Drilling Hydraulics Lecture

1
Ariff Othman & Abdul Razak Ismail

Drilling Engineering (SKM3413)
DRILLING HYDRAULICS
Contents
Review: Flow in pipes (Fluid Mechanics)
Drilling mud Ilow (circulating) system
Newtonian Iluid Ilow calculations
Bingham Plastic Iluid Ilow calculations
p across bit nozzles
p calculation Ior typical system
1
CHAPTER 3
Real Iluid Ilow is much complex compare to perIect Iluid Ilow.
Review: Flow In Pipes
Shear stress
Between Iluid particles
Between Iluid particles
and pipe`s wall
Iluid
Energy equilibrium principles are used to solve the problems.
Partial diIIerential equation (Euler`s equation) has no general
solution to solve problems.
Results Irom experiment (analvtical) and semi-empirical method
needs to be used to solve Ilow problems.
There are 2 types oI steady Ilow oI real Iluid exists:
Laminar Ilow
Turbulent Ilow
2
2
All three types oI Ilow actually do occurred in real Iluid Ilow.
Transition Ilow
Turbulent Ilow
Laminar (viscous) Ilow
Dye
This one?
or
this one?
this one?
or
Laminar Ilow v +
Turbulent Ilow v |
The problem is: what is and .Why we need to know? v | v +
3
This phenomenon was Iirst investigated in 1883 by Osborne
Reynolds in an experiment which has a classic in Iluid mechanic.
AIter a Iew experiments, he Iound out a mathematical relationship:
vd
Transition Ilow
Turbulent Ilow
Laminar Ilow
4
3
This mathematical relationship can be used to determine the types
oI Ilow.
2000 laminar Ilow
vd
<
2000 4000 transition Ilow
vd
< <
4000 turbulent Ilow
vd
>
Subsequently until now, this mathematical relationship is known as
Reynolds number, Re (or A
Re
).
laminar Ilow : Re 2000
transition Ilow: 2000 Re 4000
turbulent Ilow : Re 4000
<
< <
>
Re dimensionless
vd
=
5
II kinematic viscosity, , is inserted in the equation:
vd
where:
Iluid density
Iluid average velocity
pipe inside diameter
Iluid absolute viscosity
v
d
=
=
=
=

=
Re
vd
4
Fluid velocity proIile in a pipe:
Laminar Ilow
Turbulent Ilow
Q
1
2 avg maks
v v v = =
avg
Q
v v
A
= =
avg
Q
v v
A
= =
maks
v
Q
7
Mechanical Energy of a Flowing Fluid
Consider the situation below:
in
Q
out
Q
element Station 1
1
( ) mg
element Station 2
2
( ) mg
Datum
Control volume
1
z
2
z
1 2
1
v
2
v
L
H
E
H
A
H
Turbine
Pump
The energy possessed by a Ilowing Iluid consists oI internal energy and energies due to
pressure, velocity, and position
energy at energy energy energy energy at
section 1 added lost extracted section 2
+ =
This equation, Ior steady Ilow oI incompressible Iluids in which the change in internal
energy is negligible, simpliIies to
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
2 2
A L E
p v p v
: H H H :
g g
| |
+ + + = + +
| |
\ . \ .
8
5
Energy Losses In Pipe
Def.: Any energy losses in closed conduits due to Iriction, H
L
.
This types oI losses can be divided into 2 main categories:
Major losses, H
L-mafor
, and
Minor losses, H
L-minor
.
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2
2 2
A L E
p v p v
: H H H :
g g
| |
+ + + = + +
| |
\ . \ .
From Bernoulli`s equation:
Energy added to the system, H
A
, is Irequently due to pump Iluid
head, H
P
, energy extracted, H
E
, is Irequently due to turbine Iluid
head, H
T
, Bernoulli`s equation can be simpliIy as:
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 major minor
2 2
P T L L
p v p v
: H : H H H
g g

