You are on page 1of 86

trsdK;bmom?

omoemtusdK; o,fydk;aqmifrnf

csif;a&mifjcnf
Ak'"rbmoma&;r*Zif;trSwf (7)

csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUu xkwfa0onf/
www.chinyaurgchi.com
e-mail : chin.tharthana@gmail.com

r* Z if ; Mo0g'p&d , q&mawmf r sm;


d ?f Munfjh rifwidk ?f pufuav;? &efuek Nf rdKU/
1/ b'Eu0dE? uefom,mausmif;wku
2/ b'EOmPbd0Ho? yd#ue,lya'oausmif;? rpd;k &drw
f u
dk ?f rEav;NrdKU/
3/ b'Eem&'
m&'? atmifr*Fvmwku
d o
f pf? tvHNk rdKUe,f? &efuek Nf rdKU
tBuH a y;em,ursm;
1/ OD;azvde;f armif;? 2/ OD;xef;bl? 3/ OD;&Sed ;f vde;f xef;? 4/ OD;wifatmif? 5/ OD;tGraf rmif;?
t,f ' D w mtzG J U t,f'DwmcsKyf-ud k E d k i f ; (csif ; awmif )? wm0efcHt,f'Dwm- armif a EG x G e f ; (ayguf a cgif ; ))?
t,f'w
D mtzGUJ 0ifrsm;- aoa&Smifcsif;? taEG;ocif? csif;pnfol? qvdkif;aemapmf

yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;
OD;wifatmif? Ou|? csif;Ak'o
moeygvutzGYJ (NrJ-1822)? trSwf (74 tcef; (2)? ajrnDxyf? uRef;
awmvrf;? prf;acsmif;? &efuek Nf rdKUu xkwaf 0onf/ OD;atmifausmfx;l (rSwyf w
Hk if-12702)? jrwfyef;&*Hk yHEk ydS w
f u
kd ?f
trSwf (17)? &efajy (10)vrf;? 3-&yfuu
G ?f omauwNrKd Ue,f? &efuek u
f tzH;k ESihf twGi;f pmom;rsm;udk yHEk ydS o
f nf/
2014-? pufwifbm? yxrtBudrf tkyfa&-2200? wefzdk;-"r'ge/

rmwdum
1/ "ruAsmrsm; . . .
3
(rd;k cg;? ok,OfnKd ? pvif;oef;wif-h izJ)
2/ olwaYdk jymMum; "rpum; . . .
5
3/ odapcsifygonf (awmifay:ajrrSpef;xGe;f )
7
4/ Oap' orm;. . (a'gufwmcifarmifvwf)
8
5/ "ruAsmrsm; (ZifxGef;-puk?AdkvfwHk;-csif;) 11
6/ csif;ygvutzGUJ -uefyufvufNrdKUe,f
12
7/ csif;q&mawmf OD;aum0d' (at;qef;OD;-izJ) 12
8/ csif;q&mawmf OD;aomrmpm& (at;qef;OD;) 14
9/ csif;Ak'omoem.. (t&SifpEm0&-usifa'G;) 17
10/ csif;. ygvutzGJU (rif;wyfNrdKUe,f)
20
11/ aESmifBudK; (0wK) (qvdik ;f ZDacgifA)DG
21
12/ ylaZmfuAsm (3) yk'f (b'Eu0dE)
24
13/ trSefajymol . (aiGa|;-[oFmw)
25
14/ &mjynfhzdk;zdk;. (OD;qvdkif;odef;vIdif)
29
15/ ,Ofaus;rIoifwef;ESifh 0gqdkouFef;.
30
(t&Sief Ermvm-0efaqmif)
16/ 1254-Budraf jrmufqrG ;f tvSL&Sif (ausmfZ) 32
17/ . tEkarm'emw&m;(t&Sifem&'-ykwD;ukef;) 34
18/ oabmxm; 3^14
35
19/ "rpmay&Sif rdwq
f uf
36
(a'gufwmcifarmifvwf-a&Tjrefrm) (aiGa|;-[oFmw)
20/ pepfa[mif;awmfveS af &;(qvdik ;f eD0ikd )f
38
21/ ol r sm;yg;pyf z sm;. . ( aiG a |;-[oF m w)
38
22/ csif;omraPausmf &Siaf &m[dwmvuFm&
42
23/ arwm&Sif-a&TjynfomodkY.(zdk;ausmf)
43
24/ "ruAsmrsm;
41
(tefwx
D ?kH nDnx
D eG ;f -acwvljY ynf? pvif;oef;wifh
-izJ?ZifxeG ;f -puk?ok,OfnKd ? wifrif;vIid )f
25/ ref;a&TpufawmfESifh csif;.(tudkarmif-izJ) 48
26/ . O D ; pef ; yG i f h E S i f h pum;pjrnf
51
27/ csif;. ygvutzGJU? apwkw&mNrdKUe,f
54
28/ trSww
f &pum; (t&Sipf Eukrm&)
54
29/ zdeyfpD;0ifvmyg(udkEdkif;-csif;awmif)
56
30/ urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;w&m;(taEG;ocif)
58
31/ wef z d k ; odr S. ( tazha oG; -wkdufBuD; )
59
32/ raem&r y nm'ge. . ( aoa&S m if c sif ; )
61
33/ &Gwzf wfo&Zm,fr(I a'gufwm"romrd)
64
34/ rwluGJjym;rIESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;('Jh'dk;)
66
35/ yef ; ysd K ;vuf r S m . ( rd k ; cg;)
67
36/ tvSL&Sifpm&if;
67

t,f'DwmtzGJY\ wifjycsuf
csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJU\ &nf&G,fcsuf (5)
csufudk enf;vrf;rsdK;pHkjzifh taumiftxnfaz:Ekdifyg
onf/ xked nf;vrf; rsdK;pHt
k euf tvGex
f ad &mufaom
enf;vrf;wpfcrk mS rD',
D m enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ tGev
f ikd ;f
rD'D,mudkomru? yHkESdyf rD'D,mudkvnf; vkdtyfovkd
tok;H jyK&ygonf/ csi;f a&mifjcnfukd xkwaf 0&m atmuf
ygtcsufwu
Ydk kd OD;pm;ay;xm;ygonf/
1/ r*Zif;udk oHk;vwpfBudrf? jzpfEdkifvQif ESpfv
wpfBudrf yHkrSef tcsdefrSD xkwfa0&ef/
2/ vufc&H &Sad om pmrlrsm;udk tm;vH;k yg0ifEidk af &;
twGuf oH;k ay;Ekid o
f rQ oH;k ay;&ef/ pmrlaumif;aumif;
rsm;udk arwm&yfcH &,l&ef/ oifah vsmo
f rl sm;tm; tifwm
AsL;&ef/
3/ pmrlrsm;udk tyk'af &rsm;rsm; qhEH ikd o
f rQqahH tmif
xnfo
h iG ;f &ef/
4/ ykHrSefvnfywf xGuf&dSaom r*Zif;jzpfapa&;
twGuf aMumfjimrsm; zdwaf c:&ef/ tvSLaiGEiS hf "r'ge
aiGaMu;rsm; vufc&H ef/ tjcm;oifah vsmf&m enf;vrf;
rsm;udv
k nf; oH;k pG&J ef/
xkaYd Mumifh r*Zif;wGif pmvH;k t&G,t
f pm;udk
oifhawmf oavmufom okH; dk;&Sif;aom yHkpH 'DZkdif;
rsm;jzifh pmrl rsm;rsm;xnfh tcsderf DS pDpOfvu
kd yf gonf/
tcsdKUolwdYk pdww
f ikd ;f rusjcif;rsdK; &SEd idk yf gonf/ puL
trsKd ;tpm; aumif;aumif;? ykEH ydS t
f &nftaoG; aumif;
aumif;? pmtkyf t&G,ftpm; BuD;BuD;jzpf oabm
usolrsm;vnf; &Srd nf[k ,lqygonf/ pmrl tnH?h
tvwf? taumif;rsm; a&maESmyg0ifaeojzifh t&nf
taoG; jrifrh m;aom pmrlrsm;udk a&;om;ay; ydo
Yk w
l t
Ydk m;
tm;emrdygonf/ okdYaomf tm;vHk;yg0if EkdifrIudk iJhm
awmfrEl idk Mf urnf[v
k nf; arQmfvifyh gonf/
t,f ' D w mtzG U J
2

a pmif h a vrsd K ;EG ,f

"ruAsmrsm;

oli,fcsif; .....
rif;vJA'k b
mom? igvJ Ak'b
mom
ud k ; uG , f w mjcif ; twl w l y g . .
oli,fcsif; .....
ud;k uG,w
f mjcif; wlayrJ?h ,HMk unfcsufeYJ cH,cl suf
tav;teufxm;wJo
h ?l ayghysuyf suo
f mG ;wJo
h l
rwlwhJ vlawGrsm;aeawmh? igwkt
Yd csif;csif;
ulnD dkif;yif;bkdYa0;pG? avmbeJY. ausmfwuf
a'goeJY. aqmfESuf? rp&d,awGyGm;csufuawmh
pHcsdew
f ifavmuf&UJ
oli,fcsif; .....
trsKd ;udck sp&f if? trsKd ;raysmufatmif apmifx
h rd ;f &r,f
bmomudk ,HMk unf&if
bmomraysmufatmif apmifx
h rd ;f &r,f
jrefrmwGirf u? urmwcGiu
f ykd gavhvmMu
jrifoavmufMunf?h Mum;oavmufem;axmif
twdwo
f rkid ;f aMumif;rSm
trsdK;rcspfvYdk trsdK;aysmufwm
bmomudk rcspv
f Ydk bmomaysmufwm
rif;Mum;vmjrifvmwJt
h cg?
&ifemoGm; r,foil ,fcsif;/
oli,fcsif; .....
trsdK;bmom omoem? apmifah &Smufb&Ydk mrSm
&mxl;&Sd&if? &mxl;eJYxdrf;&r,f
tmPm&S&d if? tmPmeJY xdr;f &r,f
aiG&Sd&if? aiGeJY xdrf;&r,f
bmrSr&S&d if? pdw"f gwfeYJ xdr;f &r,f
uJ . . . tm;vH k ; vk d u f r S w f
tJ'g .
trsdK;om;a&; pdwf"gwf
ol i ,f c sif ; a& . . .
erlemqdw
k m? ,lwwf&if wefz;kd &So
d uGUJ
urmo
h rkid ;f rSm? txift&Sm;&Scd w
hJ hJ bmom
rxifr&Sm; aysmufu,
G rf oGm;apbkYd
igwkUd bmomud?k igwkYd OD;xdyrf mS yefqif
g;
trsdK;udak pmifah &SmufcsifwphJ w
d ef YJ
rdk;c
oli,fcsif;wkaYd &? pnf;vH;k Mupk/Yd

vG w f a jrmuf & mvrf ;


rodawmh rom/
t0dZmtarSmifzHk;
aotH;k (OD;) tcgcg/
y#dporkyg'f a'oem
xifvmonfUtaMumif;/
oHo&m puf&[wf
rjywfvnfaMumif;
odro
S m/
fndK
O
0dZma&mifvrT ;f
ok,
vGwv
f rf;jrifrmS /
vGwaf jrmuf&efrmS
tm;xk w f y g 0d y emw&m;/
cEmrSm jrefrMum
OmPfynm tvif;a&muf
xGi;f azmufapom;/

w&m;ppfeJY vkyfyg

OmPfynmowde?YJ toduUJG rdwo


f [m
NrJqufqyH g/ vlt
Y qifrh mS jrifyh guav;/
ajymqufqH onftqifh jrif&h w,fav/
qufqaH &;aumif;ygu aumif;vm& b0wm
aqmifwidk ;f atmifyg/ rQwpdwo
f m xm;ygvkaYd v;/
Edkifr,l IH;ray; at;&w,fav/
aMumuf tm;i,f pd;k &drAf s
pdwf"gwfus pdwIyf fum ylyefrI[m/
tm;vH;k ua'goom? jzpfyg&JUav;/
qufqaH &;a'gozuf ysu&f w,fav;/
a'gopdww
f ufvmu oum,'d|rd mS
raxmufyyhH g/ a'gour&SnMf um? ajyyg&av;/
onftcg ud,
k pf w
d 0f rf; csrf;omw,fav;/
wpfa,mufwnf; aer& aeMu&rsm;eJo
Y m
vlb
Y 0rSm vlvcl sif; qufqu
H m?vkyyf g&av;/
ud,
k v
f yk &f mw&m;ppf jzpf&w,fav;/

(q&mrd;k cg;onf Ak'b


mom0if jzpfNy;D ? 1990-rwkid rf u
D
yif pmayrsm;a&;om;cJNh y;D ? 2007-arvxkw?f a&TtjrL
aw r*Zif; pl;ql;wJh pl;0wKwdu
k kd rd;k cg; uavmifjzifh
pwifyg&Scd \
hJ / tjcm;uavmifwl bmomjcm; &Sad eygu
q&mrk;d cg; r[kwyf gaMumif;/ t,
t,ff'DwmtzGJU)

pvif ; oef ; wif h ( izJ )

ouf & S n f j rwf & maewwf y g


a*gwrjrwfpmG ? omoem0,f
ESprf mS (100)? oufwrf;omvQif
vlrmS ae& ouf&n
S Mf u/
touf(100) qdjk im;ygvnf;
vl&Y mG vleY ,f oufwrf;r,fvQif
ajcmufq,fysrf;rQ aeMu&/
okrZ ikd ;f ewf? yg,fav;&yfEiS hf
vl&Y yfv&Yl mG ? oufwrf;rSmvQif
NrJ&muif;y ocFg&/
a& ajr Owk? aeylru
I kd
rSDjyKom ? oufwrf;rSmvQif
wk&d m &Sn&f m&So
d nfom/
acgif;jzLoufBuD;? &[ef;BuD;wkid ;f
ax&fBuD;0gBuD;om? rjzpfygbJ
oufom&ifNh yD;? tcsnf;ES;D [k
zJ)
BuD;jrwfA'k g a[mchyJ g/
fi h ( i
w
oDv orm"d? b,fr&Sb
d J
ef ;
ouf&dS (100) ae&wmxuf if ; o
&S d y goD v ? orx0d y em pv
Iumae&? wpf&ufuvQif
b0at;vwf? tvGejf rwf[k
apmjrwfAk'g csD;rGrf;yg/
ouf&n
S af e&? tjrwf&atmif
orx0d y em I r S w f c gjzif h
aeygckum; tkv
d o
l m;

olrY mS um; onfcsdecf g


rodawmhyg/
pnf;urf;rJu
h m? pdwrf mS vGwaf o;/
t&m&mvkyo
f rQ
rSm;&w,fav;/
a'go[m oum,&JU
axmufyu
hH r&yg
tJ't
D cg/
a'goawGrmS ajyyg&av;/
usdK;&S&d monftvkyf
J)
iz
vkyEf ikd w
f ,fav;/
(
ifh
owdr|mefw&m;eJY
fe ;w
ckrsm;uGUJ tvkyo
f m
if;o
v
p
vkyu
f ikd Mf uyg/
jyifqifNyD;b0om? jzpfyg&JUav;/
vkyaf tmifjriftrQom
b0wm prf;a&av;okYd
at;&r,fav;/

jrwfaumif;rIom jyKMuyg
kyf emrf[mocFg&
tpOfy tNrJom azgufjyefaeyg/
rtdck ifrmS BudKumuGUJ av;
ud,
k t
hf wGuf jrwfaumif;rI jyKMuawmhav;/
kyfemrf[m ocFg&
tpOfy tNrJom
azmufjyefaeyg/
remcifrmS ? BuKdumuGUJ av;/
uk,
d t
hf wGuf jrwfaumif;rI
jyKMuawmhav;/
kyfemrf[m ocFg&
tpOfy tNrJom azmufjyefaeyg/
raocifrmS ? BuKdumuGUJ av;/
uk,
d t
hf wGuf jrwfaumif;rI
jyKMuawmhav;/
jrwfaumif;rI jrwf'ge
jrwfygvS jyKMuyg
ud,
k ef rYJ uGm/
jrwfw&m;om? usifyh guGUJ av;/
kyfemrfcsKyf edAmefeef;
vSr;f Ekid rf ,fav;/

a'go
a'goomjzpfygu
jzpfvm& ud,
k pf w
d rf mS
qdyo
f ifyh rm/
cEmud,
k "f gwfrmS ajymif;yg&JUav;/
a'gojzpfu,
kd rf mS u
tk&d w,fav;/
a'goomjzpfygu
rsufEmS uwif;rmum
Munfrh aumif;yg/
tjrif tMum; tmHkrSm ? avQmhygvkdYav;/
t&m&molrY mS um;
arSmifomG ;w,fav;/
arSmifomG ;awmh rSet
f rSm;

pvif;oef;wifh (izJ)

wpfcak vmuf twGuef Y J bmomajymif;Muwm aygh/ qif;&J


om;tjzpfu usm;ukwu
f sm;cJ BudK;pm;Ny;D bk&ifjzpfvm
wJo
h u
l bk&iftjzpfukd tvGew
f efz;kd xm;ovdk usKyfwv
Ydk kd
bmomjcm;b0uae tcuftcJrsm;pGmudk ausmv
f mT ;Ny;D rS
Ak'b
momjzpfvmolawGuawmh Ak'b
momudk tvGef
wefz;kd xm;w,f/ b,favmuftxd wefz;kd xm; ovJqkd
&if Ak'b
momtjzpfukd toufxuf wefz;kd xm;w,f/
tDwvD bkef;awmfBuD; OD;avmuemx

r* i f , mOf o m pD ; zd k Y & m
wPSmvQif tkycf gpk;d
kyfvTmrsKd; urm
igwdUk ae&m/
wPSmap&m? aiG&mS vkUd qufao;/
&Opm ao&GmoGm;
xm;cJ&h av;/
ta&;awmf b,frvS
wu,fu aoG;om;rSm
ru,fEikd yf g/
i,f vwfvBuD
l ;olyg? ao&Sm&av;/
igvJav aoc&D;
eD;cJNh yDav;/
Z&mqkd onfr;D awmuf
ud,
k x
f aJ &muf tpOfom
zJ)
avmifNrKduaf eyg/
fi h ( i
raocifom? BuKdygvkUd av;/
w
ef ;
r*i,
f mOf pD;zko
Yd m
o
if ;
oDv 'ge bm0emvrf;
v
p
vSr;f &w,fav;/

]]t}} wJhtvSL
ausmif;aqmifwpfck vSLvdu
k w
f ,fqykd gpk/Yd ud,
k f
vSLxm;wJh ausmif;udk tvSLcHy*k Kd vfrsm;u toH;k rjyKyJ
wpfEpS yf wfv;kH aomhcwfxm;r,fq&dk if 'Dausmif;tvSL
ay:rSm b,fenf;eJrY S tvSL&Si[
f m 0rf;romEkid &f mS awmh
bl;/ 'gudk ]t} wJh tvSLvkYd ac:wmyg/ 'gaMumifh ud,
k f
vSLxm;wJh ausmif;aqmif[m tvSLcH yk*Kd vfrsm;twGuf
wu,ftoH;k 0ifwahJ usmif; jzpfzv
Ydk w
kd ,f/
b'Eaum0d'(Nrdwf)
tcsd e f j zKef ; wJ h o l a w
wG
'DacwfrSm tcsdejf zKef;wJo
h al wG ydrk sm;w,f/
tcsdejf zKef;zkYd ]enf;} awGvnf; ydrk sm;vmw,f/ tcsdef
jzKef;wJv
h il ,fawG bmjzpfrvJ/ toufBu;D vmav toH;k
r0ifav jzpfr,f/ cdik ;f wmvky&f wJh olawGjzpfr,f/ acgif;
aqmifrjzpfEidk b
f ;l /
q&mawmf OD;aZmwdu

ay;&wJ h t &om
olwpfyg;udk pdwcf sr;f omatmif vkyaf y;&wm
avmuf yDwjd zpf&wJt
h &omrsKd ; b,frmS rS &Srd ,frxifyg
bl;/ ,lwt
h J &omxuf ay;&wJt
h &omu ydak umif;w,f
qdw
k mudk ay;aeusval wGrS odw,f/ ,laeusval wGu
rodEidk yf gbl;/
arwm&Sif (a&Tjynfom)

olwkdYajymMum; "rpum;
bk&ifjzpfwm vG,fulvGef;awmh
'umBuD; OD;[efa|; jrefrmjynfu Ak'b
mom
0ifawG[m bk&ifo
h m;uae bk&ifjzpfvmwmeJY wlw,f/
bmomjcm;uae Ak'b
momjzpfvmwJh olawGuawmh
qif;&Jom;uae bk&ifjzpfvmwmeJY wlw,f/ bk&ifo
h m;
awmfuae bk&ifjzpfvmwJt
h cg vG,u
f v
l eG ;f awmh bk&if
tjzpfukd odyw
f efz;kd rxm;ovdk jrefrmjynfom;rsm;[m
vnf; Ak'b
momtjzpfukd vG,v
f ,
G u
f u
l &l awmh Ak'b
m
omtjzpfudk wefz;kd rxm;Mubl;/ 'gaMumifv
h nf; 0rf;a&;

ao;onfjzpfap? BuD;onfjzpfap
ausmufco
J nf ao;onfjzpfap? BuD;onf
jzpfap? a&xJypfcsvQif epfjrKyfwwfouJo
h Ydk tukov
dk f
uHonfvnf; ao;ao;jzpfap? BuD;BuD;jzpfap jyKvkyf
oltm; tyg,foY d k qGcJ swwfonfom jzpfonf/ xkaY d Mumifh
olwpfyg; odonfjzpfap? rodonfjzpfap? raumif;rI
rSeo
f rQudk rjyKvkyo
f ifah y/
t&S if Z0e(arw&S if a&T jynf o m)
5

