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1. :

<> 1930
:

2. ?
1. W.C. Salmon:

B
A
C
B
A C
()

(F)
A C
B C
B A()
<> :
:

<>
2. (S.C. Klerne):

3. (Copi):

: (T)
(T)

(F)

<> FROM
:

(T)
4. W.V. Quine:

<>

3. :
(Formality)
1.
()

1:

(T)
2

 2:

(F)

3:

2 + 2 = 4 (F)
4: (A)(B)
(C)(B)
(C)(A)
A(F)

(F)

AB
CB
C

5:

(T)
<>

<>
(Necessity)
2.

<>
(Permanency)
3.

4. :
(1)(logic) loges
loges (discourse)
(speech)(account)(reason)
(definition)(pricacip)thought

<> loges

: :logica
3

 :logic
:logica
:logica
:logica
:logique
:logik
(2):
1.
(Franciso Furtad)

2.
(J.S. Mill) A System of
Logic()
3.
logic

4.

5.
logic

6.
:

5. :
A. (epistemology):
ex1:
ex2:():
B. :
(Psychology)
:

C. (epistendogy):
4

D. (metaphysics):

:
:

<>logic
A. Church
<>:
<>
<>

<>

E. :
1. :
2. :
<>

()
(logicl syntax) (general
syntax)
3. (ethies):
:
4. :
:
5. ()
6. :
A. (law-of idemtity):
1. :
5

ex::

<ex>

2. : P P (P P) ( P P)
P
P
P = P

3. P P
<ex> P:
P P:
P
P:
P = P:
4. (Form der Vorstellung)

:()
5. (W. Windelband)

(constitutive principle)

6.
(Hegel)

<>
B. (law of (non) contradiction):

1. :

<> : P ^ ~P
(): ~( P ^ ~P )
2. : ~( P ^ ~P )
3. :
4.
:
i.

ii.
6

iii.

<ex>:~
<ex>: 1.()
2. ()
<ex>: 2+2=4 2+24()
<ex>:

<> ()
()
()
C. (law of excluded middle):
(1.) :
()
<ex>
()

F
F

<ex> (T)
2+2=4(T)
(2.) : P V ~P
(3.) :
(4.) (L. Wittgestein) :
(tertium nondatur)
P ~P

(5.) P (~P)

<>
P
~P
T
F
F
T

P
T
T

Q
T
F

P Q
T
F
7

F
F

T
F

T F
T

P
Q
P
Q
T
T
T
T
F
F
F
T
F
F
F
T
7. :
A. (course):
1.
2.
3.
<ex> I, M, Copi()
Max Black
B. (discipline):

<ex> P, Suppes
W.V. Quine

PQ

(M.P, )
<ex> 10

10
<ex>

<ex>
PQ

~Q
~P

(M.T )
<ex>

(F)

()
8

<ex>

()
8. :
A.
B.

C.

D.
E.
9. :
A. (argument):
i. J. LeBlance()P2
(argument)

(conclusion)
(premises)

ii.

B. ??
:

C. ??
(valid)
(invalid)
<ex>


()

()
D. :
(1):

(conjunction)(contecedent)
(consequent)

:
P1, P2 ,, Pn Q
I. P1P2P Q ,
II. P1P2P Q ,
<ex>

(2):
1. ,
(P Q) ,(Q)
(P)
P:
Q:
2. (Richand Nixon),
;,,
P:
Q:
<> (short-out method):
,,
,
<>
:,()
10

P Q
(P Q ~P (Q V ~Q)
: ,
Q P
P(Q V ~Q) (~P ~Q )

E.
F.
G.
H.

I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.

