CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Ferns (or ferns, or Filicophyta Pteridophyta), is a divisio plants that have had a true vascular
system (kormus) but do not produce seeds for reproduction. Instead of seeds, these plants still
use the group as as generative propagation tool, just like moss and fungi. Ferns (Pteridophytae) is
the division of the kingdom Plantae whose members have roots, stems, and true leaves, and has a
carrying nail. Plant vessels are often referred to kormofita spores as it pertains to the presence of
roots, stems, true leaves, and reproduce asexually by spores .
Ferns also known as vascular plant (Tracheophyta) as having carrying vessels. Nail plants
scattered in all parts of the world, except the perpetual snowy areas and dry areas (deserts). A
total of nearly 10,000 known species (3,000 of which are expected to grow in Indonesia), mostly
grown in moist to wet tropical regions. These plants tend to be resistant to water limited
conditions, may follow his behavior in the Carboniferous, which is also known as the golden age
because of ferns dominated the Earth's forests. Forest litter plant in this age fossilized as coal is
now mined people. One member of the class Pteridophyta is Lycopodiinae (wire nails or spikes
vines). Is a wild plant on roadsides, scrub or forests, often climbing in trees. Growing from the
lowlands to the mountains from a height of 100 m to 2,000 m above sea level.

1.2 Problem Formulation
1.2.1 How Lycopodiinae morphology?
1.2.2 How Lycopodiinae classification?
1.2.3 How Lycopodiinae life cycle?
1.2.4 What are the benefits Lycopodiinae in life?


1.3 Purpose
1.3.1 To determine the morphology Lycopodiinae.
1.3.2 To determine the classification Lycopodiinae.
1.3.3 To determine the life cycle Lycopodiinae.
1.3.4 To determine the benefits Lycopodiinae in life.




















CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Morphology Lycopodiinae
Wire nails includes 1,000 species of ferns. Wire nails grow in the forests of the tropics and
subtropics. Wire nails stuck in a tree or live freely in the soil. Wire nails Members have roots,
stems, and true leaves. Wire leaves of ferns are small, compact, compound, odd pinnate, ovoid
shape of the leaf blade, pointed tip, base obtuse, flat or jagged edges, 1-3 cm long, 0.5-2 cm
wide, pinnate bones, surface smooth, slick, green, round trunk, tough, stiff, brownish green.
Sporangium contained in the form Strobilus sporofil arranged on the stem end. Strobilus conical
shaped like a cone on pinus. Sorus are below the surface of the leaf edges, contained in the
leaves tertile, arrayed in all the circular edges of the leaves, yellowish white. Roots fibrous,
tough, stiff, blackish brown. Therefore, wire nails also called ground pine. Gametophyte small
wire nails and lacking chlorophyll. Gametophyte obtain food from symbiotic fungus. Gemetofit
there are unisexual wire nails, which contains anteridium alone or arkegonium alone.
Gametophyte wire nails there are also bisexual, which contains anteridium and arkegonium.
Uniseksual gametophyte contained in Selaginella. Selaginella is heterospora ferns while bisexual
gametophyte contained in Lycopodium.
2.2 Classification Lycopodiinae
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Pterydophyta
Class : Lycopodinae
Order : Lycopodiales
Family : Licopodiaceae
Genus : Lycopodium (Mader, 2001:565)
Lycopodinae in the carbon age have grown more widespread than it is today, even in
those days there who has developed into seed plants, ie Lepidospermae. Maybe because
imperfect tools absorber and carrier of water, then plants a tree plants that have become extinct
by the end of it Palaezoikum the end of time, because the earth's climate to grow dry.
Lycopodinae class is divided into four nations, namely Lycopodiales nations, nations
Selaginellales, Lepidodendrales nation, and the nation Isoetales. But here will only addressed the
nation from the class 2 Lycopodinae, the nation Lycopodiales (wire nails) and the nation
Selaginellales (nail rane). That is because only two species of bengsa that still exist today. The
nation consists of more than 200 species of plants belonging to almost all parts of the clan
Lycoodium Lycopodiaceae (graham, 1993:539)
a. Lycopodiales (nail wire)
The nation comprises approximately over 200 plant species
belonging to almost all parts of the genus Lycopodium
Lycopodiaceae. Lycopodium was mostly a small herb that is
often used for the manufacture along with the flower bouquet.
Trunk has a carrier file is still modest, growing upright or lying
with branches towering above. Hairy leaves, or needle-shaped line, which is considered to be
homologous with mikrofil Psilophytinae and only have one bone that is not branched.
Root branching usually shaped like a fork. The parts that stand upright stems, above the
rather sparse leaves, have sporofil circuit. Sporofil form an equilateral triangle, which has a
slightly flattened sporangium, kidney-shaped, produce Isospora. Sporangium layout on the upper
side of leaves close to the base. Sporangium wall consists of several layers of cells. Sporangium
opening by two valves by a crack that has appeared from the anatomical arrangement of the
cells. After 6 atau7 new year the spores germinate, formed body consisting of 5 cells, which was
originally received from the food reserves in the spores. After experiencing the break, the new
entity continues to evolve, if the cells entered the bottom of the fungal hyphae which behaves as
mikoriza. For development should prolatalium ad symbiosis with mycorrhiza.
Protalium live in the soil, shaped like a small tuber, whitish and are saprophyte. Only
after 12-15 years, sex tools into cooking, so that it can protalium age to 20 years. If protalium
appear above the ground, and form and color to green chloroplasts. The Protalium monoecious,
sex tools found in the apical part. Anetridium immersed in protalium network and consists of
many cells. Each cell anteridium (besides the walls) generates elliptic spermatozoid, each having
two feather whip.
Early zygote with a transverse base wall divides into two cells. Under that initially split
into four quadrants and then be subsequently became enmbrionya octane, while the cells are
above the neck arkegonium supporting embryo or suspensor. So the embryo was not facing
towards the neck arkegonium. The location of such embryos is called endoscopic. In the tropics
there are too many people Lycopodium, of which
There are live as epiphytes, such as L. nummularifolium. Which is widely known in
Indonesia are:
L. cernuum, in West Java is widely used in the manufacture of bouquets.
L. clavatum, the spores were collected as a powder licopodium (pulvis lycopodii) pill that
is used as a bandage to prevent sticking of the sam, another, and are also used in Kundt
experiment to measure the sound wavelength. Lycopodiinae as fossil remains found from the
middle of the Devonian Period , some even from the Silurian. Lycopodiinae which has fossils
among others are:
Drepanophycus spinaeformis, is the oldest land plants to Europe.
Protolepidodendrom scharyanum, at the end of the branches are fork leaves. Sporangium
located on the upper side of the leaf.
In both these types have not been collected into a series sporofil sporofil (flower).
Sublepidodendraceae and Archaeosigillariaceae have leaves that are attached to the base rhombic
or hexagonal. This plant is considered as the ancestor trees scales (Lepidondraceae).



