers are always welcome to visit the facility, either during
manufacturing or when equipment is on test.
TEST FACILITY
Testing, including witness testing,
of all SPPs range of pumps is
performed at SPPs own extensive
in-house test facility. The main test
area has a 1.4 million litre test tank
with a depth of 6 metres. It can test
pressures up to 50 bar, ows up to
2000 l/s and powers up to 800kW
at 6.6kV, 400kW at 415V and 400kW
at 60Hz. Generators can be used for
higher powers or voltages.
9 Contents
DIVISIONS WITHIN SPP
Pumps for water supply, water/waste water treatment, industrial processes
and general pumping service.
SPP has an extensive range of products suitable for a variety of applications.
From end suction DIN24255 (EN 733:1995) through to vertical turbine, split
case and sewage pumps, SPP has reliable and well proven products to offer.
Lowest Life Cycle Cost Series
SPPs recognises the increasing emphasis on whole life cost when
evaluating pumping schemes, for the twenty-rst century. This has lead to
the development of their Lowest Life-Cycle Cost Series of split case, vertical
turbine and dry well sewage pumps
SPP is the worlds leading specialist manufacturer of quality re protection
pump packages. Unrivalled experience in design and manufacture together
with advanced testing and accreditation ensures the utmost in equipment
reliability.
SPP re pumps comply with the demanding requirements of the LPCB, FM and
UL approval standards and meet all the requirements of NFPA 20.
WATER
FIRE
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SPP is a world leader in the design and manufacture of pumping equipment
for both onshore and offshore applications. In-house expertise ensures
compliance with all applicable specications and regulations. SPP has also
established quality assurance and document control business systems allied
to the needs of the major oil and gas contractors and end users.
SPP is the packager as well as the pump manufacturer and takes full unit
responsibility for the complete scope of supply.
The SPP Autoprime range is a proven, versatile and comprehensive product
range suitable for use in a variety of applications worldwide. The Autoprime
is primarily sold to rental organisations, contractors, utility companies, open
cast mining companies and municipalities providing a durable solution.
Continual investment in market-led research and development ensure that
the products are designed to meet market requirements and legislation,
providing signicant benets and solutions to owners and users alike.
OIL & GAS
AUTOPRIME
11 Contents
STANDARD PRODUCTS
The SPP standard pump product range has been expertly designed to enable
you to t them to any of your existing DIN Standard Pump Applications. SPPs
excellent modular pump design allows interchangeability across the range
and with the ability to use standard shaft motors, gives much more exibility
in terms of maintenance, stock holding and material options. SPP Standard
pumps can also be used for a variety of new pump application needs.
TRANSFORMER OIL PUMPS
SPPs transformer oil pump range is designed and manufactured to the
highest quality standards. SPP have been producing transformer oil pumps
for more than sixty years. Life expectancy in many cases has exceeded forty
years. Applications include oil circulation in the following: power transmission,
distribution and electric traction locomotive transformers.
ENERGY
Through the use of proven systems and techniques, the Energy Division offers
a complete energy saving package that can be applied equally to new projects
and existing installations. The new division offers the following services:
Energy Audits, Customer Training, Energy Management, Surveys/reports/
analysis and recommendations. By monitoring and/or analysing the actual
requirement of the installation and comparing this with the specications of
the equipment installed, SPP can make recommendations that can reduce
running costs (eg: power requirements), minimise maintenance costs
(eg: parts/servicing and downtime) and improve plant reliability (eg: upgraded
material specications).
12 Contents
Lor
SERVICE
At SPP we are committed to providing the very best in customer support.
We have built our reputation by providing a fast, cost effective service whilst
maintaining continually high standards of workmanship and quality. With
strategically located service centres in the UK and around the world, help is
never far away. Each service centre is fully equipped to offer a comprehensive
range of equipment repair and refurbishment techniques. Our support is
available 24 hours a day, and is only ever a phone call away.
SPP supports our customers around the globe through our extensive network
of eld service engineers. SPP eld service engineers have thousands of
hours of experience, backed by intensive product and applications training.
Whatever your technical support requirement, we can help you get the best
performance from our equipment in your application Field service engineers
can provide.
Equipment installation and commissioning
Preventative maintenance
Equipment repair and upgrades
Product training
On SPP and other manufacturers pumps.
13 Contents
SPP INTERNATIONAL
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FIRE PROTECTION APPROVAL STANDARDS
SPP has one of the widest ranges of approved and listed equipment in
the world complying with the demanding requirements of the UL and FM
approval standards and meeting all the requirements of NFPA 20. Along with
these approvals, SPPs re products are also approved for use in many other
markets such as Europe, The Far East, The Middle East and Africa. Although
many pump companies can offer equipment designed to the various
locally applicable re rules and regulations, only a very select few have had
their pumps subjected to the stringent performance and reliability tests of
specialist re approval laboratories.
Being the rst to achieve re pump approval and listing by the internationally
recognised Loss Prevention Certication Board the company today has more
pumps approved by the LPCB than any other manufacturer.
15 Contents
PUMP SPECIFICATION
AND OPERATION
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SECTION 1
DATA REQUIRED WHEN BUYING PUMPS
Fundamentals
Number required.
Nature of service.
Whether continuous or intermittent.
Performance
Capacity (State whether total or per unit).
Total head or pressure to be developed.
Suction lift (including friction), inlet pressure or head, or NPSH available.
(State range of any variation in above items. Otherwise, send sketch or give
full details of lifts and pipe runs including lengths, bores, materials and class
of pipes and number and nature of bends, valves etc.).
Pumped Medium
Nature of liquid (if other than cold, clean water).
Values or ranges of actual pumping temperature with corresponding specic
gravities, viscosities (if greater than for water) and vapour pressures.
Any corrosive and/or abrasive properties.
Nature, proportion and maximum size of any solids content.
Driver
Nature of driver.
If driver to be supplied, give full specication.
If electric motor, state electricity supply details, any speed restriction.
Whether lining-up and connecting free issue driver required.
Details of starting equipment and/or other accessories required
system of control if automatic.
17 Contents
Other Data
If required to run in parallel with other units.
Is it to be self-priming with suction lift.
Pump type and arrangement.
Fixed or portable.
Horizontal or vertical shaft.
Whether close-coupled, dry well, wet well or borehole (if vertical).
Borehole diameter or any other space restrictions.
If baseplate and coupling required.
Constructional / material specication required.
Site conditions:
If altitude above 150m.
If ambient temperature above 30 C.
If to work outdoors.
Type of drive:
Direct or indirect (i.e. coupling, gearbox or V belt).
Direction of rotation (if restricted).
Ofcial tests/inspection, packing and shipping requirements.
Tender receipt/material despatch date required.
Any other signicant information.
Items printed in bold are minimum requirements for quotation of any standard
horizontal pump. All other items, so far as they apply, are necessary for the
correct execution of all orders and quotations other than standard horizontal
pumps.
18 Contents
SECTION 2
DIMENSIONS OF CAST IRON FLANGES TO BS EN 1092
Pumps and Fittings
NOM.
DIA.
FLANGE RAISED FACE BOLTS DRILLING NECK
D b d4 Fmax DIA. No d2 k d3 r
10 75 12 33 2 M10 4 11 50 26 4
15 80 12 38 2 M10 4 11 55 30 4
20 90 14 48 2 M10 4 11 65 38 4
25 100 14 58 3 M10 4 11 75 42 4
32 120 14 69 3 M12 4 14 90 55 6
40 130 14 78 3 M12 4 14 100 62 6
50 140 14 88 3 M12 4 14 110 74 6
65 160 14 108 3 M12 4 14 130 88 6
80 190 16 128 3 M16 4 18 150 102 8
100 210 16 144 3 M16 4 18 170 130 8
125 240 18 174 3 M16 8 18 200 155 8
150 265 18 199 3 M16 8 18 225 184 10
200 320 20 254 3 M16 8 18 280 236 10
250 375 22 309 3 M16 12 18 335 290 12
300 440 22 363 4 M20 12 22 395 342 12
350 490 22 415 4 M20 12 22 445 385 12
400 540 22 463 4 M20 16 22 495 438 12
450 595 22 518 4 M20 16 22 550 492 12
500 645 24 568 4 M20 20 22 600 538 12
600 755 30 667 5 M24 20 26 705 640 12
700 860 24 772 5 M24 24 26 810 740 12
800 975 24 878 5 M27 24 30 920 842 12
900 1075 26 978 5 M27 24 30 1020 942 12
1000 1175 26 1078 5 M27 28 30 1120 1045 16
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BS EN 1092 TABLE PN6
NOTE - All dimensions listed below are in millimetres
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NOM.
DIA.
D b d4 Fmx DIA. No d2 k d3 r
NOTE: FOR NOMINAL SIZES 10 - 150 USE PN6 TABLE
200 340 24 266 3 M20 8 23 295 240 8
250 395 26 319 3 M20 12 23 350 392 8
300 445 26 370 4 M20 12 23 400 342 8
350 505 26 429 4 M20 16 23 460 396 8
400 565 26 480 4 M24 16 28 515 448 10
450 615 28 530 4 M24 20 28 565 498 10
500 670 28 582 4 M24 20 28 620 552 10
600 780 28 682 5 M27 20 31 725 654 10
700 895 30 794 5 M27 24 31 840 760 10
800 1015 32 901 5 M30 24 34 950 866 12
900 1115 34 1001 5 M30 28 34 1050 970 12
1000 1230 34 1112 5 M33 28 37 1160 1076 12
1200 1455 38 1328 5 M36 32 40 1380 1284 12
1400 1675 42 1530 5 M39 36 43 1590 1494 12
1600 1915 46 1750 5 M45 40 49 1820 1702 12
1800 2115 50 1950 5 M45 44 49 2020 1906 15
2000 2325 54 2150 5 M45 48 49 2230 2112 15
2200 2550 58 - - M52 52 56 2440 2320 20
NOM.
DIA.
10 90 16 41 2 M12 4 14 60 74 4
15 95 16 46 2 M12 4 14 65 92 4
20 105 18 56 2 M12 4 14 75 105 4
25 115 18 65 3 M12 4 14 85 131 4
32 140 18 76 3 M16 4 18 100 56 6
40 150 18 84 3 M16 4 18 110 64 6
50 165 18 99 3 M16 4 18 125 74 6
65 185 18 118 3 M16 8 18 145 92 6
80 200 20 132 3 M16 8 18 160 105 8
100 220 20 156 3 M16 8 18 180 131 8
125 250 22 186 3 M16 8 18 210 156 10
150 285 22 211 3 M20 8 22 240 184 10
200 340 24 266 3 M20 12 22 295 235 12
250 405 26 319 3 M24 12 26 355 292 12
300 460 28 370 4 M24 12 26 410 344 12
350 520 30 429 4 M24 16 26 470 390 12
400 580 32 480 4 M27 16 30 525 445 12
450 640 40 548 4 M27 20 30 585 490 12
500 715 44 609 4 M30 20 33 650 548 12
600 840 54 720 5 M33 20 36 770 652 12
700 910 36 794 5 M33 24 36 840 755 12
800 1025 38 901 5 M36 24 39 950 855 12
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NOM.
DIA.
10 90 16 41 2 M12 4 14 60 28 4
15 95 16 46 2 M12 4 14 65 32 4
20 105 18 56 2 M12 4 14 75 40 4
25 115 18 65 3 M12 4 14 85 46 4
32 140 18 76 3 M16 4 18 100 56 6
40 150 18 84 3 M16 4 18 110 64 6
50 165 20 99 3 M16 4 18 125 74 6
65 185 22 118 3 M16 8 18 145 92 6
80 200 24 132 3 M16 8 18 160 105 8
100 235 26 156 3 M20 8 22 190 134 8
125 270 28 186 3 M24 8 26 220 162 8
150 300 30 211 3 M24 8 26 250 192 10
200 360 32 274 3 M24 12 36 310 244 10
250 425 35 330 3 M27 12 30 370 298 12
300 485 38 389 4 M27 16 30 430 352 12
350 555 42 448 4 M30 16 33 490 398 12
400 620 46 403 4 M33 16 36 550 452 12
450 670 50 548 4 M33 20 36 600 500 12
500 730 56 609 4 M33 20 36 660 558 12
600 845 68 720 5 M36 20 39 770 660 12
700 960 50 820 5 M39 24 42 875 760 12
800 1085 54 928 5 M45 24 48 990 864 12
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DIMENSIONS OF CAST IRON FLANGES to ASME/ANSI B16.1
ASME/ANSI B16.1 125lb RATING CAST IRON
NOM.
DIA.
FLANGE BOLTS DRILLING SPOTFACE
DIAMETER
HUB
D b DIA. No d2 k d3 r
1 4.25 0.44 0.50 4 0.62 3.12 1.00 1.94 0.12
1 1/4 4.62 0.50 0.50 4 0.62 3.50 1.00 2.31 0.12
1 1/2 5.00 0.56 0.50 4 0.62 3.88 1.00 2.56 0.12
2 6.00 0.62 0.62 4 0.75 4.75 1.25 3.06 0.25
2 1/2 7.00 0.69 0.62 4 0.75 5.50 1.25 3.56 0.25
3 7.50 0.75 0.62 4 0.75 6.00 1.25 4.25 0.25
3 1/2 8.50 0.81 0.62 8 0.75 7.00 1.25 4.81 0.25
4 9.00 0.94 0.62 8 0.75 7.50 1.25 5.31 0.25
5 10.00 0.94 0.75 8 0.88 8.50 1.50 6.44 0.25
6 11.00 1.00 0.75 8 0.88 9.50 1.50 7.56 0.25
8 13.50 1.12 0.75 8 0.88 11.75 1.50 9.69 0.25
10 16.00 1.19 0.88 12 1.00 14.25 1.62 11.94 0.25
12 19.00 1.25 0.88 12 1.00 17.00 1.62 14.06 0.25
14 21.00 1.38 1.00 12 1.12 18.75 1.88 15.38 0.25
16 23.50 1.44 1.00 16 1.12 21.25 1.88 17.50 0.25
18 25.00 1.56 1.12 16 1.25 22.75 2.12 19.62 0.25
20 27.50 1.69 1.12 20 1.25 25.00 2.12 21.75 0.38
24 32.00 1.88 1.25 20 1.38 29.50 2.25 26.00 0.38
30 38.75 2.12 1.25 28 1.38 36.00 2.25 - 0.38
250lb RATING CAST IRON
NOTE - All dimensions listed below are in inches
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NOM.
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FLANGE BOLTS DRILLING SPOTFACE
DIAMETER
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D b DIA. No d2 k d3 r
1 4.88 0.69 0.62 4 0.75 3.50 1.25 2.06 0.13
1 1/4 5.25 0.75 0.62 4 0.75 3.88 1.25 2.50 0.13
1 1/2 6.12 0.81 0.75 4 0.88 4.50 1.50 2.75 0.13
2 6.50 0.88 0.62 8 0.75 5.00 1.25 3.31 0.25
2 1/2 7.50 1.00 0.75 8 0.88 5.88 1.50 3.94 0.25
3 8.25 1.12 0.75 8 0.88 6.62 1.50 4.62 0.25
3 1/2 9.00 1.19 0.75 8 0.88 7.25 1.50 5.25 0.25
4 10.00 1.25 0.75 8 0.88 7.88 1.50 5.75 0.25
5 11.00 1.38 0.75 8 0.88 9.25 1.50 7.00 0.25
6 12.50 1.44 0.75 12 0.88 10.62 1.50 8.12 0.25
8 15.00 1.62 0.88 12 1.00 13.00 1.63 10.25 0.25
10 17.50 1.88 1.00 16 1.12 15.25 1.88 12.62 0.25
12 20.50 2.00 1.12 16 1.25 17.75 2.13 14.75 0.25
14 23.00 2.12 1.12 20 1.25 20.25 2.13 16.25 0.25
16 25.50 2.25 1.25 20 1.38 22.50 2.25 18.38 0.25
18 28.00 2.38 1.25 24 1.38 24.75 2.25 20.75 0.25
20 30.50 2.50 1.25 24 1.38 27.00 2.25 23.00 0.38
24 36.00 2.75 1.50 24 1.62 32.00 2.75 27.25 0.38
30 43.00 3.00 1.75 28 2.00 39.25 34.00 34.00 0.38
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NOM.
DIA.
FLANGE RAISED FACE BOLTS DRILLING SPOTFACE
DIAMETER
HUB
D b d4 Fmax No DIA. d2 k d3 r
1/2 3.50 0.44 - - 4 1/2 0.62 2.38 1.00 1.19 0.12
3/4 3.88 0.50 - - 4 1/2 0.62 2.75 1.00 1.50 0.12
1 4.25 0.56 2.00 1/16 4 1/2 0.62 3.12 1.00 1.94 0.12
1 1/4 4.62 0.62 2.50 1/16 4 1/2 0.62 3.50 1.00 2.31 0.12
1 1/2 5.00 0.69 2.88 1/16 4 1/2 0.62 3.88 1.00 2.56 0.12
2 6.00 0.75 3.62 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 4.75 1.25 3.06 0.25
2 1/2 7.00 0.88 4.12 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 5.50 1.25 3.56 0.25
3 7.50 0.94 5.00 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 6.00 1.25 4.25 0.25
3 1/2 8.50 0.94 5.50 1/16 8 5/8 0.75 7.00 1.25 4.81 0.25
4 9.00 0.94 6.19 1/16 8 5/8 0.75 7.50 1.25 5.31 0.25
5 10.00 0.94 7.31 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 8.50 1.50 6.44 0.25
6 11.00 1.00 8.50 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 9.50 1.50 7.56 0.25
8 13.50 1.12 10.62 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 11.75 1.50 9.69 0.25
10 16.00 1.19 12.75 1/16 12 7/8 1.00 14.25 1.62 12.00 0.25
12 19.00 1.25 15.00 1/16 12 7/8 1.00 17.00 1.62 14.38 0.25
14 21.00 1.38 16.25 1/16 12 1 1.12 18.75 1.88 15.75 0.25
16 23.50 1.44 18.50 1/16 16 1 1.12 21.25 1.88 18.00 0.25
18 25.00 1.56 21.00 1/16 16 1 1/8 1.25 22.75 2.12 19.88 0.25
20 27.50 1.69 23.00 1/16 20 1 1/8 1.25 25.00 2.12 22.00 0.38
24 32.00 1.88 27.25 1/16 20 1 1/4 1.38 29.50 2.25 26.12 0.38
DIMENSIONS OF STEEL FLANGES TO ASME/ANSI B16.5
ASME/ANSI B16.5 150lb RATING - STEEL
NOTE - All dimensions listed below are in inches
300lb RATING - STEEL
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NOM.
DIA.
FLANGE RAISED FACE BOLTS DRILLING SPOTFACE
DIAMETER
HUB
D b d4 Fmax No DIA. d2 k d3 r
1/2 3.75 0.56 1.38 1/16 4 1/2 0.62 2.62 1.00 1.50 0.12
3/4 4.62 0.62 1.69 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 3.25 1.25 1.88 0.12
1 4.88 0.69 2.00 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 3.50 1.25 2.12 0.12
