COMPARISON OF COMPRESSIVE AND SPLITTING

TENSILE STRENGTH OF AUTOCLAVED AERATED

CONCRETE (AAC) CONTAINING WATER
HYACINTH AND POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE
SUBJECTED TO ELEVATED TEMERATURES
Borvorn Isran!"ra Na A#"$%#a
&
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology
Krungthep, Bangkok, 1!", Thailan#
Email$ %orvorn&i'rmutk&ac&th, ayu#hya!('yahoo&com
A's(ra)(
T%*s +a+,r $,s)r*',$ (%, r,s"-(s o. an ,/(,ns*v, ,/+,r*0,n(a- s("$# on (%,
)o0+r,ss*v, an$ s+-*((*n (,ns*-, ',%av*or o. a"(o)-av,$ a,ra(,$ )on)r,(,
(AAC) )on(a*n*n 1a(,r %#a)*n(% (WH) an$ +o-#+ro+#-,n, (PP) .*'r,
s"'2,)(,$ (o ,-,va(,$ (,0+,ra("r,s3 C#-*n$,r s+,)*0,ns 1,r, s"'2,)(,$ (o
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-,v,- o. 43695 4395 43:9 an$ &; .*'r, $osa, '# vo-"0, 1as r,s+,)(*v,-#
*nv,s(*a(,$3 T%, r,s"-(s s%o1,$ (%a( 1a(,r %#a)*n(% .*'r, %as no(
)ons*s(,n(-# -,$ (o s*n*.*)an( *0+rov,0,n( *n s(r,n(% +,r.or0an), (%an PP
.*'r,3 T%, o+(*0"0 1a(,r %#a)*n(% an$ PP .*'r, $osa, 1as a( 439 an$ 43:9
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; '# vo-"0, r,s+,)(*v,-#3 A$$*(*on5 (%, AAC 1as ,/+os,$ (o (%, ,-,va(,$
(,0+,ra("r,s5 (%, -oss *n )o0+r,ss*v, an$ s+-*((*n (,ns*-, s(r,n(% o. AAC
0*/,$ PP .*'r, 1as 0")% s-o1,r (%an AAC 0*/,$ 1a(,r %#a)*n(% (WH)
.*'r,3
<,#1or$s= A"(o)-av,$ a,ra(,$ )on)r,(,5 Po-#+ro+#-,n, .*'r,5 Wa(,r
%#a)*n(% .*'r,5 H*% (,0+,ra("r,
In(ro$")(*on
The impact of technological development connected with consumer demands and
expectations continues to increase demands on global resources, leading to major
issues of material availability and environmental sustainability. An increased
awareness of renewable resources has been increasing and inevitably dependence
on renewable resources decision has been further arisen. In the past, the use of
cellulose fibres has been limited to the production of rope, string, clothing, carpets
and other decorative products. ince then, composites fibres !coconut fibre"natural
rubber latex# were extensively used in automotive industry. The development of
better$performance materials made from natural fibre resources is increasing
worldwide. %owever, disposal of natural solid waste generated from agricultural
and industrial production activity is another serious problem in developing
countries li&e Thailand. 'euse of such wastes as a sustainable construction
material appears to be one of a viable solution not only to pollution problem but
also to the problem of the land$filling and high cost of building materials. (ver a
past decade, natural fibres have been undergoing a remar&able transformation.
)
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These natural waste materials have become more and more sufficient as new
compositions and processes have been intensively researched, developed and
conse*uently applied. The consumption of building components made of fibre
reinforced cement is increasing rapidly specially in developing countries because
with this type of material. +atural fibres are possible to produce light weight
building components !'ahman et al., ),11#, with good mechanical performance
!'ama&rishna and undararajan, ),,-#, suitable thermal$acoustic insulation
!.anya&aew and /otios, ),,0#, and its economic viability !.into et al., ),11#.
Addition, steel fibre reduced the micro crac&s but over a long period, steel gets
corroded due to various actions and its environment. This made the need for
enlightenment of usage of organic and inorganic fibres which are eco friendly and
economic. %ence the study on vegetable fibre with respect to inorganic fibre is
carried out. The comparative between vegetable fibre !water hyacinth# and
synthetic fibre !polypropylene, ..# in AA1 are studied with respect to plain AA1
for their mechanical properties in elevated temperatures.