&ef a wG j zpf a evd k Y


vlrsKd ;rwlvYdk &efrjzpfe/YJ bmomrwlvYdk &efrjzpf
eJ/Y Ekid if aH &; rwlvYdk &efrjzpfe/YJ wkjYd refrmjynfrmS &efawG
jzpfaevkYd rwk;d wufwm/
OD;&mZ"r (rpdk;&drfwkdufopf)

ig'Duo
k v
dk af &;udpudk atmifjrifatmif vkyrf ,fqNkd yD;
t"d|mefcw
hJ m/ omoemhbek ;f uHu thMH ozkYd aumif;w,f/
pdu
k x
f w
k w
f mxufawmif ydNk yD; jyef&w,f/ ydNk yD; vSLEkid f
wmaygh/
udkaZmfrdk;pH (acw puFmyl)
pd w f " gwf t if t m;BuD ; wJ h o l
pdw"f gwftiftm;BuD;wJo
h ?l oabmxm;BuD;wJh
ol[m b,folYudkrS rEdkifcsifbl;/ b,folYtxufurS
raecsib
f ;l / pdw"f gwftiftm; enf;wJo
h ?l oabmxm;
ao;wJo
h [
l m olrsm;udk ukycf NG y;D awmh pD;xm;csiw
f ,f/
txufp;D uae qufqcH siw
f ,f/
q&mawmf OD;aZmwdu

vGwfvyfrI
vGwfvyfpGm udk;uG,fcGifh&Sdw,f/ vGwfvyfpGm
qlncH iG ahf wmh r&Sb
d ;l /
ud k u D ; vJ t G r f ( 26-3-2014)
oifhavQmfwJhtvkyf
ur|mef;xkid jf cif;aMumifh wcsKd Uaom a&m*ga0'em
awG ukoaysmufuif;Ekid w
f ,fqw
kd m awGU&Sv
d mMuygw,f/
w&m;xkid jf cif;udk oifjyay;wJv
h al wGvnf; tajrmuftrsm;
&Sv
d mygw,f/ 'Dvo
kd ifjyay;wJv
h al wGu c&pf,eft,l0g'
udk ,HMk unfvufcw
H o
hJ al wG r[kw&f ifawmifrS olwu
Ydk
oif&h UJ c&pfawmfxH ,HMk unfjcif;udk pGev
Yf w
T yf pfzYdk rawmif;
qdb
k ;l qd&k if rdr[
d m c&pf,efwpfa,muftaeeJY olw&Ydk UJ
tawG;tjrifuae tusdK;&r,fq&dk if tifrwefrS oifh
avQmfwhJ vku
d v
f yk o
f ifw
h hJ tvkyw
f pfck jzpfygw,f/
c&pf,efbkef;awmfBuD; &pfcswfvSrif;OD;
yHhoul tvSLwpfrsdK;
puFmylukd a&mufcw
hJ ;kH u awGcY &hJ wmyg/ wku
d cf ef;
wG&J UJ ajrnDxyfawGrmS tcef;rzGUJ bJ 'Dtwkid ;f [mvm
[if;vif;xm;w,f/ trdu
I yf ;kH awGvJ pepfwusxm;w,f/
tJ'rD mS tcsKd UolawGu olwt
Ydk oH;k rjyKawmhwhJ t0wftpm;?
toH;k taqmifawG? tdro
f ;kH y&dabm*awG vmNy;D vTiyhf pf
xm;wwfMuw,f/ ypnf;awGu oH;k vk&Yd ao;wJh cyfvwf
vwfawGyg/ vTiyhf pfw,fqadk yrJh oyfoyf,yf,yf aoao
csmcsm pepfwusxyk yf ;kd Ny;D xm;cJw
h myg/ yHo
h ul ypfovdk
rsKd ;aygh/ vdck siw
f o
hJ t
l wGuf toH;k wnfo
h t
l wGuf ,lomG ;
Ekid af tmif xm;ay;w,f/ t0wftpm;awGqv
kd J rD;ylwu
dk f
NyD;om;? acgufNyD;om;? oyfoyf,yf,yfyg/ 'gu bmudk
jyovJqakd wmh yHo
h ultvSLwpfrsKd ;yJ/ olwYdk csr;f omjynfh
pHw
k ,fqw
kd m olwaYdk pwemudu
k aumif;wmud;k /
awmif w ef ; uarmif v ef ;

EkysdKjcif;&JU vQdKU0Sufcsuf
touf(80) ausmfNyDjzpfaom OD;xef;blrmS
t&G,Ef iS hf rvku
d af tmif EkysdKaeonf/ OD;wifatmifu
]]EkysdK&wJh vQdKU0Sucf suf &Srd mS yJ? ajymygtH;k }} [k ar;&m
OD;xef;blu okaYd jzavonf/ ]]ighqu
D kd avmbawG?
a'goawG? arm[awGvm&if vmorQukd r,lb;l / enf;
enf;yJ,lw,f/ vHk;0r,lvkdYawmh rjzpfbl;av/ vlyJ?
vmorQawmh r,lb;l }}
w&m;xk d if w ,f
usr tcsed rf eS rf eS f w&m;xkid w
f ,f/ ckxv
d J xkid f
wke;f ygyJ/ w&m;xkid w
f mu wnfNird rf eI YJ owdukd jzpfap
w,fav/ w&m;xkid w
f mu usrudk awmfawmftusKd ;&Sd
apygw,f/
a':atmif q ef ; pk M un f
rm;rm;rwf r wf & yf
uREykf w
f w
Ydk idk ;f jynfwiG f oHCmawmf t&Sijf rwfrsm;
onf &mZ0if wavQmufvk;H uREfyk w
f Yv
dk lrsdK;\ a&SUu
rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfvQuf jrifjh rwfaom trIrsKd ;udo
k m jyKcJh
Muay\/ a&S;acwfrsm; oHCmawmft&Sijf rwfrsm;onf
uREykf w
f Ydk wpfrsKd ;om;vH;k udk ynmoifay;&ef wm0efxrf;
aqmifcMh Juayonf/ ,ckacwfyif awm&Gmrsm;wGif oHCm
awmf t&Sijf rwfrsm; ynmoifMum;ay;vsu&f adS omaMumifh
ajrmufrsm;pGmaom trsKd ;om;wko
Yd nf pmaywwfajrmuf
Muay\/ tcsKyfrmS oHCmawmft&Sijf rwfrsm;\ apwem
vHv
Yk aMumifh uREykf w
f \
Ydk pdw"f gwfjrifjh rwfrI toGit
f jyif
,Ofaus;rIwo
Ydk nf txl;ojzifh wk;d wufcahJ vonf/
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ;

omoemh b k e f ; uH
puFmylrmS w&m;pcef;wpfck jzpfajrmufzYdk rwnf
aqmif&GufcJhygw,f/ a':vmaomif;eJYcsDNyD; wu,fh
apwemeJY pdkufxkwfcJhygw,f/ tvSLaiG jyefr0ifvmvJ
6

wpf&mG vk;H Ak'b


mom0ifrsm; txG#t
f jrwfxm;
&m omoedu taqmufttHk apwDyx
k ;dk ? odraf usmif;?
Z&yf ponfwv
Ykd nf; a&atmufa&mufomG ; MuNy/D a&S;ESpf
aygif; wpf&mausmf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;acwfu wnfaqmuf
cJo
h nfh wkid w
f pf&mausmf bko
H ;Hk qihrf ;dk jrifrh eS f ausmif;BuD;
0Jcef;rBuD;twGif; opfom;azmufyef;rsm;? [oFmiSuf
kyfrsm;ESihf MumyGifh? Mumzl;BuD;rsm;? rsufESmusufESifh
a&S;a[mif; ausmif;BuD;onf a&xJrmS epfjrKyfc&hJ onf/
bkd;bGm;rsm; wnfaqmuf udk;uG,fcJhonfh
om;pOfajr;quf ud;k uG,&f m wkid w
f pf&mausmf a&S;a[mif;
a&jrKyfomG ;ojzifh csi;f vlrsK;d Ak'b
mom0if tbk;d tbGm;
rsm;[m csif;bmom pum;jzifh ]]etl;a&m etl;a&m zvm;a0gh qkrd ,fah &;}}
tara& tara& bk&m; u,fygtk;H
[k atmf[pf ajymqkNd y;D &Gmol&mG om;rsm;ESihf tbd;k tbGm;
rsm;[m &ifbufpnfw;D ik,
d u
k d m a&jrKyfaewJh ausmif;Bu;D
udk Munf&h if; vufrid I cf scMh Ju&onf/ ausmif;xkid q
f &mawmf
t&Siaf ZmwdurSmvnf; BuKHovdk ukwifrsm;ESifh awm
ausmif;av;aqmufNy;D jzpfovdk oDwif;ok;H ae&awmhonf/
tk;d tdrEf iS hf v,f,majr ud;k uG,&f m omoemh
taqmufttkHBuD;yga&epf/ u,fr,fholr&Sd/pdwfysuf
awGa0 ai;ikid f tm;i,faeonfh 'g,um 'g,umr
Bu;D i,fwu
Y k d k d q&mawmf aZmwdurS jzpfNy;D vQif ysu&f jcif;
onf "rwmwnf;/ wu,fjzpfcsifvQif wu,fvkyf
t[kwfjzpf&rnf[k "ra&at;rsm;udk wkdfufauR;NyD;
tm;opfarG;um tbk;d rsm;vnf; cg;awmif; BuKd uf? tzGm;
rsm;vnf; cg;yef;?vli,f armifr,fawGvnf; tm;rmef
oGi;f NyD; q&mawmfO;D aqmifum ausmif;awmfBuD;udk
topfwzef jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf omo
emjyK tvkyu
f kd 1366ckEpS ?f waygif;vqef; 10 &ufaeY
ausmif;awmfBuD; yEudk pwifu
kd Nf y;D tm;BuKd;rmefwuf
pwif aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uonf/
,ckqq
dk v
dk Qif q&mawmf\ BuKd;pm; OD;aqmifrI
q&mawmf\ oDv*kP?f orm"d*P
k ?f ynm*kPw
f aYkd Mumifh
&yfeD;&yfa0; e,fy,ftoD;oD; "rrdwfaqG olawmf
aumif;wk&Yd UJ tm;ay;ulnD vSL'gef;rI/ e,fjcm;&yfa0;rS
ausmif;awmfBu;D atmifjrifpmG Ny;D pD;atmif aqmufvyk Ef idk f
&eftwGuf tvSL&Sifrsm; jzpfMuonfh &efukefNrKdUrS
(OD;pkd;armif+a':vSMunf)? &efukefrS (OD;Munfpdef) +
a':jr&D/ yJc;l rS (OD;atmifaxG;)+a':jreef;&D aejynfawmfrS
Od;D ausmo
f &l +a':rmrmnGe/Yf &efuek Nf rKdUrS OD;rif;xifausmf
+ a':wifrmaqG/ &efuek rf S OD;0if;udu
k +kd a':ausmah usmh

odapcsifygonf
(awmif a y:ajrrS ) pef ; xG e f ;

&Gmom,m[k ac:jyKavmufp&m csif;wkXYd mae


csD&Gmajronf rkd;pGefjrifhrm; taemufdk;r awmifukef;
awmifwef;rsm;\ awmifajc acsmif;urf;eHab; nDnmjyefY
jyL;aom awmifuek ;f ajrjyefaY y:wGif wnf&ydS gonf/ pmzwf
olrsm; em;vnfatmif &Gm\wnfae&mudk ajym&vQif
rauG;wkid ;f a'oBuD;? rif;bl;cdik ?f apwkw&mNrKdUe,f
csDaus;&Gmjzpfonf tdraf jc (150) &SNd yD; csif;vlrsKd; Ak'
bmom0ifrsm; aexdik af om csif;&Gmwpf&mG jzpfygonf/
aI rmzG,&f m awmifq,
G f cifwef; pdrphf rf;oDwm
oG,f0kdufpD;qif; IdUumrIdif;onfh vSyaom awmifwef;
rsm; ESihf rd;k pGejf rifrh m; taemuf;kd r *Edifk af wmBuD; onf
tzdk;wef 0g;ESifh opfyif? opfcG? yef;rmef? *sD? ajymif?
pkid ?f qwf? awm0ufEiS hf qif? usm;? arsmufEiS hf 0uf0?H
atmifavmifiu
S Ef iS hf aus;iSuf om&um iSuaf ygif;&,f
pkv
H ifpmG jzihf a'ocHcsi;f vlrsK;d rsm;\ tm;xm;&m NrKdiaf wm
0vm BuD;yif jzpfygonf/
taemufdk;rBuD;\ awmifpG,fawmifwef;rsm;
Mum;rS pdrfha&? prf;a&wko
dY nf csDacsmif;a&ESihf twl
Munfvif at;jrpGm woGio
f iG f pD;qif;aeygonf rke;f
acsmif;a&onf taemufkd;rBuD;udk tm;jyKNyD; ajrmufrS
onf awmifbufqo
D Ykd a>rBu;D wpfaumif ozG,f auGUum
0ku
d u
f m tm;rmef tjynfEh iS fh pD;qif;&mrS csD&mG teD;&Sd
csaD csmif; acsmif;qkt
H a&mufwiG f &yfwefo
Y mG ;& &Smygonf/
oem;p&m rke;f acsmif;BuD; rmef[ek jf yif;pGm pD;
qif;&mrS &yfwef&Y jcif;\ taMumif;rSm rke;f acsmif;a&
avmifwrHaMumihf jzpfygonf/ 2004-ckESpf aEG&moD
rke;f wrefBu;D ydwv
f u
dk &f m rke;f a&vnf; pD;qif;rI &yfwefNY y;D
tif;BuD;jzpfum a&rsm;jynfw
h ufvmNyD; 2014-ckEpS ?f
ZGev
f ? 16-&ufaeYu uReaf wmfwYdk &Gma[mif; csaD us;&Gm
vnf; a&jyiftwdvrT ;f Ny;D a&atmufa&mufomG ; &ygonf/
7

vIid ?f &Sr;f jynfqq


D ikd Nf rKd rY S OD;aZmfxeG ;f OD;+ a':cifOrmausm/f
&efuek Nf rKdU OD;atmifaxG; + a':eef;&D om; Akv
d Bf u;D 0P
wk\
Yd vSL'gef;onfh tvSLaiGrsm;ESifh &Gmol&mG om;rsm;\
um,vkyftm; wwfEkdiforQaom tvSLaiGrsm;jzifh
aqmufvyk cf &hJ m ,ckqv
dk Qif y&dabm* apwDxu
dk af om
ajcmufyif q,fw
h pfyif ESpx
f yfvnfay: ausmif;awmfBuD;
jzpfajrmuf vmNyDjzpfygonf/
txufyg ausmif;awmfBuD;onf tifMuif;yif
tkyd ifysKad wGEiS hf uRe;f ESifh opf,m? ik0g? ydawmuf? pkv
H ifpmG
aygufwhJ pdr;f vef;aom opfawm&JU a&vGw&f m uke;f ajr
jyefaY y:wGif wnf&NdS y;D Oykoaf eYEiS fh aeYBuD;&uf BuD;awGrmS
"raw;oHawGEiS fh MunfnKdz,
G &f m jzpfaeygNy/D tay:xyf
Murf;cif;&ef? atmuforef wvif;cif;&ef? atmufxyfe&H H
tacsm udkif&efESihf rsufESmusufkduf&ef vkdaeygao;\/
tvSL&Sirf sm;udk arQmv
f if&h if; qufvufaqmufvyk af e\/
t*Fg&yfEiS t
fh nD apwDyx
k ;dk ? odr?f Z&yf vkt
d yf
onft
h wGu?f q&mawmfb&k m;\ oDv? orm"dwu
Ydk kd
MunfnKdMuaom tvSL&Sif yJc;l wkid ;f ? yJc;l NrKdUe,f? tif;
waumfaus;&Gm av;yg;ausmif;wku
d rf S oDv&Sif q&mav;
a':0daZoD? a':aupEm? a':*kP? a':y&rwkdYESifh
tvSL&Sirf sm;rS wm0ef,u
l m 1374-ckEpS ?f wykw
Yd JG vjynfh
ausmf (7)&ufaeYwiG f e,f&dS oHCmawmf tyg; (40)ausmf
yifhzdwfNyD; omoea0ykv odrfawmfudk atmifjrifpGm
odrforkwfcJh\/ odrfaqmuf&efyJcl;wkdif;? tif;waumf
aus;&Gm av;yg;ausmif;wku
d f q&mav;rsm;ESihf tvSL&Sif
wkrYd S 1375-ckEpS ?f jymodv
k qef; (8) &ufaeYrpS Ny;D aqmuf
vkyfaeygNyD/ t&SifOD;aZmwduonf 2012-ckESpfrSpNyD;
NrKdUe,f oHCem,utzGUJ \ tzGUJ 0iftjzpf wm0efxrf;
aqmifvQuf rke;f acsmif; trSw(f 2)e,fajr oHCem,u
OuXtjzpf omoeudp omoemjyK vkyif ef;rsm;udk rrdw
S f
rokef BuKd;pm; aqmif&u
G v
f suf&\
dS / vkt
d yfcsuf&dS aom
uav;rsm;udk ausmif;wGifauR;arG;NyD; tv,fwef;
ynmoifMum;Ekid &f ef ulnD axmufyahH y;jcif; &yfe;D &yfa0;rS
yifzh w
d v
f m aomtcg armyef;jcif;udk OayumjyKNyD;<u
a&mufcg w&m;a'oemawmfrsm; a[mMum;jcif; omoem
BuD; t'Ge&Yf n
S f wnfwefNY yD; aevdk vvkd xGe;f awmuf
jyefyY mG ;ygapjcif; tusK;d iSm omoemjyK tvkyrf sm;udk vkyf
udik af eygonf/ ,ckqv
kd Qif aus;Zl;awmf&iS f q&mawmf
bk&m;\ oDv*kP?f orm"d*P
k ?f ynm*kPf wdaYk Mumifh
]]aZmwduausmif;}} ausmif;awmfonf MunfnKd zG,&f m
jyefvnf ay:ayguf vmcJNh yDjzpfaMumif; owif;aumif;
(awmifay:ajrrS) pef;xGef;
yg;tyfygonf/

