www.Vidyarthiplus.

com
N.Saravanan, AP/Chemistry, Mahalakshmi Engineering
College,Trichy-622!.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
MAHALAKSHMI
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
TIRUCHIRAPALLI - 621 213
Pre"are# $y%
N.Saravanan.,
AP/Chemistry.
Sub. Code: CY 6151 Semester : I
Subject : !"I!RI!" CH#ISTRY-I &nit '((% C)EM(CA* T)E+M,-.NAM(CS
2 # $ r%s & u e s t' o ( s $(d A ( s ) ers
*1. +e,'(e t-e terms S.stem / Surrou(d'(0s $(d 1ou(d$r..
S y s t e m : The Part of the universe. S ur r o u n di n g s:
Remaining part of the universe. B o u n d ar y:
Separating the system and surroundings.
*2. 2-$t $re t-e t.3es o, s.stems4
Isolated system, closed system, opens system.
*3. 2-$t do .ou me$( b. $( 'so5$ted s.stem/ c5osed s.stem $(d o3e( s.stem4
I so lated s y s t e m: which cannot exchange oth energy and matter! "x: universe.
#l os e d s y s t e m: only heat exchange
$ p e n s y s t e m : only mass exchange.
*6. 2-$t do .ou me$( b. $ st$te o, $ s.stem4
"xchange ta%es place at oundary etween system and surroundings.
State: that condition in which all variales are fixed and unvarying.
*5. +e,'(e t-e 'sot-erm$5/ $d'$b$t'c / 'sob$r'c/ 'soc-or'c c-$(0e.
I soth e rm al ch a n g e : one at constant temperature. dT&'
( d ia atic cha n g e: )o heat is exchanged into or out of a system i.e, insulated.
I so aric ch a n g e: one at constant pressure. dP&'
I soc h oric ch a n g e : one at constant volume. d*&'
*6. St$te d',,ere(t ,orm o, de,'('t'o(s o, seco(d 5$) o, t-ermod.($m'cs.
+or% can always e converted into heat, ut heat cannot e completely converted into wor% ,
only a fraction of heat can e converted into wor% and the rest remains unavailale and
unconverted.
Clausius statement: It is impossile to construct a machine, which can transfer heat from a cold
ody to a hot ody, unless some external wor% is done on the machine.
Kelvin statement: It is impossile to ta%e heat from a hot ody and convert it completely into wor%
y a cyclic process without transferring a part of heat to a cold ody.
*7. +e,'(e t-e st$teme(t o, (tro3.. "'8e 'ts m$t-em$t'c$5 e93ress'o(.
It is a measure of degree of disorder or randomness in a molecular system
"x: solidli,uid, entropy increases. -i,uid solid, entropy decreases.
.S &
q
re v
T
,
rev
& heat change and T& Temperature.
*:. 2-$t $re t-e 3ro3ert'es o, $ s.stem4
Two properties. /. Intensive properties 0. "xtensive properties.
/. I ntens iv e p r o p e rt ie s: 1epends on only the nature of the sustance present a system.
"x:Temperature , Pressure, #oncentration.
0. " x t e n s iv e p r o p e rt ie s : 1epends on the amount of the sustance present a system.
"x:2ass, *olume, ", S, 3.
*;. +e,'(e c5$us'us '(e<u$5't..
The amount of heat transferred to the system divided y its temperature is e,ual to or less
than 4ero is %nown as clausius ine,uality.
Q

T

56 differential heat transfer at the system oundary during a cycle.
T asolute temperature.

integration over a cycle.

1*. +er'8e t-e m$t-em$t'c$5 ,orm o, "'bbs- He5m-o5t= e<u$t'o(.
( G ) 1
G H + T
1

T
]
P
11. 2-$t $re t-e cr'ter'$ o, s3o(t$(e't.4
( process to occur in nature. "x: 7alls, 8eat flows , 3as expands.
( spontaneous change is one9way.
.3 & 9ve , the process is spontaneous.
.3 & ' , the process is in e,ulirium
.3 & 9ve , the process is non9spontaneous.
12. +er'8e t-e m$t-em$t'c$5 ,orm o, C5$us'us - c5$3e.ro( e<u$t'o(.
dP

q
dT T !V
B
V
A
"
13. 2-$t $re t-e $335'c$t'o(s o, C5$us'us - c5$3e.ro( e<u$t'o(4
a: #alculation of latent heat of vapourisation.
: #alculation of oiling point.
c: #alculation of vapour pressure at another temperature.
d: #alculation of molar elevation constant.
16. +er'8e t-e m$t-em$t'c$5 ,orm o, 8$(>t -o,, 'sot-erm.
P
c
P
d
G RT l# K
eq
RT l#
C D
A B
15. +er'8e t-e m$t-em$t'c$5 ,orm o, 8$(>t -o,, e<u$t'o(.
lo$
K
%