L*(,ra("r, r,v*,1
2ater hyacinth !Eichhornia crassipes# is a native of tropical outh America that
has spread to more than -, countries on five continents and has become a massive
problem in waterways in both Africa and outheast Asia !3arrett, 1404#. 2ater
hyacinth is a free$floating perennial plant that can grow to a height of 1 meter. The
dar& green leave blades are circular to elliptical in shape attached to a spongy,
inflated petiole. 2ater hyacinth is a very aggressive invader and cause oxygen
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depletions and fish &ills in water system. There have been many controls for water
hyacinth in biological, chemical and mechanical method. 2ater hyacinth has bul&
density and particle density between ,.,60 to ,.,76 g"cm
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and ,.6,8 to ,.447
g"cm
5
respectively. It has porosity of 84.8 to 41.89 !:avies and ;ohammed,
),11#. The specific gravity of water hyacinth is ,.6)0. The ultimate tensile
strength of rough fibre is in the range of 1,,$1), +"mm
)
and <oung modulus is
in between ),,$)-- +"mm
)
!+imityong&ul and 1hatveera, 144-#. It has been
observed that researchers have used various agro$wastes materials in different
proportions and also adopted various methodologies to produce different building"
composite materials. uch as =havami !=havami, 144-# studied the ultimate load
behaviour of bamboo reinforced lightweight concrete beams and the results
indicated that the tensile strength of bamboo is relatively high and can reach 57,
+"mm
)
that ma&es bamboo an attractive alternative to steel in tensile loading
applications. imilar, Asmoah and (wusu !Asmoah and (wusu, ),11# carried out
a comparative study of bamboo reinforced concrete beams with shear lin&s made
of different materials. The different stirrup materials considered were bamboo,
rattan cane and steel. /rom the results it was recommended that bamboo
reinforced concrete beams were reinforced with steel stirrups to improve on its
load carrying behaviour. 'ama&rishna and undararajan !'ama&rishna and
undararajan, ),,-# studied the variation in chemical composition and tensile
strength of coir, sisal, jute and hibiscus fibres, when they are subjected to alternate
wetting and drying and continuous immersion for 8, days in three different
medium of water, saturated lime and sodium hydroxide respectively. /rom the
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results it was observed that coir fibres are found to retain higher percentages of
their initial strength than all other fibres, after the specified period of exposure in
the various mediums. The compressive and flexural strengths of all natural fibre
reinforced mortar specimens using corroded fibres !i.e. the fibres subjected to
continuous immersion"alternate wetting and drying in the above mediums# are less
than the strength of the reference mortar !i.e. without fibres# and fibre reinforced
mortar specimen reinforced with dry natural fibres. Addition, /urlan and :e
%anai !/urlan and :e %anai, 1447# have reported that the characteristics of
concrete significantly change when a large volume of fibres is added. %owever,
;ohammed and ;ohamed !;ohammed and ;ohamed, ),,4# have observed that
tensile strength of concrete is not considerably modified when the volume of fibre
added is lower than )9 while it improves ductility and control of crac&s, even in
case of very low volume lower than ,.-9 !hah, 1441# such as polypropylene or
organic fibres. There has been a renewed interest in using cellulose fibres as
reinforcement in composite materials. +atural fibre composites posses the
advantages such as easy availability, renewability of raw materials, low cost,
lightweight and high specific strength, and stiffness whereas the artificial fibres
help to increase durability and mechanical properties of concrete more than
natural fibre. /urthermore, it is proven that artificial fibres helped to increase the
post pea& ductility performance, pre$crac& tensile strength, and impact strength
and eradicate both the temperature and shrin&age crac&s !3rown et al., ),,)#.
%owever, the main drawbac& to use natural fibres is the durability of these fibres
in a cementitious matrix. The natural fibres can easily be attac&ed by 1a!(%#
)

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from cement hydration and decays the cellulose of the fibre. The al&aline media
wea&en natural fibres. It causes individual filaments to separate from each other.
The severe degradation of exposed composites can also be attributed to interfacial
damages due to continuous volume changes of the porous vegetable fibres inside
the cement matrix !=ram, 1405#. The overall performance and durability of
concrete containing various proportions of different agro$waste residues depend
on characteristic of each fibre which has durability to resist chemical attac&s li&e
chloride and sulphate. +evertheless, in the point of global sustainable, it is
imperative that natural fibre supplementary reinforcing materials can be used in
place of artificial fibre currently used in short$term building structures, which is
more cost$effective than steel and artificial fibre reinforcement. As environment
pollution has become a problem, the idea of using waste"organic materials has
gained popularity !3iodeau and ;alhotra, ),,,#. The purpose of this study is to
investigate the mechanical strength of water hyacinth and .. fibre addition in
AA1 which has been widely used in producing high strength"weight ratio, good
tensile strain capacity, fire resistance and low coefficient of thermal expansion due
to the voids present in the AA1. The AA1 specimens were subjected to elevated
temperatures.
Ma(,r*a-s an$ M,(%o$s
D,(a*- o. $,s*n 0*/
The cementitious materials used in this study were (.1 !ordinary .ortland
cement# type I, which complied with 3 1)>1441 !3 1)$1441, ),,1# and AT;
11-,$4) !AT; 11-,$4), ),,6# , as well as water hyacinth and polypropylene
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fibre are the main materials of this study. All AA1 specimens were made by
according to TI>1-,-$)-61 !TI 1-,-$)-61, ),,8#. The composition of AA1 is
shown in Table 1. Table ) shows the properties of water hyacinth fibre !2%/# and
polypropylene fibre used. The dosage of 2%/ and .. fibre was used at ,.)-, ,.-,
,.7- and 19 by volume. The length of both fibres was approximately 1, mm. The
mix proportions of binders are presented in Table 5,
Ta'-, &3 Co0+os*(*on o. a"(o)-av,$ a,ra(,$ )on)r,(, (AAC)3
Ta'-, 63 M,)%an*)a- +ro+,r(*,s o. 1a(,r %#a)*n(% .*'r, (WHF) an$
+o-#+ro+#-,n, (PP) .*'r,3
Ta'-, >3 M*/("r, +ro+or(*on o. AACs
Pr,+ara(*on an$ (,s(*n 0,(%o$s
The water hyacinth fibre was collected from the river system near the city of
3ang&o&, the plants were cleaned and cut before being, extracted raw fibre by
grinding the water hyacinth fibre into 1, mm in length. The water hyacinth fibre
was washed and then dried in an oven set to -, ?1 for 6 nights !/igure. 1#.