1 1/4 5.25 0.75 2.50 1/16 4 5/8 0.75 3.88 1.25 2.50 0.12
1 1/2 6.12 0.81 2.88 1/16 4 3/4 0.88 4.50 1.50 2.75 0.12
2 6.50 0.88 3.62 1/16 8 5/8 0.75 5.00 1.25 3.31 0.25
2 1/2 7.50 1.00 4.12 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 5.88 1.50 3.94 0.25
3 8.25 1.12 5.00 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 6.62 1.50 4.62 0.25
3 1/2 9.00 1.19 5.50 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 7.25 1.50 5.25 0.25
4 10.00 1.25 6.19 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 7.88 1.50 5.75 0.25
5 11.00 1.38 7.31 1/16 8 3/4 0.88 9.25 1.50 7.00 0.25
6 12.50 1.44 8.50 1/16 12 3/4 0.88 10.62 1.50 8.12 0.25
8 15.00 1.62 10.62 1/16 12 7/8 1.00 13.00 1.62 10.25 0.25
10 17.50 1.88 12.75 1/16 16 1 1.12 15.25 1.88 12.62 0.25
12 20.50 2.00 15.00 1/16 16 1 1/8 1.25 17.75 2.12 14.75 0.25
14 23.00 2.12 16.25 1/16 20 1 1/8 1.25 20.25 2.12 16.75 0.25
16 25.50 2.25 18.50 1/16 20 1 1/4 1.38 22.50 2.25 19.00 0.25
18 28.00 2.38 21.00 1/16 24 1 1/4 1.38 24.75 2.25 21.00 0.25
20 30.50 2.50 23.00 1/16 24 1 1/4 1.38 27.00 2.25 23.12 0.38
24 36.00 2.75 27.25 1/16 24 1 1/2 1.62 32.00 2.75 27.62 0.38
*NOTE:
The standard for Ductile Iron anges is ASME/ANSI B16.42 150lb and 300lb rating.
They are dimensionally the same as ASME/ANSI B16.5 including the raised face.
The standard for Copper Alloy anges is ASME/ANSI B16.24 150lb and 300lb rating.
They are dimensionally the same as ASME/ANSI B16.5 except they are FLAT FACE.
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SECTION 3
PUMP INSTALLATION
Fixed pumps must be securely anchored to rm foundations. Pumps must be
accurately levelled with shafts, coupling faces and ange faces truly horizontal
or vertical (as appropriate). The pump and driver shafts should be truly in
line in all senses and checks and requisite adjustments should be made by
means of wedges and shims both in initial setting-up and after grouting in and
tightening down.
Foreign matter must be prevented from ingress to liquid openings, bearings,
etc., and external pipe-bores ensured clean before connecting. Pipework
must be brought up to pump orices, and independently supported, so as
not to impose any weight or strain on the pump when connected. Make sure
at all stages that the pump will turn freely. For fuller particulars see specic
instructions as supplied with pumps.
SECTION 4
PUMP OPERATION
SPPs Field service engineers can provide a full commissioning service for a
wide range of pumps. Contact your local SPP ofce for details
Check all guards are ftted correctly before starting the pump
Make sure pump will turn freely
Check driver and pump rotations agree, with driver uncoupled
Make sure bearings are adequately charged with clean lubricant
Check stuffng boxes are packed and correctly adjusted
Make sure any external lubricating, cooling, sealing, etc., services and
connections are turned on and operative
Make sure pump is effectively primed before starting up
Check that pump runs without undue overheating, noise or vibration:
otherwise refer to detailed operating instructions for possible defects and
rectify accordingly
On no account must a pump be allowed to continue running unprimed, or
with a closed discharge valve
On no account should a pump be regulated by closing a valve on the
suction side
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Potential Fault or Defect:
No liquid delivered.
Insufcient liquid delivered.
Liquid delivered at low pressure.
Loss of liquid after starting.
Excessive vibration.
Motor runs hotter than normal.
PROBABLE CAUSES
Pump not primed.
Speed too low.
Speed too high.
Air leak in suction pipework.
Air leak in mechanical seal.
Air or gas in liquid.
Discharge head too high (above rating).
Suction lift too high.
Not enough head for hot liquid.
Inlet pipe not submerged enough.
Viscosity of liquid greater than rating.
Liquid density higher than rating.
Insufcient nett inlet head.
Impeller blocked.
Wrong direction of rotation.
Excessive impeller clearance.
Damaged impeller.
Rotor binding.
Defects in motor.
Voltage and/or frequency lower than rating.
Lubricating grease or dirty oil or contaminated.
Foundation not rigid.
Misalignment of pump and driver.
Bearing worn.
Rotor out of balance.
Shaft bent.
Impeller too small.
SECTION 5
Excessive noise from pump cavitation.
Pump bearings run hotter than normal.
FAULTS AND REMEDIAL ACTION
SPPs service division can carry out fault identication and rectication on a wide range of pumps.
Contact your local SPP ofce for details
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CAUSE REMEDIAL ACTION
Pump not primed. Fill pump and suction pipe completely with uid.
Speed too low.
Check that the motor is correctly connected and receiving the full supply
voltage also conrm that the supply frequency is correct.
Speed too high. Check the motor voltage.
Air leak in suction pipework. Check each ange for suction draught, rectify as necessary.
Air leak in mechanical seal.
Check all joints, plugs and ushing lines, if tted. Note that prolonged
running with air in the mechanical seal will result in damage and failure
of the seal.
Air or gas in liquid.
It may be possible to increase the pump performance to provide
adequate pumping.
Discharge head too high (above
rating).
Check that valves are fully open and for pipe friction losses. An increase
in pipe diameter may reduce the discharge pressure.
Suction lift too high.
Check for obstruction of pump inlet and for inlet pipe friction losses.
Measure the static lift, if above rating, raise the liquid level or lower
the pump.
Not enough head for hot liquid. Reduce the positive suction head by raising the liquid level.
Inlet pipe not submerged
enough.
If the pump inlet cannot be lowered, provide a bafe to smother the inlet
vortex and prevent air entering with the liquid.
Viscosity of liquid greater than
rating.
Refer to SPP Pumps Ltd for guidance to increase the size or power of
the motor or engine.
Liquid density higher than
rating.
Refer to SPP Pumps Ltd for guidance to increase the size or power of
the motor or engine.
Insufcient nett inlet head.
Increase the positive suction head by lowering the pump or raising the
liquid level.
Impeller blocked. Dismantle the pump and clean the impeller.
Wrong direction of rotation. Check driver rotation with the direction arrow on the pump casing.
Excessive impeller clearance. Replace the impeller when clearance exceeds the maximum adjustment.
Rotor binding. Check for shaft deection, check and replace bearings if necessary.
Defects in motor.
Ensure that motor is adequately ventilated. Refer to manufacturers
instructions.
Voltage and/or frequency lower
than rating.
If voltage and frequency are lower than the motor rating, arrange for
provision of correct supply.
Lubricating grease or oil dirty
or contaminated.
Dismantle the pump, clean the bearings, reassemble the pump and ll
with new grease or oil.
Foundation not rigid.
Ensure that the foundation bolts are tight, check that foundations match
SPP Pumps Ltd recommendations.
Misalignment of pump and
driver.
Realign the pump and driver as specied.
Bearings worn.
Remove the bearings, clean and inspect for damage and wear, replace
as necessary.
Rotor out of balance. Check impeller for damage, replace as necessary.
Shaft bent. Check shaft run-out and replace if necessary.
Impeller too small. Refer to SPP Pumps Ltd for options to t a larger impeller.
SPPs service division can carry out fault identication and rectication on a wide range of pumps.
Contact your local SPP ofce for details
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SECTION 6
VIBRATION TOLERANCE
In every pump there are dynamic forces of hydraulic or mechanical origin that
will inevitably lead to a certain level of vibration. To maintain the integrity of
the pump unit and associated equipment the level of vibration must be kept
within certain limits.
Acceptance Criteria
The following table denes the maximum allowable level of vibration
measured in mm/s RMS overall velocity during a factory acceptance test.
It should be noted that the factory acceptance test is not necessarily an
accurate representation of the vibration on site, when the unit is grouted in
with permanent pipe supports etc.
Pump Classes
Class 1 pumps will only include those that have been designed in full
accordance with A.P.I. 610, for use in critical applications. None of the
standard ranges of SPP fall into this class and pumps that meet it are only
available on an engineered to order basis.
Class 2 pumps will include all SPP general purpose industrial designs apart
from those specically identied as class 3 below.
Class 3 pumps shall include any pumps with less than three impeller vanes,
split case pumps of the through bore type and any unit driven by a diesel
engine of four or more cylinders. (Refer to SPP Engineering for units driven by
engines of three or less cylinders).
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Application / Class Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Continuous operation over the preferred
operating range
3.0 4.7 7.1
Continuous operation over the allowable
operating range
3.9 5.6 9.0
Intermittent operation over the allowable
operaing range
Not applicable 9.0 13.0
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Method
Vibration measurements will be made on the pump bearing housings, as close
as is practical to the bearing positions.
For each bearing position two measurements will be taken perpendicular to
the pump rotation axis. In addition an axial measurement will be taken at the
thrust bearing position.
The measurements will be of velocity, overall RMS values, in mm/s.
In order to reliably achieve the stated acceptance limits the pump must
be rigidly restrained, aligned to the driver within the coupling makers
recommendations, operating without cavitation or air entrainment. Pipe work
must be arranged to provide straight uniform ow into the pump and be
connected and anchored so as avoid strains and resonance.
SPPs eld service engineers can undertake vibration analysis. Contact your
local SPP ofce for details
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SECTION 7
CONDITION MONITORING
In order to minimise the ownership costs of capital
equipment, it is critical for the user to monitor and
maintain the equipment once installed. Failure to
do so will impact both on the mechanical integrity
and economic performance of the installed
equipment.
Early diagnosis of potential equipment failure
can result in considerable repair cost savings
and crucially a reduction in unplanned downtime.
Monitoring of pump energy consumption and
system efciency will bring visibility to pump
wear, operating efciency and highlight any
system irregularities. All of these factors will
help minimise energy consumption and reduce
operating costs.
The SPP condition monitoring systems can provide
this level of security by detecting, analysing and
evaluating key equipment performance. These
include the following:
Performance/Effciency degradation
Bearing vibration levels
Bearing element damage
Bearing operating temperatures
Driver alignment condition
Residual unbalance
Cavitation
The system provides considerable exibility in the display and use of
the diagnostic output. The options include web based user congurable
dashboard for live and trend data, automatic notication of alerts by text or
email and local download of data to PC for detailed evaluation.
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SECTION 8
FLOW ESTIMATION METHODS
Many pumping systems are tted with permanently installed owmeters
which enable a reasonably accurate measurement of system ow to be
obtained. Where permanent owmeters are not installed, it is often possible
to use external clamp-on meters, insertion meters or thermodynamic testing
equipment to determine system ow. However, it is not always practical to
use these devices either for nancial reasons or system layout constraints
and where this is the case, alternative indirect methods need to be used for
estimating system ow.
There are a number of methods available to enable an estimation of ow to be
made in the eld. Each of these methods requires some form of knowledge of
the system or the pump, and all have inherent inaccuracies of varying degrees.
However, in the absence of any more accurate ow measuring apparatus,
these can be the only alternatives available.
There are four main indirect methods of determining pump ow in the eld:
Pressure method
Power method
Drop test
Suction pressure measurement
The Pressure and Power methods require the use of the pump curve, whilst the
drop test requires sump geometry and level details.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
This is the more accurate and simplest of the four methods, requiring suction
and delivery pressure gauge readings, a copy of the pump performance curve
at the correct operational speed and knowledge of the impeller diameter.
Determine the differential head across the pump by subtracting the suction
head from the discharge head. Then use the pump performance curve to
obtain the pump ow at the measured head and impeller diameter.
For example, if the suction head is measured as 3m and the discharge head
as 63m, the pump differential head is 60m. Using the pump manufacturers
original test curve for the pump, the ow can be estimated as 150 l/s.
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Over time, a pumps Flow/Head curve will change as wear occurs within the
pump. Therefore, the accuracy of this method will tend to reduce as the pump
gets older. However, this will remain a more accurate method than the others
detailed below.
Where existing installed site gauges are used, it should be remembered that
their accuracy may be far from ideal.
Remember that the pump Q/H curve is based on differential head, normally
pumping water with an SG of 1. If the site liquid being pumped has an SG
other than 1, SG correction should be applied to the site pressure readings to
match the performance curve being used.
POWER MEASUREMENT
Power meters are rarely available on site, but amps (I) and volts (V) are
commonly displayed at the control panel. These readings can be used to
calculate power, although this also requires motor efciency and power factor
data - which will need to be estimated if motor manufacturers information is
not available.
Power (kW) = (1.732 x I x V x eff x pf)/1000
Using this equation, the pump power can be calculated and from this, the ow
can be read off the pump curve.
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Reading across the power scale on the pump manufacturers curve, the ow at
this absorbed power can be obtained 150 l/s in this example.
As mentioned above, a pumps Flow/Head curve and efciency curve will
change as wear occurs within the pump. This will affect the pumps power
curve and therefore, as with the pressure measurement method, accuracy will
tend to reduce as the pump gets older.
It should also be remembered that the installed instruments from which
readings are taken may themselves be inaccurate, as it is unlikely that they
will not have been calibrated to any signicant accuracy since their original
installation.
As an alternative to the above calculation, taking a simple current ratio (actual
current/full load current) and applying it to the motor rated power can give
a reasonable estimation of the motor output power. In the above example,
assuming a 132kW motor with a full load current of 230A, this method would
result in a duty power of (165/230)*132 = 95kW, and a resultant ow of around
135 l/s.
For example, if the
current is read as 165A,
the voltage as 400V and
motor efciency and pf
from manufacturers
data are 95% and
0.92 respectively,
the calculated power
becomes:
Power = (1.732 x 400 x
165 x 0.95 x 0.92)/1000
= 100kW
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Although the power method can be used very effectively in situations where
a quick approximate on site estimate is required, it should not be applied to
high specic speed pumps such as vertical turbine or mixed ow pumps,
whose power curves can follow signicantly different rules.
DROP TEST
This is the least accurate method, and requires knowledge of sump
dimensions and levels. It is often used on sewage pump installations, where
sump emptying occurs over a relatively short period of time.