+ + + = + + + + +
9
Major Losses In Pipe
a. Laminar flow
Problem solved analytically derived purely Irom mathematical
relationship
Hagen-Porseuille equation
2
32
L
vL
H
d
=
2
32
f
vL
p
d
A =
in the Iorms oI head loss, H
L
Darcy-Weisbach equation
by replacing into Hagen-Porseuille equation Re
vd
=
2
64
Re 2
L
v L
H
d g
=
Def.: The head loss due to Iriction in long, straight sections oI pipe.
The losses do happen in pipe, either in laminar or turbulent Ilow.
10
6
b. Turbulent flow
From Darcy-Weisbach equation Ior laminar Ilow
2
64
Re 2
L
v L
H
d g
=
2
2
L
v L
H f
d g
=
Where, Ior laminar Ilow,
64
Re
f = a simple mathematical relationship.
For turbulent Ilow, f has to be solved empirically experiment need to be done.
In laminar and turbulent Ilow, f is known as Iriction coeIIicient or Iriction Iactor.
11
Friction Factor
a. Laminar flow
Darcy-Weisbach equation
2
2
L
L v
H f
d g
=
64
where
Re
f =
b. Turbulent flow
In the literature (Irom 1900`s current date), there are many studies that have been
conceded by various researchers.
Blasius`s equation (1913)
von Karman`s equation modiIied by Prandtl
12
Nikuradse`s equation (Ior smooth and rough pipes)
Colebrook-White equation (1940`s)
Moody
Barr`s equation (1975)
7
Friction Factor .... (cont. 2)
Moody Chart
L
a
m
i
n
a
r
T
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
Turbulent
Complete Turbulent
Re
vd
vd

64
Re
f
13
Normal practice in determination of f
1. Calculate Re to determine the types oI
Ilow.
2. H
L
calculation: used Darcy-Weisbach
equation.
2
2
L
L v
H f
d g
=
3. For laminar Ilow:
64
Re
f =
a. Determine pipe relative roughness,
d
Where:
pipes absolute roughness
pipe internal diameter d

d
e is depend on pipe`s material, normally
is given in tabular Iorms.
Material (new)
Absolute roughness,
ft mm
Riverted steel
Concrete
Wood stave
Cast iron
Galvanized iron
Asphalted cast iron
Commercial steel or wrought iron
Drawn tubing
Glass
0.003 - 0.03
0.001- 0.01
0.0006 - 0.003
0.00085
0.0005
0.0004
0.00015
0.000005
0.0 (smooth)
0.9 - 9.0
0.3 - 3.0
0.18 - 0.9
0.26
0.15
0.12
0.045
0.0015
0.0 (smooth)
b. Obtain f Irom Moody chart, Re,
d
4. For turbulent Ilow:

14
8
Attention
1. In this subject, SKM1043, the f that we are using, is the American Iriction Iactor, f
American
.
2. The value oI f
American
is diIIerent to the one that used by the British
4
American British
f f =
16
Re
64
Re
needs to reIer diIIerent Moody Chart
3. Sometimes: 4
American British
f f = =
15
1
Drilling Mud Circulating System
Mud
pump
SurIace
piping
Rotary
hose
Inside drill
pipe (dp)
Inside drill
collar (dc)
Bit
nozzles
Annulus
dc/hole
Annulus
dp/hole
Mud
pit
Fluid Ilow through jets in the bit (nozzles)
Drill string
Hole
Nozzle
n1
v
n2
v n3
v
1
p
2
p
Stand
pipe
9
17
t s p c b ac ap
p p p p p p p A = A + A + A + A + A + A
Since the mud enters the drill string and leaves the annulus
at essentially the same elevation, the only pressure
required is to overcome the frictional losses in the system.
Hence, the discharge pressure at the pump is deIined by:
p
t
pump discharge pressure
p
s
pressure loss in surIace piping, standpipe, and mud hose
p
p
pressure loss inside drill pipe
pressure loss inside drill collars