F*"r, &3 Wa(,r %#a)*n(% 1as ov,r $r*,$3
Test specimens were cast from the same batch into the 1,, mm !diameter# @
),, mm !height# cylindrical specimens. ;ixing of materials was according to
AT; 114). 1oarser material !sand# was first added to the mixer, followed by
approximately one$third of mixing water, and then the mixer was started. /iner
cementious materials !cement, aluminium power# and water were added to the
running mixer in a gradual manner. /ibre was then added gradually to running
mixer. The addition of 2%/ or .. fibre usually ta&es about ) min. The mixing
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time for mixtures without fibres continues for 5 min. After 5 min as the rest time,
the final mixing ta&es ) min. The AA1 specimens were &ept in pressuriAe
chamber at the pressure of 1, B 1) bars, with steam !autoclaved# temperature of
10, B 14, 1 for 0 hours. In order to dry the autoclaved specimens, the specimens
were then placed in the oven at temperature of 7-1 for )6 hours. The cylinder
specimens were ready to test exposure temperatures in an electrical furnace. The
exposure temperatures were set at 1,,, ),,, 6,,, 0,, and 1,,, 1. In the furnace,
cylinder specimens were heated at constant rate of 1, 1 "min from room
temperature !)7 1# to targeted exposure temperature. After that, specimens were
held at targeted temperature for three hours before the furnace was turned off and
specimens were then allowed to cool down naturally to room temperature. :uring
the heating period, moisture in the specimens was allowed to escape freely.
1ompressive strength tests were carried out in accordance with AT; 1 54 and
the splitting tensile strength tests were done according to AT; 1 648. .orosity
in AA1 plays a major role in determining its mechanical properties. In this study,
the porosity of AA1 was determined through the Cacuum aturation method
!1abrera and Dynsdale, 1400#. The measurements of AA1 porosity were
conducted on -, mm cubes. The specimens were placed in a desiccator under
vacuum for at least 5 h, after which the desiccator was filled with de$aired,
distilled water. Each data point reflects the three test results. .orosity was
calculated using the following e*uation>
!1#
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where . F porosity !9#G 2sat F weight in air of saturated sampleG
2wat F weight in water of saturated sample and 2dry F weight of oven$dried
sample.
T,s( r,s"-(s an$ $*s)"ss*on
The compressive and splitting tensile strength of specimens heated at 1,,, ),,,
6,,, 0,, and 1,,,, ?1 were shown in Table 5. 3oth compressive and splitting
tensile strength decreased significantly above 6,, ?1. The reduction in
compressive and splitting tensile strength could be partly attributed to uneven
shrin&age caused by evaporation of water, dehydration and decomposition of
AA1 components, and thermal expansion caused fractures by inhomogenity of
thermal conductivity of components at different temperature regimes
!a&r and %a&im, ),,-#. The addition of fibre made highly pressure to the pore
structure of concrete, which resulted in explosive spalling due to the build$up of
pore pressure by steam !.oon et al., ),,5#. ince the evaporation of physically
absorbed water starts at 0,?1 which induced thermal crac&s, such AA1$2%/ and
AA1$.. may show inferior performance as compared to AA1 without fibre
addition !+on$AA1# specimens at elevated temperatures !.han, 1448#. As the
AA1 specimen is heated to elevated temperatures, its physical and chemical of
AA1 start to change, including evaporation of physically adsorbed water occur
around 1,, ?1, dehydration of the hydrate calcium silicate starts around 10, ?1,
decomposition of calcium hydroxide around -,, ?1, and decomposition of the
hydrate calcium silicate around 7,, ?1.
Ta'-, 73 Co0+r,ss*v, an$ s+-*((*n s(r,n(% (,s( r,s"-(s3
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AAC?PP s+,)*0,ns
/or unheated specimens, the compressive and splitting tensile strength
obtained from cylinder specimens were in the range of ,.,-$,.68 +"mm
)
and
,.,)$,.17 +"mm
)
respectively. It can be seen from /igure 5 that the maximum
compressive strength was obtained at )7?1. imilar, the maximum splitting
tensile strength was also obtained at )7?1 !/igure 6#. It was also found that the
ultimate compressive and splitting tensile strength of AA1$.. was at ,.7-9 fibre
dosage.
F*"r, >3 R,s*$"a- )o0+r,ss*v, s(r,n(% o. AAC 0*/,$ PP .*'r,3
F*"r, 73 R,s*$"a- s+-*((*n (,ns*-, s(r,n(% o. AAC 0*/,$ PP .*'r,3
/or heated specimens, the compressive strength begun to decrease as
exposure temperature increased above ),,1. imilar result was found by
Duccioni et al., !Duccioni et al., ),,5#. They found that the physical and chemical
of AA1 can be considered to be irreversible when temperature was above ),, ?1.