In this method, the time taken for a pump to lower the sump level over a
known depth is recorded. The volume of liquid pumped is then calculated
based on the sump level change and the sump area, and is divided by the
time taken to arrive at a volume ow rate.
For example, if a sump has dimensions of 4m x 3m, and the level is reduced
by 1m over a time period of 10 minutes, the average pump ow is
(4 x 3 x 1)/10 = 1.2 m
3
/min, or 72 m
3
/h
This method has a number of inherent inaccuracies:
During the drop test, it is likely that fow will continue to enter the sump.
This will affect the result the extent of the effect will depend upon the
rate of inow in proportion to the outow.
The sump may not have a uniform section, making volume calculation
less accurate.
As the level is lowered, the total head on the pump changes which
will affect the pump output. Any resultant calculation will only give an
average ow over the range of heads.
Measurement of pumped depth may be diffcult if there is no installed
measuring equipment.
SUCTION PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
In most pumping stations, it is possible to obtain a pressure reading on the
suction side of the pumps. The velocity and friction head components of this
reading can be used to estimate the ow. To use this method, it is necessary
to know the pressure drop on the pump suction (static suction pressure -
operational suction pressure), the type and number of pipe ttings up to
the pressure measurement point and ttings diameter. An estimation of the
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ttings friction (K) factor is also required.
Convert the suction pressure drop (P in kPA) into a head drop (Zd in meters)
using the equation:
Zd = P x 0.102
sg
(note that this Zd calculation will change depending on your site measured units)
Obtain a total K factor for the suction ttings up to the measurement point.
Assuming there are no signicant straight pipe losses in the suction, the
following equation can then be used to determine the ow velocity:
Zd = V
2
x (1+K)
2g
Once the velocity is known, the ow rate can be calculated using the suction
diameter. This method can be adapted to suit a wide variety of suction and pump
conguration and the available locations for pressure measurement.
Although there are potential inaccuracies in determining K factors and internal
diameters, careful use of this method can allow the velocity to be estimated to
within a few percent.
CONCLUSION
There is no single simple and accurate method of determining ow in systems
where installed meters are not present, or where the use of alternative
temporary ow metering equipment cannot be tted. Instead there are a number
of methods that can be utilised to obtain an approximate pumping rate, which in
many cases may be sufcient for the purposes required.
All these methods have limitations and inherent inaccuracies. Where these
methods need to be employed, it is worthwhile applying at least two methods to
get comparative results.
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SECTION 9
APPLICATION DOS AND DONTS
Suction & Delivery Piping
Ensure that bolt grouting or chemical anchors are allowed to dry thoroughly
before connecting any pipework.
Note that re pumpsets have regulatory requirements for piping and these
must be strictly observed. Refer to the appropriate standard for details.
Both suction and discharge piping should be supported independently and
close to the pump so that no strain is transmitted to the pump when the
ange bolts are tightened. Use pipe hangers or other supports at intervals
necessary to provide support. When expansion joints are used in the piping
system, they must be installed beyond the piping supports closest to the
pump.
Install piping as straight as possible, avoiding unnecessary bends. Where
necessary, use 45 or long sweep 90 bends to decrease friction losses.
Eccentric Reducer on a Split Case
Pump
Typical End Suction Pump Piping
Installation
37 Contents
Make sure that all piping joints are airtight. Where reducers are used, eccentric
or at top reducers are to be tted in suction lines and concentric or straight
taper reducers in discharge lines. The length of eccentric reducers should be
about four times the pump suction diameter. Undulations in the pipe runs are
also to be avoided. Failure to comply with this may cause the formation of air
pockets in the pipework and thus prevent the correct operation of the pump
and measuring equipment.
The suction pipe should be as short and direct as possible, and should be
ushed clean before connecting to the pump. For suction lift applications, it is
advisable to use a foot valve. Horizontal suction lines must have a gradual rise
to the pump. If the pumped uid is likely to contain foreign matter then a lter
or coarse strainer should be tted to prevent ingress to the pump.
The discharge pipe is usually preceded by a non-return valve or check valve
and a discharge gate valve. The check valve is to maintain system pressure in
case of stoppage or failure of the driver. The discharge valve is used to prevent
back ow when shutting down the pump for maintenance.
COUPLING ALIGNMENT
Periodical checks of shaft alignments should be undertaken and if necessary
adjusted accordingly. In order to maintain the warranty status of your SPP
pump it is recommended to take out an SPP preventative maintenance
contract. SPPs eld service engineers have extensive experience in pump and
coupling alignment. Refer to the pump and coupling
instruction manuals for details of shaft alignment
procedures and tolerances or proceed generally thus:
a) Lateral Alignment
Mount a dial gauge on the motor shaft or coupling
with the gauge running on the outer-machined
diameter of the pump coupling. Turn the motor shaft
and note the total indicator reading.
b) Angular Alignment
Mount a dial gauge on the motor shaft or coupling
to run on a face of the pump coupling as near to the
outside diameter as possible. Turn the motor shaft and note the total indicator
reading at top & bottom and each side.
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c) Conrm Lateral Alignment
Mount the dial gauge on the pump shaft or
coupling with the gauge running on the machined
outer diameter of the motor coupling. Turn the
pump shaft and note the total indicator reading.
d) Adjustment
The motor must be shimmed and re-positioned to align the shafts to the
coupling manufacturers specications.
Note:
Shaft alignment must be checked again after the nal positioning of the pump
unit and connection to pipework as this may have disturbed the pump or
driver mounting positions.
ENGINE DRIVEN PUMPS
Air is required for combustion and cooling purposes, with air and radiator
cooled engines in particular needing large volumes of air for cooling. Inlet
and outlet apertures, suitably sized and positioned to prevent air recirculation,
must be provided in the pump house structure. It is recommended that a low
level vent be matched by a high level vent in the opposite wall.
Exhaust runs should be as short as possible. Small bore pipe and/or excessive
length will cause backpressure on the engine, reducing engine performance
and therefore pump output.
Engine driven re pumps should not be left unattended whilst undertaking
weekly test runs. The run-to-crash design of re pump engines makes it
essential to that they are commissioned by experienced personnel to avoid
permanent damage. SPP offers xed price re pump commissioning services
PRE-COMMISSIONING CHECK
If SPP Pumps Ltd is contracted to carry out the commissioning, the following
check list shows items to be completed before the commissioning engineer
arrives.
SPP COMMISSIONING SERVICES
SPP use qualied engineers to maintain approved systems, warranty and
approved parts.
Contents 39
CHECK LIST
1 Installation:
Mounting plinths comply with instructions for size, construction
and location
The baseplate has been accurately levelled and adequately supported.
This prevents distortion and makes achievable the nal shaft alignment
to within manufacturers specication
The fxing bolts are grouted as instructed and tightened to the
required torque
The shaft alignment has been checked and set to within the stated
tolerances.
2 Suction and delivery pipework is adequately supported and NEGLIGIBLE
forces are transmitted to the pump casing.
3 Where applicable, all drain, minimum ow, and test pipelines are tted,
together with valves gauges and ow meters.
4 The diesel engine exhaust has been tted in line with recommendations.
5 The engine fuel tank is lled with sufcient fuel.
6 Batteries are lled and charged in accordance with the manufacturers
instructions.
7 All wiring to controls and to remote alarm panels is completed in line with
appropriate regulations & power supplies are connected.
8 The area is clear of all builders material and rubbish to allow access to
the pumps.
40 Contents
HYDRAULIC DESIGN DATA
40
41 Contents
SECTION 10
PRESSURE (bar) VS HEAD (m OF WATER)
b
a
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0
0
.
1
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2
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.
3
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.
4
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8
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3
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6
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3
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3
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6
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9
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9
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8
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8
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8
9
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1
9
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9
3
1
0
0
.
9
5
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
1
0
0
b
a
r
1
0
1
.
9
7
2
0
3
.
9
4
3
0
5
.
9
1
4
0
7
.
8
8
5
0
9
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8
5
6
1
1
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8
2
7
1
3
.
7
9
8
1
5
.
7
6
9
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1
9
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m
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s
42 Contents
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EXAMPLE
Find the metres head of water (1.0 s.g.) equivalent of 54.76 bar
From bottom two lines: 50.00 bar = 509.85m
Select 4 bar line in rst column and
read along to gure under 0.7 in
top line, hence:
4.70 bar = 47.93m
For 0.06 bar, read under 0.6 top line:
hence 6.12m dividing both gures by 10:
0.06 bar = 0.612m
Thus by addition 54.76 bar = 558.392m
Note:
For liquids with specic gravities differing from 1.0, answer must be divided by
actual specic gravity to obtain head in metres of liquid.
43 Contents
SECTION 11
CALCULATION OF HEAD FOR PUMP SELECTION
To fulll a pumping duty a pump must develop sufcient head and meet the
suction conditions. The total head of a system must take into account the
difference in liquid levels at inlet and outlet, friction in the pipes, surface
pressure (or in some cases vacuum) on inlet and outlet and the velocity of
the uid at discharge. The following diagram and example explains how to
calculate the system head taking all these factors into account.
hd = total discharge head
hsd = discharge static head
hpd = discharge surface pressure head
hfd = discharge friction head
hvd = discharge velocity head
System head = total discharge head -
total suction head
H = hd hs
The total discharge head is made from
four separate heads:
hd = hsd + hpd + hfd + hvd
44 Contents
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The total suction head consists of four separate heads
hs = hss + hps - hfs - hvs
hs = total suction head
hss = suction static head
hps = suction surface pressure head
hfs = suction friction head
hvs = suction velocity head
Example
Calculate the total head of the
following pump system.
The total friction through suction
pipes and ttings is equivalent
to 1m head and through delivery
pipes and ttings is equivalent to
10m head.
The header tank and discharge
pipe is open to atmosphere at sea
level.
The suction velocity head is 0.1m
and the discharge velocity head
is 0.5m
Pumped uid is cold clean water.
45 Contents
First we calculate the total delivery head, hsd and hss from the diagram we
can see that the discharge static head is 40m and the suction static head is
5m hpd
millimeters of mercury x = meters of liquid
pressure at sea level is approx. 760mm Hg, specic gravity of cold clean water
is 1, so 760 x 0.014/1 = 10.6m
so hpd is 10.6m, the header tank is also open to atmosphere so hps is also
10.6m
hd = hsd + hpd + hfd + hvd
= 40 + 10.6 + 10 + 0.5
= 61.1 m
hs = hss + hps - hfs - hvs
= 5 + 10.6 - 1 - 0.1
= 14.5 m
Total system head H = hd hs
= 61.1 14.5
= 46.6 m
Note:
Gauge readings need correcting for height of gauge mounting. For this purpose
it is important that pressure gauges should be full of liquid. Where a vacuum
gauge is used for a suction lift, the gauge pipe should be left empty and
correction made from the point of connection, not from the gauge itself.
0.014
specic gravity
46 Contents
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AUTOPRIME PUMPING TERMS
Head
Total Head from all Causes is the combination of both Total Suction Head
and Total Discharge Head.
When static heights are kept to a minimum and pipework of the correct size
for the pump is used, performance will be maintained and running costs
minimised.
Suction head will be affected by changes in liquid viscosity and specic
gravity and in the vapour pressure resulting from increased liquid
temperature.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
NPSHr: minimum liquid head (pressure) required by the pump at the impeller
to pump the liquid, this is determined by the pump design. NPSHa: minimum
liquid head (pressure) available from the atmosphere to deliver the liquid to
the impeller for pumping.
Example:
NPSHa (Available) 10.5 m
less Static Lift 3.0 m
Friction & Vapour Loss 1.5 m
NPSHr (Required) 2.0 m
Therefore leaving for Suction Lift 4.0 m
47 Contents
TYPICAL SUCTION LIFT CONFIGURATION
AUTOPRIME
TOTAL
HEAD
FROM
ALL
CAUSES
Total
Discharge
Head
Discharge
Hose
Friction
Static
Delivery
Head
Static
Suction
Lift
Suction
Hose
Friction
48 Contents
SECTION 12
FRICTION LOSS FOR WATER (m/100m) IN SMOOTH AND NEW
UNCOATED STEEL PIPES (HAZEN-WILLIAMS FORMULA, C=140)
NB Figures assume actual bores exactly equal to nominal bores. See following
notes regarding corrections for actual bores of commercial pipes differing from
nominal bores.
l/s Bore
20(3/4) 25(1)
0.1 0.83 0.28 32(1 3/4) - -
0.2 3.0 1.0 0.30 40(1 1/2) -
0.5 16.4 5.5 1.66 0.56 50(2)
1 65(2) 20.0 6.0 2.0 0.68
1.5 0.4 80(3) 12.7 4.3 1.45
2 0.68 0.25 21.6 7.3 2.5
3 1.45 0.53 100(4) 15.5 5.2
4 2.5 0.90 0.30 26.4 8.9
5 3.8 1.36 0.46 125(5) 13.4
6 5.2 1.9 0.64 0.22 18.8
7 6.9 2.5 0.84 0.29 150(6)
8 8.9 3.2 1.10 0.37 0.15
9 11.1 4.0 1.36 0.46 0.19
10 13.4 4.9 1.66 0.55 0.23
12 175(7) 6.9 2.3 0.78 0.32
14 0.20 9.1 3.1 1.04 0.43
16 0.26 11.7 4.0 1.33 0.55
18 0.32 200(8) 4.9 1.65 0.68
20 0.39 0.20 6.0 2.0 0.83
25 0.59 0.31 9.0 3.0 1.25
30 0.83 0.43 225(9) 4.3 1.76
35 1.10 0.58 0.32 5.7 2.3
40 1.41 0.74 0.42 7.3 3.0
45 1.76 0.92 0.52 250(10) 3.7
50 2.1 1.11 0.63 0.38 4.5
60 3.0 1.56 0.88 0.53 6.3
70 4.0 2.1 1.17 0.70 300(12)
80 5.1 2.7 1.50 0.90 0.37
90 6.3 3.3 1.87 1.12 0.46
100 4.0 2.3 1.36 0.56
120 5.6 3.2 1.90 0.78
140 7.5 4.2 2.5 1.04
160 5.4 3.2 1.33
180 6.7 4.0 1.65
200 8.2 4.9 2.0
Nominal and actual bores of pipes in mm width with nominal inch equivalents.
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49 Contents
For other types of pipe, multiply foregoing gures as below, for pipes in smooth
and new condition.
Galvanised iron 1.33
Uncoated cast iron 1.23
Coated cast iron, wrought iron, coated steel 1.07
Coated spun iron 1.04
Smooth pipe (lead, brass, copper, stainless steel, glass, plastic) 0.88
Friction losses are affected to an even greater degree by deviations of actual
bore from the standard dimensions represented in the foregoing table.
To correct for actual bore, multiply also by
(D/d)
4.87