p
b
pressure loss across bit nozzles
p
ac
pressure loss in annulus around drill collars
p
ap
pressure loss in annulus around drill pipe
where:
....... (3.1)
18
Pressure Losses in a Circulating Mud System
10
19
The solution oI Eq. (3.1) is rather tedious; separate
calculations are needed Ior each section
There are 4 diIIerent types oI model used to calculate
Irictional pressure losses in mud circulating system:
Newtonian
Bingham plastic
Power-law
API Power-law
Due to the limitation oI the syllabus, Power-Law and API
Power-Law models will not be discussed in this subject.
All calculations will be Iocused on Newtonian and plastic
Iluid models.
20
Newtonian Fluid Flow Calculations
Similar to generalized Ilow system approach, calculation oI p Ior
pipe Ilow requires a knowledge oI which Ilow pattern pertains to the
speciIic case, since diIIerent equations apply Ior each situation.
DeIinition oI the existing Ilow pattern is given by a dimensionless
quantity known as the Reynolds number (N
Re
):
Re
928 vd
N

=
.......... (3.2)
Reynolds`s number
Re
N
where:
average velocity oI Ilow, It/sec v
Iluid density, ppg
d pipe inside diameter, in.

Iluid viscosity, cp
circulating volume, gal/min q

11
21
Similar to generalized Ilow system approach, that iI
.......... (3.3)
laminar Ilow p, lb/in
2 p A
where:
length oI pipe, It L
Re
Re
Re
laminar Ilow : 2000
transition Ilow: 2000 4000
turbulent Ilow : 4000
N
N
N
<
< <
>
The p in laminar Ilow is given by the Hagan-Poiseuille law; this,
in practical units, is
2
1, 500
Lv
p
d
A =
For turbulent Ilow, Fanning`s equation applies:
2
25.8
f Lv
p
d
A =
turbulent Ilow p, lb/in
2 p A
where:
Fanning Iriction Iactor
f
.......... (3.4)
turbulent Ilow
22
The Iriction Iactor f is a Iunction oI and pipe
roughness, and has been evaluated experimentally
Ior numerous materials (see Fig. 7.1)
p calculation Ior Newtonian Iluid Ilow systems in
the Iollowing manner:
a. Calculate N
Re
Irom Equation (3.2).
b. II N
Re
2000, use Equation (3.3) to calculate the
pressure drop.
c. II N
Re
~ 2000, use Equation (3.4). In this case the
Iriction Iactor f is obtained Irom Figure 7.1 or its
equivalent.
12
23
24
Plastic Fluid Flow Calculations
Drilling Iluids is non-Newtonian Iluid
Newtonian Iluid equations must be altered Ior application
to typical drilling mud systems
13
25
Surface Equipment Losses ( p
s
)
The surIace equipment consist oI standpipe, hose, swivel, kelly
joint, and the piping between the pump and standpipe.
In practice, there are only Iour types oI surIace equipment; each
type is characterized by the dimensions oI standpipe, kelly, rotary
hose and swivel. Table 3.1 summarizes the Iour types oI surIace
equipment.
Table 3.1: Types oI surIace equipment & value oI constant E
Type
Standpipe Hose Swivel, etc. Kelly Eq. length,
3.826 ID E
ID Length ID Length ID Length ID Length
1 3 40 It. 2.5 45 It. 2 20 It. 2.25 40 It. 2,600 It. 2.5 x 10
-4
2 3.5 40 It. 2.5 55 It. 2.5 25 It. 3.25 40 It. 946 It. 9.6 x 10
-5
3 4 45 It. 3 55 It. 2.5 25 It. 3.25 40 It. 610 It. 5.3 x 10
-5
4 4 45 It. 3 55 It. 3 30 It. 4 40 It. 424 It. 4.2 x 10
-5
2
0.8 1.8 0.2
s m p
p E q A =
Use the Iollowing Iormula:
where:
.......... (3.5)
surIace pressure losses, psi
q Ilow rate, gpm
mud density, ppg
a constant depending on type oI surIace equipment used
mud plastic viscosity, cp
s
m
p
p
E
A
=
1o determine surface equipment losses ( p
s
):
14
27
Fluid Flow Inside the Pipe
Rate of shear or velocity
S
h
e
a
r
i
n
g