It was further found that the rate of deteriorating of residual compressive strength
was faster when the amount of .. fibre replacement increased. This can be
attributed to the dispersion and orientation of fibre !Israng&ura +a Ayudhya et al.,
),,0#. It observed that small crac&s and spalling lines appeared further when the
exposure temperature increased. This was due to the changes of mechanical
properties of the AA1 subjected to high temperature were dependent on
formulations of the AA1 and moisture content !1han et al., ),,,#. /ormation of
1$$% crystals at high temperatures may also cause crac&s !Tarun and Hraus,
1,
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),,)#. %owever, internal crac&s and spalling of AA1 may be minimiAed by
adding high elastic modulus fibre which decreased the volume change of AA1 by
rapid change of temperature and presence of large temperature gradient !1hen and
Diu, ),,6#.
AAC?WHF s+,)*0,ns
/or the AA1$2%/ specimens, it found from figure - and figure 8 that
compressive and splitting tensile strength was lower than AA1$... An increase
2%/ dosage from ,, ,.)- and ,.-9 by volume, the strength of compressive and
splitting tensile strength was also increased. The increase in strength of both
compressive and splitting tensile was due to dispersion and orientation of fibres
though AA1 matrix !3alaguru et al., 144-#. %owever, the increment of gain in
strength of AA1$2%/ was lower than AA1$... This might due to mechanical
properties of 2%/ !tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and melting point#
which has lower than ... imilar to the variation of ratio of compressive and
splitting tensile strength in AA1$2%/ was also lower than AA1$.. !figure 7#.
The strength of AA1$2%/ specimens were rapidly declined when
exposure temperature was above ),,?1. This might be due to organic properties
of 2%/ which has low in deforming and burning point !Aydin et al., ),,0#.
It found that the maximum strength of AA1$2%/ obtained when fibre addition
was ,.-9 by volume. The variation in compressive and splitting tensile ratio
increased as exposure temperature increased. This might due to an increase in
propagation of spalls and small crac& lines when temperature was elevated.
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F*"r, 93 R,s*$"a- )o0+r,ss*v, s(r,n(% o. AAC 0*/,$ WHF3
F*"r, @3 R,s*$"a- s+-*((*n (,ns*-, s(r,n(% o. AAC 0*/,$ WHF3
/or the effect of fibre dosage, the variation in compressive and splitting
tensile strength with .. fibre dosage showed an improvement in strength.
A gradual increase in strength obtained when the replacement ratio of .. fibre
increased up to ,.7-9 by volume. /urther increased in the fibre addition
decreased the strength of the AA1$... 3esides the effect of the replacement ratio,
an amount and orientation of disperse of fibre which obstructed the voids has
effect on strength !3iodeau et al., ),,6#. The incorporation of fibres into the
cement matrix leads to an increase of porosity of the specimens compared to the
+on$AA1. 1onse*uently, the strength values of specimens decreased with the
increased in pore volume induced !%an et al., ),,-#. Additional, the interfacial
bond between .. fibre and disconnected air voids in AA1 were wea&. .. was
chemically inert and hydrophobic, thus the potential for chemical bonding was
limited !%annant, 1407#. This negative effect of fibre dosage on residual splitting
tensile strength was similar to the result of residual compressive strength.
/urthermore, the flocculation of fibre was sometime noticed. It caused larger
voids in AA1 specimens which reduced strength performance. The strength
reduction is most li&ely due to increased amount of entrapped air due to the
presence of fibres !oroushian and ;ari&unte, 144,#.
F*"r, :3 Co0+ara(*v, ',(1,,n ra(*o o. )o0+r,ss*v,As+-*((*n s(r,n(% an$
.*'r, )on(,n( $osa,3
1)
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/or unheated specimens, a comparison between the splitting tensile
strength of the AA1$.. and AA1$2%/ mixes showed that addition fibre of
,, ,.)-, ,.-, ,.7- and 1 9 by volume, AA1$.. has a splitting tensile strength of
)09, 589, )59, -69 and 5,9 higher than AA1$2%/ respectively. /or heated
specimens, it found that the residual splitting strength decreased as exposure
temperature increased. ;ore importantly, it was further found that the presence of
fibre content did not show significant improved on strength when specimens were
subjected to high temperatures !0,,1 $1,,,1#. imilar result was found by
TanyildAi !TanyildAi, ),,4#. The compressive strength of polypropylene fibre
reinforced lightweight concrete drops with temperature starting from ),,?1. This
might due to elevated temperature above melting point of fibres. It caused
deformation of fibre which leads to cavities and pores. Addition, the connectivity
of pores as well as the creation of micro$crac&s caused gas permeability after
exposure to high temperatures which leads to drastic deteriorate in strength.
T%, )orr,-a(*ons ',(1,,n (%, r,s*$"a- s(r,n(% an$ (%, +oros*(#
In figure 0, figure 4 and figure 1, showed the comparison of the
experimental values of compressive and splitting tensile strength of AA1$.. and
AA1$2%/ with porosity. It found that strength of specimens decreased rapidly
when porosity increased. The results indicated that the incorporation of both 2%/
and .. fibre AA1 matrix increased the volume of voids in the AA1. This increase
was proportional to the fibre characteristics and content !;eddah and 3enchei&h,
),,4#. %ence, whatever the fibre type, the volume of voids increased when
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increasing both length and dosage of fibres. In fact, adding fibres to AA1 matrix
disturbs the granular s&eleton and created a voids space in the composite material.