b. Selaginellales (spikes rane)
Habitus rane spikes in some cases show similarities with
Lycopodinae. Most have a lie down and partially stems erect,
branched shaped as a fork anisotom, do not show secondary
thickening growth. There is a growing form clumps, there are
climbs and shoots can reach lengths of up to several meters. In
the trunk there are a few small leaves are arranged in four
rows. Branches often have dorsiventral arrangement. 4 rows of
leaves that are two rows consist of the leaves are larger and arranged laterally, which again
consists of two rows of leaves are more thin located on the upper side of the branches facing
prominent. The roots are out of the leafless stems part called roots supporters. On the bottom side
of the leaves called scales there is a tongue-tongue (ligula). Tongues is a vacuum of water (eg
rain water drops), and often with a trakeida intermediary have a relationship with the transport
vessels files.
Selaginella is heterospor, protaklium is very small, so far has undergone reduction.
Sporofil circuit terminals, a single grain or branched, usually radial, rarely drsiventral.
Sporangium that produces micro and makrospora, but Both of sporofil found in one series. In
makrosporangium stem cells that form spores are all dead, except one which is ultimately the
reduction division that produces four spores walls. Mikrosporangium flat, in which are contained
microspores.
Sporangium wall consists of three layers of cells, the most in the tapetum is useful to
provide food to the spores. Wall tapetum cells are not dissolved. Sporangium opens with a
cohesion mechanism, and open sporangium spores thrown out.
Spores while they are in the sporangium has initiated its development to form protalium.
At first spore divides into a small cell and a lens-shaped one larger cell. Greater cell division
successively held, resulting in a sterile 8 cell wall, and 2 or 4 cells in the center. Cells are tiny
lens-shaped vegetative cell and called rizoid. The cells which are then dissolved anteridium wall
walls into a slime layer in which there is spermatozoid. The whole protalim male to stage the
microspores remain in the skin, but eventually it broke the skin, cells anteridium be free, and out
spermatozoid shaped mace slightly crooked.
Spore core free ririskiky splitting into many, which then spread plasma at the top of the
spore. Only then begin to form cell walls that extends downward, so that eventually the entire
spore filled with protalium cells. Finally macrospora wall rupture, and protalium consisting of
small cells and not the color out and make up 3 places 3 rizoid pad. After one or several
arkegonium fertilized, begin embryonic development are usually endoscopic. To free ourselves
from protalium, embroi which was banked as in endoscopic Lycopodium. The nation consists of
only one tribe Selaginellaceae, and one genus Selaginella. In Indonesia, among others, we find
Selaginella caudata, S. plana, S. wildenowii.
2.3 Life Cycle Lycopodiinae

Spores which have germinated and produced body consisting of 5 cells will experience a
break. After that when the cells entered the bottom of the fungal hyphae that it will behave as
mycorrhizae formed protalium (Backer, 1939:118).
Protalium hdup in the ground, shaped like a small tuber, whitish and are saprophyte.
Protalium form of an assortment, has rizoid-rizoid and in addition in the layer cells in the
periphery there is such mikiriza fungi play an important role in terms of the absorption of
nutrients. Only after 12-15 years, sex tools into cooking, so that it can protalium age to 20 years.
If protelium appear above the ground, and form and color to green chloroplasts (Rosenburgh,
1908:112).
The Protalium monoecious, sex tools are apical part. Anteridium immersed in protalium
network and consists of many cells. Each cell anteridium (besides the walls) generates elliptic
spermatozoid, each feather having a whip. Arkegonium have a lot of neck canal cells are often
reduced to just stay saut alone. Cell walls of most of the cooking time ago arkegonium off
(Hartini.2005: 5).
Having produced sperm cells and egg cells from their genitals then it will happen so that
fertilization the zygote is formed. Zigogt first base with a transverse wall divides into two cells.
Under that initially split into 4 quadrants later became octane and further into an embryo, the
cells were facing into a arkegonium neck embro or suspensor. So the embryo was not facing
arkegonium neck. The location of such embryos is called endoscopic. Urgent suspensor embryo
into protalium network, then turn up the embryo, and the convex part on the last turn serves as
Haustoria. The leaves are first formed in the form of a scale and at the end of the shoot there.
Then on the shaft adjacent to the suspensor is formed roots aside. Proceed growth because the
growing point of activities that have no end as beginning cells (Rosenburgh, 1908:123).
Description lycopodium species
a. Licopodium serratum

This plant is found in many areas of tropical and sub-tropical forests. Lycopodium
serratum grow attached to trees (epiphytes), but some are free-living in the soil, the rocks, and
the river bank. Stem rose or somewhat spreading at the base, with erect forked branch several
times dicotomously upper bearing several times apex. Leaves eliptic Gemmae close to the
narrow, acuminate at the apex, petiolate, serrated irregullarly in a different vein margins, raised
above; texture thin chartaceous, deep green. sporophylls lanceolate, small, 3-5 mm long, constant
at the top of the plant, but do not form a distinct cone (Hartini.2005: 6).
b. Licopodium squarrosum