s
t
r
e
s
s

o
r

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
Y
t
, True yield
Transition Irom plug to laminar Ilow
Plug Ilow
Y
b
, Bingham yield
t
4
144
3
p Y mv A = +
(True laminar Ilow)
pressure drop, lb/It
2
144 p A
where:
Y
b
, lb/It
2 4
3 t
Y
L/(1500d
2
), slope oI linear portion (Irom Eq. (3.3)) m
Fig. 3.1: Flow behavior oI plastic and Newtonian Iluids.
t
4
144
3
p Y mv A = +
A. Laminar Flow Region
28
For practical values oI , the behavior oI plastic Iluids may be
expressed as:
v
Eq. (3.6) may be used in cases where laminar Ilow exists
Determination oI Ilow characteristic (laminar or turbulent) is
made by comparing the actual velocity with a calculated critical
velocity
p
b
2
300 1500
vL
LY
p
d d
A = +
.......... (3.6)
where:
yield point, lb/100It
2
. b
Y
plastic viscosity, cp. p
laminar Ilow
p
b
300 5
v
L
p Y
d d
|
A = +
|
\ .
15
29
Average Velocity Calculation
3
2
3
2
It /sec
It
1 It 1 min
gal/min
7.48 gal 60 sec
( /4)( /12)
q
v
A
q
d
=

=
2 2
2.45( - )
h p
q
v
d d
=
Hole
Drill pipe
Annulus
|0
00
Annulus Area
h p
A A =
2
2.45
q
v
d
=
Avg. velocity
inside the pipe
Avg. velocity
in the annulus
:
average velocity, It/sec.
Ilow rate, gpm
d diameter, in.
where
v
q
=
....... (3.7a)
....... (3.7b)
2 2
( )
( )
4
h p OD
d d
=
30
Critical Velocity Calculation
II Eqs. (3.3) and (3.6) are equated, an equivalent Newtonian
viscosity in terms oI is obtained: , , and
p b
d v Y
b
p
5dY
v
= +
Substituting the above Eq. Ior in the Reynolds`s number oI Eq.
(3.2), equating the resulting equation to 2000, and solving Ior
gives:
v
p
2 2
p b
c
1.08 1.08 9.3 d Y
v
d

+ +
=
.......... (3.8)
where:
critical velocity, It/sec, above which turbulent Ilow
exists and below which the Ilow is laminar.
c
v
Eq. (3.8) assumes that turbulence occurs at N
Re
2000. ThereIore,
iI:
c
c
, Ilow is laminar
, Ilow is turbulent
v v
v v
<
>
16
31
BeIore Fanning Eq. can be used, alteration to N
Re
expression have to
be done (aIter Beck, Nuss & Dunn)
3.2
p
t

= .......... (3.9)
Substitution oI
t
, Ior in the general N
Re
expression (Eq. (3.2)) gives:
Re
t
928 vd
N

=
where:
turbulent viscosity oI plastic Iluids, cp
t
.......... (3.10)
By using Fig. 7.1, determine f
This f may then be used in Eq. (3.4) Ior calculation oI pressure
Re
p
2,970 vd
N

=
B. 1urbulent Flow Region
32
In summary, p calculation Ior plastic Iluid Ilow systems can
be done as Iollows:
(1) Calculate the average velocity, , Irom Eq. (3.7a) or (3.7b)
(2) Calculate v
c
Irom Eq. (3.8)
a. Calculation oI A
Re
Irom Eq. (3.10)
b. Determination oI f Irom Fig. 7.1 at the calculated
Ior the conduit in question
c. Calculation oI pressure drop Irom Eq. (3.4)
(3) II Ilow is laminar, Eq. (3.6) applies
c
v v <
(4) II Ilow is turbulent, requiring:
c
v v >
v
17
33
Example 3.1
Mud is Ilowing through 4 1/2 inch OD, internal Ilush drill pipe.
Calculate the Irictional pressure drop per 1000 It oI pipe.
Mud properties
Mud density,
m
10 lb/gal
Pipe ID 3.640 in.
Bingham yield, Y
b
10 lb/100 It
2
Circulating rate, q 400 gal/min
Plastic viscosity,
p
30 cp
34
Solution 3.1
(2)
2 2
c
(1.08)(30) (1.08) (30) (9.3)(10)(3.64) (10)
4.3 It/sec
(10)(3.64)
v
+ +
= =
(1)
2
400
12.3 It/sec
2.45(3.64)
v = =
(3) Since , Ilow is turbulent.
c
v v >
(a)
Re
(2, 970)(10)(12.3)(3.64)
44, 300
30
N = =
(b) 0.0062 Irom Curve II, Fig. 3.1 f =
(c)
2
(0.0062)(10)(1000)(12.3)
100 psi/1000 It
(25.8)(3.64)
p
p A = =
p
2 2
p b
c
1.08 1.08 9.3 d Y
v
d