It was also found that the porosity of specimens increased when exposure
temperature increased. This was due to high temperature which caused distortion
in fibre and number of fibre filled in pore decreased !Abeles and 3ardhan$'oy,
1401#. 1onse*uence, this caused the strength of specimens to decrease. Isually,
the porosity of cement based material changes when the temperature increases.
These changes in porosity can be characteriAed by considering phase changes in
the concrete at different temperatures. Halifa and Tsimbrovs&a !1440# found in
their studied that the increase in porosity with temperature to the release of
chemically bound water and to the microcrac&ing produced by expansion of the
cement paste. Additon, =allJ and ercombe !),,1# attributed the growth of
porosity to the formation of large capillary pores in the cement which corresponds
to the release of adsorbed water in capillary pores and release of chemically
bound water in the hydrated cement paste. It appeared that .. fibre reinforced
AA1 showed better performance of the mechanical properties during and after
exposure to elevated temperatures !below 6,,?1# compared to AA1$2%/ and
+on$AA1 specimens. imilar result were also claims that the residual strength of
light weight aggregate concrete specimen decreased linearly from about 1,, 9 to
about 6, 9 with increasing temperature from about 6,,?1 to about 0,,?1
!hafigh et al&, ),1)#.
Ta'-, 93 Poros*(# o. AAC?PP an$ AAC?WHF r,s"-(s a( ,-,va(,$
(,0+,ra("r,s3
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F*"r, 83 Poros*(# o. AAC?PP an$ AAC?WHF3
F*"r, B3 R,s*$"a- s(r,n(% o. AAC?PP an$ Poros*(#3
F*"r, &43 R,s*$"a- s(r,n(% o. AAC?WHF an$ Poros*(#3
The appearance of the specimen surface was carefully observed after
specimens were subjected to exposure temperatures. It found that small crac&
lines and spalls were easily formed in specimens when the crac& extension
becomes too large. The lines and spalls tended to start the crac& propagation when
exposure temperature increased !a&r and %a&im, ),,-#. At exposure temperature
was above ),,1, the small crac& lines and spall become further expand to larger
crac& lines and spalls. The obvious explosive spalling was found in the specimens
at elevated temperature of 0,,1 and 1,,,1 !figure 11#. The variation of the
colors under rising temperature can be recogniAed under three main categories
!KianAhuang, ),,8#. %owever, the all AA1 specimens color did not change
noticeably when temperature was below ),,1G the specimens remained white.
The surface of specimen became pale brownish color when exposure temperature
was increased up to 6,,1 and the dar&er brown color can be seen on surface of
specimen when the specimens were subjected exposure temperature above 0,,1.
F*"r, &&3 T%, a++,aran), o. s+,)*0,n a.(,r ,/+os"r, (o %*% (,0+,ra("r,s3
Con)-"s*ons
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3ased on the experimental results of this study the following conclusion can be
drawn>
1. The strength of material gradually increased as fibre dosage increased.
%owever, introducing ,.7-9 by volume of .. fibre dosage in mixing dose
was given the highest strength of AA1. The maximum compressive and
splitting tensile strength was at ,.-,, and ,.17 +"mm
)
respectively.
Addition, the effect of fibre dosage on strength decreased as the content of
fibre was added above ,.7-9 by volume. imilar, addition 2%/ at ,.-9
by volume of 2%/ dosage in mixing dose gave its highest strength. The
maximum compressive and splitting tensile strength was at ,.65 and ,.15
+"mm
)
respectively.
). It found that high exposure temperatures had significantly effect on its
strength performance. The strength of AA1 reduced when exposure
temperature increased above ),,1. The strength was rapidly declined
when specimens were subjected to exposure temperature above 6,,1.
5. According to mechanical tests, both fibres have not showed significant
improvement in residual compressive and splitting tensile strength
!above ),,?1#.
6. The mechanical properties and pre and post$exposure to high temperature
of fibre reinforced AA1s are mainly governed by the fibres characteristics
and their orientation into the AA1 matrix. The visual observations of the
orientation and distribution of the fibres in the AA1 matrix showed that
adding the 2%/ has resulted in a slightly poor distribution and orientation
18
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
16
of the fibres compared to the .. fibre. The incorporation of the 2%/ has
revealed a considerable problems concerning the mixing and placing of the
AA1$2%/ when adding an appropriate amount of fibres which has been
set at approximately ,.-9 by volume. Therefore, the sulfur surface
treatment on water hyacinth fibre is needed to increase wor&ability and
reduce brittleness !Ciwatsa&pol et al&, ),1)#.
-. The appearance of AA1 specimens can be categoriAed into three
categories. 3elow ),,1, color remains whiteG Above 6,,1, color
become pale brownish color and above 0,,1, color stay lighter brown.
8. The use of water hyacinth fibre as fibre reinforcement of cement$based
materials has proven to be beneficial not only for the obvious
environmental benefits and saving raw materials but also in terms of the
mechanical improvements of composites. As a result and in addition to
these added values of using water hyacinth in AA1, a probable decrease of
the final cost of concrete could also be in sighted.
