1

Some Applications of the UVT-Gradient Dynamical Systems

in Nonlinear Nano-Measurings and Riemannian Regressions
Valentin Boju, Ioan Filip
Institut de Technologie de Montral
(MontralTech)
.* The 8th World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics - SCI 2004
Organizing Committee : International Institute of Informatics and Systemics - IIS
July 18-21, 2004, Orlando, Florida, Vol. V, Computer Sci. and Engineering, p. 299-304
.** MontrealTech Press. P.O.Box 60165, CSP Saint-Denis, Montreal, Qc, H2J 4E1, Ca
MontrealTech.Press@montrealtech.org (sans ATTACHMENTS),
valentin.boju@gmail.com (avec ATTACHMs)
Chapt 01. (Updated) Unit-Vector Type Functions and Applications (FTV=Fonctions
Type-Verseur); book: Valentin Boju, "Riemannian Techniques and Applications
((Riemannian Techniques & Applics = RTA; RTA in Modeling, RTA in Industrial &
Physical & Bio-Processes, RTA in General Technologies, RTA in Technological
Startups based on Industrial Diagnosis))"
MontrealTech Press, ISBN 978-0-9782323-6-8 (to appear)


Abstract. In [4], a general method for regressing
a continuous function w, defined on a bordered
manifold D, is presented. The detailed procedure
consists in two steps, as follows. Firstly, we
consider a (unit vector type function) UVTF-
packing of the Riemannian manifold D which
offers a standard proximity network. The integral
value of w on each tile of the packing is
concentrated in the w-center of gravity of each
tile. Secondly, the weighted cloud is regressed to
a UVTF-hypersurface, the calculus being
simplified since the vector field grad f is a
geodesic field. In this case, the UVTF-method is
a generalization of the semi-geodesic coordinates
method.

Keywords. Unit Vector Type Gradient
Dynamical System, Unit Vector Type Functions
(UVTF or FTV in French), , Geodesic Field,
UVTF-Foliations, Weighted/Dynamical Cloud,
Riemannian Packings, UVTF-Regression
Riemannian Submanifols, Disturbing Zones of a
Dynamical System, Flight Dynamics,
Pathological Metabolic Activity, Viral Infection,
Ultrastructure of the NABs corpuscle, Nano-
Phenomena, Nanotechnologies, Nano-Scale,
Nano-Approach of the Bioinvariants Diagnosis
and Pattern Recognition Problems, High
Resolution Standard Nearness Network, Pipe
Inspection Microrobotics. Nano-Measuring


0. Introduction
The present paper represents the
final form of the preprint [4]. Its purpose
is to UVTF-regress a continuous
function defined on a bordered domain
in a Riemannian n-dimensional space
(M, g). The unit vector type functions
(UVTF) were introduced by V. Boju in
[3] and studied/applied in [1-7, 12-18,
21].

1. Basic concept of UVT-gradient
dynamical system
We consider, in this part, the
UVTF method as presented in [1-5]. Let
F
k
(M) be the set of functions of class C
k

from M to R and D
1
(M) the set of vector
fields of class C
2
on M. It is well known
2
that, locally, a vector field X is
equivalent to a dynamical system .
Let grad be the operator
) ( ) ( :
1 1
M D M F grad . The vector
field ) (
1
M D Z e is locally the gradient
of a function iff
), , ( ) , ( X Z g Y Z g
Y X
V = V
whereV is the Levi-Civita connection.
Definition 1. A function ) (
3
M F f e is a
UVTF if, for each point , M pe there is
a neighbourhood V of p and a function
) (
3
1
V F f e such that
.
1
f grad f grad f grad =
The following are equivalent definitions.