H

T
%
T
&
1
1
K
&
%.''R

T
&
T
% ]
16. 2-$t 's t-e s'0(','c$(ce o, ?$(>t -o,, e<u$t'o(4
a: ",uilirium constant ;<: and .8 of a reaction can e calculated using *an=t hoff e,uation.
: To find e,uilirium constant at another temperature is %nown.
c: .8
'
& 0.>'>R x slope
d: The e,uilirium constant increases with temperature.
17. +e,'(e )or% ,u(ct'o( $(d ,ree e(er0..
+or% function: 8elmholt4 free energy ;(:
The part of internal energy ;": , which is isothermally availale is called
wor% function. (&"9TS.
7ree energy: 3is free energy.
It is %nown as isothermally availale energy present in a system. 3&89TS
1:. +er'8e t-e m$t-em$t'c$5 ,orm o, #$9)e55>s re5$t'o(s.
T
_ P
_
T
_ V
_
;i:.


V
,
s



S
,
v
;ii:.


P
,
s



S
,
P
a b
P P
S
_ P
_
S
_ V
_
;iii:.


V ,
T



T
,
V
;iv:.


P ,
T



T ,
P
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
PA+T ' / 0&EST(,NS AN- ANS1E+S
*1. 935$'( t-e term'(o5o0. '( t-ermod.($m'cs.
S y s t e m : The Part of the universe. S ur r o u n di n g s:
Remaining part of the universe. B o u n d ar y:
Separating the system and surroundings.
T y p e s o f s y s t ems
Isolated system, closed system, opens system.
I so lated s y s t e m: which cannot exchange oth energy and matter! "x: universe.
#l os e d s y s t e m: only heat exchange
$ p e n s y s t e m : only mass exchange.
State of a system: "xchange ta%es place at oundary etween system and surroundings.
State: that condition in which all variales are fixed and unvarying.
I soth e rm al ch a n g e : one at constant temperature. dT&'
( d ia atic cha n g e: )o heat is exchanged into or out of a system i.e, insulated.
I so aric ch a n g e: one at constant pressure. dP&'
I soc h o r ic ch a n g e : one at constant volume. d*&'
*2. 935$'( t-e e(tro3. c-$(0e ,or $( 'de$5 0$s.
(ccording to I law of thermodynamics d" & ,9w 9999999999999 ;/:
+here, , & heat change and w & wor% done.
In reversile isothermal expansion, there is no change of internal energy d" & '.
",uation ;/: ecomes, ,
rev
?w & ' @ ,
rev
& w 999999999999999;0:
The wor% done in an expansion of n moles of a gas from volume */ to *0 at constant
temperature T is given y
+ & nRT l#
V
%
99999999999999999999 ;>:
V
&
",uation ;0: ecomes
V
,
rev
& nRT l#
%
V
&
9999999999999999;A:
ut .S &
q
re v
T
and ,
rev
& T .S
",uation ;A: ecomes, T .S & nRT l#
V
%
V
&
& V V
.S &
T
nRT l#
%
V
&
@ .S & nR l#
%
V
&
.S & 0.>'> nR lo$
V
%
V
&
9999999999999999999999999;B:
",uation ;B: is %nown as an entropy change in an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas.
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
*3. 935$'( t-e e(tro3. c-$(0e ,or $ re8ers'b5e $(d 'rre8ers'b5e 3rocess.
" nt r o p y ch a n g e f or a r e v ersi l e p r oc e s s :
a: #onsider an isothermal and reversile expansion of an ideal gas.
: If the system asors , amount of heat from the surroundings at temperature T, the
q
increase in entropy of the system is given y