This species is included in the rate Lycopodiaceae. It has synonym Huperzia squarrosa
(G. Forster) Trevisan and Phlegmaria squarrosus (G. Forster) love & love. Commonly called the
rock tassel fern, water tassel fern or culprit. This is the type of epiphytic plants, medium-sized,
Clumping, dangling or straight. Stem to 1.5 m long, 1.5-2.5 cm wide, evergreen, branched and
branched several times every branch forked again. Sterile leaves narrowed to elongate a round
egg underscores, 1.5-2 cm long, wire-like but not rigid, compact, scattered except at the end of
the rod. Fertile leaves similar to the sterile leaves. Strobili located at the ends of branches, not
forked, reaching 20 cm in length. Strobili is easily distinguished by leafy stem because of its
smaller size. L. squarrosum usually epiphytes grow on large trees and thick sticks to humus. This
species is generally found in a slightly shaded to open, at an altitude of 1,440 m above sea level.
This type of spread in Africa, Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and Polynesia. Charming stature
makes this type of potential as an ornamental plant. Community Karo in North Sumatra to utilize
winds (casting out demons or free themselves from blackmagic ) (Jones, 1987).





c. Licopedium cernuum L.






These ferns live in the soil. This species is known by the name of nail wire as small
creeping stems, stiff as wire. The stem irregular branching. The leaves are small and tightly
cover the stems grow. Widely used as well as a flower series. Does not ferns in general, wire
nails have lush leaves are arranged in the form of grain called strobilii. Strobilii leaves grow at
the end of branches. Strobil is located upright and shaped like a tube (Mader.2001: 565).
Lately wire nails have begun cultivated because of their role as an ornamental plant.
Besides, it can also be used as a cough and shortness of breath drug by drinking boiled water. In
addition, gray wire nails to heal infected skin ulcers, by mixing it with vinegar. Also be used as
a replacement cushion or pillow filler (Graham. 1993:201).
This wire nails easily found because this plant is widely available in the area were closed
or open. In fact, these plants can still grow in dry areas and on poor soils (Mader.2001: 565)






d. Lycopodium nummularifium L

Lycopodium nummularifium perrenial types of ferns and epiphytes live as below and
attached to the trunks of trees in their natural habitat, the tropical forests. Compared with other
relatives who grew as a group Lycopodium (gather), this species tends to grow spread, elongated
or hang. Stems are round, small, hard and elongated like a wire (wiry stem). Two dichotomous
branches (dichotomous branches) formed at the tip of the stem / branch before the next grow into
new branches. The branches can then grow until it reaches the ground and spread to form a new
root system (rhizome). Adventitious roots rhizome is a modified form of rods that function other
than as a means of transport of water and nutrients for photosynthesis process, as well as gluing
the plant to the growth (Mader.2001: 567).
Depending on the growth, rizhoma adventitious roots can spread above and below the
growth medium until it reaches a depth of 5-15 cm. Rizhoma-rhizome is also the potential to
form new shoots which then can grow into new plants (vegetative reproduction). Small leaves
(microphyll) green colored, round-shaped to oval / lanceolate (scale-like leaves), flat leaves with
one bone in the middle strands. Leaves attached to the stem segments that are similar to the book
sitting arrangement leaves with little alternation pairs (opposite, slightly alternate). Leaf angle is
uniform sitting on the trunk. The composition of the leaves on the plant stems with leaves linear
overlap another on the next book, so as to form a chain-like radial circuit with a flat, flat
(Holtum, 1996:330).
This plant is thought to have originated from tropical Southeast Asia, with endemic
centers around the Malay peninsula, in eastern Malaysia, Indonesia around Borneo to the
southern Philippines, New Guinea and Papua New Guinea. Some recent exploration studies
indicate that Lycopodium nummularifolium also found growing naturally in the forests of Papua
New Guinea east to northern Australia. The spread naturally be estimated using the spores are
lightweight and can be carried by the wind to fly and can last a long time until it reaches a place
that is conducive to growing germinate. Relatives in the genus, which has a wide dispersal area
to the tropical American mainland (Hartini. 2005:7).
Lycopodium spores were dried beforehand is often used in theatrical events. The dry
spores used to provide effects such as flames. Spores can burn quickly and bright, but with a low
heat and safe. In addition to spores, the shape of the plant in the form of strands of fresh cut
stems or potted plants are used as ornamental plants, as a filler or supplement in flower
arrangements or live plants in pots or in the garden.
Some spesies Lycopodium also used packing material for one pill / capsule drugs to date.
For medicinal species sold in powder form. Certain species by Aboriginal people also used as
medicines for illnesses (homeopathic). In modern medicine still used Lycopodium species used
for homeopathic. Homeopathic medicine is a system that is safe and effective and without side
effect. This helps encourage the body to do the healing physically, mentally and emotionally
content of the material / physical / chemical light plants part because of the rapid burning spores
with low temperatures due to the effect alleged teateritikal (Raven, 1998:390).
For sexual reproduction, these plants form an organ called Strobilus which usually sits at
the base of the leaf grows (microphyll axils). Sporangium the spores as the stem cells found in
Strobilus, shaped like a kidney. In the gametophyte phase, spores will form gametangia organs,
such as arkegonium and anteridium producing gametes of male and female (Rosenburgh,
1908:123).