Oap'orm;ESpfa,mufcRwfcef;
a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)
(1)
wpfvtwGi;f vlEpS af ,mufukd acgif;pOfwpfck
wnf; taMumif;t&m wpfcw
k nf; &Si;f jyaqG;aEG;cJw
h m
av;yg/ pmzwfoal wGuv
kd nf; zwfaI pcsi?f a0zefapcsi?f
rQa0csifvYkd 'Daqmif;yg;udk a&;&ygw,f/
rzwfcif BuKdwifajymjyxm;csifwmav;eJY em;
vnfciG v
hf w
T zf u
Ykd ? uRefawmf[m Ak'b
momudk tvGef
ESpfouf MunfnKdolwpfa,mufjzpfNyD; Ak'bmomeJY
ywfoufvY d k bmbGUJ ? bmtaqmifta,mif? bmvufrw
S f
rS&xm;ol r[kwb
f ;l qdw
k mudyk g/ ygVduv
kd nf; omrefvl
awGoo
d avmuf jrefrmpmayxJrmS wd;k wk;d 0if0if &Sx
d m;o
avmufyJ odxm;wJo
h l wpfa,mufyg/ 'ghaMumihf bk&m;
a[mygVdawG usrf;*eftaxmuftxm;awGeYJ xdxrd rd d
ususee &Si;f jyEkid rf mS r[kwyf gbl;/ 'gayr,fh uReaf wmf
zwfxm; rSwx
f m;oavmuf? emxm; Mum;xm; o
avmuf? uReaf wmfem;vnf oabmaygufxm; oavmuf
udk vlomrefawG (txl;ojzihf acwfynm wwf
vli,fawG) em;vnfatmif? vufoifch EH ikd af tmif ud,
k hf
enf;udk,fh[efeJY &Sif;jycsifwmyg/ tESpftpdwfavmuf
vkyv
f mcJw
h hJ ausmif; q&mwpfa,muf&UJ tawGUtBuKH
t&vkUd qd&k rSmyJ/
(2)
]]&Sif . olrsm;awGcsnf;w&m;avQmuf a[mr
aeeJ/Y &Sio
hf m;ukd t&ifa[mygOD;/ [kw
d pfaeYu bmajym
w,fxifv/J aemufb0qdw
k mudk r,kb
H ;l / tckb0qdk
jywfNy/D 'gaMumifh bmrSvyk pf &mrvkb
d ;l wJ/h usKyfom;av;
Oap''d|d jzpfaewmudk &Sief m;vnfatmif t&ifa[m
. tJ't
D ,ltwdik ;f aooGm;vku
Yd awmh aocsmayguf
tyg,foGm;&awmhrSm . }}
wpfaeY kH;tjyef rdef;rjzpfolu rsufuvJ
8

qefjymeJY ajymvmygw,f/ taztaru bmomw&m;


ukid ;f idI ;f adk oolawG jzpfygvQufEiS fh uav;awGu t,l
tqwvGJ 0ifaeolawG jzpfaewmudk jyKjyifray;Ekid &f if
rdbwm0efruif;bl;vkYd uRefawmfu,
kd w
f idk v
f J cH,x
l m;
wmyg/ 'gaMumihf om;tzESpaf ,mufpvk;H tm;wJh we*FaEG
wpf&ufrmS aqG;aEG;jzpfMuw,f/ olar;wmawGukd olem;
vnfvufcv
H matmifxd ajz&w,f/ uk,
d af r;csiw
f m ajym
csifwmawGvJ ar;&ajym&wmaygh/
aemufwpfa,mufu Mopaxs;vs EkdifiHu
wuodv
k f wpfcrk mS wGzJ uf ygarmu j zpfaewJh rdwaf qG/
wavmu rdom;pkygac:NyD; Oa&myoGm;&mu tjyefrmS
pifumylukd 0ifvmygw,f/ olwpfa,mufwnf;uawmh
rMumrMumvmwwfawmh vm&ifvnf; tNrJzek ;f quf
wwfNy;D awGUaeMuyg/ bmom&yfeYJ ywfoufNy;D tcsi;f csi;f
wav;wpm; cifrifaeMuwmyg/ &efuek rf mS wke;f uawmh
uReaf wmft0if oltxGurf Ydk odyrf &if; ES;D cJMh ubl;/ olu
uRefawmfxuf wpfEpS af pmNyD; ausmif;NyD; xm;wmyg/
aemuf bmom&yfqidk &f m okawoe pmwrf; awGa&;Mu
aqG;aEG;Mu&if;urS wpfa,mufukd wpfa,muf av;pm;
cifrifomG ; Muwm/ 'gaMumihf MopaMw; vsuvmwkid ;f
uRefawmfwYkd awGUjzpfMu aqG;aEG; jzpfMu xrif;twl
pm;jzpfMuygw,f/
'Dwpfcgawmh olUrde;f reJY om;ti,fyg ac:vm
w,f/ Oa&myudk roGm;cif zke;f qufNy;D b,faeYjyef a&muf
r,f/ jyefvmrS rdom;pkeaYJ wGUay;csiw
f ,f ajym oGm;wm/
]]udck ifarmifvwf oli,fcsi;f udv
k J w&m;a[m
ygOD;/ aemufb0&Sw
d ,fqw
kd mudk vk;H 0r,kb
H ;l / 'Db0wif
jywfNyD/ tckb0 igaumif;aewmyJ/ b,foUl udrk S 'kur
&Smbl;/ b,folUrS 'kuray;bl;/ pdwf&Sif;&Sif;xm;w,f/
tvkyx
f rJ mS yJ pdwEf pS x
f m;wm/ tvkyu
f yxr? tvkyu
f
'kwd,/ bmrSrvkyfvkdU bmrSrjzpfbl;/ aemufb0
qkw
d mudv
k J r,kb
H ;l csnf; vkyaf ew,f}} vkYd wkid yf gav
awmhw,f/
(3)
usaemfu ]]cifAsm;vJ usKyfom; tBuD;aumif
vkd jzpfaeNyD/ tJ'aD wmh usKyfom;eJY aqG;aEG;wJw
h &m;yJ
a[m&? aqG;aEG;&rSmyJ}} qkNd y;D olUudk yxrcsn&f ygw,f/
ynmwwfqw
dk m tjiif;oef wwfMuw,fr[kwv
f m;/
]]usKyfu ygVdawGbmawG rwwfawmh ygVdvdk
vnf; xnfrh ajymwwfb;l / aemufwpfcu
k cifAsm; wkv
Yd kd
vlawGukd bk&m;vufxufu b,fvdk b,fw&m; xJrmS
b,fou
l b,fv?dk b,ftVuxmu b,fvakd jym

jy&ifvnf; rjrif&vkYd ,krH ,fh vlawGr[kwb


f ;l / 'Dawmh
odyeJ nf;usyJ ajymr,f/ usKyfuajym&if ar;cGe;f av;awG
ar;rSm/ [kw?f r[kwf vufc?H rcH cifAsm; aoaocsmcsm
f ;l xif&if vufrcH
pOf;pm;Ny;D ? [kw&f if]]Yes}}ajz/ r[kwb
&if]]No}} vkdYajz/ NyD;&if ar;cGef;jyefar;/ usKyfajym
wke;f bmrS0ifrajym&bl;/ xyfweG rYf wuf&bl;/ usKyfu
r&Sif;&if ar;qkdrSar; [kwfNyDvm;/
]]tk d a u...}}
]]a&SUb0awG? aemufb0awG ,kw
H m r,kw
H m
rajymcif ]]tcsdef}} eJY ywfoufNyD; pajym&atmifAsm/
]]tcsed }f }qkw
d m ]]umv}} aygh/ tcsed q
f w
kd m tNrrJ jywf
'&pyf oloabmeJo
Y ?l olo
Y bm0eJo
Y l oGm;aewJh obm0
w&m;qkw
d m cifAsm;vufcv
H m;}}
]]tif ; . . v uf c H w ,f } }
]][kwfNyD. 'gqkd&if 'Dvkd '&pyfoGm;aewJh
tcsed u
f kd uReaf wmfwYkd odyyH nmu wkid ;f zk?Yd wGu&f csu&f
rSwo
f m;& vG,af tmifvY d k ,lepfawG xGirf xm;Mubl;vm;?
rvdk bl;vm;/
]]vkw
d mayghAs}}
]]vkv
d b
Ykd J puef?Y rdepf? em&D? v? ESp?f 'Duw
d ?f
&mpk qdNk yD; jzpfvmMuwmayghaemf}}
]]'gaygh}}
]]tJovdk wkdif;wmovdk tpktzGJYtaeeJY
twdw?f ypKyef? tem*wf}} qdNk y;D vJ (3) ydik ;f ydik ;f xm;
Muao;w,f r[kwv
f m;/ Past, Present, Future}}
awGaygh/ tJ'gvJ [kww
f ,fr[kwv
f m;}}
]]tif;}}
]]'g..cifAsm;vJodygw,f/ tck cifAsm;eJY usKyf
wkaYd wGUaeaom pum;ajymaewmu ypKyef? reufup
Ny;D cJw
h mawGu twdw?f vmr,fn
h uawmh tem*wfaygh/
[kww
f ,fr[kwv
f m;/
]]tif;}}
]]'Dx
h uftcsdeu
f kd enf;enf;qefMY unf&h atmif?
raeYu[mbmvJ twdwaf yg/h 'DuaeY[ma&m? ypKyefayg/h
reufjzefua&m}} tem*wfaygh}} As/ r[kwb
f ;l vm;
]]tif;}}
'Dx
h ufqefMY unfMh uOD;pk/Yd tck cifAsm;vltaeeJY
a&mufaewm[m ypKyefb0qd&k if? Ny;D cJw
h b
h J 0u]]twdwf
b0}} aemufvmr,fb
h 0u ]]tem*wfb0? aemufb0}}
r[kwb
f ;l vm;/
]]'gu 'Dvakd vAsm/ usKyfajymcsifwmu}}
]]aeOD; usKyfwYdk *wdu0wfxm;xm;wm&Sw
d ,f/
9

usKyfajymaewke;f cifAsm;0ifrajym&bl;av/ usKyfajymwm


udk vufcH rcHyJ ajym&rSm? ar;qdak wmhrS ar;&rSm}}
]][kwyf gNyaD v qufajymygOD;}}
]]cifAsm; tckavmufeYJ vufrcHao;wm usKyf
odw,f/ cifAsm;udk ar;cGe;f awG xyfar;r,f/ aoao
csmcsm pOf;pm;NyD;rS ajzaemf/
]][kwyf gNy}D }
]]1990-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv? (1) &ufaeY reuf
(9) em&Du cifAsm; bmvkyfcv
Jh }J }
]]b,fvv
kd yk f rSwrf ad wmhrmS vJAs}}
]]cifAsm;rrSwfrdawmhwmeJY tJ'D 1990-ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv? (1) &ufaeYu r&Scd ah J wmh bl;vm;/ aocsmayguf
&SdcJhwmayghAsm? 'gjzifh 2020-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv? (1)
&ufaerSm cifAsm; bmjzpfr,fa&m cifAsm;odvm;/}}
]]b,fvv
dk yk f odrmS vJAs}}
]]tqifjh rifh Ak'b
mom0ifwpfa,mufuawmh
bmjzpfr,fqw
kd modw,f/ cifAsm;rodEikd b
f ;l r[kwv
f m;/
cifAsm;rodEdkifwmeJY 2020-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv? (1) &uf
aeYu rvmawmhb;l vm;/ r&Sad wmhb;l vm;}}
]]'gu.....}}
]]a[;. . a [h v l ? usKyf a r;wm t&if a jz/
cifAsm;wkdY usKyfwrdYk w
S fOmPfeYJ rrSwfrw
d meJY ]]twdw}f }
r&Sb
d ;l vkYd rajymEkid o
f vk?d cifAsm;rrSe;f wwfwmeJY ]]tem
*wf}} r&Sdbl;vkdY b,fajymvkdY &rvJAsm/ 1990-ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv? (1) &ufaeYu[mawmif rrSwfrdwm?
tJ't
D &iftcsdeaf wGukd cifAsm;wkYd usKyfwYdk b,frw
S rf Ed ikd f
yghrvJ/ cifAsm;rrSwfrdwmeJY r&Sdbl;qkdNyD; rjiif;eJYav/
tckypKyefb0? aemufvmOD;r,fh tem*wfb0awGqkd
wmvnf; trsm;BuD;&SOd ;D rSmvkYd wGuv
f &Ydk w,f/ odyeH nf;
us ygw,f/ uJ. 'Dtxd r&Sif;wm&Sd&ifar;.. }}
]]'gjzihf b0awG b,fvu
kd ;l vmw,fqw
kd m
usLyftao;pdwo
f cd siw
f ,f/ tJ'goabmayguf&if usKyf
vufcHoif?h rcHoifh pOf;pm;r,f/}} (olu olt
Y ar;ol
auseyfovkd NyHK;NyHK;BuD; ajymaeygw,f/)
]]b,fvadk jymif;vmovJ? ul;vmovJqw
kd m
awGukd tao;pdwf &Si;f jyEdik af vmufatmif usKyfvJ
rwwfao;bl;/ usKyfqrD mS rd;k ukwq
f &mawmfBuD; 1957ckEpS af vmufuae ysHveG af wmfrrlciftxd a[mxm;wJh
MP3 82-csyfe?YJ yckuLq&mawmfBuD; OD;usifa&T&UJ
0dy emoifwef;tacG DVD MP 3 5-acG&w
dS ,f/ usKyfvJ
xyfwvJvJ emwkef;wef;vef;yJ/ tJ'DrSm 369-&uf
a[majymykdYcsxm;wmrdkY wu,fhtao;pdwfygw,f/
10

cifAsm;odcsif&if usKyfu;l ay;vku


d rf ,f/ Reference aygh/
usKyftzdu
Yk awmh b,fvu
kd ;l ovJqw
kd hJ Process xuf?
bmawGvyk &f if b,fvu
dk ;l vmNy;D ? bmawGjzpfr,fqw
kd hJ
Product eJY Properties awGudk ydkpdwf0ifpm;w,f/ tJ'D
awmh usKyfar;cGe;f wpfcx
k yfar;r,f/ cifAsm; taMumif;eJY
H m;/
tusdK;qdw
k hJ Cause & Effect udk vufcv
]]vufcH wmayghAs}}
]]tJ'g "ry/J cifAsm;uav;b0u rBudK;pm;cJh
&if tckvkd ygarmub,fjzpfrvJ [kww
f ,fr[kwv
f m;/
tqifjh rifh aewJb
h 0udk &zkYd BudK;pm;tm;xkwrf &I &dS rSmaygh/
BuKd ;pm;cJw
h h J twdwu
f ae ygarmuqw
k d h J ypKyefuk d ul;vm
wmaygh/}} tul;av;awGu wqufwnf;yJ/ taMumif;
aumif;cJv
h Ydk tusdK;aumif;vmwmr[kwv
f m;/ cifAsm;
bmom cifAsm; b,fvu
dk ;l vmvJ pOf;pm;vk&Yd w,f/
aemuf b0b,fvkd ul;rvJq&dk if avmuDynmwwfekH YJ
tul;aumif;? raumif;wm raocsmbl;/ aemufb0
rSmvJ uBuD; cauG;? atbDpD'DuyJ jyefp&rSm/ tJ.
avmukw&mbm0em tusiah f umif;ygrS tul;aumif;rSm?
aocsmrSm/ avmukw&mtwGuftusifhu uBuD;?
cauG;u jyefp p&m rvkb
d ;l / cifAsm;awGb
Y ;l rSmyg/ arG;u
wnf;u tusihf oDv aumif;vmwJv
h al wG? odwwfrS
pmawGzwfr?S tusihf aumif;vmwJv
h al wG? arG;uwnf;
ua&m tckxad &m tusifo
h v
D raumif;wJv
h al wG?
avmukw&mtusihf ]]yg&rD}}ygrIumG Muwmaygh/
]]'gayghAsm}}
]]tJ'v
D ydk J cifAsm; t&ifb0u ]]tukov
kd }f }
csn;f omvkyv
f mcJ?h ckb0 vlawmifjzpfrvmbl;/ 'Dx
h uf
edru
hf swhJ b0awG oGm;jzpfrmS aygh/ tckyJ Munfah v? vl
jzpfaewJt
h a&twGux
f uf wd&pmefjzpfaewJh yd;k rTm;ta&
twGuaf wGu ydrk rsm;bl;vm;/ twkid ;f tqr&Sd ydrk sm;
w,f/ vljzpfvmwmu enf;enf;av;As/
]]xkdYtwlyJ tckb0rSm bmrodnmrodeJY
(t0dZm vkaYd c:wmaygh) rvkyo
f ifw
h mawG vkyo
f ifw
h m
awGukd cGjJ cm;rod&if trSm;awGcsn;f vkyzf Ydk vrf;u ydrk sm;
w,fav/ aumif;wm raumif;wmodr?S vkyo
f ifw
h m
rvkyfoifhwmodrS? tem*wftcsdefawGtwGuf pdwfcs
&rSmAs/ tckb0rSm r[kww
f mcsn;f vkyMf unf/h aocsm
ayguf tem*wfb0rSm edrfhwmcsnf;jzpfzkdYyJ/ 'DuaeY
ydkufqHrpk&if reufzef pm;p&m r&SdEkdifbl;/ tJ'DvkdyJ
'Db0 ]]0dy emw&m;bm0em}} rvkyf&if Oap''d|d?
oum,'d|ed YJ 0dpu
d pd r&Si;f &if aemuf b0rSm tqifjh rifh
b0 r&Ekdifbl;Asm/}}

]]cifAsm;odcsifwJh b,fvdkb0awGul;vJqkw
d Jh
Process udk odzx
Ydk uf Product taumif;udk b,fvkd
&rvJqw
kd mu ydt
k a&;rBuD;bl;vm;/ cifAsm; ydpk w
d rf 0if
pm;bl;vm;/ Ak'u
awmh tao;pdwaf [mxm;wmawG
&Sw
d ,f/ ]]pkwpd w
d }f } wkYd ]]kyef mrfcEm}} csKyfwmwk/Yd usKyf
wkYd OmPfrrDaS o;bl;av/ avhvmzk?Yd tm;xkwf Munfzh Ydk
trsm;BuD;vkad o;w,f/ tckavmavmq,fawmh ProdYd ydt
k a&;BuD; ygw,f/
uct aumif;zkYd Properties aumif;zku
tJ.t'J v
D kd aemufb0rSm aumif;wmawG jzpfzYdk tck
b0rSm aumif;wmawGvyk x
f m;rS jzpfr,fqkd wmawmh
cifAsm;vufcrH mS ygaemf/}}
olNidrfaeygw,f/ olYab;u rdef;ruawmh
auseyfovkd NyHK;NyHK;BuD;eJyY g/
]]tawmfaocsmwm wpfcu
k awmh tJ'0D yd em
bm0em tm;xkwzf ;l wJv
h al wG[m aorSmudk raMumuf
wwfMubl;As/ bmvkv
Yd q
J akd wmh aemufb0rSm 'Dxuf
aumif;wJh jrifjh rwfwhJ b0awGukd &r,fqw
kd m ,HMk unf
pdwpf x
JG m;vkyYd /J aocsmxm;vkyYd /J bmrSvyk rf xm;wJh vl
wpfa,muf&UJ tem*wfb0[m bmtmrcHcsufrS r&Sd
Ekdifbl;/ tJ'DtwGuf 0dy emtaMumif;? kyfemrfcEm
taMumif;? Oap''d|?d oum,'d|ed YJ 0dpu
d pd taMumif;?
aemufwpfacgufvm&if qufMu&atmif/ usKyfvnf;
aoaocsmcsm zwfxm;? emxm;ygOD;r,f/ tckwpfacguf
uawmh ]]aemufb0}} ]]a&SUb0}} r,Hck sifwhJ cifAsm;]]
aemufb0awG}} ]]a&SUb0awG}} [m aocsmayguf &Sw
d ,f
qdw
k m em;vnfomG ;&if usKyfajym&usKd ; eyfNyx
D if w,fAsm}}
olrY ed ;f ruawmh
]]udkcifarmifvwfukd t&rf;aus;Zl;wifwmyJ}}
vkYd qdyk gw,f/ olu acgif;wNidrNhf idrhf vkyaf e&muae
]]usKyfukd 'Dupd eJY ywfoufNyD; &Si;f jywJo
h al wG
&Sd zl;ygw,f/ cifAsm;&Si;f jywmuawmh usKyfem;tvnfq;kH ?
taumif;qH;k ygqkw
d mawmh 0efcyH gw,fAsm}} vkYd ajymyg
w,f/
(4)
bmajymajym tJ'aD eYu ]]ukov
kd }f } wpfck jyK
vkyv
f u
dk Ef idk w
f mrdYk 0rf;omyDwd jzpf&wm trSeyf g/
a'guf w mcif a rmif v wf ( a&T j ref r m)