Where D = Standard (nominal) bore.
d = Actual internal diameter.
Multiplying factors for grey iron pipes to BS 4622 (both sand mould cast and
spun): ductile iron pipes to BS 4772: and uPVC pipes to BS 3505 taking into
account the corrections both for type of pipe and for actual bore, are as follows
on the next page.
50 Contents
N
o
m
i
n
a
l

b
o
r
e

m
m
2
0
2
5
3
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51 Contents
SECTION 13
RESISTANCE IN FITTINGS
As in straight pipe, having length of following multiples of pipe diameter:
Flush sharp-edged entry 22
Slightly rounded entry 11
Flush bellmouth entry 4
Sharp entry projecting into liquid 36
Bellmouth entry projecting into liquid 9
Footvalve with strainer 113
Round elbow 45
Short radius bend 34
Medium radius bend 18
Close return bend 100
Tee: straight through 11
side outlet, sharp angled 54
side outlet, radiused (swept tee) 22
Branch piece, straight through 7
Branch piece, ow to branch 45
Branch piece, ow from branch 22
Sluice (gate) valve 7
Reux (back pressure, non-return) valve 45
Angle valve 225
Globe valve 450
Bellmouth outlet 9
Sudden enlargement 45
Taper, divergence angle above 60 45
Taper, divergence angle 15 - 60 22
Taper increaser or reduced with less than 15 divergence angle: Equivalent to pipe of mean
diameter.
Flap 0.06m Head
Note:
Multiplying factor for type and class of pipe to be applied to above equivalent
lengths for pipe ttings (elbows, bends, tees etc) but not to those for valves.
52 Contents
SECTION 14
QUANTITIES PASSED BY PIPES AT DIFFERENT VELOCITIES
SECTION 15
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM FLOW THROUGH VALVES (l/s)
Actual bore of pipe, mm
Velocity
of ow,
m/s
50 80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300
l/s
1 1.96 5.03 7.85 12.27 17.67 24.1 31.4 39.7 49.1 70.7
1.5 2.95 7.54 11.78 18.41 26.51 36.1 47.1 59.6 73.6 106.1
2 3.93 10.05 15.71 24.54 35.34 48.1 62.8 79.5 98.2 141.4
2.5 4.91 12.57 19.64 30.68 44.18 60.1 78.5 99.4 122.7 176.7
3 5.89 15.08 23.56 36.82 53.02 72.2 94.3 119.3 147.3 212.1
3.5 6.87 17.59 27.49 42.95 61.85 84.2 110 139.2 171.8 247.4
4 7.85 20.11 31.42 49.09 70.69 96.2 125.7 159.0 196.4 282.8
5 9.82 25.13 39.27 61.36 88.36 120.3 157.1 198.8 245.4 353.4
Size of Valve, mm 50 65 80 100 125 150 175 200 250 300
Foot valve with
strainer
2.2 4.0 6.0 12.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 55.0 90.0 130.0
Back pressure valve 3.0 5.0 8.0 15.0 25.0 37.5 50.0 70.0 110.0 160.0
Sluice valve 5.5 10.0 15.0 25.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 160.0 220.0
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53 Contents
SECTION 16
QUANTITIES OF WATER DISCHARGED BY ROUND SPRAY HOLES IN THIN
WALLED PIPES UNDER DIFFERENT PRESSURES
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
b
a
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)
H
e
a
d

(
m

w
a
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)
S
i
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e

o
f

h
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(
m
m
)
3
4
5
6
8
1
0
1
2
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/
s

p
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54 Contents
SECTION 17
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)
For a pump to full a particular duty it must rst be able to get the required
quantity in. For example, a pump may work satisfactorily when installed at a
given height above the liquid level on the suction side, but no longer do so if
it is placed higher, even though the total head remains unaltered in view of a
corresponding reduction in the height of lift on the delivery side.
The criteria for this is termed NPSH, which has two aspects, the NPSH the
installation and operating conditions provide (NPSH available) and the NPSH
needed to get stable ow into the pump impeller (NPSH required). The
installation conditions and pump selection must be reconciled so that the
NPSH required does not exceed the NPSH available.
Fluid not being sensibly cohesive, it cannot be towed. To be made to ow, it
must be pressed from behind. There must, therefore, be either an extraneous
pressure on the liquid and/or a head of the liquid itself, which is sufcient to
cover losses as far as the pump inlet and then overcome pump inlet losses
and create the requisite velocity into the impeller vanes.
The pressure available behind a liquid for creating movement is the absolute
pressure on the liquid free surface, less the liquids own pressure to move in
the opposite direction, i.e. to evaporate into the spaces above the free surface
this is called vapour pressure. The head available at the pump inlet for
getting the ow into the pump impeller is therefore:-
Absolute pressure on liquid free surface Ha
Plus height of liquid free surface above pump impeller + hs
Less liquid vapour pressure - hv
Less losses between liquid free surface and pump inlet - hl
(All expressed in metres head of the liquid).
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Note:
+hs becomes negative if the liquid free surface is below the pump impeller.
Care must be taken to state NPSH available taking all these factors into
account, even though in particular cases the two may equalise each other, e.g.
with a liquid at boiling point hv equals Ha and they thus cancel each other out.
Otherwise confusion may arise through statement of NPSH, which is plainly
inconsistent with the circumstances, e.g. a gure being quoted as NPSH when
head over suction hs is meant.
The velocity required at inlet to the impeller vanes is a function of ow
quantity, area at vane inlets and velocity induced by impeller rotation.
Consequently the NPSH required varies with pump type and size, and increases
with both capacity and speed.
To maintain NPSH required within given limits, the permissible speed reduces
approximately as the square root of capacity increases.
The increased vapour pressure of warm water often affects suction as
indicated by the following table.
Negative gures represent minimum requirement of head of liquid above
impeller eye.
Note:
The above gures are intentionally conservative in order to cover varying
suction capabilities of different pumps. Better values may be obtainable
especially when the normal capacity of the pump is above the output required,
but to allow investigation, full details should be submitted, and the possibility
of the temperature being underestimated should not be overlooked.
Temp of water
o
C 40 50 60 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Suction limit (m) 6.25 5.75 4.75 3.25 2.5 1.5 0.25 -1 -2 -3
56 Contents
SECTION 18
MAXIMUM SUCTION LIFT WITH BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AT
DIFFERENT ALTITUDES
SECTION 19
THERMOMETER SCALES
Temperature Conversion Formulae:-
o
F = (
o
C x 9/5) + 32
o
C = (
o
F 32) x 5/9
Comparison values in
o
F and
o
C Scales of temperature
Altitude (m)
Barometric pressure Equivalent
head of
water (m)
Practical
maximum suction
lift of pumps (m)
bar mm Hg
Sea level 1.013 760 10,33 6.5
500 0.954 716 9.73 6
1000 0.899 674 9.16 5.5
1500 0.846 634 8.62 5
2000 0.796 597 8.12 4.5
o
F
o
C
o
F
o
C
o
F
o
C
-40 -40 113 45 302 150
-31 -35 122 50 320 160
-22 -30 131 55 338 170
-4 -20 140 60 356 180
5 -15 149 65 374 190
14 -10 158 70 392 200
23 -5 167 75 410 210
32 0 176 80 428 220
41 5 185 85 446 230
50 10 194 90 464 240
59 15 203 95 482 250
68 20 212 100 500 260
77 25 230 110 518 270
86 30 248 120 536 280
95 35 266 130 554 290
104 40 284 140 572 300
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SECTION 20
LIQUID VISCOSITY AND ITS EFFECTS ON PUMP PERFORMANCE
Viscosity is the property of reluctance of a liquid to ow, i.e. the opposite of
uidity.
It involves units of force, length and time and can be expressed as absolute
in regard to the internal forces in the liquid, or as kinematic relating these
forces to the liquid specic gravity. The most widely used unit of absolute
viscosity is the poise (100 centipoises). However, in all considerations of liquid
ow and pump performance the operative factor is the kinematic viscosity, the
corresponding unit being the stokes (100 centistokes).
Poises (centipoises)
stokes (centistokes) =
specic gravity
Common viscometers (Redwood, Saybold, Engler, etc) give readings having
arbitrary relationship to fundamental units. Conversion gures are given in the
schedule overleaf. These are approximate only as they may vary slightly with
temperature and other factors, and are not universally agreed on, but they are
sufciently accurate for the purposes under consideration.
The only values of interest to the pump engineer are kinematic viscosity at
actual pumping temperatures. Viscosities are frequently quoted at standard
reference temperatures, commonly 100F (37.8C) or 60C (140F). If either of
these does not correspond with the actual pumping temperature, the viscosity
at the latter must be obtained from product data or estimated from general
viscosity/temperature curves.
The performance of a centrifugal pump when handling a viscous liquid
depends not only on the viscosity of the liquid but also its relative size and
on whether the pump is of low or high specic speed design. The smaller the
required pumping duty, the lower the viscosity for which centrifugal pumps are
appropriate. For these reasons it is necessary that all enquiries for pumps to
handle viscous liquids should be submitted to the pump maker for individual
consideration.
58 Contents
In the last column of the schedule, indications have been given of the
approximate minimum practical size of centrifugal pump corresponding to
each viscosity. In general, for greater viscosities exceeding 25 stokes, pumps
of a positive displacement type should be used.
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APPROXIMATE VISCOSITY CONVERSION SCHEDULE
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60 Contents
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SECTION 21
TEST TOLERANCES AND DIFFERENT STANDARDS
API 610 9th Edition
The following tolerances shall apply: -
Test speed shall be within 3.0% of rated speed shown on pump data
sheet, at duty point.
Rated differential head at duty - 0m to 150m - 2% to 5%
151m to 300m - 2% to 3%
Over 300m - 2% to 2%
Rated differential head shutoff - 0m to 150m - 10%* to 10%
151m to 300m - 8%* to 8%
Over 300m - 5%* to 5%
Rated Power at duty - +4% (Cumulative tolerances are
not acceptable)
Rated NPSH at duty - +0%
Effciency is not a rating value.
Note:
= If a rising head ow curve is specied, the negative tolerance specied here
shall be allowed only if the test curve still shows a rising characteristic.
British Standards (Class C)
The following tolerances shall apply at duty ow rate: -
Rate of fow 3.5%
Pump Total head 3.5%
Pump Input power 3.5%
Pump Effciency 5.0%
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Hydraulic Institute Test Standards
In making tests under this standard no minus tolerance or margin shall be
allowed with respect to capacity, total head or efciency at the rated or
specied conditions.
The following tolerances shall apply:
At rated head +10% of rated capacity
OR
At rated capacity +5% of rated head under 500 feet
+3 % of rated head 500 feet and over
Conformity with only one of the above tolerances is required. It should be
noted that there might be an increase in horsepower at the rated condition
when complying to plus tolerances for head or capacity.
For a re pump the following tolerances from NFPA 20 shall also apply:
At 150% of rated capacity, head will range from minimum of 65% to
maximum of just below rated head.
Shutoff head will range from minimum of 101% to maximum of 140% of
rated head.
Exception
If available suction supplies do not permit the owing of 150% of rated
capacity, the re pump shall be operated at maximum allowable discharge
to determine if it is acceptable. This reduced capacity shall not constitute an
unacceptable test.
Contents 63
ISO 9906:2000 (grade 1) Table 10
Rate of fow 4.5 %
Pump Total head 3 %
Pump Effciency - 3 %
Speed of rotation 1 %
ISO 9906:2000 (grade 2) Table 10
Rate of fow 8 %
Pump Total head 5.5 %
Speed of rotation 1 %
ISO 9906:2000 (grade 2) Annex A.1 Pumps produced in series.
Rate of fow 9 %
Pump Total head 7 %
Pump Input Power + 9 %
Driver Input Power + 9 %
ISO 9906:2000 (grade 2) Annex A.2 Pumps with a driver power
input less than 10 kW
Rate of fow 10 %
Pump Total head 8 %

