1) An FM signal is given as: ( ) ( ) 100cos 2 100

t
c
s t f t m d

= +

where m(t) is a
rectangular periodic pulse:











a) Sketch the instantaneous frequency of this signal as a function of time.
b) Determine the peak frequency deviation.

2) An angle modulated waveform is given as ( ) ( )
6
20cos 10 10cos 500 s t t t = +

.
a) What is the instantaneous frequency of ( ) s t ?
b) What is the approximate bandwidth of ( ) s t ?
c) If ( ) s t is FM, what is ( ) m t ?
d) If ( ) s t is PM, what is ( ) m t ?

3) A signal ( ) m t is as shown below:










In an experiment, we use FM and PM using this signal and the same carrier
frequency.
a) Find a relation between
p
k and
f
k such that the maximum phase of the
modulated signals in both cases are equal.
b) If 1
p f
k k = = , then what is the maximum instantaneous frequency in each
case?

m(t)
T
p
t
( ) m t
1
-1
1 2
3
t
4) A signal ( )
1
m t is as shown below:









and another signal ( )
2
m t is given as ( ) ( )
4
2
sinc 2 10 m t t = . The value of signals
are in terms of Volts, and t is in terms of sec.s.
a) If ( )
1
m t is frequency modulated on a carrier with frequency 10
6
Hz and a
frequency deviation constant (k
f
) equal to 5 Hz/V, what is the maximum
instantaneous frequency of the modulated signal?
b) If ( )
1
m t is phase modulated on a carrier with frequency 10
6
Hz and a phase
deviation constant (k
p
) equal to 3 rad/V, what is the maximum instantaneous
frequency of the modulated signal? What is the minimum instantaneous
frequency of the modulated signal?
c) If ( )
2
m t is frequency modulated on a carrier with frequency 10
6
Hz and a
frequency deviation constant (k
f
) equal to 10
3
Hz/V, what is the maximum
instantaneous frequency of the modulated signal? What is the bandwidth of
the modulated signal?
(Note that ( )
2
m t is not narrowband, therefore the bandwidth must be
approximated as 2 2W + , where
( ) { }
max
f
k m t
W
= is the frequency deviation,
and W is the bandwidth of the message signal.)

5) An angle modulated signal is formed as ( ) ( ) cos
c c
s t A t t = +

. The signal is
distorted through the channel, so the observation becomes
( ) ( ) ( ) cos
d c d
r t s t A t = + +

.
a) Express the envelope of ( ) r t using phasor vector diagrams and corresponding
magnitudes.
b) On the same vector diagram, obtain phase of ( ) r t .
c) What is the approximate instantaneous frequency of ( ) r t if
c d
A A ?
d) What is the approximate instantaneous frequency of ( ) r t if
d c
A A ?

10
5
1 3 4
t
( )
1
m t
1. We have periodic rectangular message signal ( )
0
0
1, 0 2
1, 2 0
t T
x t
T t
< <
=

< <

where
0
T is
the period.The signal is FM modulated ( ) ( )
cos 2
c c
A f t t + , where
( ) ( )
t
p
t k x d

=


a. Take ( ) 0 0 = and plot ( ) t between
0 0
2 2 T t T < < .
b. If the input is periodic, so is the FM wave, and the F.S. coefficients of the FM
wave can be obtained by the equation:
( )
0
0
0
1
j t n t
n
T
c e dt
T


=

, with the
F.S. representation:
( )
( )
0
Re
c
j n t
c c n
n
x t A c e

+
=

=


. Use this relation to
show that the F.S. coefficients of the FM wave for the given signal is
2 2
1
sinc sinc
2 2 2
j j n j n
n
n n
c e e e



+

= +



, where
0
fT = .
c. Roughly sketch the magnitude of the FM spectrum when is a very large
integer.

2) A frequency-sweep generator is a device that produces a sinusoidal output whose
instantaneous frequency linearly increases from
1
f at 0 t = to
2
f at t T = . Write
the FM wave angle expression if this signal is fed to a modulator with 1
f
k = .

3) The general instantaneous angle expression for an angle modulation scheme can
be described as ( ) ( ) 2
c c
t f t t = + , and the instantaneous frequency is
( ) ( )
c
d
f t t
dt
= . In this expression, we know phase and frequency modulation
counterparts. However, we can define two more modulation techniques:
Phase integral modulation: ( ) ( )
d
t K x t
dt
= , and
Phase acceleration modulation: ( ) ( )
t
c
f t f K x d

= +

.
Describe the modulated signal with these definitions. Construct a table which
shows ( ) t , ( ) f t , max value of ( ) t , and max value of ( ) f t for PM, FM,
phase integral, and phase acceleration modulation.


4) An angle modulated (PM or FM) wave with 10
m
f kHz = , 2.0 = , 100
c
A = , and
30
c
f kHz = . Write an expression for the instantaneous frequency: ( ) f t .

5) When an FM signal ( ( )
c
x t ) passes through a system ( ( ) H f ), applying phase
linearity approxiation similar to the phase and group delay analysis, the system
output can be approximated as:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
{ }
cos
c c c
f f t f f t
y t A H f t t H f
= =
+ + which means that
[ ] ( ) cos ( ) with ( ) ( ) ( )
c c c y y
y t A t t t t H f t = + = +

. Define the output
instantaneous frequency as
1
( ) ( )
2
y c y
f t f t

= +

to obtain the output signal and
its instantaneous frequency when the system is given as: ( ) 1 H f = and
( ) ( ) ( )
3
1 3 c c
H f f f f f = + over the positive frequency band.
6) Consider a bandpass signal:
( ) cos 0.2cos sin
c m c
v t t t t = +
a) Show that this is a combination of an AM and an FM signal.
b) Sketch the phasor diagram, and indicate FM AM portions.
7) A sinusoidal signal at 2kHz is FM modulated using a carrier, and the resulting
frequency deviation is observed to be 5 kHz. What is the bandwidth occupied by
the FM wave? If the amplitude of the message sinusoid is multiplied by a factor
of 3 and its frequency is lowered to 1kHz, what is the new bandwidth of the FM
wave?

8) Consider a narrowband FM signal approximately defined by:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos 2 sin 2 sin 2
c c c c m
s t A f t A f t f t
a. Determine the envelope of this modulated signal. What is the ratio of the
maximum to minimum value of this envelope? Plot this ratio versus
between 0 and 0.3 (the narrowband range).
b. Determine the average power of the narrowband FM signal, expressed as a
percentage of the average power of the carrier wave. Plot this result versus
between 0 and 0.3 (the narrowband range).
c. By expanding the instantaneous angle ( )
i
t of the narrowband FM signal
( ) s t in the form of power series, and restricting the modulation index to be
less than 0.3 for narrowband, show that
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2 sin 2 sin 2
3
i c m m
t f t f t f t

+
Accordingly, obtain the power ratio of the third harmonic to fundamental
harmonic component for 0.3 = in ( ) s t .
9) The sinusoidal message ( ) ( ) cos 2
m m
m t A f t = is applied to a phase modulator
with phase sensitivity=
p
k . The carrier wave has amplitude
c
A , and frequency
c
f .
a. Determine the spectrum of the resulting PM signal assuming that
0.3
m p
A k = < (narrowband assumption).
b. Construct a phasor diagram for this modulated signal, and compare it to that
of a single tone FM signal.