K
wpf o uf w mb0
wpf&ufomcP
(av;csd K ;uAsm)
raeom ao&GmroGm;cifcP
a'oem azG&mS rMum;vQifv
aewmtvum;omrkYd vlw&Ydk mG / /
]] b0wm }}
cPom&ufwpf&ufvb
dk J
reufNyD; rGe;f wnfch &D;aysmufq;kH um
aemufq;kH rMum ae0ifrmS rkYd
raocif taojyifMuygawmh
rayghMuygESihf uREfyk w
f o
Ydk yl g /
/
]] tcsdeyf ikd ;f }}
csdeEf idI ;f um rawGMuESihf
ao&rSm rkcsrvGyJ gbl;
'k u e nf ; onf h 0d y em
odrw
S yf gawmh jrwfw&m; /
/
]] taorOD;cif }}
OmPfO;D atmif toifjh yifvYdk
tm;xkwv
f Qif b0odr;f vdrhf
at;Nird ;f rnfU edAmefpcef;okYd
vrf;jyxm;onfh Ak'\
tqH;k trsm; /
/
igonf rkcs ao&rnf
tcsdeyf ikd ;f om vkad wmhonf
taorOD;cif OmPfO;D atmif
tm;xkwyf gawmhrnf/
(rd k ; uk w f q &mawmf b k & m;BuD ; tm; uAsmjzif h yl a Zmf y gonf / )

Zif x G e f ; (puk )

11

pv,ftkd;eJY tzdk;tzGm;
(Bwd c sd K ;uAsm)
tzd;k tzGm; i,fpOfu
pv,f0ifwhJ td;k i,fi,f
oH;k cJ&h w,f/
wpfEpS x
f uf wpfEpS u
f ,
G f
rsm;vG,w
f hJ orD;om; /
wpfjynf0if zdkrSm wifHkrQ
tawmifpkH ysHuek Mf uNyDrYkd
jyefp um pv,f0iftdk;&,f
tzd;k eJt
Y zGm; /
/

zJ)
(D i
;
O
ef;
q
;
at

Zif x G e f ; (puk )

qE
tomrSef;
vmvrf;udkwJh IumarQmf
)
sif;
b,fbkH b,fb0u
(Hk; c
a&mufvmcJah omf
fw
dkv
A
rodb;l aemf
tawmfjzifh OmPfa0;
a&SUaemufjyef trSeo
f Ed ikd if hJ
oAOmPf pderf eS af jymif;udjk zifh
jrwfeAd mef pHaysmaf tmif;avwJh
Ak'x
H tjrefanmif;vk&Yd ,f
awmif;Munfch siaf o;/
csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJU? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f
1/ OD;atmifxef;
OuX
2/ OD;bl;vde;f (NrKdUr-2) twGif;a&;rSL;
3/ a':wifwifrl
wGb
J uftwGi;f a&;rSL;
4/ a':upfrem;
wGb
J uftwGi;f a&;rSL;
5/ OD;Ekdfif;tGrf
b@ma&;rSL;
6/ OD;cGeaf qmrem;
qufo,
G ^f jyefMum;a&;
7/ OD;blved ;f (rausmuftm;) pm&if;ppf
8/ a':at;at;jrifh
qufo,
G ^f jyefMum;a&;
9/ a':eef;cs,f&D
b@ma&;rSL;
10/ a':cifa&TviG f
pm&if;ppf
tzG J Y 0 if r sm;
1/OD;vde;f bl?2/ OD;atmifausmfEidk ?f 3/OD;armifatmifxef;
4/ OD;uD;avm 5/ Od;D xef;uD;? 6/ OD;a&TEidk ;f

12

csif;q&mawmf
o'raZmwdu"Zb'Eaum0d'
q&mawmfukd rauG;wdik ;f a'oBuD;? izJNrKd Ue,f?
e,faZm&Gm tdcI sif; rdbESpyf g;jzpfaom crnf; awmf
OD;aus;ESihf r,fawmfa':ysKd wkrYd S om;OD;&wemtjzpf zGm;
jrifco
hJ nf/ i,femrnfrmS Adv
k w
f ;kH jzpfNy;D nDi,f Adv
k u
f ek ;f
[k arG;csif; nDtuddk ESpOf ;D om&So
d nf/
q&mawmfukd aumZm ou&mZf 1302-ckEpS ?f
wydkYwJvqkwf (7) &uf (17-2-41) wevFmaeYwGif
arG;zGm;cJo
h nf/ touf (6) ESpt
f &G,f &GmOD;ausmif;
q&mawmf OD;0go0dExHwiG f ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/
1310-ckEpS w
f if izJNrdKU? *kP0efausmif;q&m
awmf OD;om*&udk OyZm,fjyKvQuf rdbESpyf g;\ yp,m
Ek*[jzifh &SifomraPjyKonf/ bGJUrSm &Sifaum0d'
jzpfonf/ xdak usmif;? xkq
d &mawmfxH yif qH;k roGeo
f if
Mo0g' cH,v
l Qu?f y&d,wd? y#dyw pd mayrsm;udk oifMum;
qnf;yl;cJyh gonf/
q&mawmfonf aumZmou&mZf 1322-ckEpS f
izJNrdKU? uke;f jrif&h wemausmif;q&mawmf OD;oD[udk
OyZm,fjyKvQuf c@modraf wmfwiG f izJNrKd U? NrKd Ur&yfuu
G f
tv,fydkif;&yf rdcifBuD;a':rSdef trSL;xm; om;armif
a&TAsdKif;wk\
Yd yp,mEk*[
udk cH,u
l m &[ef;b0okYd
a&muf&SdwufvSrf;cJh\/ &[ef;rjzpfrDESifh jzpfNyD;umv
wpfavQmuf oif,cl &hJ aom ausmif;wku
d rf sm;ESihf q&m
awmfrsm;rSm rauG;NrKd U? r[m0dow
k m&mr wku
d o
f pfq&m
awmf tbd"Zr[m&|*kk b'Eurk m& (Ekid if aH wmf
oHCem,uOu| ysHveG )f acsmufNrdKU? r*Fvmompnf
pmoifwu
kd f q&mawmf t*r[my@dw b'E0go0?
&efukefNrdKU&Sd ypdrmHkygVdwuokdvfESifh a&Tanmifyif
Z&yfuiG ;f ausmif; wku
d w
f Ydk jzpfygonf/
q&mawmfonf 0de,m"dEk* (emewfawm

0de,mEk*[
pmawmfjyef (a&Tusi)f 0de,maqu (bk&m;
jzL) ponfh pmar;yGrJ sm;udk ajzqdak tmifjrifum tpk;d &
yxri,f? yxrvwf? yxrBuD;ESifh "rmp&d, pmcswef;
rsm;udyk g wufa&mufatmifjrifc\
hJ /
xkjYd yif q&mawmfonf tjcm;aom ynma&;?
usef;rma&; oifwef;rsm;odv
Yk nf; wufa&mufoif,l cJh
ygonf/ jrefrmEdik fiHvk;H qkdi&f m bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; rlv
wef; q&mjzpf (6) v oifwef;udv
k nf;aumif;? &efuek f
NrKd U jynfoUl aq;HBk uD;rS q&m0efBuD;rsm; ydcYk saom use;f rm
a&; tajccH umuG,jf cif;ESihf ukojcif; oifwef;rsm;okYd
vnf;aumif; wufa&muf tvsOf;oifhvQif tusdK;jyK
toH;k csEkid &f ef BudK;yrf;oif,cl yhJ gonf/
1328-ckEpS rf S 1340-ckEpS x
f d wpfq,fEpS f ESpw
f idk f
wkdif rdrdynm&ifEdkY aomufpkdYoifMum;cJh&m &efukefNrdKU
(91)vrf;? a&TanmifyifZ&yf uGif;ausmif;wkduf
&[ef;pmayrsm; jyefvnfjzefYa0 oifMum;ay;jcif;jzifh
aus;Zl;wkeYf jyefcyhJ gonf/
q&mawmfonf 0wK? uAsm? aqmif;yg;tp
&So
d jzifh a&;om;jcif; 0goemygNyD; &Sifaum0d' (ewfa&
uefawmifwef;) [lvnf;aumif;? Adv
k w
f ;kH (csi;f )[l vnf;
aumif; trsdK;rsdK;jzifh Ak'" r avmupmapmif? omxGe;f
jyefYESifh yg&rD"rr*Zif;rsm;wGif a&;om;cJhygonf/
1341-ckEpS ?f 0gawmf (20) wGif apvd&k map
omoemjyK avQmufxm;chNJ y;D u,m;jynfe,f? zm;aqmif;
NrKd Ue,f 0rf;atmif;&GmokYd <ua&mufum u,m; wkid ;f &if;
om;rsm;tm; (2) ESpw
f mrQ Mumatmif w&m;a& at;
wku
d af uR;cJ\
h / xkrd S wqifh &Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f z,fcNkH rKd U
e,f? rd;k NAJ uGuo
f pfausmif; pmoifom; (30) ausmu
f kd
y&d,wdpmayrsm; oifMum;jcif;jzifh Ak't
qH;k trrsm;
jyefyY mG ;apcJyh gonf/
z,fcNkH rdKUe,f? &DEUJG aus;&Gmtkypf pvif;omoem
jyKXmewGif wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf vlrI0efxrf;Xme\
axmufyu
hH n
l rD jI zifh rdbrJh cdu
k ;kd &mr&Sd ynma&;? use;f rm
a&;rsm;twGuf aq;0g;? pma&;ud&d,mESifh tpm;
taomufrsm;udyk g yHyh ;kd jcif;? Ekid if o
hH m;aumif; 0efxrf;rsm;
jzpfajrmufonftxd ajrawmifajrmufjcif; ponfjzifh
y&[dw vkyif ef;rsm;udk tm;wufoa&m yg0ifvyI f &Sm;cJh
ygonf/
q&mawmfonf omoemjyK c&D;pOf wpfavQmuf
rdrb
d mom0ifrsm; omoemawmf cdik rf mapvsu?f rdrb
d m
om0if cH,v
l matmif pGr;f aqmifrrYI sm;udv
k nf; jyKvkyEf idk f
chyJ gonf/ z,fcNkH rdKUe,f 0rf;atif;&GmrS (25) OD;? &DEUJG &GmrS
13

(75) OD;? aygif; (100) OD;udk Ak'b


mom0if jzpfapcJrkHh Q
ru xGe;f aygufonfh omoemh tmZmenf "rp&d,
q&mawmf rsm;udyk g arG;xkwEf idk cf \
hJ / xkjYd yif vly*k Kd vf
rsm;xJrS pufr?I vufrI txufwef;atmif ausmif;
om;^olrsm;ESihf bDatbGJY &&Sdonftxd yHhykd;ay;cJh&
olrsm;&SdNyD; ppfbuf? e,fbufwGif vuf&SdtrIY xrf;
aeaom t&m&SBd uD;? i,frsm;yif &Scd yhJ gonf/
q&mawmfonf rnfonfh taMumif;jycsuf
aMumifrh Q Ak'b
momudk ausmcdik ;f oGm;jcif;rsKd ;udk vufrcH
vkad y/ qif;&JErG ;f yg; ajymif;&ygonf [laom cRw,
f iG ;f
csujf zifh q&mawmfxH vma&mufawGq
Y kH aqG;aEG;ol &Syd g
uvnf; rdrt
d iwfcu
H m ay;auR;vSL'gef;&onfukd vGef
pGm jrwfE;kd \/ xko
d aYdk om pdw"f gwfaMumifyh if tNyKd ifpnf;
;kH &onfh awmifwef;a'orsm; Ak'b
mom0if jzpfa&;
wGif vufeufozG,f toH;k jyKvmEkid cf yhJ gonf/
1352-ckEpS w
f iG f awmifwef;omoemjyK tusKd ;
o,fy;kd xrf;&Guaf epOf q&mocif OD;om*& jref;<uysH
vGeaf wmfro
l nft
h wGuf izJNrKd UokYd jyefvnf<ua&muf&um
&yfa0;omoemjyK vkyif ef;wpfcef;&yfc&hJ av\/
q&mawmfrS trSww
f & taejzifh ]]atmifpnf
jrnfcsKH ;? wk&Yd iS b
f ek ;f ? &TiNf yKH ;arG;&yfjyef}} [k eHoifo
h aH yguf
*Pef;vuFma&;zGYJ pyfqcdk o
hJ nf/ aumZm ou&mZf
1352-ckEpS w
f iG f *kP0efausmif; q&mawmf jzpfvmcJNh y;D ?
Zmwd csufa<u arG;&yfajr omoemjyK vkyif ef;rsm;
qufvuf vkyaf qmifc&hJ awmh\/
q&mawmfonf rdrad 'o rsKd ;EG,w
f l tIcd si;f
wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;tm; Ak'0 g'ESihf eD;pyfrI &Sad pa&; BudK;yrf;
rItaejzihf izJNrdKUe,f? a&Smuf&if; (awmifay:) &Gm
om oemjyKXme jzpfay:vmatmif oufqidk &f m NrKd Ue,f
oHCem,u q&mawmfrsm;? awmifwef; omoemjyK
q&mawmfrsm;ESihf Ed idI ;f aqmif&u
G f taumif txnf
az:cJo
h nf/
xkaYd emuf a&Smuf&if; omoemjyK Xme rdrd
ausmif;rS cef;ae oHCmawmfrsm; jzpfonfh OD;aZmwdygv
OD;y@dw q&mawmfrsm;tm; xm;&SNd y;D ? a&Smuf&if;&Gm
teD;ywf0ef;usif awmifay:&Gmrsm;jzpfaom *kwBf u;D ? aemif?
opfv?S a&jzL? avmufyv
k ?J opfqrd yh f if? csi;f r? oajyaMum
ponfh csi;f &Gmrsm;okYd omoemhc&D; qefcY o
hJ nf/
q&mawmfonf izJNrKd Uay:&Sd [drk a&muf? 'Dra&muf
tajcrJh jzpfaeaom uav;oli,frsm;twGuf ynmwwf
vlawmf vlaumif;rsm;jzpfvmap&ef tpd;k & todtrSwjf yK
bke;f awmfBu;D oif ynma&;ausmif;udk zGiv
hf pS o
f if Mum;

Ekid cf o
h J nf/ xkjyY d if wuodv
k 0f if pmar;yGaJ tmifjrifNy;D ol jrefr mpm
t"du ausmif;om;^olrsm;tm; ta&SUwid k ;f ynm ygVd bmomudk
uRr;f usiyf ik d q
f id k pf mG oifMum;ay;cJo
h nf/
q&mawmfonf a&muf&ma'o? us&mwm0efukd
ckduyfrI r&Sd/ ydkrdkxrf;aqmifEdkifouhJokdY trsdK;bmom?
omoemtwGuf pGev
Yf w
T ?f pGepYf m;? tepfemcHrrI sm;? jyKcJh
ygonf/ 1367-ckESpf? waygif;vjynfh (13-3-2006)
wevFmaeYwiG f &efuek Nf rKd U? urmat;uke;f ajr r[mygoP
vIid *f al wmfBu;D usi;f yaom bGw
YJ q
H yd af wmf quf uyfvLS
'gef;yGJwGif o'raZmwdu"ZbGJYudk EkdifiHawmf at;csrf;
om,ma&;ESihf zGUH NzKd ;a&;aumifpD Ekid if aH wmftBu;D tuJrsm;
rS vSL'gef;cJyh gonf/
q&mawmfonf oufawmf (73) ESpf 0gawmf
(53) 0g&SdNyD; omoemhwm0efrsm;udk usef;rmpGmjzifh
qufvuf wm0efxrf;&GufqJ jzpfygonf/ NrdKUe,fcsif;
Ak'o
moeygvutzGw
YJ iG f em,u q&mawmfwpfyg;
jzpfNyD; csif;aus;&Gmrsm;tm; Ak'o
moeygvutzG0YJ if
tjzpf pnf;Hk;vIHUaqmf&mwGif rlvawmifwef;omoem
jyK wm0efEiS fh uGv
J Ju
G mG jcm;jcif; r&Sdojzifh qxufwd;k
xrf;aqmifaeyHrk mS csi;f wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;tzkYd tm;ustwk
,lz,
G af umif;vSygonf/
xkdYaMumifh ]]ikwfrdoJwkdif wufEkdifzsm;a&muf}}
[laom pum;ykEH iS t
hf nD csi;f trsKd ;om; &[ef;awmf wpfyg;
0H<h um;pGm &So
d nfukd *kP,
f w
l wfMuapvkyd gonf/ vlrsKd ;a&;
todjzifh rdrrd sKd ;EG,w
f El iS hf qufpyfwidk ;f &if;om; rsKd ;EG,rf sm;
udk apmifah &Smufonfh taejzifh vlral &;? usef;rma&;?
ynma&;? b0a&SUa&; yHhydk;ay;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? rdrd
bmom0ifrsm; avsmhyg;roGm;a&;ESihf wk;d wufvma&;
udv
k nf;aumif;? omoembufwiG f xGe;f aygufonfU
&[ef;awmfrsm;udk arG;xkwq
f ifyh mG ;jcif;ukd vnf; aumif;
trsKd ;? bmom? omoem xde;f odr;f ol yk*Kd vf ausmt
f jzpf
rSww
f rf;jyK wifjytyfygownf;/
(OD;cifNidr;f (OD;pD;rSL;) arG;jrLa&;ESifh ukoa& OD;pD;Xme?
izJNrdKUrS jyKpkaom vufurf;pmapmifukd ud;k um;onf/)
at;qef ; OD ; (izJ )