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Loss Prevention Council (LPC)
Rate of fow 0 %
Pump total head +5 %
Pump input power within duty rating and/or driver rating + 10%
Underwrites Laboratories (UL)
At rated head +10% of rated capacity
OR
At rated capacity +5% of rated head under 500 feet
At 150% of rated capacity, the pump will develop not less than 65% of
rated head.
The maximum net pressure for a fre pump shall not exceed 140% of rated
head.
Note:
No minus tolerance or margin shall be allowed with respect to capacity, total
head or efciency at the rated or specied conditions.
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VELOCITY HEAD
CORRECTION
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TABLES OF VELOCITY HEAD CORRECTION (BAR)
Flow (Litres/Minute)
Di Dd 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
50 80 0.305 0.369 0.440 0.516 0.598 0.687 0.782 0.882 0.989 1.102
65 80 0.071 0.086 0.102 0.120 0.139 0.160 0.182 0.206 0.231 0.257
80 100 0.032 0.039 0.047 0.055 0.064 0.073 0.083 0.094 0.105 0.117
80 150 0.051 0.061 0.073 0.085 0.099 0.114 0.129 0.146 0.164 0.182
100 125 0.013 0.016 0.019 0.022 0.026 0.030 0.034 0.038 0.043 0.048
100 150 0.018 0.022 0.026 0.031 0.035 0.041 0.046 0.052 0.059 0.065
100 200 0.021 0.026 0.030 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.054 0.061 0.068 0.076
100 250 0.022 0.027 0.032 0.037 0.043 0.049 0.056 0.063 0.071 0.079
125 150 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.017
125 200 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.018 0.020 0.023 0.025 0.028
125 250 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.015 0.017 0.019 0.022 0.025 0.028 0.031
150 175 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.007
150 200 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011
150 250 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.013 0.014
150 300 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.015
175 200 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004
200 225 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002
200 250 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003
200 300 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004
250 300 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
300 350 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
350 400 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Di - Smaller diameter (mm)
Dd - Larger diameter (mm)
Gauge pressure variations, where the ow is from :-
the smaller diameter to the larger diameter, then VAR. is POS(+) or,
the larger diameter to the smaller diameter, then VAR. is NEG(-)
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Di Dd 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900
50 80 1.2211 1.3463 1.4776 1.6149 1.7584 1.9080 2.0637 2.2255 2.3934 2.5674
65 80 0.2847 0.3138 0.3444 0.3765 0.4099 0.4448 0.4811 0.5188 0.5579 0.5985
80 100 0.1298 0.1431 0.1571 0.1717 0.1869 0.2028 0.2194 0.2366 0.2544 0.2729
80 150 0.2021 0.2228 0.2445 0.2673 0.2910 0.3158 0.3415 0.3683 0.3961 0.4249
100 125 0.0532 0.0586 0.0643 0.0703 0.0766 0.0831 0.0899 0.0969 0.1042 0.1118
100 150 0.0723 0.0797 0.0874 0.0956 0.1041 0.1129 0.1221 0.1317 0.1417 0.1520
100 200 0.0844 0.0931 0.1022 0.1117 0.1216 0.1319 0.1427 0.1539 0.1655 0.1775
100 250 0.0878 0.0968 0.1062 0.1161 0.1264 0.1371 0.1483 0.1599 0.1720 0.1845
125 150 0.0191 0.0211 0.0231 0.0253 0.0275 0.0298 0.0323 0.0348 0.0374 0.0402
125 200 0.0313 0.0345 0.0378 0.0413 0.0450 0.0488 0.0528 0.0570 0.0613 0.0657
125 250 0.0346 0.0381 0.0418 0.0457 0.0498 0.0540 0.0584 0.0630 0.0678 0.0727
150 175 0.0082 0.0090 0.0099 0.0108 0.0118 0.0128 0.0138 0.0149 0.0160 0.0172
150 200 0.0122 0.0134 0.0147 0.0161 0.0175 0.0190 0.0206 0.0222 0.0238 0.0256
150 250 0.0155 0.0171 0.0187 0.0205 0.0223 0.0242 0.0262 0.0282 0.0303 0.0326
150 300 0.0167 0.0184 0.0202 0.0221 0.0240 0.0261 0.0282 0.0304 0.0327 0.0351
175 200 0.0040 0.0044 0.0048 0.0053 0.0057 0.0062 0.0067 0.0072 0.0078 0.0084
200 225 0.0021 0.0023 0.0026 0.0028 0.0030 0.0033 0.0036 0.0039 0.0041 0.0044
200 250 0.0033 0.0037 0.0040 0.0044 0.0048 0.0052 0.0056 0.0061 0.0065 0.0070
200 300 0.0045 0.0050 0.0055 0.0060 0.0065 0.0071 0.0076 0.0082 0.0089 0.0095
250 300 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0016 0.0017 0.0019 0.0020 0.0022 0.0023 0.0025
300 350 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010 0.0011
350 400 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
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Di Dd 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900
50 80 2.7475 2.9338 3.1261 3.3245 3.5291 3.7397 3.9564 4.1793 4.4083 4.6433
65 80 0.6405 0.6839 0.7287 0.7750 0.8227 0.8718 0.9223 0.9742 1.0276 1.0824
80 100 0.2921 0.3119 0.3323 0.3534 0.3752 0.3976 0.4206 0.4443 0.4686 0.4936
80 150 0.4547 0.4855 0.5174 0.5502 0.5840 0.6189 0.6548 0.6917 0.7295 0.7684
100 125 0.1196 0.1277 0.1361 0.1448 0.1537 0.1628 0.1723 0.1820 0.1920 0.2022
100 150 0.1626 0.1736 0.1850 0.1968 0.2089 0.2213 0.2342 0.2474 0.2609 0.2748
100 200 0.1900 0.2029 0.2162 0.2299 0.2440 0.2586 0.2736 0.2890 0.3048 0.3211
100 250 0.1975 0.2108 0.2247 0.2389 0.2536 0.2688 0.2843 0.3003 0.3168 0.3337
125 150 0.0430 0.0459 0.0489 0.0520 0.0552 0.0585 0.0619 0.0654 0.0689 0.0726
125 200 0.0703 0.0751 0.0800 0.0851 0.0903 0.0957 0.1013 0.1070 0.1129 0.1189
125 250 0.0778 0.0831 0.0885 0.0942 0.0999 0.1059 0.1121 0.1184 0.1248 0.1315
150 175 0.0184 0.0197 0.0210 0.0223 0.0237 0.0251 0.0265 0.0280 0.0296 0.0311
150 200 0.0274 0.0292 0.0311 0.0331 0.0351 0.0372 0.0394 0.0416 0.0439 0.0462
150 250 0.0348 0.0372 0.0396 0.0422 0.0448 0.0474 0.0502 0.0530 0.0559 0.0589
150 300 0.0375 0.0401 0.0427 0.0454 0.0482 0.0511 0.0540 0.0571 0.0602 0.0634
175 200 0.0089 0.0095 0.0102 0.0108 0.0115 0.0122 0.0129 0.0136 0.0143 0.0151
200 225 0.0048 0.0051 0.0054 0.0058 0.0061 0.0065 0.0069 0.0072 0.0076 0.0080
200 250 0.0075 0.0080 0.0085 0.0090 0.0096 0.0102 0.0108 0.0114 0.0120 0.0126
200 300 0.0102 0.0109 0.0116 0.0123 0.0131 0.0138 0.0146 0.0155 0.0163 0.0172
250 300 0.0027 0.0029 0.0031 0.0032 0.0034 0.0037 0.0039 0.0041 0.0043 0.0045
300 350 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0015 0.0016 0.0017 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019
350 400 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009
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Di Dd 4000 4100 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 4700 4800 4900
50 80 4.8845 5.1318 5.3852 5.6447 5.9102 6.1820 6.4598 6.7437 7.0337 7.3298
65 80 1.1386 1.1963 1.2553 1.3158 1.3777 1.4411 1.5058 1.5720 1.6396 1.7086
80 100 0.5193 0.5456 0.5725 0.6001 0.6283 0.6572 0.6867 0.7169 0.7477 0.7792
80 150 0.8084 0.8493 0.8912 0.9342 0.9781 1.0231 1.0691 1.1160 1.1640 1.2130
100 125 0.2127 0.2235 0.2345 0.2458 0.2574 0.2692 0.2813 0.2936 0.3063 0.3192
100 150 0.2891 0.3037 0.3187 0.3341 0.3498 0.3659 0.3823 0.3991 0.4163 0.4338
100 200 0.3377 0.3548 0.3724 0.3903 0.4087 0.4274 0.4467 0.4663 0.4863 0.5068
100 250 0.3510 0.3688 0.3870 0.4057 0.4247 0.4443 0.4642 0.4846 0.5055 0.5268
125 150 0.0764 0.0803 0.0842 0.0883 0.0924 0.0967 0.1010 0.1055 0.1100 0.1146
125 200 0.1250 0.1314 0.1379 0.1445 0.1513 0.1583 0.1654 0.1726 0.1801 0.1876
125 250 0.1383 0.1453 0.1525 0.1599 0.1674 0.1751 0.1830 0.1910 0.1992 0.2076
150 175 0.0327 0.0344 0.0361 0.0378 0.0396 0.0414 0.0433 0.0452 0.0472 0.0491
150 200 0.0486 0.0511 0.0536 0.0562 0.0589 0.0616 0.0643 0.0672 0.0700 0.0730
150 250 0.0619 0.0651 0.0683 0.0716 0.0749 0.0784 0.0819 0.0855 0.0892 0.0929
150 300 0.0667 0.0701 0.0736 0.0771 0.0807 0.0844 0.0882 0.0921 0.0961 0.1001
175 200 0.0159 0.0167 0.0175 0.0184 0.0192 0.0201 0.0210 0.0219 0.0229 0.0239
200 225 0.0085 0.0089 0.0093 0.0098 0.0102 0.0107 0.0112 0.0117 0.0122 0.0127
200 250 0.0133 0.0140 0.0147 0.0154 0.0161 0.0168 0.0176 0.0184 0.0191 0.0199
200 300 0.0181 0.0190 0.0199 0.0209 0.0219 0.0229 0.0239 0.0249 0.0260 0.0271
250 300 0.0048 0.0050 0.0053 0.0055 0.0058 0.0060 0.0063 0.0066 0.0069 0.0072
300 350 0.0020 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0031
350 400 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015
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Di Dd 5000 5100 5200 5300 5400 5500 5600 5700 5800 5900
50 80 7.6320 7.9404 8.2548 8.5754 8.9020 9.2348 9.5736 9.9186 10.2697 10.6268
65 80 1.7791 1.8510 1.9243 1.9990 2.0751 2.1527 2.2317 2.3121 2.3940 2.4772
80 100 0.8114 0.8441 0.8776 0.9116 0.9464 0.9817 1.0178 1.0544 1.0918 1.1297
80 150 1.2631 1.3141 1.3661 1.4192 1.4732 1.5283 1.5844 1.6415 1.6996 1.7587
100 125 0.3323 0.3458 0.3595 0.3734 0.3876 0.4021 0.4169 0.4319 0.4472 0.4627
100 150 0.4517 0.4700 0.4886 0.5075 0.5269 0.5466 0.5666 0.5870 0.6078 0.6290
100 200 0.5277 0.5490 0.5708 0.5929 0.6155 0.6385 0.6620 0.6858 0.7101 0.7348
100 250 0.5485 0.5706 0.5932 0.6163 0.6398 0.6637 0.6880 0.7128 0.7380 0.7637
125 150 0.1194 0.1242 0.1291 0.1341 0.1392 0.1444 0.1497 0.1551 0.1606 0.1662
125 200 0.1954 0.2033 0.2113 0.2195 0.2279 0.2364 0.2451 0.2539 0.2629 0.2720
125 250 0.2162 0.2249 0.2338 0.2429 0.2521 0.2615 0.2711 0.2809 0.2909 0.3010
150 175 0.0512 0.0532 0.0553 0.0575 0.0597 0.0619 0.0642 0.0665 0.0689 0.0713
150 200 0.0760 0.0791 0.0822 0.0854 0.0887 0.0920 0.0953 0.0988 0.1023 0.1058
150 250 0.0968 0.1007 0.1047 0.1087 0.1129 0.1171 0.1214 0.1258 0.1302 0.1348
150 300 0.1042 0.1085 0.1127 0.1171 0.1216 0.1261 0.1308 0.1355 0.1403 0.1451
175 200 0.0248 0.0258 0.0269 0.0279 0.0290 0.0301 0.0312 0.0323 0.0334 0.0346
200 225 0.0132 0.0138 0.0143 0.0149 0.0154 0.0160 0.0166 0.0172 0.0178 0.0184
200 250 0.0208 0.0216 0.0225 0.0233 0.0242 0.0251 0.0261 0.0270 0.0279 0.0289
200 300 0.0282 0.0294 0.0305 0.0317 0.0329 0.0342 0.0354 0.0367 0.0380 0.0393
250 300 0.0075 0.0078 0.0081 0.0084 0.0087 0.0090 0.0094 0.0097 0.0100 0.0104
300 350 0.0032 0.0033 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0039 0.0040 0.0042 0.0043 0.0045
350 400 0.0016 0.0016 0.0017 0.0017 0.0018 0.0019 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0022
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Di Dd 6000 6100 6200 6300 6400 6500 6600 6700 6800 6900
50 80 10.9901 11.3595 11.7350 12.1166 12.5043 12.8981 13.2981 13.7041 14.1162 14.5345
65 80 2.5619 2.6480 2.7355 2.8245 2.9149 3.0067 3.0999 3.1946 3.2906 3.3881
80 100 1.1684 1.2076 1.2475 1.2881 1.3293 1.3712 1.4137 1.4569 1.5007 1.5451
80 150 1.8188 1.8799 1.9421 2.0052 2.0694 2.1346 2.2008 2.2680 2.3362 2.4054
100 125 0.4786 0.4946 0.5110 0.5276 0.5445 0.5616 0.5791 0.5967 0.6147 0.6329
100 150 0.6505 0.6723 0.6945 0.7171 0.7401 0.7634 0.7870 0.8111 0.8355 0.8602
100 200 0.7599 0.7854 0.8114 0.8378 0.8646 0.8918 0.9195 0.9476 0.9761 1.0050
100 250 0.7898 0.8164 0.8433 0.8708 0.8986 0.9269 0.9557 0.9849 1.0145 1.0445
125 150 0.1719 0.1777 0.1835 0.1895 0.1956 0.2017 0.2080 0.2143 0.2208 0.2273
125 200 0.2813 0.2908 0.3004 0.3102 0.3201 0.3302 0.3404 0.3508 0.3614 0.3721
125 250 0.3113 0.3217 0.3324 0.3432 0.3541 0.3653 0.3766 0.3881 0.3998 0.4116
150 175 0.0737 0.0762 0.0787 0.0812 0.0838 0.0865 0.0892 0.0919 0.0946 0.0975
150 200 0.1095 0.1131 0.1169 0.1207 0.1245 0.1285 0.1324 0.1365 0.1406 0.1447
150 250 0.1394 0.1440 0.1488 0.1536 0.1586 0.1636 0.1686 0.1738 0.1790 0.1843
150 300 0.1501 0.1551 0.1603 0.1655 0.1708 0.1762 0.1816 0.1872 0.1928 0.1985
175 200 0.0358 0.0370 0.0382 0.0394 0.0407 0.0420 0.0433 0.0446 0.0459 0.0473
200 225 0.0190 0.0197 0.0203 0.0210 0.0217 0.0223 0.0230 0.0237 0.0244 0.0252
200 250 0.0299 0.0309 0.0319 0.0330 0.0340 0.0351 0.0362 0.0373 0.0384 0.0396
200 300 0.0407 0.0420 0.0434 0.0448 0.0463 0.0477 0.0492 0.0507 0.0522 0.0538
250 300 0.0107 0.0111 0.0115 0.0118 0.0122 0.0126 0.0130 0.0134 0.0138 0.0142
300 350 0.0046 0.0048 0.0049 0.0051 0.0052 0.0054 0.0056 0.0057 0.0059 0.0061
350 400 0.0022 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0025 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0030
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Di Dd 7000 7100 7200 7300 7400 7500 7600 7700 7800 7900
50 80 14.9588 15.3892 15.8258 16.2685 16.7172 17.1721 17.6331 18.1001 18.5733 19.0526
65 80 3.4870 3.5874 3.6891 3.7923 3.8969 4.0030 4.1104 4.2193 4.3296 4.4413
80 100 1.5903 1.6360 1.6824 1.7295 1.7772 1.8256 1.8746 1.9242 1.9745 2.0255
80 150 2.4756 2.5468 2.6191 2.6923 2.7666 2.8419 2.9182 2.9955 3.0738 3.1531
100 125 0.6514 0.6701 0.6891 0.7084 0.7279 0.7477 0.7678 0.7882 0.8088 0.8296
100 150 0.8853 0.9108 0.9367 0.9629 0.9894 1.0163 1.0436 1.0713 1.0993 1.1276
100 200 1.0343 1.0641 1.0943 1.1249 1.1559 1.1874 1.2192 1.2515 1.2842 1.3174
100 250 1.0750 1.1060 1.1373 1.1691 1.2014 1.2341 1.2672 1.3008 1.3348 1.3692
125 150 0.2340 0.2407 0.2475 0.2545 0.2615 0.2686 0.2758 0.2831 0.2905 0.2980
125 200 0.3829 0.3940 0.4051 0.4165 0.4280 0.4396 0.4514 0.4634 0.4755 0.4877
125 250 0.4237 0.4358 0.4482 0.4607 0.4735 0.4863 0.4994 0.5126 0.5260 0.5396
150 175 0.1003 0.1032 0.1061 0.1091 0.1121 0.1151 0.1182 0.1214 0.1245 0.1277
150 200 0.1490 0.1533 0.1576 0.1620 0.1665 0.1710 0.1756 0.1803 0.1850 0.1897
150 250 0.1897 0.1951 0.2007 0.2063 0.2120 0.2178 0.2236 0.2295 0.2355 0.2416
150 300 0.2043 0.2102 0.2162 0.2222 0.2283 0.2345 0.2408 0.2472 0.2537 0.2602
175 200 0.0487 0.0501 0.0515 0.0529 0.0544 0.0559 0.0574 0.0589 0.0604 0.0620
200 225 0.0259 0.0267 0.0274 0.0282 0.0290 0.0297 0.0305 0.0313 0.0322 0.0330
200 250 0.0407 0.0419 0.0431 0.0443 0.0455 0.0467 0.0480 0.0493 0.0505 0.0519
200 300 0.0553 0.0569 0.0585 0.0602 0.0618 0.0635 0.0652 0.0670 0.0687 0.0705
250 300 0.0146 0.0150 0.0155 0.0159 0.0163 0.0168 0.0172 0.0177 0.0182 0.0186
300 350 0.0063 0.0064 0.0066 0.0068 0.0070 0.0072 0.0074 0.0076 0.0078 0.0080
350 400 0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039
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Di Dd 8000 8100 8200 8300 8400 8500 8600 8700 8800 8900
50 80 19.5380 20.0295 20.5271 21.0308 21.5407 22.0566 22.5786 23.1068 23.6410 24.1813
65 80 4.5545 4.6691 4.7851 4.9025 5.0213 5.1416 5.2633 5.3864 5.5109 5.6369
80 100 2.0771 2.1293 2.1822 2.2358 2.2900 2.3448 2.4003 2.4565 2.5133 2.5707
80 150 3.2334 3.3148 3.3971 3.4805 3.5649 3.6502 3.7366 3.8240 3.9125 4.0019
100 125 0.8508 0.8722 0.8938 0.9158 0.9380 0.9604 0.9832 1.0062 1.0294 1.0530
100 150 1.1564 1.1855 1.2149 1.2447 1.2749 1.3054 1.3363 1.3676 1.3992 1.4312
100 200 1.3509 1.3849 1.4193 1.4542 1.4894 1.5251 1.5612 1.5977 1.6346 1.6720
100 250 1.4041 1.4394 1.4752 1.5114 1.5480 1.5851 1.6226 1.6606 1.6990 1.7378
125 150 0.3056 0.3133 0.3211 0.3289 0.3369 0.3450 0.3532 0.3614 0.3698 0.3782
125 200 0.5002 0.5128 0.5255 0.5384 0.5514 0.5646 0.5780 0.5915 0.6052 0.6190
125 250 0.5533 0.5673 0.5814 0.5956 0.6101 0.6247 0.6395 0.6544 0.6695 0.6849
150 175 0.1310 0.1343 0.1376 0.1410 0.1444 0.1479 0.1514 0.1549 0.1585 0.1621
150 200 0.1946 0.1995 0.2044 0.2094 0.2145 0.2197 0.2249 0.2301 0.2354 0.2408
150 250 0.2478 0.2540 0.2603 0.2667 0.2731 0.2797 0.2863 0.2930 0.2998 0.3066
150 300 0.2669 0.2736 0.2804 0.2872 0.2942 0.3013 0.3084 0.3156 0.3229 0.3303
175 200 0.0636 0.0652 0.0668 0.0684 0.0701 0.0718 0.0735 0.0752 0.0769 0.0787
200 225 0.0338 0.0347 0.0356 0.0364 0.0373 0.0382 0.0391 0.0400 0.0409 0.0419
200 250 0.0532 0.0545 0.0559 0.0572 0.0586 0.0600 0.0614 0.0629 0.0643 0.0658
200 300 0.0723 0.0741 0.0759 0.0778 0.0797 0.0816 0.0835 0.0855 0.0874 0.0894
250 300 0.0191 0.0196 0.0201 0.0206 0.0211 0.0216 0.0221 0.0226 0.0231 0.0236
300 350 0.0082 0.0084 0.0086 0.0088 0.0090 0.0092 0.0095 0.0097 0.0099 0.0101
350 400 0.0040 0.0041 0.0042 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045 0.0046 0.0047 0.0048 0.0049
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Di Dd 9000 9100 9200 9300 9400 9500 9600 9700 9800 9900
50 80 24.7278 25.2804 25.8390 26.4038 26.9747 27.5517 28.1347 28.7239 29.3192 29.9206
65 80 5.7643 5.8931 6.0233 6.1550 6.2881 6.4226 6.5585 6.6958 6.8346 6.9748
80 100 2.6288 2.6875 2.7469 2.8070 2.8677 2.9290 2.9910 3.0536 3.1169 3.1808
80 150 4.0923 4.1838 4.2762 4.3697 4.4642 4.5597 4.6562 4.7537 4.8522 4.9517
100 125 1.0768 1.1008 1.1251 1.1497 1.1746 1.1997 1.2251 1.2508 1.2767 1.3029
100 150 1.4635 1.4962 1.5293 1.5627 1.5965 1.6307 1.6652 1.7000 1.7353 1.7709
100 200 1.7098 1.7480 1.7866 1.8257 1.8651 1.9050 1.9454 1.9861 2.0273 2.0688
100 250 1.7771 1.8168 1.8569 1.8975 1.9386 1.9800 2.0219 2.0643 2.1071 2.1503
125 150 0.3868 0.3954 0.4041 0.4130 0.4219 0.4309 0.4401 0.4493 0.4586 0.4680
125 200 0.6330 0.6472 0.6615 0.6759 0.6906 0.7053 0.7202 0.7353 0.7506 0.7660
125 250 0.7003 0.7160 0.7318 0.7478 0.7640 0.7803 0.7968 0.8135 0.8304 0.8474
150 175 0.1658 0.1695 0.1732 0.1770 0.1809 0.1847 0.1886 0.1926 0.1966 0.2006
150 200 0.2463 0.2518 0.2573 0.2630 0.2686 0.2744 0.2802 0.2861 0.2920 0.2980
150 250 0.3136 0.3206 0.3277 0.3348 0.3421 0.3494 0.3568 0.3642 0.3718 0.3794
150 300 0.3377 0.3453 0.3529 0.3606 0.3684 0.3763 0.3843 0.3923 0.4004 0.4087
175 200 0.0805 0.0823 0.0841 0.0859 0.0878 0.0897 0.0916 0.0935 0.0954 0.0974
200 225 0.0428 0.0438 0.0447 0.0457 0.0467 0.0477 0.0487 0.0497 0.0508 0.0518
200 250 0.0673 0.0688 0.0703 0.0719 0.0734 0.0750 0.0766 0.0782 0.0798 0.0814