e. Licopodium phlegmaria L





This type of nail is very resistant to drought. From the name it is known that still includes
one clan with kumpai. Such as the types of genera Lycopodium in general, grow pure kumpai
ride. The trunk and branches grow dependent characteristic that each branch forked into two.
sometimes this plant can reach a length of 0.9 m. This type easily in bedaka of other types in the
genus lycopedium because there are rough, round-shaped with a pointed tip (Raven, 1998:394).
In contrast to kumpai, strobilii kumpai pure form such a distinctive branching stems.
Strobilii length reaches 20 cm. can be distinguished with leafy stems and smaller size and shorter
sporofilnya pinnate shape. At this plant contains saponins which could be used to wash your hair
and can be used for garden decoration (Hartini.2005: 7).
f. Lycopodium carinatum







Pendoulus rod length can reach more than 50 cm. sometimes it has a diameter of 2-3 mm.
The leaves are lancet-shaped short Subulate at the top, narrowing towards the base, sessile to 1.3
long, 1.3 mm wide, entire; vein is not clear, chartaceous texture. Sporophylls slightly different
from tropophills, subdeltoid oblong, up to 5 mm, 1.5 wide, were placed only on the apical or
sometimes down to the middle, do not form a distinct cone. Ephypitic on mossy tree trunk in
dense forest Evergen up to 900 m (Tagawa & Iwats, 1979:8).

g. Licopodium hamiltonii




Usually hanging rods, 20-50 cm, several times dichotomous branching, 1-1.5 mm in
diameter near the base. Usually hanging rods, 20-50 cm, several times dichotomous branching,
1-1.5 mm in diameter near the base. Usually hanging rods, 20-50 cm, several times dichotomous
branching, 1-1.5 mm in diameter near the base. rose leaves, rarely subpatent, lancet, but variable
in shape and size, acute to gather at the top, narrowing to the base immediately sessile or any
stalkeed, those on middle or lower part of the largest, 1-1.5 cm long, 2 - 5 mm wide, entire; vein
is more or less clear under; chartaccous soft texture for a thicker, green to yellowish green.
usually smaller than tropophylls sporophills, to 7 mm, 1.5mm wide, the constant gathering in the
apical part, do not form a distinct cone, rod fertille usually about 1/3 in thickness sterille others
(Tagawa & Iwats, 1979:9 )




h. Licopodium piscium

Similar to L. hamiltonii but can be distinguished from: leaves very narrow, linear, at least
1.5 mm wide, margins are often complicated; fertile portion slender, about 1 mm, much smaller
than the sporophylls tropophills (Tagawa & Iwats, 1979:10).