C
14

N
csif;q&mawmf b'Eaomrmpm&
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

at;qef ; OD ; (izJ )

q&mawmfonf rauG;wkid ;f a'oBuD;? o&uf


cdik f rif;vSNrKd Ue,f? vdeaf usm&Gm Zmwdjzpfonf/ crnf;
awmf OD;zd;k xifEiS hf r,fawmf a':Mumav;wkrYd S 1319ck? ewfawmfvqef; (7) &uf (13-12-1957) aomMum
aeYwiG f zGm;jrifNy;D ? arG;csi;f (6) a,muf 'kw,
d ajrmuf
om;jzpf onf/ i,femrnfrmS armifpaH usmfjzpfonf/
crnf;awmf? r,fawmfwrYdk mS tdcI sif;wkid ;f &if;
om; rsm;jzpfMuonf/ r,fawmfrmS vdeaf usm&Gm taemuf
zuf (1) rdkifcefYa0;aom *a'gif;usif;&Gmol jzpfonf/
tdIcsif; bmom"avh? taMumif;quf aygif;zufum
v,f,mvkyif ef;jzifh toufarG;0rf; aMumif;Muonf/
ESrf;? 0g? pyg;? ponfhrsm;jzifh pdkufysdK;vkyfudkifvQuf
tcsed u
f ek u
f m om;? orD;rsm;twGuf ynma&;rSm OD;pm;
ay; oifMum;Ekdifjcif; r&SdcJhyg/ okdYaomf q&mawmf
avmif;vsm armifpaH usmfrmS tjcm; uav;rsm;ESirhf wl
wpfrx
l ;l vQuf pmay oifMum;ay;&ef zcifxH ylqmavh
&So
d nf/
zcifrmS vnf; igpmrwwfaomfvnf; ]]ighom;rSm
pmwwfaywwfjzpf&rnf}} qdkvQuf vdefausm&Gm
taemuf awmifzuf (2) rdik cf efY uGma0;aom ysO;f yif&mG
q&mawmf xHoYdk ZeD;onfukd apvTwom;
f
armifpaH usmf
tm; pmayoifMum;ay;&ef tyfESHapavonf/ rdcif
a':Mumav;rSm om;i,fukd vufuqGu
J m ysOf;yif&mG
okYd oGm;a&mufNy;D q&mawmfxH ]]olzY cif tvkyrf sm;
wynfh awmfrtm; om;udk tyfEaHS pygaMumif;}} avQmuf
xm;vQuf zciftrnf? rdciftrnf? uav;trnf?
arG;&uf? arG;aeYrsm; aocsmrSwo
f m;um vufcHvu
kd f
av\/armifpaH usmfvnf; olvcdk sifaom pmayynm

oif&rSm jzpfonft
h wGuf vGepf Gm0rf;om yDwjd zpfvQuf
use&f pfcahJ vonf/
xkyd w
D u
d wpfEpS yf if rcH/ armifpaH usm\
f uHukd
wzefjyef rl&if;okY d a&mufapchjJ yefonf/ taMumif;rSm ysO;f yif
q&mawmfonf taMumif;trdsK;rsdK;jzifh &GmrS pGecYf mG
jyefrvmawmhay/ xkaY d Mumifh q&m r&So
d nfah usmif; quf
ynmoif&ef rjzpfEikd af wmhonft
h wGuf zcifrS &GmokjYd yef
ac:um rd;k d zvm awmifol tvkyu
f dk Ekid o
f a&GU vkyaf pcJ\
h /
armifpaH usmv
f nf; tvkyu
f pkd w
d rf yg/ ynmudk om quf
oifMum;vkpd w
d f jyif;jyaomfvnf; rvGo
J m onft
h qH;k
rdbrsm;ESio
hf m ,SOw
f aJG exkid f vkyu
f ikd &f avonf/
wpfaeYo zcifxo
H Ydk wpf&mG wnf;ae nDawmf
pyfov
l ma&mufNy;D if;wko
Yd nf izJNrKd Ue,f? e,faZm&GmokYd
rdom;pk ajymif;rnfjzpfaMumif;/ tpfu\
kd om; armifpH
ausmfudk if;wkdYESifhtwl uav;xdef;&ef xnfhvdkuf
apvdak Mumif;? ausmif;vnf; xm;ay;rnfjzpfaMumif;
ajymum OD;av;rdom;pkEiS t
fh wl ,ckq&mawmfaexkid &f m
rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;? izJNrdKUe,ftwGif;okdY csOf;eif;0if
a&mufvQuf q&mawmfavmif;vQm b0pcJah vonf/
ok&Yd mwGif OD;av;rdom;pk wpfjynfwpf&mG ajymif;
onfukd OD;av;\ ZeD;? rdbrsm;u vH;k 0rESpf NrdKUMuyg/
xkadY Mumifh vdeaf usm&GmokYd jyefajymif;vmvQif EGm; (2)
aumifESihf vkyu
f ikd pf m;&ef v,f,mrsm; tarGay;rnf/
okaYd omf e,faZm&GmwGif quf aeygu tarG ray;[k
tusyfuikd af c:jyef\/
xkt
d cgOD;av;rSm ]]wlawmfarmifukd izJNrKd U? uke;f
jrif&h wemwdu
k af usmif; q&mawmf OD;oD[xH tyf? ae
&yfjyef? a,murtarG,Nl y;D b0udk xlawmhrnfh tpDtrH
ajymif;um vdeaf usm&GmokYd jyefvnf a&muf&o
dS mG ; av
onf/ xkdtcsdefrSp q&mawmfavmif;vsm armifpH
ausmfonf aqGreD;? rsdK;reD;? rdbESihf a0;uGmvSaom
a'o wpfO;D wnf; usef&pfum b0udk BuHUBuHUcHvQuf
tm;ud;k t&if; jyKp&m pmayynmom jzpfonf[k cH,Nl y;D
tywfwukwf BudK;pmtm;xkwcf o
hJ nf/
pmayxl;cRefNyD; oabmraemaumif;vSaom
armifpaH usmfukd q&mawmf OD;oD[ESiw
hf uG 'g,um?
'g,dumr trsm;pku oem;cspfcifMu\/ xkaYd Mumifh
touf (11) ESpf t&G,cf efw
Y iG f izJNrKd Ue,f xef;udik ;f &GmrS
'g,um OD;csrf;at;? 'g,dumr a':at;ydrk o
d m;pk\
,p,mEk*j zifh izJNrdKUe,f? acsmif;jzLwdu
k af usmif; q&m
awmf OD;okrwdukd OyZm,fjyKum &Sio
f mraP b0
wufvSrf;cJhavonf/ &SiftrnfbGJUrSm aomrmpm&
15

jzpfonf/ csi;f uav; armifpaH usmf wpfjzpfvJ &Siaf om


rmpm&onf uke;f jrif&h wemwku
d af usmif;wGiyf if oDwif;
oH;k vQuf q&mrsm;jzpfaom q&mawmf OD;oD[ESihf q&m
awmf OD;Owr? q&mawmfEpS yf g;xHwiG f avmuDynm&yf
rsm;jzpfaom aA'if? qef;usrf;ESifh oayguf*Pef;?
'l;*Pef;ponfwu
dYk kd qnf;yl;oif,cl \
hJ /
xkt
d csdeu
f q&mawmf OD;oD[rSm touf
t&G,Bf uD;&ifNh yD; ausmif;udk q&mawmf OD;OwrxH
tyfEu
HS m Mo0g'gp&d,tjzpf oDwif;oH;k aexdik af wmf
rl\/ q&mawmf OD;oD[rSm &Siaf omrudv
k nf; ]]csi;f u
av;ipH}} [kac:um if;tem;wGif ajcqkyfvufe,f
jyKpkapavonf/
okjYd zifh q&mawmf OD;oD[ ysHveG af wmfrNl yD;
&Siaf omrpm&touf (17) ESpcf efw
Y iG f rEav;wkid ;f a'
oBuD;? tr&yl&NrdKUe,f r[m*EmakH usmif;wku
d o
f Ydk <u
a&mufum avmukw&m ynm&yfrsm;udk oif,q
l nf;
yl;cJo
h nf/ em,ucsKyf q&mawmf OD;paEmbmo? em,u
q&mawmfrsm; jzpfonfh OD;r[dE? OD;aEmbmo bd0o
H ?
OD;t*0o
H ? OD;uk@vmbd0o
H ponfh q&mawmfrsm;
xHwiG f oif,cl &hJ \/ r[m*EmkH 0gputzG\
YJ tajcjyK
rlvwef; tajcjyK ta&SUydik ;f ? tajcjyK taemufyikd ;f
pmar;yGJrsm; atmifjrif tpdk;&ti,fwef;pmar;yGJudk
ajzqdck iG &hf &Scd hJ ygonf/
csi;f ud&k ifav; &Siaf omrmonf wnfMunfaom
orm"d? apmifx
h ed ;f tyfaom 0denf; odum ESihf tnD
aexdik f wwfonft
h wGuf q&mawmf avmif;vsmtm;
MunfnKd ol vGepf mG aygrsm;avonf/ xkaYd Mumifh izJNrKd U?
NrdKUr&yfuGufrS OD;odef;armif? a':wifoef;rdom;pku
yp,mEk*[
jzifh &[ef;tjzpfoYdk csD;ajrmufvadk Mumif;
uke;f jrif&h wemausmif; q&mawmf OD;OwrxHwiG f cGiyhf ef
avQmufxm;Mu\/
okaYd vQmufxm;onfukd izJNrKd U wpfNrKd Uwnf;
ae &[ef;trBuD; a':cspfrS rdrdonf touft&G,f
tkdrif;NyD; usef;rma&; raumif;oljzpfaMumif;? aemif
oHo&mta&;? &ifrav;&atmif &[ef;cHcGifh &,lvdk
aMumif;? &Siaf omrpm& &[ef;cHjcif;udpudk vTaJ jymif;ay;
&ef arwm&yfccH o
hJ nf/
xkaYd Mumifh rlv'g,um? 'g,dumrrsm; r[kwf
awmhbJ &[ef;tra':csp\
f yp,mEk*[
jzifh izJNrKd Ue,f?
Zif>yef; aus;&Gm q&mawmf OD;om'deudk OyZm,fjyKvQuf
izJNrdKU? uke;f jrifh &wemausmif;wku
d ?f c@modraf wmf
1339-ck? wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; (9) &ufaeYwiG f jrifjh rwf

aom omraPrSonf om jrifjh rwfaom &[ef;b0okYd


wuf vSr;f a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf/
'kwd,tBudrfjzifh odrfxyf r*Fvmudk izJNrdKU?
NrdKUr&yfuu
G f zcifBuD; OD;ode;f ? rdcifBuD; a':wifjrtrSL;
xm;aom rlvtvSL&Sirf sm; jzpfonfh OD;ode;f armif? a':wif
oef;? OD;at;? a':wifoed ;f ? OD;pHat;? a':tH;k ydik f rdom;
pk &Sijf yKyGw
J iG f yg0ifcs;D ajrmuf odum xyfMunfnKd rI cHc&hJ
onf/ q&mawmfonf r[m*E m kH ausmif;wku
d f 1344ckESpfwGif tpdk;&ti,fwef; pmar;yGJudkvnf;aumif;?
1350-ckEpS w
f iG f tpk;d & tvwfwef; pmar;yGu
J kd vnf;
aumif; ajzqdak tmifjrifum tpd;k &tBuD;wef;okYd wuf
a&muf oif,El idk cf o
hJ nf/
wpfq,fEh pS f ESpw
f m umvywfv;kH &[ef; pmay?
&[ef;0denf;odum rsm;tm; oifMum;oif,l aepOf ynm
a&;? twKywf wpfcef;&yf&ef taMumif;zefvm&jyef onf/
1353-ckEpS ?f yljyif;vSonfh aEG&moDtcg or,? uqkev
f
rSmjzifh q&mocif b'E OD;Owronf b0ewf xH
ysv
H eG af wmfru
l m ausmif;xkid Af vmjzpfae aom izJNrKd U?
,ckvuf&ad S e&m uke;f jrif&h wem ausmif;awmfomokY d q&mawmf
t&Siaf omrpm& a&muf&dS pHjref; oDwif;oH;k cJh &\/
oufawmftm;jzifh (34) ESp?f 0gawmftm;jzifh
(14) 0gom &Sad o;aom &[ef;ysdK &Siaf omrmpm&onf
ynmwpfydkif;wpfpjzifh a&SUrqufEkdifawmhbJ 'g,dum?
'g,dumrrsm;\ oHo&m0#f'kuab;rS vGwf&mtrSef
jrwfeAd mefoYdk a&mufaprnft
h aMumif;? aumif;jrwfonfU
Ak'w
&m;awmfrsm;udk a[maz:Tejf y qH;k rvQuf uke;f jrifh
&wem q&mawmf jzpfvmcJah vonf/
ausmif;xkid jf zpfaom csif;q&mawmf OD;aomr
pm&onf vlrsKd ;? bmom? omoemawmftwGuf tusKd ;
jyKEdik rf nfh oifwef;rsm;udk wufa&mufcyhJ gonf/ 1352ckEpS fwiG f &efuek fNrdKU yxrtBudrf omoemxGe;f um;
jyefyY mG ;a&; OD;pD;XmerS usi;f yaom omoemjyK oifwef;
okv
Yd nf;aumif;? 1374-ckEpS w
f iG f pvif;NrKd U ynma&;0ef
BuD;XmeESihf ,leq
D ufwYdk yl;aygif;zGiv
fh pS af om b0wGuf
wm uRr;f usipf &m oifwef;udv
k nf;aumif; wufa&muf
cJyh gonf/
xkjYd yif q&mawmfonf vlrsdK;a&; apmifah &Smuf
ulnDrI taejzifh izJNrdKUe,ftwGif; awmifay:ajrjyefY
a'o&Sd csif;wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;tm; csif;bmomjzifh w&m;
a[mjcif;? rdbrJh uav;rsm;tm; pmayoifMum;jcif;jzifh
omraPjyKay;jcif;rsm;udk wpfygwnf; pGr;f aqmifvQuf
&Syd gonf/
16

ynma&; u@wGif izJNrKd Uausmif;wGi;f &yfuu


G f
1993-ckEpS rf pS bke;f awmfBu;D oif ynma&;ausmif;udk
zGiv
hf pS o
f ifMum;Ekid cf NhJ y;D ? ESppf Ofoil ,fwef;? pwkwwef;
txd ausmif;om; (25) OD;cefY wufa&mufvQuf &SNd yD;
q&m? q&mr (2) OD;u oifMum;&ef pDraH qmif&u
G Ef idk f
cJyh gonf/
Ak'b
mom jrefrmvlrsKd ;rsm; ,Ofaus;rI tqifh
jrifhrm;ap&ef izJNrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd vli,farmifr,frsm;
tm;rsm; ,Ofaus;vdrm oifwef; zGiv
hf pS v
f Quf 1993ckEpS rf S 2012-twGi;f oifwef;om; OD;a&(400)ausmf
udk arG;xkwaf y;Edik cf o
hJ nf/
tjcm;aom omoemjyK aqmif&u
G cf sufrsm;
taejzifh q&mawmfonf izJNrKd Ue,f ud,
k pf m;jyK rauG;
wkid ;f a'oBuD;? oCH0efaqmif q&mawmftjzpfvnf;
aumif;? izJNrdKUausmif;wGif;&yfuGuf oHCem,utzGJY
Ou| tjzpfvnf;aumif;? izJNrdKUusufoa&aqmif
ukef;jrifh &wem Ak'ylZed,bk&m;yGJawmf Mo0g'p&d,
q&mawmf tjzpfvnf;aumif; yg0ifcyhJ gonf/
q&mawmfonf (8)&uf?vjynfU vuG,af eYrsm;
izJNrKd Uay:&Sd uvsmP,k0wDtrsKd ;orD; 0wftoif; (9)
zGu
YJ kd tvSnu
hf sjzifh tbd"rmy|mef;a'oemawmfrsm;udk
&GwfyGm;Edkif&ef pDpOfjcif;jzifh vlOD;a& (150)cefY&Sdaom
trsdK;orD; tzGUJ BuD;udk ysuf,iG ;f rIr&Sad tmif xde;f odr;f
jcif; jyKvkycf yhJ gonf/
tywfpOf omoemjyK vkyfief;rsm;udk rdrd
ausmif;wGif vufcu
H si;f yEdik o
f uJo
h Y d k Ak'b
mom uvsmP
,k0wD toif;ESihf yl;aygif;OD;aqmifum tbd "rm
tcgawmfaeYuk d oHCmawmfaygif; (40) ausmjf zifh Oykoyf 0g
&PjyKyl aZmfjcif;udk ESppf Ofusi;f yEkid cf yhJ gonf/ q&mawmf
onf ,ck tcg oufawmf (56) ESp?f 0gawmf (36) 0g
&SNd y;D ? omoemhwm0efukd qufvufaMu>yef&ef arQmrf eS ;f
vQuf &Syd gonf/
xkaYd Mumifh q&mawmfonf vlrsdK;a&;udk a&SUI
vQuf csif;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;? Ak'0g'udk ouf0if
,HMk unfa&;ESihf tjcm;bmom0iftjzpf ul;ajymif;rIEeI ;f
usqif;a&;udk aqmif&u
G Ef idk &f ef jrefrmEkid if H csif;Ak'o
m
oeygvutzGYJ csKyfEiS fh yl;aygif;NyD; tm;wufoa&m
yg0ifcyhJ gonf/ izJ NrKd Ue,f csi;f Ak'o
moeygvutzGcYJ u
JG kd
zGpYJ nf;vQuf awmifay:ajrjyefY csi;f wkid ;f &if;om; aus;&Gm
rsm;tm; aus;&Gm csif;Ak'o
moeygvu tzGcYJ JG aygif;
(8)&Gmudk csif;Ak'o
m oeygvutzGUJ 0if (3321) OD;jzifh
zGJYpnf; twnfjyKEkdifcJh ygonf/ qufvuf xyfwkd;

zGUJ pnf;&ef BudK;yrf;vQuf &Syd gonf/


xkt
Yd jyif ref;pufawmf&m bk&m; a&S;ya0oPD
u csif;wkdif;&if;om;rsm; wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhaom
csif;bk&m;tm; topfwzef jyefvnfjyKjyifa&;wGif
xdyw
f ef;rS aeyg0if xrf;aqmifcyhJ gonf/ rdrad usmif;rS
cef;ae oHCmawmf (csif;trsdK;om;) wpfyg;tm; <u
a&mufapNyD; csif;bk&m;teD; "rmHk aqmufvQuf aEG?
rd;k ? aqmif;? ESpyf wfvnfMuyfrwfapcJyh gonf/ ,ck tcg
ref;pufawmf&m csif;bk&m;udk ukefusaiGcefYrSef; odef;
(500) ausmfjzifh rGrf;rH&ef csif;bk&m; jyKjyifa&; tzGJU
jrefrmEkid if H csif;Ak'omoeygvu tzGUJ rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;
aqmif&u
G f vQu&f adS eygonf/
q&mawmfonf rdrdfaexkdif&m ywf0ef;usifudk
omoemh ta&mifxeG ;f ajymifapko
H mru rdrad rG;&yfXmeD
udv
k nf; jyefvnf tusKd;jyKrI vkyif ef;rsm; pwifEifdk cf yhJ g
onf/ ,cifh ,cifu bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;r&Scd yhJ gaom
Zmwd&mG vdeaf usmwGif vdeaf usm&Gmom; wpfO;D tm;
ouFe;f 0wf&[ef;jyKap ausmif;aqmufvyk u
f m ausmif;
xkid t
f jzpf xm;&SNd y;D omoemht[kef vTr;f NcKHapcJh ygonf/
tcsKyftm;jzihf q&mawmf OD;aomrgpm&onf
wkid ;f ? ckid ?f Ekid if t
H ESUH NrKdU? &Gm? &yfuu
G f rusef tMum;
tvyfr&Sd omoemhwm0ef vlrsKd;a&;wm0ef aus>yefol
yk*K v
d jf zpfcyhJ gonf/
xkUd aMumihf csif;rsKd;EG,jf cif;twlwl uGjJ ym;aom
t,l uk;d uG,rf &I MdS uaom csif;wdik ;f &if;om;taygif;wkYd
tm; Ak'b
mom &[ef;awmfwpfyg; csif;trsKd;om;rS jzpf
ajrmuf xGe;f aygufvQu&f o
dS nfukd *kP,
f 0l rf;ajrmuf Muap
&efEiS fh rdrcd si;f rsK;d EG,u
f kd csi;f tjzpf trSew
f u,f vufcH
,kMH unfum bd;k pOfabmifquf ouf0ifymG ;rsm; txGwf
tjrwf xm;cJMh uaom ax&0g' Ak'b
mom omoemawmf
BuD;udk t"GeUf &Snf wnfwchH idk Nf rJa&; csif;rsKd;EG,pf t
k m;vk;H
u 0kdif;0ef;xrf;aqmifay;MuygpkdY[k wkdufwGef;vQuf
csif;q&mawmf b'Eaomrgpm&tm; csif;a&mifjcnf
r*Zif;rSwqihf trsKd;bmom omoemawmfBuD;udk
qufvufxed ;f odr;f jzefaY 0jyefyY mG ; Ekid af p&ef pGr;f aqmif
Ekid yf gapaMumif; qkreG af umif; awmif;tyfygownf;/
at;qef;OD; (izJ)