+ +
=
. (3.8) : Eq
. (3.7a) : Eq
2
2.45
q
v
d
=
18
35
Hydraulically Equivalent Annulus Diameter
For annular Ilow, it is necessary to use a hypothetical circular diameter,
d
a
, which is the hydraulic equivalent oI the actual annular system
The hydraulic radius is deIined as:
cross-sectional area oI Ilow system
hydraulic radius,
wetted perimeter oI conduit
h
r
Ior an annulus
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
( )

2 ( ) 2
h
r r r r
r
r r

=
+
Ior a circular pipe
2

2 2
h
r r
r
r
=
r
2
Annulus
r
1
r
The Irictional loss in an annulus is equal to the loss in a circular pipe

having the same hydraulic radius; hence, in general terms:
1 2 1 2

e e
r r r or d d d
where r
e
and d
e
are the hydraulically equivalent radius and diameter
.......... (3.11)
3
Pressure Drop Across Bit Aozzles
Consider the diagram below Ior incompressible Iluid:
Fig. 3.2: Schematic sketch oI incompressible Iluid Ilowing
through a converging tube or nozzle.
Assuming steadv state, adiabatic, and frictionless:
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
p v p v
g g
+ = +
where:
turbulent Ilow pressure drop, lb/It
2
1 2
, p p
density, lb/It
3
velocities at points 1 and 2, It/sec
1 2
, v v
.......... ( ) a
19
37
or
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
p v p v
w g w g
+ = +
2 2
2 1
2
v v p
g
A
=
Practically, , thereIore:
2 2 2
2 1 2
v v v ~
2
2
2
p
v g
A
=
The ideal rate oI Ilow, . The actual Ilow rate q is:
2 2 i
q A v =
i
q Cq =
where C is the Ilow or nozzle coeIIicient Ior particular design.
.......... ( ) a
.......... ( ) b
.......... ( ) c
38
By substituting Eq. (c) into Eq. (b), and rearranging it, the equation
becomes:
2
2 2
2
2
q
p
gC A
A = .......... (3.12)
Altering Eq. (3.12) to practical units Ior mud Ilow, we:
2
2 4
7, 430
b
e
q
p
C d
A =
.......... (3.13)
where d
e
hydraulically equivalent nozzle diameter, in.
The value oI C is around 0.8 0.98.
20
39
The calculation oI p across a multiple nozzle bit may be simpliIied
by substituting the sum oI the nozzle areas Ior A in Equation (3.12).
Multiple Nozzles
For single nozzle:
2
2 2
2
q
p
gC A
A =
For several nozzles, each oI area A
1
:
2
1
2 2
1
2
m
q
p
gC A
A =
40
thereIore:
For parallel Ilow, where n number oI nozzles.
1
,
q
q
n
=
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
m
p q q A A
p q A n q A
A
= =
A
Cross sectional area oI Ilow, A, is deIined as
2
2 2
1
1
A
n A
=
1
A nA = .......... (3.14)
or
2 2 2
1
A n A =
21
41
Similarly, Ior use in Eq. (3.13)
II the multiple nozzles vary in size,
.......... (3.15a)
2
e
d nd =
2 2
1 2
etc.
e
d ad bd = + +
.......... (3.15b)
where:
number oI nozzles having diameter d
1
.
a
number oI nozzles having diameter d
2
. b
hydraulically equivalent single nozzle diameter, in.
e
d
42
Solution 3.2
Drill string
Hole
Nozzle
n1
v
n2
v n3
v
1
p
2
p
2
3
8
or 3( ) 0.65 in.
e
d d = = (equivalent single nozzle diameter)
2
1 2 2 4
(500) (10)
( ) or 2,100 psi
(7430)(0.95) (0.65)
p p p A = =
Using Eq. (3.13):
Example 3.2
A 10 lb/gal mud is being circulated at the rate oI 500 gal/min.
through a tri-cone bit having three 3/8 in. diameter jets. What
is the pressure drop across the bit?
22
43
Pressure Drop Calculations for a 1ypical Systems
Example 3.3
Operating Data
Depth 6,000 It (5,500 It drill pipe, 500 It drill collars)
Drill pipe 4 -in. internal Ilush, 16.6 lb/It (ID 3.826 in.)
Drill collars 6 / in. (ID 2.813 in.)
Mud density,
m
10 lb/gal
Plastic viscosity,
p
30 cp
Bingham yield, Y
b
10 lb/100It
2
Bit 7 7/8-in., 3 cone, jet rock bit
Nozzle velocity required at least 250 It/sec through each nozzle (this
value is obtained by a commonly applied rule oI thumb). Assume C 0.95
SurIace equipment type 2
What hydraulic (pump output) horsepower will be required Ior these conditions?
44
Circulation rate: This is obtained Irom the
desired annular velocity necessary Ior
proper hole cleaning (cutting removal).
Assume that this is a Iast drilling, soIt rock
area and that 180 It/min (3 It/sec) upward
velocity based on a gauge hole is required
(i.e. annular velocity around the drill pipe).
The Ilow rate , q is:
Solution 3.3
, , , ,
7 1
8 2
2 2
2 2
(annulus area) velocity
2.45( - )
2.45 7 4 (3)
307 gpm
h p
q
d d v
=
=
(
=