S
system

T
q
c: The heat loose, the entropy of the surroundings decreases
S
surroundings

T
S
Tota
S
System
+ S
surroundings

q
+

q
_
Tota
T

T

,
S
Tota
2 3
In a reversile isothermal process, there is no net change in entropy.
" nt r o p y ch a n g e f or a irr e v ersi l e p r oc e ss:
( system maintained at high temperature T
/
and
Its surroundings maintained high temperature T
0
.
If , amount of heat passes irreversily from the system to surroundings, then
q
1ecrease in entropy of the system S
System

T
&
q
Increase in entropy of the surroundings S
Surroundings
+
T
%
)et change in entropy S
Tota
S
System
+ S
Surroundings

q
+
q
T
&
&

q
T
%

& 1
1

T
%
T
& ]
T T
1
q

& %
1

T
&
T
% ]
Since T
/
CT
0
, T
/
9T
0
is positive. 8ence .S
Total
& positive value.
.S
Total
C'
In an irreversile process, the entropy of the system increases.
(ll the spontaneous process are irreversile and entropy of the system
always increases.
*6. 935$'( t-e c5$us'us '(e<u$5't. )'t- 3roo,.
The amount of heat transferred to the system divided y its temperature is e,ual to or less
than 4ero is %nown as clausius ine,uality.
Q

T

56 differential heat transfer at the system oundary during a cycle.
T asolute temperature.

integration over a cycle.

Proof:
#onsider two heat engines.
$ne is reversile carnot engine.
(nother one is irreversileirreversile engine.
Both engines asor the same amount of heat 6
8
at a temperature T
8
Both engines reDect the heat to a heat sin% at a temperature T
-
(ccording to I law of thermodynamics,
+
rev
& 6
8
96
- rev
+
irrev.&
6
8
96
- irrev
.
since the reversile engine is more efficient than the irreversile engine.
+
rev
& 6
8
96
- rev
C +
irrev.&
6
8
96
- irrev
.
7or reversile heat engine ? #arnot.
8ere, the cyclic integral of the heat transfer divided y the temperature.
Q Q

H
T T
H
Q
! . rev

Q
H

Q
! . rev
T
H
T
H
T
H
Q

7or irreversile heat engine:
Same value of heat transfer from 6
8
. ut heat reDection 6
-
is more in irreversile engine than the
reversile one.
6
- irrev
C 6
- rev
for any reversile or irreversile heat engine , we otain the clausius ine,uality
Q

*5. 935$'( "'bbs @ He5m-o5t= e<u$t'o( AorB Re5$t'o( bet)ee( C" $(d CH AorB re5$t'o( bet)ee(
,ree e(er0. $(d )or% ,u(ct'o(.
7rom 3is free energy,
3 & 89TS @ 8 & "EP*@ 3 & "EP*9TS
7or an infinitesimal change,
d3 & d" E Pd*E*dP9TdS9SdT999999999999999999999999999999999999999;/:
But according to I F II law of thermodynamics ,
d" & TdS9 Pd*999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;0:
sus e,n ;0: in e,n ;/:, we get
d3 & TdS9 Pd* E Pd*E*dP9TdS9SdT
d3 & *dP9 SdT99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;>:
(t constant pressure dP & ' @ e,n ;>: ecomes
d3 & 9 SdT 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;A:

G _
S 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;B:
,
P
Sus e,n ;B: in 3 & 89TS, we get

G
_
3 & 8 E T

,
P
;$r:
39 T

G _
& 8
,
P
99999999999;G:
",uation ;G: is 3is ? 8elmholt4 e,uation.
7or any two states of the system, the e,uation ;A: may e written as
dG
&
()S
&
d*
I#itialstat+ dG
%
()S
%
d*
,i#alstat+ To get the
change ,
dG
%
)dG
&
()S
%
d*)
(
)S
&
d*
)
d
(
G
%
)G
&
)
()
(
S
%
)S
&
)
d*
d
(
-G
)
()-Sd*))))))))))))))))))))))))))
!."
(t constant pressure the e,n.;H: ecomes,


(
G
)
1

T
1
S !/"
1
]
P
(ccording to free energy , .3 & .8 ? T.S
S
G H
!0"
T
Sus e,n ;I: in e,n ;J:,
G
H