17

&
m0
E
fp
&Si
t

G;)
fsi a'
(u

csif;Ak'omoem opfawmESihf
vlrIb0
(tl;yl;) csif;vlrsdK;rsm; Ak'bmomokdY
ul ; ajymif ; vmMujcif ;
tlyl;csif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf vGefcJhaomESpfaygif;
(100)cefUwGif ewfbmomudk udk;uG,fcJhMuygonf/
xkdvlrsKd;rsm;xJwGif uefyufvufNrKdUe,f csif;jynfe,f
awmifydkif; bk&m;&Gm (iGrf;pdkif) &GmwGif OD;plqkdaom
ewf0ifonfwpfOD; ay:xGef;cJhygonf/ 4if;OD;plonf
pmvnf;rwwfajrmufyg/ touf (40)cefw
Y iG f Ak'b
mom
omoemacgihf? ewfaumif; ewfjrwfrsm;0ifcg; yl;uyf
vmNyD; omuDE,
G 0f ifrsm; jzpfMuaom tly;l ac: csif;ykef
vlrsK;d rsm;udk ow0gwkUd \ toufukd ewfy,
G jf cif;? ewfy
ojcif;? raumif;rI tukov
dk f jyKvkyjf cif;rS jrwfA'k \

tqH;k tr Mo0g'jzpfaom aumif;rI ukov


dk b
f ufoYkd
ydaYk qmifay;cJyh gonf/
4if;ewf0ifonf OD;plonf twdw?f tem*wf?
ypKygef wku
Yd kd a[mEkid o
f nf/ a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m;ESifh
aemifyiG afh wmfrv
l mrnfh t&darwm,sb&k m; tavmif;
awmfwkdYonf nDtpfudk ESpfyg; jzpfcJhaMumif; a*gwr
jrwfpmG bk&m;\ omoemawmf ig;axmifausmfNyD; vQif
t&darwm,s bk&m;onf ywjrm;yvif *efaY *:eef;
0,fav;tifopg yGiafh wmfrv
l mrnfjzpfaMumif; xkb
d &k m;
omoemawmfwGif a&Tya'om? aiGya'om aygufNyD;
vlwYdk vkt
d ifqE tppt&m&m jynfph MHk uNy;D olc;dk ? "g;jy?
aomif;use;f olr&Sd jA[mpk&d w
f &m; av;yg;ESifh vlwjYkdynfph Hk
MuNyD; wdkif;jynf? NrKdU&Gm? urmw0Srf;om,m0ajym
at;csrf;om,mjcif;&Srd nf jzpfaMumif; vlwt
Ykd ouf
wode;f wef;&Snf vQm;rnfjzpf aMumif; a[mcJyh gonf/

xkaYd emuf 4if;ewf0ifonf OD;plonf olaeaom


&Gm (bk&m;&Gm)wGif tly;l csif;vlrsKd;rsm;udk pkaqmif;\/
bkHpHeef;awmf aqmufvkyfapNyD; xkdbkHpHeef;awmf0,f
pHjref;aexkid Nf y;D vQif twdw?f tem*wf? ypKygef a[m
Mum; Ny;D vQif tly;l csi;f vlrsK;d rsm;udk raumif;rI tukov
dk f
rsm; rjyKvkyfMuyg&ef enftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh aeYn rjywf
a[mMum;cJo
h nf/ xkaYd emuf ausmufb&k m;BuD; t"dywd
wnfxm;Ny;D vQif xkb
d &k m;Bu;D udk a&awG? yef;awG? oJawG
oGef avmif;NyD;vQif bk&m;wpf? bk&m;ESp?f bk&m;ok;H
ponfjzifh (89)Budrf ywf vnf&onf/ odkYjzifh
eHeufwBudrf aeYvnfwpfBudrf naewpfBudrf wpfaeY
okH;Budrf &Gwfqkd bk&m;BuD; ywfywfvnf vSnfhvnf
&onf/
xkdYaemuf t&yf&yfrSyg a&mufvmMuaom
tlyl;csif;vlrsKd;rsm; tm;vkH;udk ig;yg;oDv NrJapNyD;
owfowfvw
T pf m; arwmb0emrsm; yGm;aponf/ uJh
odYk ok;H ESpo
f ;Hk rk;d w&m;a[mcJo
h nf/ olq
Y o
D v
Ykd m a&mufMu
aom vltm;vk;H wku
Yd kd uJo
h Ykd aexkid Mf urSomvQif
aemifyiG v
h f mvwHaom t&darwm,s bk&m;udk vufO;D pGm
zl;awGUMu&rnf jzpfaMumif; a[mygonf/ xkaYd emuf
ewfBu;D aom awmifxyd Bf u;D rsm;ay:odYk wufomG ;MuNy;D vQif
ewfrsm; zdwaf c:Ny;D oifweY k d wfrsm;onf vlwo
Y k d wf ay;aom
(Ekwrf ,
G af om vlw\
Ydk tom;udk 'DaeYrpS rpm;MueJ?Y
rpm;&awmhb;l [k trdeaY f wmfjyef Ny;D vQif vlwt
Y d k ay: raumif;
rIuv
kd nf; rjyKvkyMf ueJ/Y jrwfpmG bk&m;udk ud;k uG,Mf uyg/
tom;pm;MuNy;D raumif;rIawG vkyMf u&ifawmh aemifyiG v
hf m
vwHaom t&darwm,s bk&m;udk rzl;rawGUMu &bJ
i&Jou
Y k d sMu&r,f/ ,ckb&k m; omoemawmfud k oMum;rif;Bu;D
apmifah ew,f/ oMum; rif;Bu;D u rk;d BuKd;vuf eufjzifh
qk;H rjcif;cHMu& r,fvY d k awmapmif?h awmifapmif?h ewfq;d k rsm;ESih f
emembm0? 0dembm0? raumif;rdpm rsm;udk w&m;a[m
acscRwcf yhJ gonf/
odjYkzihf OD;plonf vlawGa&m ewfawGyg tukef
bk&m;udk ud;k uG,af pcJyh gonf/ tem*wfwiG f jzpfay:vmrnfh
twdwferdwfrsm;udk a[monf/ tJ'Dtcsdef wkef;u
tlyl;csif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf rdef;uav;wkdif; yg;rnf;xdk;
(yg;rsm;wGif rJeufaom aq;xk;d jcif;) udk jyKvkycf MhJ u
onf/ xrD (xrde)f atmufwiG f trJa&mifq;kd xm;aom
abmif;bDuo
h J Y k d atmufc0H wf xm;Muonf/ 'gawGuk d vnf;
aemiftem*wfwiG f yaysmufomG ;rnf[k a[mcJh onf/
,ckvkH;0yaysmuf oGm;cJhNyD/ xdkYaemuf aiGudkvnf;
avvGirhf nf[k a[monf/ tJ't
D csdew
f ek ;f u aiGom;
18

udo
k m ok;H pJcG MhJ uojzifh rnforl Q r,kMH uyg/ ,cktcsdef
rSmawmh aiGpuLom ok;H pJaG eojzihf aiGavvGihf aejcif;
jzpfonf/
xdakY emuf ta0;rSpum;ajymvQif 'Dae&mrS
Mum;&rnf/ ta0;rStjzpftysuf 'Dae&mrSm jrif&rnf[k
ajymonf/ ,cktcg w,fvzD ek ;f wkYd a&'D,w
kd Ykd ay:vm
onf/ opfyifrS a&T+ aiGawG oD;rnf[k a[monf/
,ckopfyifrS opfcGyef;awG a&mif;vkdYaiG&Muonf/
opfawmawG jyKef;ukeNf yD ponfjzihf trsK;d rsK;d rSeu
f efaom
twdwaf wG a[mcJah omfvnf; tenf;i,frQom azmfjyyg
onf/ odYjk zihf ewf0ifonf OD;plonf vlawGa&m
ewfawGyg a[majym qk;H rpnf;;Hk jcif;jzihf tly;l csi;f vlrsK;d
wdo
Yk nf ow0gwk\
Yd towfukd owfjzwf ewfu;kd
uG,jf cif; (ewfy,
G jf cif;) rS aumif;jrwfaom jrwf Ak'\

bmom omoemawmf tqk;H tr atmuf0,f a&&Sd


Mumwifhyrm jrefrmhwkdif;&if;om;yDyD xGef;awmufwifh
w,f awmfral yonfwum;/
wkdYopfawmudk xdef;odrf;MuygpkdY
csif;awmifwef;onf tNrJpdrf; opfawmjzpf
\/ obm0opfyif yef;rmefE,
G jf rpfopfyif yef;O,smOf
wdjY zk ifh MunfE;l om,mzG,f aumif;vSayonf/ xko
d pfawm
wGif yef;rsK;d pkzH ;l yGiMhf uNy;D vQif aus;iSu?f wd&pmefrsK;d pkw
H \
Ydk
jrnfo?H wGeo
f w
H o
Ykd nf wl&,
d mozG,f tvGeo
f m,m
Nidrahf nmif;vSygonf/ awmudk rScD v
kd suf&dS Muukeaf om
*sDi,f? pkdif? qwf? ajymif? 0uf0HwkdYvnf; tvGefyif
aygrsm;cJah yonf/ 4if;awmudk rSD rk;d av0oaumif;NyD;
rd;k rSeu
f efpmG &GmoGe;f ojzihf qef? a&? pyg;rsm; aygrsm;
vQuf &Scd ahJ yonf/
okaYd omf ,cktcg aiGaMu;aygrsm;Muaom Ekid if H
jcm; olaX;rsm;rS csif;awmiftvSjzpfaom opfawm
rsm;udk zsufqD;aeMuonf/ qif;&JaeMuaom 'kdYcsif;
trsKd;om;rsm;onf EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;rS 'kdYcsif;awmif
tvSukd zsuq
f ;D aeMuonf[k em;rvnfMu? olwadYk y;
aom tojymaiG enf;enf;av;udk rufarmaeMuNyD;
yef;&&Sv
d dk a&;ESifh yef;&Smum 'do
Yk pfawmudk tukejf yKef;
atmif ckwfypfvkdufMuonf/ EGm;&Sifonf EGm;udk
tpmav; enf;enf;auR;Ny;D twif;eif;uef ckid ;f onfEiS fh
wlonf/ Ekid if jH cm; olaX;om;rsm;onf yef;wpfrsKd;
ukev
f Qif opfawm ok;H ykH wpfyHk ysufp;D rnf/ yef;ESprf sK;d
ukefvQif opfawmokH;ykHESpfykH ysufpD;rnf/ csif;awmif?
opfawmtvSudk tm;vkH;zsufqD;ypfrnfh tBuHjzihf

'kcdY sif;awmif opfawmudk zsufqD;aeMuonfudk 'kdYcsif;


vlrsKd;awGem;rvnfMu/ aiGav;enf;enf; &wmeJY
auseyfNyD; 'dcYk sif;awmiftvS obm0opfawm awGukd
tukefckyfypfMuonfrSm tvGef0rf;enf;p&m aumif;
vSygonf/ yef;&Sm&wmeJY opfawmawG tukecf w
k f awmh
rD;awGtukeaf vmifypfvu
dk w
f ,f/ rD;avmifawmh opfyif
raygufawmhb;l / awmawmifawG *wke;f ajymif jzpfvm
awmhw,f/
xkaYd Mumihf (awmckwv
f Ydk awmifajymif? rk;d acgif
awmhrmS bJ rd;k acgifvaYkd &r<u,f oJyifv,fjzpfvrd rhf vG)J
qkw
d t
hJ wkid ;f opfawmawG ajymifatmifcw
k v
f u
dk af wmh
,cifcsi;f awmifrmS ESppf Of rd;k av0ord;k rSeu
f efpmG &GmoGe;f
vsuf &Scd ahJ yrJh wjznf;jznf; rd;dk acgifvmNyD/ rk;d acgifawmh
a&r&wmeJY v,f,mudkif;uRef;awG rpkduyf sKd;Mu&bl;/
awmif,mawGvnf; ajcmufawmh wjznf;jznf; 'kcYd sif;
awmif tpma& pm&Sm;yg;vmr,f/ 'kut
rsK;d rsK;d BuKHawGU
&r,f/ iwfrw
G f acgif;yg;a&; uyfqu
kd v
f mr,f qkw
d mao
csmaeygw,f/
obm0opfawmxJrS vlEiS fh wd&pmefwYdk use;f rm
a&;twGuf ay;pGr;f Ekid af om (yef;&eYrH S &aom) atmuf
pD*sif? Ekdifxdk*sif acgif;yg;oGm;ojzihf 'kdYcsif;vlrsKd;rsm;
wjznf;jznf; use;f rma&; tajctae qkw,
f w
k f vmNy;D
a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd; aygrsm;vmygw,f/
a&S;tcgu yk*HjynfBuD;[m iSufBuD;? I;ysHBuD;?
0ufBu;D ? usm;Bu;D wdYk aexkid u
f supf m;&m awmBu;D ? NrKdiBf u;D
jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ odaYk omf yk*aH cwf xdak wmMuD;udk xde;f odr;f
cJhjcif; r&SdcJhbJ opfawmawGudk wjznf;jznf; ckyfypfMu
ojzihf opfawmawG r&Sad wmhonfh tajctaeodY k a&muf&cd S h J
&ygonf/
xked nf;wlpmG 'dcYk si;f awmifonfvnf; opfawm
xdef;odrf;jcif;r&SdbJ yef;&Smjcif;jzihf 'kdYopfawmawGudk
ckyfypfjcif;tm;jzihf 'kdYcsif;awmif opfawmonfvnf;
wjznf;jznf; jyKef;wD;oGm;Ny;D *wH;k ajymif awmifuek ;f BuD;
jzpfvmNyD; oJyifv,fjzpfawmhrmS aocsmaeygonf/
xdYak Mumihf 'kYcd sif;awmifopfawmrsm;udk 'kYcd sif;
trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;wdik ;f umuG,x
f ed ;f odr;f apmifh
a&Smufoifh aMumif;? aemiftem*wfuakd rQmf arwmw&m;
a&SUxm;um wdu
k w
f eG ;f EI;d aqmf wifjyvku
d yf gonf/
'dkYcsif;vlrsKd;awG vSvmNyD
csif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf csif;jynfe,fwiG f t"du
aexkid Mf uonf/ tcsKUd tly;l ac: csi;f vlrsK;d rsm;rSm rauG;wkid ;f ?
aqmNrKdUe,fEiS hf rif;bl;ckid f apwkw&mNrKdUe,f? rke;f acsmif;
19

a'owpfavQmufwiG f aexkid Mf uonfukd awGU&onf/


4if;tly;l ac: csi;f vlrsK;d trsm;pkrmS ,ck Ak'b
mom0ifrsm;
tm;vk;H jzpfMuonf/ wcsKdUrSm csif;jynfe,f awmifyidk ;f ?
uefywfvuf NrKdUe,f? rke;f acsmif;? at;acsmif;? ,keaf csmif;
a'owpfavQmufwiG f aexkid Mf uonf/
wcsKUd awmifwef;a'orsm;wGif aexkid Mf uaom
csif;vlrsKd;rsm;rSm a&S;ya0oPDuwnf;u ewfbmom
0ifrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ewfrsm;udk txl;ojzihf uk;d
uG,fMu&m rusef;rrm jzpfMuonfhtcg ewfzrf;pm;
onf/ ajr? bkw?f bDv;l rsm; zrf;pm;onf[k t,l&MdS u
um use;f rmcsr;f omMuap&eftwGu?f ewfbv
D ;l rsm;udk
uRJ? EGm;? Muuf? 0uf? acG;? qdwrf usef tdrfarG;
wd&pmefrsm; owfjzwfMuum ylaZmfyoMu&onf/ xkYd
tjyif ewfyGJvkyfonf[k uRJ? EGm;? EGm;aemuf
taumifaygif;rsm;pGm owfjzwfMuum olw\
Ydk aqGquf?
rsK;d EG,q
f ufrsm;udk tm;vk;H zdwaf c:MuNy;D ckEpS &f uf usi;f y
Ekid o
f o
l nf olaX;BuD;[k emrnfcH a<u;aMumfMuonf/
odjY kzifh ruse;f rrmonft
h cgwGi4f if; ewfyJ G usi;f yonfh
tcgwGi4f if; rdrw
d Ykd arG;jrLxm;Muaom uRJ? EGm;?
EGm;aemuf? 0uf? Muuf? qdw?f acG;up owfjzwf\/
raumif;aom tukov
dk f uHw&m;vkd jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
uREkfyfwdkY csif;vlrsKd;rsm;onf evHrxlEkdifvJ qif;&J
EGr;f yg;jcif;odYk a&mufcMhJ u&ygonf/
csi;f jynfe,f? uefywfvufNrKdUe,f? awmifyikd ;f
rkef;acsmif;w0kdufESihf at;acsmif;? ,kefacsmif;a'o&Sd
tly;l ac: csif;vlrsKd;rsm;rSm Ak'b
mom omoem apmihf
ewfrsm; 0ifpm;vmaom OD;plac: ewf0ifonf\ pnf;;Hk
a[majym qk;H rjcif;aMumihf ,ck ewfbmomrS Ak'b
mom
0iftjzpf u,fwifco
hJ nfrmS ESpaf ygif;(100) cefY &Syd gNy/D
tcsKdUawmifwef;a'o&Sd csif;vlrsKd;rsm;udk ewf0ifonf
OD;plu olwt
Ykd m; Ak'bmomokYd rajymif;vJEdik af o;yg/
u,fwifq;Hk ray;rnfh yk*Kd vf ay:vmvdrrhf nf[k ajymMum;
cJyh gonf/
xdaYk emufrS 1960-70 ckEpS cf efw
Y iG f c&pf,mef
bmomrS odr;f oGi;f vmygonf/ c&pf,mef bmombufrS
w&m;a[mq&mrsm;onf awmifwef; a'o&Sd csi;f vlrsK;d
rsm;udk tukefpnf;kH;odrf;oGif;Muum w&m;a[m
ajymqk;H rjcif; jzihf ewfu;kd uG,jf cif;ESiyfh g;rnf xk;d jcif;
rsm; aysmufapcJo
h nf/ ,cktcgrSmawmh vk;H 0 yaysmuf
uG,f aysmufcahJ vNyD/
awmifwef;a'tcsKdUrS csif;vlrsKd;rsm;rSm ya0
PDrS udk;uG,fvmMuaom pD;yGm;a&;xdckdufaponfh

ow0gwd\
Yk toufukd owfjzwf ewfyv
JG yk jf cif;?
ewfy,
G jf cif; paom tukov
dk pf epfq;dk BuD;udk c&pf,mef
bmom w&m;a[m q&mrsm;rS wdu
fk zf suEf idk o
f nft
h wGuf
txl;aus;Zl;rsm; vSygonf/ ,cktcg 4if;ewfudk;
uG,jf cif;? ewfyv
JG yk jf cif;? ewfy,
G jf cif;rsm; vk;H 0yaysmuf
cJah vNyw
D um;/
uRJ? EGm;? EGm;aemuf? Muuf? 0uf? qdw?f acG;
paom rdrw
d Ykd arG;jrLxm;Muaom tdraf rG;wd&pmefrsm;ukd
pD;yGm;a&;tjzpf a&mif;0,fjcif; jyKvky&f ojzihf 0ifaiGrsm;
pGm wk;d wufBuD;yGm;vmMuNyD; t0wftxnf? td;k cGu?f
yef;uef? tk;d tdrpf aom vlrt
I ok;H taqmif trsK;d rsK;d wdu
Yk kd
vkad vao;r&Sd 0,f,o
l ;Hk pGEJ ikd Mf uojzihf pm;0wf? aexkid af &;
tqifajyvmum vSvyS y 0wfpm;qif,if pm;aomuf
Ekid Mf uNyD; BuD;yGm;wk;d wuf atmifjrifvm MuaomaMumifh
'kcYd sif;vlrsKd;awG t&iferYJ wl ,ckwpfrl xl;jcm;vSyvmNyD
jzpfaMumif; 0rf;omMunfE;l pGmjzihf wifjyvku
d yf gonf/
t&S i f p Em0&(usif a 'G ; )

csi;f Ak'o
moeygvutzGUJ
rif;wyfNrKdUe,f tzGUJ cGJ
(u) em,uvlBuD;rsm;tzGJU
1/ OD;&Sdef;rmef
2/ OD;[kef;edef
3/ OD;pdeaf ,matmif
4/ OD;uD;rif;[m
5/ OD;[kef;rmef
6/ OD;a*vde;f
7/ OD;xef;acga*
8/ OD;edefcGD&Sdef;
9/ OD;jrihaf qG
10/
OD;vde;f [ke;f
-

rEav;/
zm;uefY
b0opfrif;wyf
b0opfrif;wyf
ta&SUjyifrif;wyf
pHjyrif;wyf
ta&SUjyif rif;wyf
cGD&def;
ta&SUjyif rif;wyf
pHjyrif;wyf