=
500 It.
5,500 It.
23
(a) Surface equipment losses ( p
s
)
SurIace equipment type 2
0.8 1.8 0.2
s m p
p E q A =
Eq. (3.16)
-5 0.8 1.8 0.2
(9.6 10 )(10) (307) (30) 36 psi
s
p A = =
Table 3.1
-5
9.6 10 E =
The critical velocity:
2 2
p p m b
c
m
2 2
1.08 1.08 9.3
1.08 (30) 1.08 (30) (9.3)(10)(3.826) (10)
(10)(3.826)
4.25 It/sec
d Y
v
d

+ +
=
+ +
=
=
The average velocity inside the drill pipe:
2 2
307
8.56 It/sec
2.45 2.45(3.826)
q
v
d
= = =
(b) Pressure losses inside drill pipe ( p
p
)
4
Re
p
2, 970 (2, 970)(10)(8.58)(3.826)
32, 423 32, 400
30
vd
N

= = = ~
turbulent Ilow (use Eq. 3.4)
c
v v >
Applying Eq. (3.4):
0.0066 f =
2 2
p
(0.0066)(10)(5,500)(8.56)
269 psi
25.8 (25.8)(3.826)
f Lv
p
d
A = = =
Fig. 7.1
Curve II
Re
32, 400 N =
24
47
2 2
p p m b
c
m
2 2
1.08 1.08 9.3
1.08 (30) 1.08 (30) (9.3)(10)(2.813) (10)
(10)(2.813)
4.64 It/sec
d Y
v
d

+ +
=
+ +
=
=
The average velocity inside the drill collar:
2 2
307
15.84 It/sec
2.45 2.45(2.813)
q
v
d
= = =
(c) Pressure losses inside drill collar ( p
c
)
48
Re
p
2, 970 (2, 970)(10)(15.84)(2.813)
44,112 44,100
30
vd
N