: ,
P
Q
(P Q) (~P ~Q)

I.M.Copi::

()
(logical syntax) (general
syntax)

:
PQ

10. :
A. (syntax):
PQ Q

<ex> PQ
PQ
P
~Q
Q
~P
B. (semantics):
ex:. P:TQ:F
PQ F
<>
(1.)
P Q : F
(2.)
P Q : F
(3.)
P ^ Q : F
(4.)
P
Q :F
11

* P TQ F

11. :
A.:

ex:.

ex:

B.:
:(
)
C.:
:
D.:
:()
E.:
:
12. .:
(1)
(1.) (proposition)
(2.) (statement)

()

(3.) ()
i. :T
ii. :F
iii. 1 :F
iv. :T
12

(4.) :
i. ?-
ii. -
iii. -
(2) :
1. (atomic sentence)= (elementary
proposit)

<>
2. (compound sentence) (molecular
propositi)

<ex>
<ex>
<> :
()



13. :
A. ():
B. ():
C. :
D.
:
E.
:
14. ..:
A. (sufficient condition):
1. :
P Q P Q
P Q
P Q P QP Q
P Q P Q
P Q
2. :~~
(~~)
3. Ex1:<>
Ex2:(.)
4. :P Q (P Q)
13

5. P Q (P then Q)
(1.)
P only if Q (P Q)
(2.)
Q if P (Q P)
(3.)
Q provided P (Q P)
(4.)
P is a sufficient condition for Q (P Q
)
(5.)
Q is a necessary condition for P (Q P
)
6. P Q
(coverse statement) : QP
(1.)
(inverse statement) : ~P~Q
(2.)

(3.)
(contrapositive statement): ~Q~P
7. P Q = ~Q ~P = ~P v Q
<> P: 2+2=4:T
Q::T
B. :(necessary condition)
1. :
P Q P
Q P Q
P Q P Q
P Q P Q P
Q Q P
~~
Ex:
2. : ~~(
~~)
3. :
4. :P <> Q (PQ) ^ (QP)
(1.)
If and only if P than Q
(2.)
P if Q
(3.)
P if and only Q = P than Q , and if Q
than P
(4.)
P if Q , and P only if Q
<> P () Q
P Q
P just in case Q
P just in the event that Q
14

P just when Q
C. :
P Q
P Q P Q
P Q P QP Q
P Q P Q Q P
P Q
~~
Ex:
<> ():

(
)

()
..:
A. :A BB C C A
Ex:

B. :A BC B
C A
Ex:

Ex:

.(truth table):
1.
(truth table)
2. (truth
values )(truth)(false)

15


(1.) : PPP
P
P P
T
T T T
F
F T F

P
P
T
F

P
T
F

T
T

P
T
F

(2.) : P~P
P
~P
P~P
T
F
T T F
F
T
F T T
(3.) ():~(P~P)
P
~P
~(P~P)
T
F
T T F F
F
T
T F F T

(4.) : P~P
P
~ P
P~P
T
F
T F F
F
T
F F T
. (tantology). (contingency).
(contradiction):
A. :

B.

C.

.(consistent)(inconsistent)
(1)

1.

2.

16

3.
<>

(2)
1.

2.
3.

4.

5. ()

6.

.(rule of inference):

(inference)(reasoning)

.:
A. (MP):PQ
P / Q
B. (MT):PQ
~Q / ~P
C. (DS.MTP):
PQ
~P / Q
PQ
~Q / P
EX:
17

D. (CS.HS):
PQ
QR/PR

EX:

E. (Simp):
PQ
/P

PQ
/Q
PQ
/P

PQ
/Q
F. (Conj.Adj):
P
Q /PQ
G. (Add):
P
/PQ
H. (CD.Dil--Dilemma):
PQ
RS
PR
/QS

EX:

I. (DN):
P
~~P
J. (Dem):
~(P Q)
(~P ~Q)
~(P Q)
(~P ~Q)
K. (Comm):
(P Q)
(Q P)
(P Q)
(Q P)
L. (Assoc):
P (Q R)
(P Q) R
P (Q R)
(P Q) R
M. (Dist):
18

P (Q R)
(P Q) (P R)
P (Q
(P Q) (P R)
R)
N. (Contra):
(PQ)
(~Q~P)
O. (Impl.Cond.CD):
(PQ)
(~P Q)
P. (Exp):
(P Q)R P(QR)
Q. (Taut):
P
(P P)
P
(P P)
R. (Equiv):
P
Q (PQ) (QP)
P
Q (P Q) (~P ~Q)
S. (Absor):
P P (P Q) P (P Q)
.(direct inference):
(direct proof DP)

EX1:
1. PQR
P
2. ~Q
3. ~Q~R
2.Add
4. ~(QR)
3.Dem
5. ~P
1.4 MT
6. ~PQ
5.Add
7. PQ
6.Cond(CD)