200 300 0.0915 0.0935 0.0956 0.0977 0.0998 0.1019 0.1041 0.1063 0.1085 0.1107
250 300 0.0242 0.0247 0.0253 0.0258 0.0264 0.0269 0.0275 0.0281 0.0287 0.0292
300 350 0.0104 0.0106 0.0108 0.0111 0.0113 0.0115 0.0118 0.0120 0.0123 0.0125
350 400 0.0050 0.0051 0.0053 0.0054 0.0055 0.0056 0.0057 0.0058 0.0060 0.0061
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ELECTRICAL DESIGN DATA
76 Contents
SECTION 23
AVERAGE EFFICIENCIES AND POWER FACTORS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS
Note:
Power factors are of importance where the current is charged on a kVA
basis. The power factors of motors may be improved by the use of a suitable
condenser. To nd the output kw of motors when Current, Efciency and Power
Factor (PF) are known.
Direct Current
kW = volts x amps x eff %
1000 x 100
Alternating Current Single phase
kW = volts x amps x eff % x PF
1000 x 100
Efciency % Typical PF
kW 2 Pole 4 Pole 6 Pole Full load load load
0.75 77.4 79.6 79.6 0.75 0.69 0.56
1.1 79.6 81.4 78.1 0.77 0.71 0.59
1.5 81.3 82.8 79.8 0.77 0.71 0.59
3 84.5 85.5 83.3 0.82 0.77 0.67
5.5 87 87.7 86 0.82 0.77 0.67
7.5 81.1 88.7 87.2 0.84 0.8 0.71
11 89.4 89.8 88.7 0.84 0.8 0.71
18.5 90.9 91.2 90.4 0.84 0.8 0.71
22 91.3 91.6 90.9 0.84 0.8 0.71
30 92 93.2 91.7 0.84 0.8 0.71
37 92.5 92.7 92.2 0.86 0.83 0.75
45 92.9 93.1 92.7 0.86 0.83 0.75
55 93.2 93.5 93.1 0.86 0.83 0.75
75 93.8 94 93.7 0.86 0.83 0.75
90 94 94.2 94 0.86 0.83 0.75
110 94.3 94.5 94.3 0.86 0.83 0.75
132 94.6 94.7 94.6 0.87 0.84 0.76
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Three phase
kW = volts x amps x eff % x PF x 1.73
1000 x 100
Kilowatt consumption of any motor
= Output kW x 100
eff %
To nd amperes to be carried by cable connections to a motor when output
kW, Volts, Efciency and Power Factor (PF) are known.
Direct current
amps
= kW x 1000 x 100
volts x eff %
Alternating current
Single phase amps
= kW x 1000 x 100
volts x eff % x PF
Three phase, amps per phase
= kW x 1000 x 100
volts x eff % x PF x 1.73
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SECTION 24
APPROXIMATE FULL LOAD SPEEDS (RPM) OF ALTERNATING
CURRENT MOTORS
Frequency
kW No of poles 25 30 40 50 60
0.75
to
2.2
2 Pole 1430 1716 2288 2860 3432
4 Pole 720 864 1152 1440 1728
6 Pole 475 570 760 950 1140
3
to
7.5
2 Pole 1450 1740 2320 2900 3480
4 Pole 720 864 1152 1440 1728
6 Pole 480 576 768 960 1152
11
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22
2 Pole 1472.5 1767 2356 2945 3534
4 Pole 730 876 1168 1460 1752
6 Pole 485 582 776 970 1164
30
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2 Pole 1485 1782 2376 2970 3564
4 Pole 740 888 1184 1480 1776
6 Pole 495 594 792 990 1188
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SECTION 25
STARTING ALTERNATING CURRENT MOTORS
Squirrel Cage Motors
The above gures apply to Squirrel Cage motors of normal design and other
types are available namely:
High torque Squirrel Cage machines will give approximately twice the above
starting torques with unrestricted currents.
Low current Squirrel Cage machines restrict the current but give a lower
starting torque than the high torque machines. These two types can now be
used in many cases where slipring machines would have been necessary in
the past.
Slipring machines (2- and 3-phase). All slipring machines must be started
by means of a rotor resistance starter. A starting torque of full load torque is
obtainable with a starting current of approximately 1 full load current, this
usually being sanctioned by supply authorities for any size of motor.
Method of starting Starting torque
(approx) %
Full load torque
Starting current
(approx) %
Full load current
Direct
100% - 200% 350% - 700%
Star delta (3 phase)
33% - 66% 120% - 230%
Series parallel (2 phase)
25% - 50% 90% - 175%
Auto transformer
25% - 85% 90% - 300%
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81 Contents
WHOLE LIFE COST
82 Contents
SECTION 26
WHOLE LIFE COST PRINCIPLES AND PUMP DESIGN
Whole life cost can be broken down into a number of key components:
Initial Capital Cost
Operating/Energy Costs
Replacement/Wear Part Costs
Maintenance & Repair Costs
Disposal Costs.
Initial Capital Cost
Capital cost is the most visible cost and has historically been the primary
selection criterion for most items of capital equipment. Pump users are now
becoming increasingly aware of post installation costs and their impact on the
total cost of ownership. Lowest capital cost purchases rarely prove economic
in the longer term and given that the initial capital cost of a centrifugal pump,
inclusive of installation, typically equates to between 5%-20% of whole life
cost, placing more emphasis on post installation cost will clearly prove much
more economic.
Operating/Energy Costs
Energy costs can easily equate to as much as 90% of the whole life cost of a
pumping installation, dependant on installed power and equipment utilisation.
Analysis of operating costs, in terms of energy consumption, is relatively
straightforward, given that pump utilisation and demand proles are
understood and predictable. The wire to water efciency of existing or
proposed installations can be compared and the results projected over
the estimated lifetime of the installation. This should be a fundamental
component of any tender assessment process or existing asset review
procedure.
Less visible however, is an installations capacity to operate at or near
optimum efciency throughout its operational life. A degree of degradation
in hydraulic performance is inevitable with time. This degradation in
performance is primarily a result of wear and erosion of internal clearances.
Wear rings limit uid re-circulation between the high and low-pressure
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areas within a centrifugal pump. A combination of erosion from high velocity
uid passing between the wear ring surfaces and mechanical wear, resultant
from shaft deection, widens the clearances allowing an increase in internal
re-circulation. Signicantly, highlighting the importance of optimum pump
selection, this process will be accelerated if the pump operates at a duty point
less than 70% or more than 115% of best efciency ow. The resultant loss of
performance usually leads to the pump running for longer periods to deliver a
given quantity of uid.
Erosion of hydraulic proles and increases in the relative roughness of
surfaces in contact with the pumped uid, will also signicantly impact on
pump performance.
Replacement/Wear Part Costs
The replacement of major components within a pump, whether as a result
of wear, erosion or following a component failure is often a very signicant
contributor to whole life costs. A replacement rotating assembly will typically
equate to 70% of the costs of a replacement pump. It is not uncommon for all
components forming the rotating assembly to require replacement within the
lifetime of an installation. The selection of a conservatively engineered pump,
manufactured from high-grade materials should negate this, substantially
reducing maintenance costs and increasing the mean time between failure
and major service outages. Parts supplied by the original pump manufacturers
are likely to provide the highest levels of compatibility and will include any
reliability modications that have been developed since the original date of
manufacture. SPPs parts division provides a comprehensive section of spares
for SPP and Crane pumps. We can also provide a wide range of re-engineered
parts for other manufacturers pumps.
Maintenance & Repair Costs
The cost of regular monitoring and preventative maintenance is a necessary
component of an installations whole life cost and historical evidence shows
that regular maintenance is a lower cost option than unplanned emergency
repairs. When calculating the cost of maintenance, installation downtime and
resultant loss of productivity should be considered. Savings associated with
increased mean time between failure and service outages will offset any
higher initial capital costs incurred when installing a well-engineered pump,
designed for ease of maintenance. SPPs service division can provide a range
84 Contents
of eld and service centre based preventative maintenance programmes
to support our customers production and shut-down schedules. These can
vary between simple annual or biannual site based maintenance through to
planned pump and valve swap-out programmes to support maximum plant
uptime.
A well-engineered installation should be so designed as to offer good bearing
and seal life and facilitate all but a major overhaul in-situ, without recourse to
disturb either pipework or prime movers.
Disposal Costs
Disposal costs are relatively minor. Use of higher grade materials may
enhance recycling value but this is minimal in the pumps whole life cost and
is normally ignored.
FEATURES OF A LOW LIFE-CYCLE COST CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
The majority of pumps employed on utility type applications fall into one of
the following categories: Horizontal Split Casing, Vertical Suspended Bowl or
End Suction Pumps. Only the latter are regularly manufactured to recognised
international standards e.g. ISO 5199. The requirement for low life-cycle cost
pumps is generally applicable to pumps with branch sizes 150mm and above,
where power requirements are higher, so it is not usually relevant to the
majority of End Suction Pump applications.
The following key areas have been identied by pump end users and designers
in relation to low life-cycle cost applications.
Mechanical Design
A signicant change has taken place over the last decade in that the switch from
soft packed glands to mechanical seals for shaft sealing on utility applications is
near universal. The benets of this change however have not been fully realised,
as mechanical seal life is generally proportional to certain key aspects of pump
performance, not least shaft deection, vibration levels and seal chamber
design. The vast majority of utility pumps available today have their design roots
in the packed gland era. In many instances this is leading to premature bearing
and seal failures, as many pump shafts are quite simply too exible without the
support of numerous packing rings and neck bushes.
This is arguably the most signicant factor, inuencing the mean time between
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failures of utility pumps. Mechanical seals and bearings are intolerant of shaft
deection and residual unbalance. Therefore it is suggested that a pump
designed for low life-cycle cost would have a shorter span between bearings
and an increased shaft diameter when compared to a similar pump designed
in the packed gland era. Specically shafts should be so designed, as to limit
shaft deection at the limits of the operating range of say, 50% - 115% of best
efciency ow, to a maximum of 0.05mm at the seal faces. Bearings likewise
should be designed to provide a minimum L10 life of 50,000 hours at these
limits.
Hydraulic Design
With the aid of 3-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics, pump
manufacturers are now able to produce hydraulic designs that achieve
the theoretical maximum efciency for a given specic speed or impeller
geometry. The challenge is then to consistently replicate these designs in
material form. High quality manufacturing techniques and procedures are
therefore essential, particularly as pump casings and impellers (the most
dimensionally critical components of any centrifugal pump) tend to be
produced as castings. Only foundry techniques that ensure a high standard of
dimensional accuracy and surface nish should be employed in low life-cycle
cost pump production.
Efciency Degradation
The maximum benet of installing an energy efcient machine will only
be realised if performance levels can be maintained for long periods of
time between overhauls. Performance degradation is inevitable, however a
combination of good hydraulic and mechanical design can have a positive
impact in this area and prolong optimum efciency for much longer periods
of time.
Hydraulic design considerations are:
Maintenance of optimum clearances between the impeller outside
diameter and the volute cut-water, which will avoid vane pass cavitation.
Optimisation of impeller geometry with satisfactory suction specifc speed
values, this will limit internal re-circulation and facilitate a wide band of
operation (30%-115% of best efciency ow).
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Application of internal hydrophobic coating (low electronic affnity)
in order to reduce the relative surface roughness value of the pump
casing; thus maintaining the relative surface roughness values at a more
constant level, unlike that of a bare metal casing, which will oxidise once
put into service immediately impacting on hydraulic performance.
Mechanical design considerations
Minimisation of shaft defection will ensure no contact between impeller
eye ring and sealing/wear rings surfaces, thus maintaining as new
clearances for longer periods.
Often overlooked but highly important is wear ring design. A labyrinth
prole will help to provide a staged pressure drop across the wear ring,
rather than simply allowing high velocity uid to ow across wear ring
faces rapidly eroding internal clearances.
High-grade materials of construction for the pump impeller with good
erosion/corrosion properties will ensure that the relative roughness of
hydraulic surfaces remain reasonably smooth throughout.
PACKAGING THE PUMPSET
When packaging a low life-cycle cost pump with a suitable prime mover, it is
important to ensure that the same fundamental design principles be applied
to the prime mover, baseplate/mounting assembly.
The benets of a superior hydraulic design and rst class component quality
can easily be forfeited by coupling the highly efcient pump to a lower
efciency driver. Likewise bearing and seal design lives will not be realised if
the pump and driver are connected via a exible and inadequate baseplate or
mounting frame.
The mounting arrangement as well as being rigid should facilitate a high
degree of in-situ maintenance. Mechanical seals and bearings should be
accessible without recourse to disturb either driver alignment of connecting
pipework. This dictates the use of spacer type couplings, if drive end bearings
and seals are to be maintainable in-situ.
Only through the application of all these design and packaging principles will
the true benets of Low Life-cycle Cost pumping be realised by the end user.
87 Contents
ENERGY
88 Contents
SECTION 27
SPP ENERGY ENERGY SAVING SERVICES
Pumps are the single largest user of motive power in both industrial and
commercial applications in the UK, accounting for over 30% of total power
consumption within these sectors.
Pumps account for approximately 13% of the UKs total annual electrical
consumption (BPMA Data) and energy consumption during operation has been
identied as the most signicant impact of pumps on the environment.
In recent years, energy costs have become volatile with Oil, Gas and Coal
prices at record levels. With this in mind, SPP has identied the need to
operate pump systems more efciently, and can realistically offer reductions
in energy consumption and running costs by 30 to 50%.
Saving Costs, Saving Energy, Saving the Environment
It is estimated that over 11 million motors with a total capacity of 90 GW
are installed in UK industry which represents about 40% of the UKs total
electricity consumption. With pumps contributing nearly a third of this
consumption, there is considerable scope to reduce carbon emissions by
improving pump system efciency.
SPP Energy Division promotes the benets of auditing complete pump
systems and producing recommendations to minimise the energy
consumption of pumps and their associated systems. SPP Energy Division
can also if required supply many of the solutions capable of realising these
savings coupled with ongoing monitoring to validate such savings and sustain
them through the lifetime of the installation.
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Savings through innovation
Through the use of proven systems and techniques, SPP Energy offers a
complete energy saving solution for pumping systems that can be applied
equally to new projects and existing installations.
It is clear that pump systems are heavy users of energy, especially large
pumps that run continuously. Such pumps are generally oversized and
operating far from their best efciency points. They can suffer from poor pump
intake conditions and inefcient running regimes - all wasting considerable
amounts of energy. In order to save costs SPP Energy Division will undertake
site audits focused on complete pump systems, ultimately producing a detailed
report making recommendations for corrective action and clearly showing cost
savings, kW/Hr savings, payback time and CO
2
reduction.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
0
System Power - kW
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
Annual C0
2
Savings Per 1% Efficiency Improvement
C
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2