R,.,r,n),
Asamoah, ;.A., (wusu, '.A. !),11#. A comparative study of 3amboo reinforced
concrete beams using different stirrup materials for rural construction.
International Kournal of 1ivil and tructural Engineering., 1>6,7B6)5.
Aydin, ., <aAici, %., and 3aradan, 3. !),,0#. %igh temperature resistance of
normal strength and autoclaved high strength mortars incorporated
17
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
17
polypropylene and steel fibres. 1onstruction and 3uilding ;aterials.,
))> -,6$-1).
3arrett, .1.%., !1404#. 2aterweed invasions. cientific American., )8,>4,$47.
3rown, '., hu&la, A., and +atarajan, H.'. !),,)#. /ibre 'einforcement of
1oncrete tructures, I'IT1 .'(KE1T +(. -581,1.
3ilodeau, A., and ;alhotra, C.;. !),,,#. %igh$volume fly ash system> 1oncrete
solution for sustainable development. A1I ;aterial Kournal., 47!1#>61$64.
1abrera, K.=., and Dynsdale, 1.K. !1400#. A new gas permeameter for measuring
the permeability of mortar and concrete. ;agaAine of 1oncrete 'esearch.,
6,>177B0).
1han, <.+,. Duo, L,. and un, 2. !),,,#. 1ompressive strength and pore$structure
of high$performance concrete after exposure to high temperature up to 0,,
?1, 1ement and 1oncrete 'esearch., 5,>)67B)-1.
1hen, 3., and Diu, K. !),,6#. 'esidual strength of hybrid$fibre$reinforced high$
strength concrete after exposure to high temperature. 1ement and 1oncrete
'esearch, 56!8#>1,8-$1,84.
:avies, '.;., and ;ohammed, I.. !),11#. ;oisture$dependent Engineering
.roperties of 2ater %yacinth .arts. ingapore Kournal of cientific
'esearch., 1>)-5$)85
/urlan, Kr ., and :e %anai, K.3. !1447#. hear behaviour of fibre reinforced
concrete beams. 1ement and 1oncrete 1omposite.,14!6#>5-4B588.
10
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
18
=havami, H. !144-#. Iltimate load behavior of bamboo reinforced lightweight
concrete beams. 1ement and 1oncrete 1omposite., 17!6#>)01B)00.
=ram, %E. !1405#. :urability of natural fibres in concrete. toc&holm> wedish
1ement and 1oncrete 'esearch Institute.
Israng&ura +a Ayudhya, 3., Ing&oon, <., anitboon, .., and Katipatranat, 2.
!),,0#. tudy of perlite application in autoclaved aerated concrete !AA1#.
6
th
Annual 1oncrete 1onference, ),$)) (ctober, Ibonrathani. Thailand,
;at.77$0).
Halifa, .., Tsimbrovs&a, ;. !1440# 1omportement des 3%. M hautes tempJratures
B Etat de la *uestion et rJsultats expJrimentaux. 1ahier du 1T3, number
5,70.
=allJ, 1., and ercombe, K. !),,1#. .ermeability and pore structure evolution of
silicocalcareous and hematite high$strength concretes submitted to high
temperatures. Kournal of ;aterial tructure., 56>814B8)0.
Duccioni, 3.;., /igueroa, ;.I., and :anesi, './. !),,5#. Thermo$mechanic model
for concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. Engineering tructure
Kournal, )-!8#>7)4$76).
;ohammed, . ;., and ;ohamed, ;. !),,4#. .roperties of concrete reinforced
with different &inds of industrial waste fibre materials. 1onstruction and
3uilding ;aterials. )5>5148B5),-.
+imityong&ul, .., and 1hatveera, 3. !144-#. Alternative, Ise of water hyacinth
fibre as randomly$oriented reinforcement in roofing, Engineering Institute
of Thailand Kournal., 68!)#>58 B 6).
14
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
19
.anya&aew, ., and /otios, . !),,0#. Agricultural waste materials as thermal
insulation for dwellings in Thailand> preliminary results. In> .DEA )-
th

conference on passive and low energy architecture, :urbin, ))B)6
(ctober.
.into, K., .aiva, A., Carumd, %., 1osta, A., 1ruA, :., and .ereira, . !),11# 1orns
cob as a potential ecological thermal insulation material. Energy
3uild.,65>140-B4,.
.han, D.T. !1448#. /ire performance of high strength concrete> a report of the
state$of$the$art. ;aryland> 3uilding and /ire 'esearch Daboratory,
+ational Institute of tandards and Technology.
.oon, 1.., AAhar, ., Anson, ;., and 2ong, <.D. !),,5#. .erformance of
meta&aolin concrete at elevated temperatures. 1ement 1oncrete
1omposite., )-!1#>05$04.
'ahman, ;.;., 'ashid, ;.%., %ossain, ;.A., %asan, ;.T. and %asan, ;.H.
!),11#. .erformance evaluation of bamboo reinforced concrete beam.
International Kournal of Engineering and Technology., 11!6#>16)B168.