(c) tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU
1/ OuX
2/ 'k-OuX
3/ 'k-OuX
4/ twGif;a&;rSL;
5/ wGb
J uftwGi;f a&;rSL;(1) 6/ wGb
J uftwGi;f a&;rSL; (2)-

OD;acga*vde;f
OD;cRJbl
OD;EkdifuD;
OD;uD;aAG
OD;tGraf ,m
OD;armif;[m

20

(*) b@ma&;
1/ OD;a,mrmef (b0opf rif;wyf)2/ a':uD;av;
(pHjyrif;wyf)? 3/ a':cif0if;&D (pHjyrif;wyf)
(C) pm&if;ppf
1/ OD;xef;armif;tGrf (ta&SUjyifrif;wyf) 2/ OD;&Sed ;f Ekid ;f
(b0opfrif;wyf) ? 3/ a':xef;&Sed ;f xkH (ta&SUjyifrif;wyf)
(i) jyef M um;a&;
1/ OD;xef;vde;f tGrf (ta&SUjyifrif;wyf) 2/ udu
k ;d &Sed ;f rmef
(b0opfrif;wyf) 3/ udkxef;&Sdefxef; (pHjyrif;wyf)
4/ OD;&S,t
f rG f (taemufrif;wyf)
(p) tzG J U 0if rsm;
1/ OD;avmuD; (taemufrif;wyf) 2/ OD;xef;idik ;f (cG&D ed ;f )
3/ ODd;Ekdif;vdef; (taemufrif;wyf) 4/ OD;&TDidkfif;xef;
(pHjyrif;wyf) 5/ OD;a*az (b0opfrif;wyf) 6/ OD;uD;az
(taemufrif;wyf) 7/ OD;pHvS (taemufrif;wyf) 8/
OD;atmifved ;f az (pHjyrif;wyf)9/ OD;uD&edS ;f (pHjyrif;wyf)
10/ Od;D rSev
f ed ;f (taemufrif;wyf) 11/ OD;wkid ;f [m
(pHjy) 12/ OD;vIu
d t
f rG [
f ek ;f (rokeEf ;l )? 13/ OD;rmef[muD;
(avSm0f ) 14/ OD;uD;avm (0ro;l ) 15/ OD;wrfavm[m
(ta&SUrif;wyf) 16/ OD;uD;atmifved f; (rokeEf l;)
pnf ; k H ; a&;rS L ;rsm;
1/ OD;tGraf ,m taemuf wku
d ef ,f(12) 2/ OD;avmuD;
taemuf wku
d ef ,f(12) 3/ OD;rSev
f ed ;f taemuf
wku
fd ef ,f(3) 4/ OD;uD;avm 0rmol; wku
d ef ,f (2) 5/
OD;xef;idkif; cGD&def; wdkufe,f(2)6/ OD;cRJbltGrf[m pHjy
wku
d ef ,f (13) 7/ OD;Ekifd ;f vde;f pHjy wku
d ef ,f (14) 8/
OD;&TiD ikd ;f xef; wku
d ef ,f(4) 9/ OD;wkid ;f [m wku
d ef ,f(4)
10/ OD;pHvS rif;wyf 11/ OD;vIu
d t
f rG [
f ek ;f rokeEf l;
wdu
fk ef ,f (1) 12/ OD;wrfved ;f wdu
k ef ,f (11) 13/
Od;D uD;atmifved ;f ? wku
d ef ,f(1)? 14/ OD;uD;xef;rmef
wku
d ef ,f (11) 15/ OD;uD;,Gr;f wdu
k ef ,f(11) 1 6 /
OD;uD;xef;a,m wdu
k ef ,f (11) 17/ OD;ikid ;f &TD wku
d ef ,f(11)
18/ a':armif;jrL;vS;D ? b0opf rif;wyf? 19/ a':armif;rH
taemufrif;wyf 20/ a':,Grf;&SJif; b0opfrif;wyf
21/ a':xef;jrL;rH b0opfrif;wyf 22/ a':wrfrH
ausmhawmf&mG 23/ a':[ke;f rH? avS;aumif;&Gm
&ef y k H a iG & S m azG a &;
1/ OD;tGraf ,m taemuf? 2/ OD;avmuD; taemuf
3/ OD;cRb
J l (pHjy) 4/ OD;armif;[m taemuf? 5/ OD;tGr&f ,
S f
pHjy? 6/ OD;tGraf rmif; rauG; ? 7/ OD;&S,t
f rG f
taemuf? 8/ OD;wrfavm[m ta&SU ? 9/ 0wf&w
G t
f zGUJ

W
aESmifBudK;
qvd k i f ; ZD a cgif A G D
om"k A sm . . o m"k . . o m"k
tckvkd o'gw&m; tenf;trsm;rqdk yg0ifvLS 'gef;
MuwJh odik ;f usyf&mG ol? &Gmom;awG pdw\
f usef;rmjcif;?
ud,
k \
f uRef;rmjcif;ESihf jynfph NkH yD;? tvkyt
f udik f tBuH
tpD atmifjrifMuygapuG,/f
aeYvnf (2) em&DwGif bk&m;kyfyGm;awmfBuD; jyKjyif
&eftwGuf om,muke;f aus;&GmrS bk&m;'um ausmif;
'umtzGo
YJ nf odik ;f usypf mMunfw
h u
kd af &SUwGif tvSLcHaeMu
onf/ if;wkx
Yd w
J iG f umvom; qvdik ;f xDaygif wpfa,muf
tvSL&Sif pm&if;udk tula&;ay;aeonf/ &Gmol^&Gm
om;rsm;uvnf; tawmfrsm;rsm; vmvSLMuonf/
wpfq,fih g;OD;ajrmufwiG f vmvSLaom tvSL&Sirf mS touf
(70)ausmf tzGm;tdk rdik yf yG,jf zpf onf/ tzGm;BuD;onf
csif;dk;&m *syfckwf tusudk 0wfNyD; wkwfaumufav;
wpfacsmif;udk waumufaumuf axmufvsuf tvSLcH
cHek aH b;okYd jznf;jznf;csif; avQmuf vmavonf/
teD;okYd a&mufaomtcg ajrBuD;ay: cif;xm;aom
zsmay:wGif auG;eG pYf mG xkid v
f u
kd Nf y;D vufxu
J ESp&f mwef
wpf&u
G u
f kd cHak y:wifxm;aom tvSLcH aiGzvm;xJoYdk
xnfv
h u
kd Nf yD; tvSL&Sif trnfpm&if;udk a&;ay;aeaom
qvdik ;f xDaygifukd tzGm;BuD;u ]]ajr;av; qvdik ;f ygvSeu
f kd &nfp;l NyD; vSLw,fvYdk
a&;ay;aemf}} ]][kwu
f yhJ gtzGm;}}
tzGm;BuD;jzpforl mS xko
d aYdk jymNyD; xkid af e&mrS jznf;
jznf;csif;xNyD; wkwfaumufav;udk axmuf olrtdrf
&S&d m &Gmawmifyikd ;f bufoYdk jyefomG ;avonf/ pm&if;a&;
NyD; usefcahJ om qvdik ;f xDaygifwpfa,muf acgif;enf;
enf; pm;oGm;onf/ tb,fah Mumifq
h akd omf tzGm;BuD;
rkid yf yG,o
f nf tysdKBuD;? tdraf xmifr&Sad om tbGm;BuD;
[k trsm;odxm;Muonf/ tbGm;BuD;\ taz? tarem
21

rnfuv
kd nf; qvkid ;f xDaygif;u aumif;aumif; Mum;zl;
onf/ tzGm;BuD; ajymcJah om qvdik ;f ygvSeq
f w
kd m b,f
olv[
J k tajz&Smr&jzpfae\/
'DvdkESifh nae (4) em&DcefYwGif tvSLcH&yfem;NyD;
om,muke;f aus;&GmrS bk&m;'um? ausmif;'umBuD;rsm;
jyefomG ;Muaomtcg qvdik ;f xDaygifvnf; olt
Y rd u
f kd jyef
vmavonf/ tdraf &mufaomtcg oH;k a& wpfxrf;?
ESpx
f rf; cyfvu
dk af o;onf/ Ny;D aemuf a&rd;k csKd ;Ny;D taz?
tar? nDrav;wkEYd iS hf naepmudk 0dik ;f zGUJ pm;Muavonf/
naexrif;pm;Ny;D aemuf qvdik ;f xDaygifwpfa,muf
olt
Y rd Ef iS hf ig;tdraf usmf&dS olt
Y bd;k jzpfol qvdik ;f a,mif
xDt
G rd o
f Ydk OD;wnfavQmufvmavonf/ tbd;k jzpforl mS
tdrf a&SUcef;wGif avnif;av;cHNy;D a&aEG;Murf; aomuf
aeonf/ tzGm;jzpfol rdik yf MumrSm tdrNf cH0ef;xJ trIu
d f
odr;f aeonf/ qvdik ;f xDaygifonf tzGm;jzpfou
l kd EIwf
qufNy;D tbd;k &S&d m tdraf y:okYd wufomG ; tbd;k jzpfo\
l
eHab;wGif 0ifxikd v
f u
dk Nf yD; ]]tbd;k pm;NyD;NyDvm;}}
]]tckav;wif pm;NyD;w,fu,
G }f }
]]tbd;k udk ar;p&mwpfc&k v
dS }Ydk }
]]ighajr;&m rif;u bmodcsifwmwke;f }}
xdt
k cg qvkid ;f xDaygifu aeYvnfyikd ;f wGif olBuHKcJh
aom tzGm;Bu;D rkid yf yG,Ef iS hf qvdik ;f ygvSew
f Ydk qufE,
G rf I
udk par;vku
d af omtcg tbd;k jzpforl mS qvdik ;f xDaygif\
ar;cGe;f aMumifh tenf;i,f uke;f aeaom cg;yif qufueJ
rwfomG ;NyD; rsufEmS ay:wGif wpfpw
kH pfa,mufukd vGr;f
aqG;apaom taiGYtoufrsm; jzpfay:vmonf/
xkaYd emuf toufjyif;av;wpfcsuf csNyD; qvkid ;f xD
aygifukd ]]ighajr;&m tbd;k rajymcsifq;kH txJrmS 'DtaMumif;
t&myJ/ 'gayr,fh ajr;av;u odcsiw
f hJ pdwq
f Ejyif;xef
aerSawmh tbd;k ajymjyr,fumG / vGecf w
hJ hJ tESpif g;q,f
cefhrSm 'Dodkif;usyf&GmxJrSm tbdk;&,f? ygvSef&,f?
*G,f&,fqdkNyD; oli,fcsif;oHk; &SdchJw,f/ Zmwfvrf;u
'DvdkuG,fh......}}
aiGpEmvif;xdeaf ewJh aqmif;nav;wpfn/ ESi;f rIef
ykvyJ iG rhf sm; wazG;azG; vGiyhf sUH ae\/ odik ;f usy&f mG tv,f
&Sd ukuKd vfyifBu;D ay:rS ZD;uGujf rnfoH wpfcsuw
f pfcsuf
Mum;ae&onf/ cspo
f u
l k d wrf;warQmaf e&Smaom csi;f vHk
rav; rkid yf yG,f wpfa,muf tdycf ef;wGif apmifxnfcsKH
NyD; auG;auG;av; tdy&f if; olrcspfol qvdik ;f ygvSeu
f kd
arQmfae&Sm\/ xkpd Of wjznf;jznf; nq,fw
h pfem&DcefY

a&muf vmaomtcg rkid yf yG,o


f nf ay:rvmao;aom
cspfol armifukd arQmf&if;ESihf tvGr;f rsuf&nf rqnfEidk f
awmhay/
IdufoHwpfcsufwpfcsufwkdif;rSm rsuf0ef;tdrfxJrS
wvdrv
hf rd fh usvmaom olr rsu&f nfpufrsm;onf acgif;
tH;k av;ay: pdr0hf ifomG ;av\/ xkt
d csed w
f iG f tdraf &SUwHcg;
0teD; umvom;wpfpk wD;wd;k pum;ajymoHukd 0d;k w0g;
Mum;&aomtcg rdik yf yG,o
f nf tdyaf e&mrS qufueJ
acgif;armhNyD; em;pGeaYf erdonf/ xdt
k cg olrqD tysdKvm
vnfrnfh olrcspfoal rmif qvdik ;f ygvSeo
f nf olo
Y il ,f
csi;f qvdik ;f a,mifx;D ESihf qvdik ;f *G,w
f EYdk iS t
hf wl olrtdrf
Ncw
H cH g;udk pnf;urf;&S&d dS zGiahf eMuaomtcg Ncw
H cH g; zGio
hf H
ESihf wD;wk;d pum;ajymoHukd Mum;&aomtcgrS rkid yf yG,f
onf &ifxw
J iG f rwifrusjzpfaeaom tvGr;f tpdik t
f cJ
rsm; tvH;k vku
d [
f u
J eJ usoGm;avonf/ cPMumaom
tcg cspfoal rmifEiS hf qHak wGU&rnfukd pOf;pm;&if; olr&if
w'dy'f yd f ckev
f mavonf/
rdik yf yG,\
f cspo
f al rmif qvdik ;f ygvSew
f Ydk oli,fcsi;f
oH;k OD;onf NcHwcH g;udk zGiNhf yD; tdraf vSum;&if;okYd a&muf
vmaomtcg qvdik ;f ygvSeu
f tysdKvnf&mwGif vkyf
aqmif&aom pnf;urf;twkid ;f vufxw
J iG f ygvmaom
"gwfr;D udk zsuu
f eJ? zsuu
f eJ wpfcsuf ESpcf suf xGe;f vdu
k ?f
ydwv
f u
kd f vkyNf yD;aemuf rus,frwd;k aom toHtae
txm;ESihf acsmif;qd;k oH wpfcsuf ESpcf suf qd;k jyvku
d f
onf/ xkaYd emuf qvdik ;f ygvSeu
f kd vku
d yf MYkd uaom oli,f
csif;ESpfOD;xJrS qvdkif;*G,fonf tdrfavSum;&if;wGif
uif;apmif&h if; iHw
Yk yk af v;xkid Nf yD; usefaecJo
h nf/
qvdik ;f ygvSeEf iS hf qvdik ;f a,mifxo
GD nf tdraf vSum;
&SnBf uD;uae a&SUqif?h aemufqifh wufomG ;MuNyD; tdrf
ay:okYd a&mufonfEiS hf ud,
k pf yD gvmaom "gwfr;D tvif;
xGuf&m rSefcGufudkvuf0g;ESifh tkyfNyD;xGef;vdkufonf/
vufacsmif;Mum;xJu jzmxGuaf eaom tvif; wef;av;
ESifh ajcoHrMum;atmif rdik yf yG,f taz? tar tdycf ef;udk
jzwfNyD; rkid yf yG,f tdycf ef;teD;odYk csde;f uyf oGm;Muonf/
tdyfcef;teD;odkY a&mufonfESifh qvdkif;a,mifxGDrSm
tdycf ef;wHcg;0wGif iHw
Yk yk af v; xkid Nf y;D usecf o
hJ nf/ qvdik ;f
ygvSefrSm apmifcsHKNyD; tdyfcsifa,mif aqmifaeaom
rdik yf yG,t
f em;wGif 0ifxidk f olrudk avoHw;kd wk;d av;ESihf
EI;d av\/ apmifxnfBuD;udk acgif;rS;D csKNH y;D auG;auG;av;
tdyfcsifa,mif aqmifaeaom rdkifyyG,fwpfa,muf
opfaqG;wH;k uJo
h Ydk enf;enf;yif rvIy&f mS ;ay/ qvdik ;f yg
vSerf mS pdw&f n
S v
f uf&n
S f oH;k av;Budrf EI;d aomtcg
22

tonf;rrmEdik af wmhwhJ rdik yf yG,w


f pfa,muf NcKH xm;aom
apmifxnfMum;rS EIwcf rf;av; cyfqq
l El iS fh tdyaf e&mrS
ajcESpzf ufudk auG;NyD; xkid v
f u
kd o
f nf/ xkt
d cg qvdik ;f
ygvSeu
f ESpu
f ,
kd Mf um;Ekid af om avoHEiS hf
]]eifuawmfawmf tdyyf yk Bf uD;wmyJaemf? tem;uae
'Davmuf EI;d wmawmif rMum;bl;}}
rkdifyyG,fonf EIwfcrf;av;qlNyD; IdufcHav;ESifh
]]olursm; ajymtm;&Sad o;? 'DrmS vGr;f ae&wm rsu&f nf
awGawmif crf;awmhr,f? rcGEJ idk rf eS ;f odom;eJ?Y raeYu
bm jzpfvYdk rvmwmvJ}}
qvdik ;f ygvSe;f onf oltyk Nf y;D xGe;f xm;aom vuf
acsmif;Mum;u "gwfr;D tvif;a&mifaMumifh 0d;k w0g;
jrifae&aom olr\ csppf &m EIwcf rf;qlqal v;udk NyKH ;NyKH ;
av;Munf&h if; ]]awmif;yefygw,fumG ? tpfukd raeYu wu,fae
raumif;vkyYd g}}
rkdifyyG,fonf qvdkif;ygvSefaeraumif; onfudk
odvu
dk &f aomtcg pdwaf umufae&mrS pd;k &drf pdwrf sm;pGm
ESifh ysm,mcwfoGm;NyD;? qvdkif;ygvSef ezl;av; udk
olrvufuav;ESihf prf;Munfo
h nf/ csr;f at;wJh aqmif;
nrSm csif;dk;&m wHwdkif;tusyg;yg;av; 0wfxm;wJh
twGuf olronf qvdkif;ygvSeftay: ydkNyD;pdk;&drfoGm;
aom pdwEf iS hf olrtdy&f m eHab;wGif acgufxm;aom
csif;dk;&m apmifwpfxnfudk ,l qvdkif;ygvSefudk,f
ay:okYd vTr;f csKH ay;&if; ]]tud&k ,f aeraumif;bl;qk&d if
vnf; tusxx
l l 0wfvmrSaygh}}
xkdpOf tcef;wHcg;0rS xkdifapmifhaeaom qvdkif;
a,mifxu
GD olwYdk ESpOf ;D aEG;axG;wJh cspjf cif; arwmudk
orif vnfjyef vSnMhf unfh rdik yf yG,Mf um; Ekid af vmuf
aom avoH ESihf
]]'Dtcef;wHcg;0rSmvnf; awmfawmf csr;f w,fAsm}}
olrudk &GUJ ajymaerSe;f odaom rkid yf yG,u
f vnf; qvkid ;f
a,mifxu
DG kd ]]csrf;&iftrJ mS vJaovdu
k }f }
rSwu
f a&m qvdik ;f a,mifxrDG mS rdik yf yG,\
f pum;
wpfcGef;wnf;ESifh NidrfusoGm;avonf/ rdkifyyG,fonf
qvdik ;f yg vSeu
f kd apmifcsKH ay;Ny;D aemuf"gwfr;D udk tkyNf y;D
udkifxm;aom qvdkif;ygvSef vufay:udk El;nHhaom
olrvuf uav;ESifh xyfNyD; tkyfudkifvkdufavonf/
"gwfr;D tvif;a&mifrmS cspo
f El pS Of ;D \ vufacsmif; rsm;ESihf
ydwq
f cYkd v
H u
kd &f ayr,fh awmif"edumxm;aom tdref &H H
Mum;uav;rsm;u vrif;&JU tvif;wef; rQifi,fav;
rsm;onf cspo
f El pS Of ;D tarSmifz;kH roGm; atmif tvif;wif