= = = ~
c
v v >
Applying Eqn. (3.4):
0.0062 f =
2 2
p
(0.0062)(10)(500)(15.84)
107 psi
25.8 (25.8)(2.813)
f Lv
p
d
A = = =
Fig. 7.1
Curve II
Re
44,100 N =
25
q
1
3
q 1
3
q
1
3
q
49
Three nozzles (one Ior each cone) will be used, hence 1/3 q will Ilow
through each. For at least 250 It/sec through each nozzle, v
1
3
307 / 3
0.41 in.
2.45 (2.45)(250)
q
d
v
= = =
Nozzle sizes are sell in multiples oI 1/32 in.
ThereIore, the nearest stock nozzle available is
13/32 in. (i.e. 0.40625 in.):
13
32
2
102
252 It/sec
2.45( )
v = =
(d) Pressure losses through bit ( p
b
)
13
32
nozzle diameter oI in. is chosen
This nozzle allows an actual velocity oI:
50
2
b 2 4
(307) (10)
573 psi
7, 430(0.95) (0.704)
p A = =
2
13
32
3( ) 0.704 in. d = =
2 2
1 2
etc.
e
d ad bd = + +
Using Eq. (3.15) or (3.15a), the actual nozzle diameter:
Eq. (3.15a)
2
e
d nd =
Eq. (3.15b)
b
Pressure drop across the bit, : p A
2
m
b 2 4
7, 430
q
p
C d
A =
Eq. (3.13)
26
51
The hydraulically equivalent diameter oI the annulus:
1
8
1
8
2 2
c
1.08(30) 1.08 (30) (9.3)(10)(1 ) (10)
7.26 It/sec
(10)(1 )
v
+ +
= =
7 3 1
8 4 8
1 2
7 6 1 in.
a
d d d
d
=
= =
(e) Pressure losses around drill collar ( p
ac
)
The average velocity around the drill collar:
7 3
8 4
2 2
307
7.62 It/sec
(2.45) (7 ) (6 )
v = =
(

52
c
v v >
1
8
Re
p
(2, 970)(7.62)(1 ) 2, 970
8, 487 8, 500
30
vd
N

= = = ~
Applying Eqn. (3.4):
0.0098 f =
1
8
2 2
p
(0.0098)(10)(500)(7.62)
98 psi
25.8 (25.8)(1 )
f Lv
p
d
A = = =
Fig. 7.1
Curve IV (Ior annuli
in uncased hole)
Re
8, 400 N =
27
53
3
8
3
8
2 2
c
1.08(30) 1.08 (30) (9.3)(10)(3 ) (10)
4.39 It/sec
(10)(3 )
v
+ +
= =
(f) Pressure losses around drill pipe ( p
ap
)
The average velocity around the drill collar (as assume/given earlier):
The hydraulically equivalent diameter oI the annulus:
7 1 3
8 2 8
1 2
7 4 3 in.
a
d d d
d
=
= =
3 It/sec v =
laminar Ilow (use Eq. 3.6)
c
v v <
p
b
300 5
v
L
p Y
d d
|
A = +
|
\ .
3 3
8 8
500 30(3)
10 83 psi
300(3 ) 5(3 )
p
(
A = + =

54
(h) Horsepower output at the pump
Assuming volumetric and mechanical eIIiciencies oI the pump are 90 and 85
respectively:
1, 714
v m
q p
HP

A
=

307 (1,166)
273
1, 714(0.90)(0.85)
HP horsepower = =
.......... (3.17)
:
Ilow rate, gpm
volumetric eIIiciency
mechanical eIIiciency
v
m
where
q
t
36 269 107 573 98 83 1,166 psi p A = + + + + + ~
(g) 1he total pressure drop in the system ( p
t
)
28
55
Summary
t s p c b ac ap
p p p p p p p A = A + A + A + A + A + A
Eq. (3.7 ) or (3.7b)
v
a E q . ( 3 . 1 6 ) o r F i g . 3 . 3
s
p A
Eq. (3.8)
c
v
Eq. (3.15a) or (3.15b)
e
d
(Eqn. 3.13)
b
p A
iI
c
v v >
Re
Eq. (3.2)
N
(Fig. 7.1)
f
Eq. (3.6)
, , ,
p c ac ap
p p p p A A A A
Eq. (3.4)
, , ,
p c ac ap
p p p p A A A A
Bingham Plastic Model. Calculation Steps
Yes No
(laminar) (turbulent)
Chapter 3. Drilling Hvdraulics
5
Graphical Method
The Baker Tool Company has prepared set oI curves and
tables (see Figs. 7.3 7.11)
These charts were constructed based on Fanning`s equation
Ior mud having a viscosity oI 3 cp and a density oI 9.5 ppg
The Iriction Iactor I has been accounted Ior in terms oI Ilow
rate and pipe size
Pressure drop read Irom these charts must be corrected Ior
density and viscosity other than 3 cp and 9.5 ppg respectively:
0.14
9.5 3.2(3)
p
m
u
p p