'ama&rishna, =., and undararajan, T. !),,-#. tudies on the durability of natural
fibres and the effect of corroded fibres on the strength of mortar. 1ement
and 1oncrete 1omposite., )7>-7-B-0).
a&r, H., and %a&im, E.E. !),,-#. Effect of high temperature or fire on heavy
weight concrete properties. 1ement and 1oncrete 'esearch., 5-!5#>-4,$
-48.
),
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
20
hah, ... !1441#. :o fibres increase the tensile strength of cement$based
matrixesN A1I ;aterial Kournal., 00!8#>-4-B8,).
oroushian .., and ;ari&unte, . !144,#. 'einforcement of cement$based
materials with cellulose fibres. Thin$section fibre reinforced concrete and
ferrocement, .$1)6, :etroit> American 1oncrete Institute., 44$1)6.
Tarun, '.+., and Hraus, '.+. !),,)#. Temperature effects on high$performance
concrete. 'eport on 13I$),,)$,7 'E.$68,. :epartment of 1ivil
Engineering and ;echanics 1ollege of Engineering and Applied cience,
the Iniversity of 2isconsin$;ilwau&ee, IA
TanyildAi, %. !),,4#. tatistical analysis for mechanical properties of
polypropylene fibre reinforced lightweight concrete containing silica fume
exposed to high temperature. ;aterials and :esign., 5,>5)-)$5)-0.
3 1)>1441, pecification for .ortland 1ement, 3ritish tandards, IH, ),,1
AT; 11-,$4)> tandard pecification for .ortland 1ement, Annual boo& of
AT; standards, Col. 1$6, .hiladelphia, ),,6
AT; 154 " 154; B ,6 tandard Test ;ethod for 1ompressive trength of
1ylindrical 1oncrete pecimens. Annual boo& of AT; standards, Col. 1$
6, .hiladelphia, ),,6.
AT; 1648 " 1648; B ,6 tandard Test ;ethod for plitting Tensile trength of
1ylindrical 1oncrete pecimens. Annual boo& of AT; standards, Col. 1$
6, .hiladelphia, ),,6.
TI 1-,-$1440> Autoclaved Aerated Dightweight 1oncrete Elements, Thai
Industrial tandard, 3ang&o&, ),,8.
)1
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
21
F*"r, &3 Wa(,r %#a)*n(% .*'r, 1as ov,r $r*,$3
))
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
22
F*"r, 63 S+,)*0,n 1as s"'2,)(,$ (o )o0+r,ss*v, s(r,n(% (,s(3
)5
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
23
F*"r, >3 R,s*$"a- )o0+r,ss*v, s(r,n(% o. AAC 0*/,$ PP .*'r,3

F*"r, 73 R,s*$"a- s+-*((*n (,ns*-, s(r,n(% o. AAC 0*/,$ PP .*'r,3
)6
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
505
506
507
508
509
24
F*"r, 93 R,s*$"a- )o0+r,ss*v, s(r,n(% o. AAC 0*/,$ WHF3
)-
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
25
F*"r, @3 R,s*$"a- s+-*((*n (,ns*-, s(r,n(% o. AAC 0*/,$ WHF3
)8
517
518
519
520
521
522
26
F*"r, :3 Co0+ara(*v, ',(1,,n ra(*o o. )o0+r,ss*v,As+-*((*n s(r,n(% an$
.*'r, )on(,n( $osa,3
)7
523
524
525
526
527
528
27
F*"r, 83 Poros*(# o. AAC?PP an$ AAC?WHF3
)0
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
28
F*"r, B3 R,s*$"a- s(r,n(% o. AAC?PP an$ Poros*(#3
)4
536
537
538
539
540
29
F*"r, &43 R,s*$"a- s(r,n(% o. AAC?WHF an$ Poros*(#3
5,
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
30
F*"r, &&3 T%, a++,aran), o. s+,)*0,n a.(,r ,/+ors"r, (o %*% (,0+,ra("r,s3
51
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
31
Ta'-, &3 Co0+os*(*on o. a"(o)-av,$ a,ra(,$ )on)r,(, (AAC)3
1omposition !9# Dimestone 1ement and =ypsum
i(
)
$ )1.,) 0- ,.7
Al
)
(
5
,.- -.)1 8.1 ,.)8
/e
)
(
5
,.- 5.17 1.) ,.11
1a( 0, 8-.68 ,.58 5).66
;g( 1 5.16 ,.0- ,.55
+a
)
( ,.) ,.16 1 $
H
)
( ,.6) ,.05 1 $
(
5
$ $ $ 68.-
1<D %
)
( $ $ $ 14.88
Ta'-, 63 M,)%an*)a- +ro+,r(*,s o. 1a(,r %#a)*n(% .*'r, (WHF) an$
Po-#+ro+#-,n, .*'r, (PP)3
5)
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
32
.roperties :ata
2%/ ..
pecific gravity ,.6)0 ,.41
Tensile strength !+"mm
)
# 1,,$1-, 5,,$6,,
;odulus of Elasticity !+"mm
)
# )-- 0,,,
Elongation at yield !9# $ 15
2ater absorption !9# ,.6 +il
:eforming temperature !1#
1-,$17- 18,
'ange of melting temperature !1# $ 18,$17-
Evaporation point !1#
$ 561
3urning temperature !1# ),, 68,
Ta'-, >3 M*/("r, +ro+or(*on o. AACs
AA1$2%/
:esignation of the mix
2%/
!9#
..