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k
g
C0
2
emissions 8277.5 kg C0
2
Savings per year
Energy Cost 0.43 kg C0
2
/kWh
Absorbed Power 220 kW
Hours run per year 8750 hrs
20000 miles family car
Round the world flight
0
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
Power absorbed - kW
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Annual Savings Per 1% Efficiency Improvement
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Energy Cost 7 p/kWh

Absorbed Power 220 kW
Hours run per year 8750 hrs
Saving per year 1,347.50
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Services offered by SPP Energy include:
a. Site Survey/Audit (including equipment and operating regime)
b. Analysis by accredited engineers with Report (which will include
recomendations for efciency improvements)
c. Solutions eg:
Upgrade/ refurbish/replace pumps
Training
Operational recommendations
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
System Modelling
d. Sustained improvements through Lowest Life Cycle cost
e. Monitoring and Review
Intrusive measurement (Thermodynamic)
Individual parameter measurement (Non intrusive - Ultrasonic)
Permanent or temporary installations
Pump and system performance log
f. Pump Systems Management Contracts.
SPP Energy Accreditation
The SPP Energy Team is certied and accredited in the use of Pump System
Analysis Testing (PSAT) working to globally recognised standards set by the
the American Department of Energy.
The team also operates within guidelines set by:
Government Legislation
BPMA
Carbon Trust
ISO BS EN etc
Insurance assessors such as Lloyds, Beauro Veritas,
LPC, CEMARS, Achillies etc.
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CONVERSION FACTORS
92 Contents
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0
0
6
1
=
i
n
3
f
t
3
x
2
8
.
3
2
=
l
i
t
x
0
.
0
3
5
3
=
f
t
3
f
t
3
x
0
.
0
2
8
3
2
=
m
3
x
3
5
.
3
1
=
f
t
3
g
a
l
s