(
G
)
1
( 1
G H (*

(
G
)
1
1
T
T
1 T
1
]
P


(
G
)
1
T

T
T

]
P
G (H1* 1
!&"
T
1
]
P
",n;/': is another form of 3is ? 8elmholt4 e,uation.
Significance:
;i:. It relates .3 and .8 with temperature at constant pressure.
;ii:. It gives the nature of a reaction. .3 value & 9ve, the reaction is spontaneous.
.3 value & ', the reaction is in e,ulirium.
(pplications:
/. #alculate .8 f or t he cell r eact ion: It is calculated as follows.
.8 &

n"

#

_
T

,
1
1
P
1
]
0. # a lcu late t he e m f o f a c e ll : It is calculated as follows.
#

H
1
+
T
# _
n"

,
P
>. #alculation of entropy change: It is calculated as follows. .3 & .8 ? T.S
A. It is used to calculate .8 value from free energy change of two different temperatures.
*6. T-e ,ree e(er0. c-$(0e $ccom3$(.'(0 $ 0'8e( 3rocess 's -:5.77 %D3er mo5e $t 25
*
C $(d @
:3.6: %D $t 35
*
C. c$5cu5$te t-e c-$(0e '( e(t-$53. ,or t-e 3rocess $t 3*
*
C.


(
G
)
1
3is ? 8elmholt4 e,uation is G (H1* 1
T
1
.3
/
& 9JB.HH %K
.3
0
& 9J>.GJ %K .3 & .3
0
9 .3
/
& 0.'I.
T
/
& 0B
'
# & 0BE0H> & 0IJ <
T
0
& >B
'
# & >BE0H> & >'J <


(
G
)
1
1
%.0 2 & .%0
]
P
T
1
]
P
G '

C
T
&
+ T
%

%0/ + '/
''K
% %
/3... +
( /'.4/
)

%
/5..%3$%

( G
) 1
H G T
1

T
]
P
/5..%3 '' & .%0
/5..%3 4'.'%.
H &5/.3%$%
T

*7. +er'8e t-e c5$us'us @ c5$3e.ro( <u$t'o(.

( system contains two phases li%e ( and B.

7ree energy changes of two phases 3
(
F 3
B
The system is in e,uilirium 3
(
& 3
B
9999999999999999999999999999999;/:

e,n ;/: ecomes, 3
(
E d 3
(
& 3
B
E d 3
B
99999999999999999999999
;0:
+e %now that, 3 & 8 ? TS @ 8 & " E P* @
3 & " E P* ? TS 99999999999999999999999999999999999999;>:

d3 & d" E Pd* E *dP? TdS ?SdT999999999999999999999999999999999
;A: But d" & d, ? dw @ d, & d" E dw & d" E Pd*
d, & d" E Pd*99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;B:
dq
dS
d6
(
7
d* *!V
8
)V
A
"
for reversile e,uation@ T @ d, & TdS9999999999999999999;G:
sus e,n ;G: in e,n ;B:
TdS & d" E Pd*
d" & TdS ? Pd*999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;H:
sus e,n ;H: in e,n ;A:
d3 & TdS ? Pd* E Pd* E *dP? TdS ?SdT
d3 & *dP? SdT99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;J:
d3
(
& *
(
dP? S
(
dT999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;I:
1g
B
& *
B
dP? S
B
dT 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999;/':
+here *
(
, *
B
are molar volumes of phase ( F B
S
(
F S
B
are molar entropies.

3
(
& 3
B
@ d3
(
& d3
B
*
(
dP? S
(
dT & *
B
dP? S
B
dT
S
B
dT? S
(
dT & *
B
dP? *
(
dP
dT ;S
B
9 S
(
: & dP;*
B
9*
(
:
(
S
8
) S
A )
d6
(
V
8
)V
A
)
(
d*
!&3"
+hen one mole of entropy change. So .S& S
(
9 S
B
S d6
(
V
8
)V
A
)
(
d*
!&4"
+e %now that entropy change
.S &
q
T
d6

q
!&."
d*
T
(
V
8
)V
A )
",n ;/H: is %nown as #lausius ? clapeyron e,uation.
(pplications of #lausius ? clapeyron e,uation.
;/:. #alculation of latent heat of vapourisation.
;0:. #alculation of Boiling point.
;>:. #alculation of vapour pressure at another temperature.
;A:. #alculation of molar elevation constant.
*:. +er'8e #$9)e55>s re5$t'o(s.
+e %now that ,
;/:. d" & TdS ? Pd*
;0:. d8 & TdS E *dP
;>:. d( & 9SdT ? Pd*
;A:. d3 & 9SdT E *dP
;/:. (ccording to internal energy @
The comined form of I and II law is ,
d" & TdS ? Pd* 999999999999999999999999999999999999999;/:
If * is constant then d* & ' , e,n ;/: ecomes