!9#
and
!9#
1ement
!9#
Dime
!9#
=ypsum
!9#
Aluminium
powder
!9#
55
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
33
AA1$2%/ !,# , $ 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
AA1$2%/ !,.)-# ,.)- $ 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
AA1$2%/ !,.-# ,.- $ 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
AA1$2%/ !,.7-# ,.7- $ 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
AA1$2%/ !1# 1 $ 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
AA1$..
AA1$.. !,# $ , 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
AA1$.. !,.)-# $ ,.)- 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
AA1$.. !,.-# $ ,.- 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
AA1$.. !,.7-# $ ,.7- 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
AA1$.. !1# $ 1 87 18 1- 1.45 ,.,7
Ta'-, 73 Co0+r,ss*v, an$ s+-*((*n s(r,n(% (,s( r,s"-(s3
;ix
!9 fibre#
Applied
temperature
!1#
AA1 mixed water hyacinth fibre
!AA1$2%/#
AA1 mixed .. fibre
!AA1$..#
1ompressive
strength
plitting
strength
'atio
between
1ompressive
strength
plitting
strength
'atio
between
56
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
34
!+"mm
)
# !+"mm
)
# 1ompressive
and plitting
strength
!+"mm
)
# !+"mm
)
# 1ompressive
and plitting
strength
, Inheated ,.6, ,.11 5.84 ,.6- ,.16 5.15
1,, ,.54 ,.,4 6.)5 ,.6) ,.15 5.18
),, ,.)6 ,.,8 6.,7 ,.)6 ,.1, ).64
6,, ,.14 ,.,8 5.16 ,.1, ,.,- 1.4)
0,, ,.,0 ,.,5 ).6, ,.,7 ,.,) 5.6,
1,,,, ,.,8 ,.,5 ).55 ,.,7 ,.,) 5.6,
,.)- Inheated ,.6) ,.11 5.85 ,.68 ,.1- 5.,7
1,, ,.6, ,.11 5.78 ,.66 ,.16 5.1-
),, ,.)0 ,.,8 6.55 ,.)7 ,.11 ).60
6,, ,.), ,.,8 5.84 ,.,0 ,.,8 1.54
0,, ,.,0 ,.,6 ).1) ,.,0 ,.,5 ).50
1,,,, ,.,7 ,.,5 ).15 ,.,8 ,.,) ).0,
,.- Inheated ,.65 ,.15 5.56 ,.67 ,.18 5.,,
1,, ,.61 ,.1) 5.6, ,.68 ,.1- 5.,5
),, ,.)7 ,.,0 5.57 ,.)4 ,.11 ).7)
6,, ,.)6 ,.,8 5.08 ,.,4 ,.,8 1.6,
0,, ,.1, ,.,6 ).71 ,.,4 ,.,6 ).1,
1,,,, ,.,8 ,.,6 1.78 ,.,8 ,.,5 ).-,
,.7- Inheated ,.67 ,.11 6.50 ,.-, ,.17 ).04
1,, ,.66 ,.1, 6.), ,.60 ,.17 ).4,
),, ,.51 ,.,7 6.60 ,.5) ,.1) ).8)
6,, ,.)- ,.,8 6.57 ,.1, ,.,7 1.-,
0,, ,.15 ,.,5 6.81 ,.1, ,.,- ).,,
1,,,, ,.,8 ,.,5 1.8) ,.,- ,.,5 1.71
1 Inheated ,.54 ,.1, 6.,6 ,.6, ,.15 5.,,
1,, ,.6, ,.,4 6.)7 ,.6) ,.1) 5.-,
),, ,.)- ,.,8 6.66 ,.5, ,.,0 5.04
6,, ,.)) ,.,6 -.), ,.,8 ,.,5 ).16
0,, ,.,7 ,.,5 ).)7 ,.,8 ,.,) 5.7-
1,,,, ,.,6 ,.,5 1.-6 ,.,- ,.,) ).7-
Ta'-, 93 Poros*(# o. AAC?PP an$ AAC?WHF r,s"-(s a( ,-,va(,$
(,0+,ra("r,s3
AA1$.. !9#
5-
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
35
Temperature !1# ,9 ,.)-9 ,.-,9 ,.7-9 19
)7 80.7 87.6 86.5 85.1 8).)
1,, 80.8 87.8 86.4 85.7 8).6
),, 80.4 87.4 8-.) 86.) 8).4
6,, 84.1 80.1 8-.4 8-.1 85.-
0,, 7,.) 84.- 87.1 88.0 86.7
1,,, 71.- 7,.- 87.0 87.1 8-.0
AA1$2%/ !9#
)7 -7.) -,.1 64.- -,.1 64.-
1,, -7.1 -,.5 64.7 -,.5 64.7
),, -7.5 -,.- -, -,.- -,
6,, -4.7 -5.6 -).8 -5.6 -).8
0,, 8,.6 -6.5 -5.0 -6.5 -5.0
1,,, 8,.4 --.) -6.5 --.) -6.5
58
672
673
36