(
A = A

:
corrected value Ior mud oI density , ppg
uncorrected value Irom the charts, ppg
m
u
where
p
p
A =
A =
29
57
58
30
59
0
31
1
2
32
3
4
33
5

Example 3.4
Using a data as in Example 3.3, calculate the circulating pressure required.
Solution 3.4
From Example 3.3: q 307 gpm, bit 3 13/32 in. nozzles
(a) Surface equipment losses ( p
s
)
Fig. 7.3
q 307 gpm
Curve type 2
27 ppg
u
p A =
0.14
9.5 3.2(3)
p
m
u
p p

(
A = A

0.14
10 30
27 33psi
9.5 3.2(3)
s
p
(
A = =

Fig. 7.5 (Ior 4.5 d/p)
(assume ID 3 /)
q 307 gpm
Curve 7
32
5,500 176 psi
1, 000
u
p A = =
0.14
10 30
176 217 psi
9.5 3.2(3)
p
p
(
A = =

(b) Pressure losses inside drill pipe ( p
p
)
34
7
q 307 gpm
Curve 2 / bore
0.14
9.5 3.2(3)
p
m
u
p p

(
A = A

0.14
10 30
75 93psi
9.5 3.2(3)
c
p
(
A = =

(c) Pressure losses inside drill collar ( p
c
)
Fig. 7.7
(assume ID 2 /)
15
500 75 psi
100
u
p A = =
(d) Pressure losses through bit ( p
b
)
q 307 gpm
10
550 579psi
9.5
b
p A = =
Fig. 7.9
(no viscosity eIIect)
550 psi
u
p A =
9.5
m
u
p p

A = A
13
32
"
3 nozzle
8
(e) Pressure losses around drill collar ( p
ac
)
q 307 gpm
6 / drill collar
0.14
9.5 3.2(3)
p
m
u
p p

(
A = A

0.14
10 30
125 154psi
9.5 3.2(3)
ac
p
(
A = =

Fig. 7.9
(bit size 7 7/8)
25
500 125 psi
100
u
p A = =
(f) Pressure losses around drill pipe ( p
ap
)
q 307 gpm
4 drill collar
0.14
10 30
77 95psi
9.5 3.2(3)
ap
p
(
A = =

Fig. 7.9
(bit size 7 7/8)
1.4
5,500 77 psi
100
u
p A = =
t
33 217 107 579 154 95 1,185 psi p A = + + + + + ~
(g) 1he total pressure drop in the system ( p
t
)
35
9
Comparison of p Calculation Methods
System
component
Plastic flow calculation
(psi)
Hughes Tools Co. charts
(psi)
Surface connections, p
s
36 33
Inside drill pipe, p
p
269 217
Inside drill collar, p
c
107 107
Bit nozzles, p
b
573 579
Outside drill collar, p
ac
98 154
Outside drill pipe, p
ap
83 95
Total circulating
pressure, p
t
1,166 1,185
70
Additional Information
Besides Newtonian and Bingham Plastic Models, there are
several other model used to predict pressure losses in mud
circulating systems.
Generally, each model is based on a set oI assumptions which
cannot be completely IulIilled in any drilling situation.
Power law, Herschel-Bulkley (Yield Power Law API Power
Law) models are the most widely used in the oil industry.
Table 3.3 shows a summary oI pressure loss equations
36
71

Drilling Hydraulics Lecture

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Drilling Hydraulics Lecture

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1

Ariff Othman & Abdul Razak Ismail

4. For turbulent Ilow:

pressure loss inside drill collars

d pipe inside diameter, in.

circulating volume, gal/min q

The Irictional loss in an annulus is equal to the loss in a circular pipe

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