Definition 1. f is UVTF iff
( ) ( ) , Xf f grad Y Yf f grad X =
). ( ,
1
M D Y X e

Definition 1. f is UVTF iff
, : R R h -
3
F he such that
, f h f grad = that is f satisfies a
Hamilton-Jacobi reduced equation.
Denote by UVTF(M) the set of all UNIT
vector type functions on M.
If f is a UVTF, then, locally, over
an open set , M U c we have a unit
dynamical system N and the function f
1

such that
.
1
f grad
f grad
f grad
N = =
The corresponding Hesse tensor field H,
defined by ,
1
f grad HX
X
V =
), (
1
U D X e is a self-adjoint operator.
It follows immediately that

N is H-
invariant, that is ( ) .

c N N H
Some useful properties in our
method of UVTF-regression are the
following:
P
1
. For each ), (M VTF f e we have
locally ([2])
( ) =
k ir r ik j
ij
f f f f f g 2
,
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
r
k
ij
k
r
ij
j i
f
x
g
f
x
g
f f
where
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ij ij
ij
j i ij i i
g g g
x x
f
f
x
f
f , , ,
1
2

=
c c
c
=
c
c
=
being the components of the Riemannian
metric.
P
2
. Let f be in UVTF(M); then the
trajectories of the dynamical system
locally associated with grad f are
geodesic lines [2].
P
3
. For ), Im( f ae let f[a] denote the
preimage of the value a with respect to f,
that is f[a] is a constant level generalized
hypersurface of f. If ) (M VTF f e then
for each point M p e and each q situated
3
on the same trajectory determined by p,
we have
( ) ( ), ) , ( q f p f q p d =
where d is the Riemannian distance.

2. UVTF-packings in nanotechnologies
Let D be a domain in M, whose
border D c is a hypersurface S. The
UVTF functions come in handy in the
building of a UVTF-packing on D. To do
this, it is sufficient to know a packing P
n-
1
on a hypersurface D
n-1
with the
property that the projection of the
domain D onto D
n-1
by the dynamical
system grad f is covered by P
n-1
. It is
preferable for D
n-1
to be included in a
hypersurface of constant level of the
considered function f. In return, P
n-1
can
itself be obtained using a UVTF
transport from a packing P
n-2
of a
submanifold D
n-2
, and so on.
This method enables us to obtain a
standard proximity network, in fact a
UVTF-network, named f-network (see
[4]). The f-networks for appropriate
) (M VTF f e constitute a good frame in
a nonlinear problem of
nanotechnologies.
In biotechnology, the UVTF f is
chosen accordingly with respect to the
physiological, anatomical and metabolic
properties of the considered bio-
space/bio-process which is to be
controlled. For example ([9], [11]), the
appropriate nano-measuring of a
circumstantial anatomical ultrastructure -
the Nucleolus Associated Bodies in the
interphasic nucleus - provides
information regarding the physiological
state of some plant or animal cells. This
allows us to detect the cells with
anomalously intense/pathological
metabolic activity or with viral infection.
Also, the high resolution
standard nearness network is useful in:
Aerospace technology, Flight Dynamics
in Aerospace technology (see [8]) the
control of the disturbing zones of a
dynamical system, Pipe Inspection
Microrobotics, transcription technology,
the improvement of a depth of focus, the
modeling of 3D objects with respect to
their shapes and motions, the control of
the weighted and dynamical clouds, the
control of computation algorithms for
analysis of n-dimensional structures.

3. UVTF regressions of a weighted
cloud in a Riemannian space
Consider a weighted cloud
( )
i k i i i i
p m p , ,
, =
being points from an n-
dimensional Riemannian space (M, g)
4
and 0 >
i
m the given weights in p
i
, and f
a unit vector type function on M. Put
( )
i i
p f c = .
We approach the UVTF-
regression of the weighted cloud with a
feUVTF(M) by the least-squares
estimate of a value b, which minimizes
the error sum of squares
( )

=
=
k
i
i i
b c m b q
1
2
) ( ,
where b is the level of the optimal
hypersurface of constant value of f. Let
i
c be the error approximation (see [24]),
( ) , 0 =
i
E c with ]) [ , ( b f p d
i i
= c .
For m
i
= 1, i = 1, , k, we have
the classical regression problem: to
minimize the error sum of squares
( )