(
I
m
p
)
x
4
.
5
4
6
=
l
i
t
x
0
.
2
2
0
0
=
g
a
l
s

(
I
m
p
)
g
a
l
s

(
I
m
p
)
x
0
.
0
0
4
5
4
6
=
m
3
x
2
2
0
=
g
a
l
s

(
I
m
p
)
g
a
l
s

(
U
S
)
x
3
.
7
8
5
=
l
i
t
x
0
.
2
6
4
2
=
g
a
l
s

(
U
S
)
g
a
l
s

(
U
S
)
x
0
.
0
0
3
7
8
5
=
m
3
x
2
6
4
.
2
=
g
a
l
s

(
U
S
)
a
c
r
e
-
i
n
c
h
e
s
x
1
.
0
2
8
=
h
a
-
c
m
x
0
.
9
7
3
=
a
c
r
e
-
i
n
c
h
e
s
h
a
-
c
m
x
1
0
0
=
m
3
x
0
.
0
1
=
h
a
-
c
m

x

1
0
0
0
0
0

=

l
i
t
b
b
l
s

(
o
i
l
)
x
1
5
9
=
l
i
t
x
0
.
0
0
6
3
=
b
b
l
s
b
b
l
s

(
o
i
l
)
x
0
.
1
5
9
=
m
3
x
6
.
2
9
7
=
b
b
l
s
l
b
s
x
0
.
4
5
3
6
=
k
g
x
2
.
2
0
4
6
=
l
b
s
l
o
n
g

t
o
n
n
e

(
I
m
p
)
x
1
0
1
6
=
k
g
x
0
.
0
0
0
9
8
4
=
t
o
n
n
e

(
m
e
t
r
i
c
)
g
a
l

/

m
i
n
x
0
.
2
7
2
7
=
m
3

/

h
x
3
.
6
6
7
=
g
a
l

/

m
i
n
SECTION 28
CONVERSION FACTORS
93 Contents
C
O
N
V
E
R
S
I
O
N

F
A
C
T
O
R
S
1
0
0
0

g
a
l
s

/

h
x
1
.
2
6
3
=
l

/

s
x
0
.
7
9
2
=
1
0
0
0

g
a
l
s

/

h
m
g
d
x
5
2
.
6
1
=
l

/

s
x
0
.
0
1
9
0
=
m
g
d
c
u
s
e
c
s
x
2
8
.
3
2
=
l

/

s
x
0
.
0
3
5
3
=
c
u
s
e
c
s
c
u
m
i
n
s
x
0
.
4
7
2
=
l

/

s
x
2
.
1
1
9
=
c
u
m
i
n
s
b
a
r
r
e
l
s

/

h

(
b
p
h
)
x
0
.
0
4
4
1
6
=
l

/

s
x
2
2
.
6
5
=
b
p
h
1
0
0
0

b
p
d
x
1
.
0
4
=
l

/

s
x
0
.
5
3
4
5
=
1
0
0
0

b
p
d
1
0
0
0

l
b

/

h
x
0
.
1
2
6
5
3

/

s
.
g
.
=
l

/

s
x
7
.
9
0
3

x

s
.
g
.
=
1
0
0
0

l
b

/

h
t
o
n
n
e
s

/

h
x
0
.
2
8
3
4

/

s
.
g
.
=
l

/

s
x
3
.
5
2
8

x

s
.
g
.
=
t
o
n
n
e
s

/

h
t
o
n
s

/

m
i
n
x
1
7
.
0
0

/

s
.
g
.
=
l

/

s
x
0
.
0
5
8
8

x

s
.
g
.
=
t
o
n
s

/

m
i
n
m
3

/

h
r
x
0
.
2
7
7
8
=
l

/

s
x
3
.
6
=
m
3

/

h
r
p
.
s
.
i
.
x
0
.
0
6
8
9
5
=
b
a
r
x
1
4
.
5
0
4
=
p
.
s
.
i
.
p
.
s
.
i
.
x
0
.
0
7
0
3
=
k
g

/

c
m
2
x
1
4
.
2
2
=
p
.
s
.
i
.
p
.
s
.
i
.
x
0
.
7
0
3

/

s
.
g
.
=
m
.
l
i
q
u
i
d
x
1
.
4
2
2

x

s
.
g
.
=
p
.
s
.
i
.
f
t

l
i
q
u
i
d

x
0
.
0
2
9
8
9

x

s
.
g
.
=
b
a
r
x
3
3
.
4
5
6

/

s
.
g
.
=
f
t

l
i
q
u
i
d

i
n
s

H
g
x
0
.
3
4
5
3
7

/

s
.
g
.
=
m
.
l
i
q
u
i
d
x
2
.
8
9
6

x

s
.
g
.
=
i
n
s

H
g
i
n
s

H
g
x
0
.
0
3
3
8
6
=
b
a
r
x
2
9
.
5
3
=
i
n
s

H
g
t
o
r
r
s

(
m
m

H
g
)
x
0
.
0
1
3
6

/

s
.
g
.
=
m
.
l
i
q
u
i
d
x
7
3
.
5
6

x

s
.
g
.
=
t
o
r
r
s
t
o
r
r
s

(
m
m

H
g
)
x
0
.
0
0
1
3
3
3
=
b
a
r
x
7
5
0
=
t
o
r
r
s
k
g

/

c
m
2
x
1
0

/

s
.
g
.
=
m
.
l
i
q
u
i
d
x
0
.
1
x

s
.
g
.
k
g

/

c
m
2
k
g

/

c
m
2
x
0
.
9
8
0
6
5
=
b
a
r
x
1
.
1
9
7
=
k
g

/

c
m
2
m

l
i
q
u
i
d
x
0
.
0
9
8
0
6
5

x

s
.
g
.
=
b
a
r
x
1
0
.
1
9
7

/

s
.
g
.
=
m

l
i
q
u
i
d
k
P
a
x
0
.
1
0
1
9
7

/

s
.
g
.
=
m
x
9
.
8
0
7

x

s
.
g
.
=
k
P
a
S
t
d

a
t
m
x
1
.
0
1
3
2
5
=
b
a
r
x
0
.
9
8
7
9
=
S
t
d

a
t
m
h
p
x
0
.
7
4
5
7
=
k
W
x
1
.
3
4
1
=
h
p
m
e
t
r
i
c

h
p

(
C
V
,

P
S
,

P
K
,

C
F
)
x
0
.
7
3
5
5
=
k
W
x
1
.
3
5
9
6
=
m
e
t
r
i
c

h
p
h
p
x
0
.
9
8
6
3
=
m
e
t
r
i
c

h
p

x
1
.
0
1
3
9
=
h
p
94 Contents
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA AND CONVERSION FACTORS
1 Imp gal = 10 lb cold fresh water = 1.2 US gal
1 US gal = 8.33 lb cold fresh water = 0.833 Imp gal
1 Cubic foot = 6.23 Imp gal = 62.3 lb cold fresh water = 64 lb cold sea
water
1 (long) ton = 2240 lbs = 224 Imp gal cold fresh water
1 (short) ton = 2000 lbs = 240 US gal cold fresh water
1 barrel (bbl) oil = 42 US gal = 35 Imp gal
1 acre-inch = 22610 Imp gal
1 dm
3
= 0.220 gals (Imp)
l / s = (m
3
/ h) /3.6
Gallons per minute
(gpm)
= gallons per hour / 60
= million gallons per day (mgd) / 694.4
Imperial gpm
= US gpm / 1.2
= cubic feet per second (cusecs) x 374
= cubic feet per minute (cumins) x 6.23
= lbs per hour / 600 / specic gravity
= tons per min x 224 / specic gravity
= tons per hour x 3.74 / specic gravity
= barrels (oil) per hour (bph) x 0.583
= 1000s barrels per day (bpd) x 24.3 x10-6
1 atmosphere
(British)
= 14.70 lbs / sq inch (psi) = 30 inches mercury (Hg) = 34
feet of water
Feet head
= psi x 2.31 / specic gravity
= ins Hg x 1.133 / specic gravity
= atmosphere (British) x 34 / specic gravity
1 Horsepower (hp) = 33000 ft lbs per minute = 550 ft lbs per second
Flow velocity v in
pipe v (ft / sec)
= 0.49 x gpm (Imp)
d
2
d = pipe actual bore in inches
95 Contents
Flow velocity v in pipe
v (m / s)
= 1273.2 x l / s
d
2
d = pipe actual bore in mm
Water horsepower (whp)
= Imp gpm x ft hd x s.g.
3300
= US gpm x ft hd x s.g.
3960
= lmp gpm x psi
1430
= Imp gal / hour x psi
85800
Mechanical hp = whp x 100
efciency %
uid hp
= l / s x m x s.g. = l / s x kg / cm
2
(metric) = l / s x m x s.g. = l / s x kg / cm
2
(British)
75 7.5 76 7.6
uid kW
= l / s x m x s.g. = l / s x kg / cm
2
= l / s x bar
101.97 10.197 10
Driver output kW
required
= uid kW x 100 / E% (pump efciency)
E (fraction) = uid kW E% = uid kW x 100
kW input to pump kW input to pump
C
O
N
V
E
R
S
I
O
N

F
A
C
T
O
R
S
96 Contents
SECTION 29
VACUUM TECHNICAL DATA
Pressure and vacuum units conversions. Air and saturated water steam
specic volumes. Water saturation temperature.
A
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
V
a
c
u
u
m
1000
1030
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
150
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
15
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
760
700
600
500
400
300
300
150
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
15
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1
mbar Torr Hg psia
30
14
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
25
20
15
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.5
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
Ata
1
1033
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.15
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
Hg %
0
5
10
15
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9
29.91
29.92
29.93
29.94
29.95
29.96
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
99.1
99.2
99.3
99.4
99.5
99.6
99.7
99.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
65
66 66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
73.5
74
74.5
75
75.5
75.6
75.7
75.8
75.9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
9.5
9.8
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.31
cmHg mH O m /kg m /kg C F
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.816
0.9
0.1
0.5
10
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
1.673
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
150
200
250
2
3 3
100 212
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40 40
32
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
D
r
y

a
i
r

v
o
l
u
m
e

o
f

1
k
g

a
t

1
5
C
S
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
d

w
a
t
e
r

s
t
e
a
m
v
o
l
u
m
e

o
f

1
k
g
W
a
t
e
r

s
a
t
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
97 Contents
P
R
O
D
U
C
T

A
P
P
L
I
C
A
T
I
O
N

C
H
A
R
T
S
SECTION 30
PRODUCT / APPLICATION CHARTS
P
u
m
p

T
y
p
e
S
P
P

M
o
d
e
l
D
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e

a
n
d

P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
C
o
n
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
l
y

S
p
l
i
t
H
y
d
r
o
s
t
r
e
a
m
1
5
0

m
m

t
o

7
0
0

m
m
.

O
u
t
p
u
t
s

t
o

2
5
0
0

l
/
s
.

H
e
a
d
s

u
p

t
o

2
7
5
m
.
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
,

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

O
p
e
n

S
h
a
f
t
,

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

D
i
r
e
c
t

M
o
u
n
t
e
d

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

M
o
t
o
r

o
r

H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

M
o
t
o
r

o
r

E
n
g
i
n
e

D
r
i
v
e
n
.

H
i

r
e
s
,

v
D
i
n

e
t
c
.
T
h
r
u
s
t
r
e
a
m
2
0
0

m
m

t
o

1
0
0
0

m
m
.

O
u
t
p
u
t
s

u
p

t
o

4
5
0
0

l
/
s
.

H
e
a
d
s

u
p

t
o

2
7
5
m
.
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
,

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

O
p
e
n

S
h
a
f
t
,

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

D
i
r
e
c
t

M
o
u
n
t
e
d

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

M
o
t
o
r

o
r

H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

M
o
t
o
r

o
r

E
n
g
i
n
e

D
r
i
v
e
n
L
L
C
1
5
0

t
o

7
0
0
m
m
.

O
u
t
p
u
t
s

t
o

2
5
0
0
l
/
s
.

H
e
a
d
s

u
p

t
o

2
7
5
m
H
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
,

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

O
p
e
n

S
h
a
f
t
,

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

D
i
r
e
c
t

M
o
u
n
t
e
d

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

M
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99 Contents
P
R
O
D
U
C
T

A
P
P
L
I
C
A
T
I
O
N

C
H
A
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A
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F
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s
t
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C
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t
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c
t
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g
Unscreened Sewage
Raw sludge
Digested sludge
Activated sludge
Screened sewage
Storm water
Efuent
Service water
Raw water lift
Ground water extraction
Reservoir pumping
Town water supply
Boosting
Water intake
Sump pumping
Drainage
Flood irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation
Swimming pools
Sand lter washing
Fish farming
Fountains
APPLICATIONS
100 Contents
S
P
P

P
u
m
p

T
y
p
e
:
L
L
C

S
p
l
i
t

C
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H
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a
m
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D
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S
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S
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P
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F
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P
a
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B
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M
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P
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m
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P
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O
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h
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O
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d

I
n
d
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s
t
r
y
Sea water lift
Cooling water
Drilling water
Injection water booster
Crude oil shipping
Utility/service water
Washdown
Ballast/deballast
Oil slops
Spray point
Tank farm/fuel transfer
Pipeline boosting
Cargo handling
Bottle washing
Transformer oil cooling
Thyristor cooling
Fish farming
Raw juices
Paper stock
Industrial stock
Process waste
Robot cooling
Bearing cooling
Moulding machine cooling
Process liquids
APPLICATIONS
101 Contents
P
R
O
D
U
C
T

A
P
P
L
I
C
A
T
I
O
N

C
H
A
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F
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A
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D
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C
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A
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p
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p
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B
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v
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c
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s
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l

s
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r
v
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c
e
s
Sprinkler systems
Foam pumping
Hydrant systems
Fire monitor
Hose-reel systems
Fire jockey
Fire ghting stationary
Fire ghting marine
Hot water circulation
Condensate return
Boosted systems
Cold water boosting
Chilled water circulation
Cooling tower circulation
Air washer circulation
Water supply
Sump pumping
APPLICATIONS
S
P
P

P
u
m
p

T
y
p
e
:
T
h
u
s
t
r
e
a
m
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a
m
I
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t
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a
m
O
v
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r
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e
a
d

B
e
l
t

D
r
i
v
e
M
u
l
t
i
s
t
r
e
a
m
SPP Pumps Ltd

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Tel: +44(0)118 932 3123 Fax: +44(0)118 932 3302 www.spppumps.com

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