# _
T > !%"
,
V
If S is constant then dS & ' , e,n ;/: ecomes

# _
P > !'"
,
S
1iff. e,n ;0: w.r.t * at constant S

%
#
SV

T
_


V
,
S
> !5"
1iff. e,n ;>: w.r.t S at constant *

%
#
V S

P
_


S
,
V
> !3"
#ompare e,ns. ;A: F ;B:
T
_

P
_

>
!4"


V
,
S

S
,
V
",n ;G: is one form of maxwell=s relations.
;0:. (ccording to enthalpy @
d8 & TdS E *dP999999999999999999999999999999999999999;H:
If P is constant then dP & ' , e,n ;H: ecomes

H _
T > !/"
,
P
If S is constant then dS & ' , e,n ;H: ecomes

H _
V > !0"
,
S
1iff. e,n ;J: w.r.t P at constant S

%
H
SP

T
_


P
,
S
> !&"
1iff. e,n ;I: w.r.t S at constant P

%
H
SP
V
_


S
,
P
> !&&"
#ompare e,ns. ;/': F ;//:
T
_


V
_

>
!&%"


P
,
S

S
,
P
S

V

S

P

",n ;/0: is Second form of maxwell=s relations.

'>. (ccording to wor% function (@
d( & 9SdT ? Pd*999999999999999999999999999999999999999;/>:
If * is constant then d* & ' , e,n ;/>: ecomes

A _
S > !&5"
,
V
If T is constant then dT & ' , e,n ;/>: ecomes

A _
P > !&3"
,
T
1iff. e,n ;/A: w.r.t * at constant T

%
A
T V

S
_


V
,
T
> !&4"
1iff. e,n ;/B: w.r.t T at constant *

%
A
V T

P
_


T
,
V
> !&."
#ompare e,ns. ;/G: F ;/H:
S
_


P
_

>
!&/"


V
,
T

T
,
V
LLLL LL
",n ;/J: is Third form of maxwell=s relations.
'A. (ccording to 3is free energy ;3:@
d3 & 9SdT E *dP99999999999999999999999999999999999999999;/I:
If P is constant then dP & ' , e,n ;/I: ecomes

G _
S > !%"
,
P
If T is constant then dT & ' , e,n ;/I: ecomes

G _
V > !%&"
,
T
1iff. e,n ;0': w.r.t P at constant T

%
G
T P

S
_


P
,
T
> !%%"
1iff. e,n ;0/: w.r.t T at constant P

%
G
PT
V
_


T
,
P
> !%'"
#ompare e,ns. ;00: F ;0>:
S
_

V
_

>
!%5"


P
,
T

T
,
P
LLLL LL
",n ;0A: is 7ourth form of maxwell=s relations.
The four types of 2axwell relations are as follows@
T
_ P
_
T

V




P

T

T
_

V _
S
_

P
_ S
_ V
_






V
,
S

S
,
V

P
,
S

S
,
P

V
,
T

T
,
V

P
,
T

T
,
P
*;. +er'8e 8$(>t -o,, 'sot-erm.
It gives the ,uantitative relationship etween the free energy change and e,uilirium constant.
#onsider the following reaction.
aA + bB

cC + dD !&"
+e %now that 3 & 8 ? TS @ 8 & " E P*.
3 & " E P* ? TS 99999999999999999999999C ;0:
d3 & d" E Pd*E*dP9TdS9SdT99999999C ;>:
ut according to I and II law@
d" & TdS9 Pd* 9999999999999999999999999999999;A:
sus e,n ;A: in e,n ;>:
d3 & TdS9 Pd* E Pd*E*dP9TdS9SdT
d3 & *dP9SdT999999999999999999999999999999999;B:
at constant Temperature ,dT&'@
(
dG
) (Vd6

free energy change for /
mole d3 & *dP
dG RT .
dP
!4"
P
$n integrating the e,n ;G:@
dP

dG

RT

P
3 & 3
'
ERT lnP 999999999999999;H:
+here
3
'
& integration constant.
7ree energies li%e (,B,#,1
Pressures P
(
,P
B
,P
#
,P
1
7ree energies 3
(
,3
B
,3
#
,3
1
.3 & 3
Products
? 3
Reactants
-G(
(
G
C
1G
9
)
)
(
G
A
1G8
)
)))))))))))!/"
-G(
(
G