=
=
k
i
i
b c b q
1
2
) ( .
Usually, we dispose of different
UVTF-families depending on a scalar or
vector parameter a (see, for example, in
R
n
, the families of planar, cylindrical or
spherical UVTF on R
n
- [1-3]).
Let ) (M VTF f
a
e be such a family. The
determination of the optimal f
a
and of
the optimal hypersurface of constant
level of f
a
, which realize the UVTF
regression of the weighted cloud, can be
done using the generalized least-square
method. The least-square estimatons for
a, denoted by , a and for b, denoted by
b

, minimize the function

( )
2
1
) ( ) , ( b p f m b a q
i a
k
i
i
=

=
.
Since in the considered family there may
be functions which have the same
hypersurfaces of constant level, we can
impose a reasonable condition for
.
a
f grad
By introducing an auxiliary fonction
h(a), dependent on
a
f grad , we can
obtain estimations for a and b. By
Lagranges multiplier method, the
extremal values of q(a, b) are critical
points of the function
( ) ) ( ) ( ) , , (
2
1
a h b p f m b a L
i a
k
i
i
=

=
.

4. UVTF regressions on R
n

If
n n
R R VTF f ), ( e considered
with the standard metric, then ([2]) the
hypersurfaces of constant level of f are
the special families mentioned above.
Let ( )
k i i
i
n i
j
i i
m x p
,
, 1
, ) (
=
=
be a
weighted cloud of points from
0 , >
i
n
m R being the weight of p
i
.

5
Firstly, we search for a
regression by a hyperplane.
We consider UVTF regressions
with functions defined by
, , ) (
1 1 n n n
a
R x x a x a x f e + + = with
{ } 0 \
n
R ae .
The hypersurfaces of constant level of
function f are parallel hyperplanes given
by , , , ) (
i i
a a
x a f grad R b b x f c c = e =
2
2 2 1
2
) ( ) ( a a a f grad
n
a
= + + =
and the dynamical system associated to
the vector filed
a
f grad is given
by ta x x t + = ) , ( . Thus, the trajectories
of the dynamical system associated
to
a
f grad are geodesics of R
n
- parallel
lines whose director vector is a,
orthogonal to the hypersurfaces of
constant level of f. Therefore, the UVTF
regression of a weighted cloud on R
n
is
equivalent to the problem of determining
a hyperplane , :
1 1
b x a x a
n n
= + + o
with 1 = a such that the sum
2
1
)) , ( ( o
i
k
i
i
p d m

=
is minimal.
The generalized least-squares
estimates for a and b, minimize the
function
, ) ( ) , (
2 1 1
1
b x a x a m b a q
n
i
n
i
k
i
i
+ + =

=

with respect to the condition 1 = a .
Now, we can apply Lagranges
multiplier method as described above to
find a regression hyperplane.
Analogously, we can search for a
regression hypercilinder or hypersphere.
Finaly, the optimal regression will be
obtain by choosing from the three
TVF-family, the one which minimizes
the sum of squares.

In the biological processes
modeled by the dynamical systems, the
considered case can be generalized by
replacing the weighted cloud by a
dynamical cloud thus: the clouds
elements are pairs of the form (p
i
, v
i
),
where
i
p i i
M v M p e e , and the
considered bio-space is structured like
an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold
(M, g).

The two methods i.e. the VT
packings and VT regressions may be
considered together [4]. Thus, we obtain
a general method for the regression of a
continuous function w, defined on a
bordered domain D, with
) , ( , g M M D = c being an n-dimensional
Riemannian space. The procedure
6
consists in two steps, as follows. First of
all, a UVTF-packing (of the domain D,
using a UVTF-foliation) is considered,
which allows to discretize the function w
and to obtain a weighted cloud. Then,
the weighted cloud is regressed to a
UVTF-hypersurface, generated by a
vector type function f, the calculus being
greatly simplified since the vector field
grad f is a geodesic field.


5. References

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Agr. Matem. Expr. Latina, Madrid,
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[2] Boju, V. Une methode d'utiliser
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[3] Boju, V. Contributions to the
Differential Geometry of the gradient
operator. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of
Bucharest, 1976.


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7
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[15]. Biochemical & cytological
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[22]. Boju, V. Translational Control:
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