EX2:

1 .AB
2 .BC
3. CD
4. ~D
5 .~C
6. ~B

P
P
P
P
3.4 MT
2.5 MT

HS
19

5.AC
6.AD

1.2 HS
3.5

7. ~A

1.7 MT

7.~A

4.6

MT
EX3:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Q~P
Q
RP
~Q~P
~P
~R

P
P
P
1. Cond
2.4 DS
3.5 MT

EX4:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

B ~B
B
B
~B

P / ()
1. Simp
2. Add
1. Simp
3.4 DS

EX5:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

M~N
M
HN
~N
~H

P
P
P
1.2 MP
3.4 MT

EX6:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(RS) (TK)
~K
RS
TK
~T

EX7:

1. PQ
2. QR
3. PQ
4. ~R
5. ~Q
2.4 MT

P
P
P
1.3 MP
2.4 MT

P
P
P
P
5. PR
20

2.3 HS

5. ~Q

2.4

MT
6. ~P
7. Q

3.4 MT
1.6 DS

6. ~P
7. Q

4.5 MT
1.6 DS

6. P

EX8:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

(FG) H
~(~F~G)
~~F~~G
F G
H

P
P / H
2. Dem
3. DN
1.4 MP

EX9:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

CA
MB
BC
M
MC
MA
A

P
P
P
P
/ A
5. B
2.4 MP
6. C
3.5 MP
7. A
1.6 MP

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

BC
~C
~BR
~B
R
RD
(RD) ~B

EX10:

. :
A.
~P

2.3 HS
1.5 HS
4.6 MP

P
P
P / (RD) ~B
1.2 MT
3.4 MP
5. Add
4.6 Conj

not P
it is not the case that P
it is false that P
21

1.5 DS

it is not ture that P

B. PQ:

alsoalthough

although

bothbut

despitehowever

in spite of moreover

neverthelessnonetheless

stillwhat's more

while

yet
~~
not onlybut also
on the other hand
C. PQ ():

orotherwise

unless

eitheror
.:
()
()
P Q
P
Q
if Pthen Q
P Q
Q given that P
P Q
Q in case that P
P Q
Q provided that P
P P
Q on the condition that
P
P Q
P is sufficient for Q
Q P
Q is necessary for P
Q P
P only if Q
P Q
once Pthen Q
Q P
assuming Pthen Q
P Q
P Q
Q if P

sufficient and necessary

()
()

P
Q
if and only if

P just in case Q
22


equivalent

P Q
P Q
PS. 1. P Q PQ
2. P Q ~PQ PQ
.(logically equivalent):

A.

B.

EX:
P Q
~P Q
T
T
T
F
T
F
T
T
T
T
T
T
C.

.(logical implication)(formal
implication)
P Q P Q
1.
P Q
2.
P Q Q P
Q P P Q
Q P Q P
P
3.
P P
:(logical implication)
4.

EX1:

a. G F
T T T

b. ~F
F
23

:
a b
b a

T
F
F

F
T
T

F
T
F

T
F
T

EX2:

a.~T ~W
b.~W ~T
F F F
F F F
:
T T F
F F T
a b
b a
F T T
T F F
T T T
T T T
(logically equivalent)
(1)
1.

2.

<>

~ (P Q ) ~P
~Q ~ (P Q )
F
T
F
T
F T F
T
F
F
T
T F F
T
T
T
T
F T F
T
T T
T
T T T
(2)

(3)
1.

2. P
Q = P
Q
<>

3.
24

4.
.(fallacy):
A. (formal fallacies):
(
)
EX1. PQ
EX2. PQ
Q
~P
P ()
~Q ()
B. (informal fallacies):

EX1: 20
EX2:

(mention)
20
(use)
()
EX3: (use)
(mention)
.(Venn.1834-1932.):
A. SaP: P
B.SeP: S P

C.SiP: S P

D.SoP: P
S
25

EX1:
EX2:

()
()

EX3: A B
A C
C B ()

.:
(The square of Opposition)
(: S )
A: S P (x)Px
E: S P

26

~(x)Px

()

()

I: S P ( x)Px

O: S P

27

x)~Px