1cR*l#6 1G

1dR*l#6
)
)
(
G

1aR*l#6 1G

1:R*l#6
)
C C 9 9 A A 8 8
-G(
(
G

1G

)
)
(
G

1G

)

1R*
(
cl#6
1dl#6
)

)
(
al#6
1:l#6
)
1
)))!0"
C 9 A 8
6
c
.6
d

C 9 A 8
]
-G(-G

1R*l#
C 9
))))))))!&"
6
a
.6
:
A 8
+hen e,uilirium .3 &', e,n ;/': ecomes
G

+ RT l# K
G

RT l# K
eq
!&&"
Sus e,n ;//: into e,n;/':
c d
c d
-G( RT l#
K
eq
1R*l#
6
C
.6
9
6
a
.6
:
)-G(RT l# K )R*l# 6
C
.6
9
9999999;/0:
A 8
eq
6
a
.6
:
The aove e,uation is %nown as van=t hoff isotherm.
A 8
*
eq
1*. +er'8e t-e 8$(>t -o,, 'soc-ore o, 8$(>t -o,, e<u$t'o(.
This e,uation is otained y comining of van=t hoff isotherm and 3is ? 8elmholt4 e,uation.
(ccording to van=t hoff isotherm, G

RT l# K
1iff w.r.t T at constant P,
999999999999;/:

G
_

Rl#K )R*
dl#K
6

!%"

6
d*

,
P
#qn!%" &T ;

G
_
T


)R*l#K )R*
%
dl#K
6

!'"

6
d*

,
P

G

_
T


-G

)R*
%
dl#K
6

!5"

T

d*

,
P
3is ? 8elmholt4 e,uation@


(
G

)

1
G

(H

1*
1
!3"

T 1
]
P
Sus e,n ;B: into e,n;A:


(
G

)

_

G

)
1
dl#K
T

H

1*
1
)R*
%
6
!4"

T 1
d*

,
P
P


(
G

)

_

G

)

1
dl#K
T

*
1
H

)R*
%
6

T 1

d*

,
P
P
H

)R*
%
dl#K
6
d*
H

R*
%
dl#K
6
d*
dl#K
H

6
!/"
d* R*
%
& %
Integrating the aove e,n T
/
, T
0
and K
p
;K
p
%
d
(
l#K
-H
%
d*
(

!0"

K
& 6
R
%
*
&
l#K
%

l#K
&

-H

&
( )
( )
( )
]
]
K
p
*
p *
'
)

&
1
p p
R

% &
]

* *
-H

& &
1

*
&

1
*
%
1
]

-H

*
%
*
&
1
R

*
&
*
%
]
l#K
%
l#K
&

-H

*
%
*
&
1
R

*
&
*
%
]
lo$
K
%

-H

*
%
*
&
1 999999999999;J:
K
&
%.''R
*
&
*
%
1
]
The aove e,uation is %nown as van=t hoff e,uation.
11. T-e e<u'5'br'um co(st$(t ,or t-e
re$ct'o(
N
%
1'H
%

%NH
'
's 1.6691*
-6
$tm $(d *.16691*
-6
$tm $t 6**
*
C $(d 5**
*
C res3ect'8e5.. C$5cu5$te t-e -e$t o, re$ct'o( '( terms o,
c$5or'esARE1.;:7c$5B.
T
/
& A''
'
# & A''E0H> & GH> <
T
0
& B''
'
# & B''E0H> & HH> <
<
/
& /.GAx/'
9A
atm
<
0
& './AAx/'
9A
atm
R&/.IJHcal
lo$
K
%

* *
1
1
K
&
%.''R
*
&
*
%
1
lo$
.&55
&&
5
]

-H

..' 4.'
1
1
&.45 &&
5
%.''<&.0/.

4.'& ..'
1
]
&.345
&-H
%.''& &.0/. & 4.'&
..'
-H %3.&5$.ca
9999
1
1
1
% &
-H