i. Licopodium clavatum





The main stem creeping, underground, irregularly branched, bearing sparse narrow leaves
3-4 mm in diameter; air rises to the erect stems, dichotomous branching several times, bearing
leaves denses 0.5 -1 cm in diameter including leaves. Actual leaf, arched at the top, linear-
lanceoplate, gathered at the helm ended in membranosus long setae canucosus, 4-6 mm long,
0.5-1 mm wide, entire, sessile; veins barely visible; such as skin texture, green or yellowish
green. cone upright stalk 7-15 cm, with linear leaves rarely looks straight, produces some cones
on each shoot with a short stalk; cone cylindrical, erect, 3-8 cm long, 4-5 mm; sporophylls ovate
oblong, gathered at the top with setaceous membrane, transparent edge, the membrane, dentate,
about 2.5 mm, 1.5 mm wide (Tagawa & Iwats, 1979:11).
2.4 Benefits Lycopodiinae
Can know the various benefits of this genus lycopodium. Some have been described on
each common species but perpetually lycopodium widely used as the garden ornaments and
wreaths.
Lycopodium spores were dried beforehand is often used in theatrical events. The dry
spores used to provide effects such as flames. Spores can burn quickly and bright, but with a low
heat and safe. In addition to spores, the shape of the plant in the form of strands of fresh cut
stems or potted plants are used as ornamental plants, as a filler or supplement in flower
arrangements or live plants in pots or in the garden. Several species of Lycopodium is also used
material for wrapping a pill / capsule drugs to date. For medicinal species sold in powder form.
Certain species by Aboriginal people also used as a medicine for the disease (homeopathic). In
modern medicine still used Lycopodium species used for homeopathic. Homeopathic medicine is
a system that is safe and effective and without side effect. This helps encourage the body to do
the healing physically, mentally and emotionally content of the material / physical / chemical
light plant part because of the rapid burning spores with low temperatures due to the effect
alleged teateritikal (Raven, 1998:390).
L. Cernuum, which is in West Java is widely used in the making of wreaths L. Clavatum,
the spores collected as likopodium powder (pulvis licopodii) pill that is used as a bandage to
prevent sticking to each other. Kundt on experiment also used to measure the wavelength of
sound (Sastrapradja.1985: 30).





CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
1. Morphology Lycopodiinae includes 1,000 species of ferns. Wire nails grow in the
forests of the tropics and subtropics. Wire nails stuck in a tree or live freely in the soil. Wire nails
Members have roots, stems, and true leaves. Wire leaves of ferns are small, compact, compound,
odd pinnate, ovoid shape of the leaf blade, pointed tip, base obtuse, flat or jagged edges, 1-3 cm
long, 0.5-2 cm wide, pinnate bones, surface smooth, slick, green, round trunk, tough, stiff,
brownish green.
2. Classification Lycopodiinae:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Pterydophyta
Class : Lycopodinae
Order : Lycopodiales
Family : Licopodiaceae
Genus : Lycopodium
Lycopodinae class is divided into four nations, namely Lycopodiales nations, nations
Selaginellales, Lepidodendrales nation, and the nation Isoetales.
3. Spores which have germinated and produced body consisting of 5 cells will experience
a break. After that when the cells entered the bottom of the fungal hyphae that it will behave as
mycorrhizae formed protalium (Backer, 1939:118). Protalium live in the ground, shaped like a
small tuber, whitish and are saprophyte.
4. The Benefits Lycopodiinae is, to know the various benefits of this genus lycopodium.
Some have been described pda each common species but perpetually lycopodium widely used as
the garden ornaments and wreaths.
3.2 Advice
This paper is expected to be useful to the reader and the reader can better understand the
morphology, classification, life cycle, and the benefits of Lycopodiinae.
















DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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on June 5 2014

Psychologymania. 2013., Lycopodinae
http://www.psychologymania.com/2013/09/pterydhophyta-kelas-lycopodinae-paku_5242.html.
Accessed on June 5 2014

Hiddennumb.wordpress.2011., Lycopodium.
http://hiddennumb.wordpress.com/2011/04/30/lycopodium/. Accessed on June 5 2014