ay;aeonf/ xkt
d csed w
f iG f Mum;vku
d &f aom tcsppf um;
av;rsm;u]]tpf ud&k ifciG rf mS arS;pufciG rhf &wJh nawGrmS qdk
udkESifh q,furm a0;&ovdk cHpm;&w,f tpfuk&d ,f}}
]]ud,
k v
f nf; rkid u
f k d puefeY t
Y J rQ vGr;f aerdw,f}} ]]aemufqd k
b,fvdk taMumif; bJ&&dS dS rkid u
hf akd wmh vmrawGUbJ
raeeJaY emf}} ]]at;yg ud,
k u
f wday;ygw,f}}
okdY qvdkif;ygvSefESifh rkdifyyG,fonf &ifckefoH
pnf;csuf rsm;ESihf pum;ajymaepOf wpfzufcef;wGif
tdyaf eaom rkid yf yG,\
f taz? tarESihf armifi,f?
nDri,frsm;xJrS taz? tarjzpfou
l olwYdk ajymaom
pum;rsm;udk Mum;ae&aomfvnf; wpfpw
kH pf&mrQ jyefrajym
bJ tdycf siaf ,mif aqmifaeMuonf/ tb,fh aMumifq
h kd
aomf qvdik ;f ygvSew
f Ydk umvom;wpfpo
k nf Nc0H rS 0ifvm
aomtcsdefrSpNyD; ?tdrfcef;a&mufonftxd trsm;
oabmwl csrw
S x
f m;aom umvom; pnf;urf;abmif
twGi;f rS vGwv
f yfpmG wufvmMuaom aMumifjh zpf onf/
okYd qvdik ;f ygvSef &ifciG w
f iG f rdik yf yG,f wpfa,muf
arS;puf&if; qvdik ;f ygvSeEf iS hf wD;wk;d pGm tcspfpum; csdK
csdKav;ajym&ef q,frdepfcefYMumaomtcg owfrSwf
csdeft& qvdik ;f ygvSeo
f nf olYoli,fcsif; ESpfO;D vnf;
tysKdomG ;vnf&rSm jzpfaomaMumifh olrudk EIwq
f ufNyD;
olYudk,af y:wGif csHKxm;aom apmifudk olrudk,fay:okdY
jyefcsHKay;cJhonf/ rkdifyyG,frSm qvdkif;ygvSef &ifcGifxJrS
rcGmcsifbJ cGmNyD; usefc&hJ avonf/
xkaYd emuf qvdik ;f ygvSeEf iS hf qvdik ;f a,mifxo
DG nf olr
taz? tar taESmuft,Suf rjzpfatmif ,Of,Of
aus;aus; jyefqif;vmpOf tdraf vSum;&if;wGif iHw
Yk yk x
f idk f
rkdifyyG,fwkdY tdrfvHkNcHKa&;twGuf rsufpdzGifh em;pGefYNyD;
uif;apmifah eaom qvdik ;f *G,u
f avoHw;kd wd;k ESihf
]]rif;wku
Yd vnf; MumvScsv
D m;? 'DrmS apmifah e&wm csr;f
w,fumG }}
xkdpOf qvdkif;ygvSefu NyHK;pdpdESifh ]]ol i,fcsif;&m
tckrif; aumifrav;tdru
f kd oGm;&if ig avSum;&if;uae
apmifhay;ygr,fuGm/ uJ jrefjrefav;oGm;Mu&atmif/
oli,fcsif;oHk; a,mufom;onf tdrfavSum;&if;rS
Ncw
H cH g;0okYd OD;wnf xGuv
f mMu&m Ncw
H cH g;udk e*dt
k wkid ;f
aoaocsmcsm jyef ydwf csnfaESmifxm;ay;cJhMuonf/
xkaYd emuf okid ;f usyf aus;&Gmajrmufbuf&dS qvdik ;f a,mifxDG
cspo
f t
l rd b
f ufoYdk oGm;Muonf/ tdrNf cx
H o
J Ydk a&mufaom
tcg pnf;urf;csut
f wkid ;f 0ifomG ;;Mu qvdik ;f ygvSeu
f
avSum;&if;wGif usefcNhJ yD; qvdik ;f *G,u
f qvkid ;f a,mif
xGu
D kd olcY spfot
l cef;okdY vku
d yf aYkd vonf/
23

qvdik ;f a,mifxo
DG nf olcspo
f l rdik yf MumESihf q,f
rdepfcefY pum;ajymNy;D jyefqif;vmonfEiS hf qvdik ;f *G,f
u wpfzufowf BudKufaom &Gmaemufyikd ;f &Sd rdik yf qm
tdro
f Ykd qufomG ;Muonf/ okYd qvdik ;f ygvSew
f Ydk oli,f
csi;f wpfpk tysKd vSnahf eMuouJo
h Ydk wjcm;aom umv
om;rsm;vnf; tzGv
YJ u
kd f &Gm;kd avQmuf tysKd tdrrf sm;wGif
wpftrd w
f uf wpftrd q
f if; tysKd vSno
h f l vnf; &SMd uonf/
qvdkif;ygvSefwkdY oli,fcsif; wpfpkonf rkdifyqm
tdro
f Ydk a&mufaomtcg qvdik ;f a,mifxo
DG nf tdraf vS
um;&if;wGif usefcNhJ yD; qvdik ;f *G,u
f kd qvdik ;f ygvSeu
f
vku
d yf aY k d vonf/ qvdik ;f *G,o
f nf olwpfzufowf BuKd uf
aeaom rkdifyqmESifh pum;ajymaepOf ig;rdepfcefYom
Mumonf/ qvdik ;f *G,w
f pfa,muf wpfa,mufwnf; wk;d
wd;k wdww
f w
d f aysmBf uD;aysmf qif;vm&m qvdik ;f ygvSef
vnf; bmrod? nmrod taemufu ygvmonf/ avS
um;&if;okYd a&mufaomtcg toHw;dk wk;d av;ESifh olo
Y l
i,fcsif;ESpOf ;D udk okYd &ifziG ahf vonf/
]][Jah umifa& tajctaeu aumif;rSaumif;}}
xkpd Of qvdik ;f a,mifxu
DG odcsiaf ZmfEiS hf ]]bmwJv
h J tajz
&Nyv
D m;}} pOf;pm;ay;r,fwu
hJ mG }} qvdik ;f ygvSeu
f qvdik ;f
*G,pf um;tqH;k rSm ]]rif;u olu
Y kd tcspaf &;qdw
k m wpf
ESpaf usmNf yu
D mG tckrS pOf;pm;ay;r,fqakd wmh aemufxuf
b,favmufapmif&h tH;k rSmwJv
h }J } qvdik ;f *G,u
f qvkid ;f
ygvSef ar;aomtcgrS ESz;l udk olv
Y ufEiS hf cyfNy;D ]]a[m
Asm tJ'g rar;cJrh b
d ;l / cPav;apmift
h ;kH aemf igoGm;ar;
tH;k r,f}}
qvdik ;f *G,f avSum;ay:jyefwufrnf[k t&Sed ,
f al e
csed w
f iG f qvdik ;f a,mifxu
DG qvdik ;f *G,f vufarmif;udk
vSr;f udik v
f u
dk Nf yD; ]][hJ [Jh tcsdeu
f v
kd nf; MunfOh ;D ?
noef; acgifausmfawmhr,f/ noef;acgifausmfcsderf mS
tysKd vnfh oGm;wJo
h l olc;d k qkw
d h J pnf;urf;csuu
f k d rif;av;
todom; eJ}Y } ]]tJ [kww
f myJaemf? 'gqdk aemifwpfnrSmyJ
vmar; awmhr,f? vmoGm;&atmif}}
okYd oli,fcsif; oH;k a,mufonf tydsKvnf&mrS
jyefvmMu&m umvom;acgif;aqmiftrd o
f Ykd vmtdyMf u
onf/ qvdik ;f ygvSew
f t
Ydk zGUJ a&mufvmaom tcsed o
f nf
noef;acgifausmf vlysKd tdycf sed jf zpfaomaMumifh wpfjcm;
aom umvom;tzGrYJ sm;vnf; a&SUqih?f aemufqifh
a&muf vmMu umvom; acgif;aqmif tdrcf ef;rwGif
wef;pD tdyfpuftem;,lMuonf/
aus;vuf a'o&Sd csi;f aus;&Gmrsm;rS csi;f umvom;
rsm;\ wpfaeYwm yifyef;orQudk tysdKtdrv
f nfjcif;ESihf

yJ tarmajzavh&MdS uonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tcspfonf vl


om;wk\
Yd r&Srd jzpf vkt
d yfaom t&mjzpfonf/ okYd
okid ;f usyfaus;&GmwGif odycf spfMuaom cspfopl w
kH JG oH;k wGJ
onf aysmpf &m aeY&ufrsm;udk oH;k ESp[
f al om ESpu
f mvudk
ausmjf zwfvmMuonf/ wpfaeYwiG f qvdik ;f ygvSew
f Ydk oli,f
csi;f oH;k OD;tygt0if wjcm;umvom;rsm; pkaygif; awm
upm; xGuv
f mrnf[k wkid yf ifMuonf/
odkif;usyfumvom;rsm; rMumcP awmupm;
xGuaf vh &SMd uaomaMumifh xdt
k pDtpOfonf tqef;
r[kwaf wmhay/ tvkyt
f m;vyf &ufwidk ;f awmfxw
J iG f
wpfnESpfntdyfNyD; awmupm; xGufavh&SdMuonf/
qvdkif;ygvSefwkdY ajcmufOD;tzGJY umvom;wkdYonf
awmxJwiG f ESpn
f tdyNf y;D awmupm;xGurf nf[k wdik yf if
Mu 'l;av;uk,
d pf ED iS hf &GmrS reufyikd ;f xGuv
f mMu onf/
qvdik ;f ygvSeo
f nf awmupm;xGu&f m tvGe0f goem
ygaomaMumifh wpfnwmrQ rcGEJ ikd af om cspo
f l acsmav;
rdkifyyG,fudk acsmharmhNyD; xm;cJhaomfvnf; rdkifyyG,frSm
tvGr;f rsuf&nf wpDpED iS hf usefaecJ&h &Smonf/
ajymif;vJjcif; tedpw&m;qdw
k m b,forl S BudKrod
wJh urmBuD;wGif qvdik ;f ygvSew
f pfa,muf awmxJwiG f
oli,fcsi;f rsm;ESihf orifwpfaumifukd vku
d &f if; t&Sed v
f eG f
acsmufurf;yg; wpfae&mokYd jyKwfus yGcJ si;f Ny;D aoqH;k
oGm;&Smonf/ uHw&m;u qvdik ;f ygvSeEf iS hf rdik yf yG,w
f Ydk
udk cspo
f jl zpfciG o
fh m ay;cJah omfvnf; aovkarsmyg; cHpm;
ae&olrSm rkdif;yyG,fyJ jzpfonf/
tbd;k BuD; qvdik ;f a,mifxDo
G nf qvkdi;f ygvSefEiS hf
rkdifyyG,fwkdY\ Zmwfvrf;udk ajr;jzpfoludk ajymjy&if;
rI&H aD eaom rsufv;kH tdrw
f iG f rsuf&nfpufyif 0Jvmav
onf/ ab;em;wGif xkdif pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifae
aom qvkid ;f xDaygifu ]]Mo..tzGm;BuD; rdik yf yG,f [m
wu,fopm&Sw
d myJaemf}} tzd;k jzpfol qvdik ;f a,mif xGu
D
olYrsufvHk;udk nmvufESifh wcsufyGwf&if; olYcifrsm
q&mawmfu w&m;cs,l&w,f? touft&G,f wjznf;
jznf; BuD;vmwJhcg w&m;oabmESifh ajzEkdifvGef;vkdY
'DavmufcHEdkifwm olYae&mrSm wjcm;olqdk l;oGyfNyD;
aooGm;Ekid w
f ,f ighajr;&m}} qvdik ;f xDaygifonf olod
csifaom taMumif;t&mudk tbd;k qD odNyD;NyD jzpfaom
aMumifh tdrjf yefvm&if; olt
Y awG;xJrmS ]]Mo b,f t&mrS
rNrJwJh tedpurmBuD;xJu pGJvef;wwfwJh wPSm
avmuom;awGtwGuf Ak'& UJ tqH;k trom r&Scd &hJ if.
......../

24

Y
tEdrpsmye ylaZmfuAsm (3) yk'f
b'Eu0dE
&efuek ?f tvH?k opfawmvrf;&Sd atmifr*Fvm pmoif
wdu
k w
f iG f q&mawmfBu;D OD;awZdEmbd0o
H vufxuf
csi;f awmifwef;rS csi;f vli,frsm;onf rl? v,f? xuf?
wuodv
k f avmuDynmudv
k nf;aumif;? tId csi;f omr
aPESihf csi;f &[ef;rsm;onf y&d,wd ynmrsm; udv
k nf;
aumif;? oif,lcJhMuygonf/ (10-5-2014) wGif
ysv
H eG af wmfral om y"geem,u b'Eaumov\
tErd
psmyetwGuf Munfjh rifwidk ?f uefom,m ausmif;wku
d f
q&mawmfO;D u0dE (csif;Ak'o
moeygvtzG?YJ Mo0g'g
p&d,? atmifr*Fvmpmoifom;a[mif;) u uAsm (3)
yk'f a&;zGUJ ylaZmfygonf/

cGifhyefvTm &Spfq,fay: aw;xyf


uHo;kH axG vGeyf g&Sd
0Emrd 0Eem?
uReyf wemtwd yefygonf
zefcgcg GwfwGm;?
*kPaf ygif;confh ax&fq&mudk
aoGruGm cGiv
hf w
T af pbkYd bk&m;/
wpf oH;k cGef ajcmuf ou&mZf vIo
H nf
(12) uqkef qef;paerrSm;?
wGupf pftzHzk kH vGr;f rsuf&nfymG ;apzkYd
eef;a'a0xufzsm; <uawmfr?l
&[ef;&Sifvl rsm;wynfhrSmjzihf?
tm;rcsd vIu
d b
f 0ifq/l
atmifr*Fvmwku
d o
f pf 0d[mtilrmS ?
usrf;tqlql ydUk umcsvd?kY
ESpu
f mv rsm;wm&Snf qkH;r "ar/

tckawmhjzifh jrwfovGeaf AGrmS ?


pHaysmfae uif;ZD0av;?
"r*w
D ylZtaxGaxGu?kd
,lw - a0a0 yGpJ nfNcdrahf v;?
t&Siaf umov bke;f q&max&fu?kd
EI;H cgraoG aemufq;Hk *g&0av;/

]]aumif ; uif B uKd ; }}


1/ ZrLay: wlaysmf ylaZmfav aeqJrSmbJ.
(<uavtif jrwfax&f&Sif)2 . ewfjynfcGif jref;ayghweJ?
. . uH u H i ,f rG J y gvk d Y . . t k d a vavh id k y G J B uKH . .
orkdif;tajcus . EdIif;av wrQ..wkdif;a'o r[mav
r[m&ef u k e f . . ck d i f t aemuf N rKd U e,f tvk H aAG . .
y&d , wf tajc aqmif a &;. . ( atmif r *F vm. .
wuoDvm) 2 atmifr*Fvmwkdufopf raES;.
2/ jrwfomoemta&;udv
k raES;yaqmif awmfrl
. . (oH C e,u tql q l a v. . wm0ef , l t NyD ; . .
rnnf;. (EkdifiHawmf. NyKdifpHarmf)2 . EkdfifiHawmf tzGJU
toD;oD;...
3/ ewf&GmaysmfrDS;ygwJh bkHBuD;odkY pHawmfrl. (wpf
ok;H cGef ajcmuf ta&mifxo
l aemf. yef;pum;tausmf
2
yG i f h v ef ; wif h q ef ; ) . . (Nyd tnD . . xd w f p &mrS D ) 2
Nyd rS D (12)uqk e f y tqef ; .
4/ awmfq&m az:ryg aysmyf gav ewfeef; ewfeef;
. . (vG r f ; ygoav...wrf ; umae) 2 rS e f ; umacR
OD ; ck d u f a &mf & rf ; ? . . od u m awmf wcef ; &,f u . .
ppfwrf;cs ig;&Spfaemf. tm,kouf cGefESpfq,fausmf.
&SpfESpfaomf vGefqJ rSmbJ . (aygif;a'0g.. aMumif;azG
um)2 aygif;a'0g yifhaqmifMurvGJ.
5/ axmif t &xm;&,f e J Y . . yif h o G m ;Mu
ewfwkdY&Gm. (t&Sifaumov ax&fq&mawmfudkav..
jynf j ynf & G m . wynf h r sm; G w f w G m ;) 2 (jr{,mOf
tvSawGqif)2 jr{,mOf aw;oDvdkYwEIH;? . kyfuvmyf
awmf a&T w k H ; &,f u . aevk H ; y acgif ; tausmf .
rD;psmyetcgawmfudkav . qif,if aomfrvGJ ckbJ.
(ocF g &. . wif u macR) 2. ocF g a& w&m;jy ax&f
bkef;...
]]ojzef i d k c sif ; }}}

trSe&f o
dS rQ oloil gav/
tEdrpsmyae yG&J ,faMumih?f
t&max&f ewf&mG tvm;udjk zih?f
vGr;f tm;awmf widik ekd ?YJ
rSe;f xm;arQmf tvQKd tvQKdaygh?

25

)
Fmw
o
;| ([
Ga
ai

]]trSefajymol jiif;ckH&mra&muf}}
]]em[H bdua 0 avmau e 0d0'grd? avmaum0
r,m0d0'wd? ebdua0 "r0g'D auepd avmuo
0d0'wd}}
&[ef;wkdY igbk&m;onf vltrsm;ESihf rjiif;ckHyg/
opuy&dAZkd ?f Ow&y&dAZkd ?f a0ceoy y&dAZkd ?f tomvm
,evkvif? Oygvdo<l u,fpaom trsm;pkuomvQif?
igbk&m;ESifh jiif;ckHaeacs\/
&[ef;f wkYd trSeu
f kd ajymqkad vh&adS om yk*K v
d o
f nf
trsm;pkxJ wpfpw
Hk pfa,muferYJ S rjiif;ckaH y? trSeu
f kd
ajymaomaMumifh jiif;cko
H nfrrnfay/
cE0*oH,kwfygVdawmf
(ykyokwf)
Ak'bmomESifh EkdifiHtMuD;tuJrsm;udk ckwkH;vkyf
rdru
d ,
kd u
f k d ud;k bGUJ &?M.A (Buddhism) bGUJ &? a'gufwmbGUJ &
&[ef;awmf b'Eork evuFm&jzpfonf[k ajymqkv
d rd f

jynfA[kd taMumif;az:vd?Yk
acgif;ay: a'gif;ausmf&ifjzif?h
<uawmfrl okomeforYkd aES;/
tcgck rMunfp&m?
om"kuVD em obiftppf&,fr?Ykd
&ifeihfpGm ylykHyGm;ygaygh?
tm;ukeu
f m EGr;f acG&v
d &Ydk ,f?
uRef;twd AsmygaESmifawmh?

0dE
Aavmifql onf;tlvu
dI v
f &Ydk ,f?
u
Idufumy idka<u;?
'E
b
(q&mawmfb&k m; - - wynfh 'um? 'umr trsm;rSmjzihf
arm[awGxv
l Ydk
aomu tylrat; - - - )/
/

vnf tjcmm;bmomjcm; tBudKufjzpfap&ef Ak'b


mom
w&m;awmfrsm;udk r[kww
f ef;w&rf; a[majymonfh w&m;
a[mq&m tuf(pf) *Geaf tmiftrnfcH vlvrd f udu
k v
kd iG f
tm; az:xkwo
f nfh yk o
f o
H iG ;f AD',
D akd cGukd "rpu OD;armif
armiftzGUJ rS jzefcY sD"r'gejyKojzifh em;axmif cGi&hf cJo
h nf/
y&d e d A mef p H r 0if a ombk & m;
4if;yk o
f o
H iG ;f acGwiG f tuf(pf)*Geaf tmifac: udu
k v
kd iG f
u]]ol&[ef;b0jzifh aeYpOf- yOro*Fg,emwGif csev
f yS f
o*Fg,emrwifcahJ om? q|o*Fg,emwGiv
f nf; rygaom
usrf;pmtkyf wpftyk f olzwfc&hJ aMumif;/ 4if;pmtkyw
f iG f
Ak'b
&k m;&Siu
f kd &Sit
f meEmar;- Ak'b
&k m;&Siu
f olonf
y&deAd mefp0H ifaom xl;jrwfaom vlom;bk&m;omjzpf
aMumif;/ bk&m;ppfreS v
f Qiaf ojcif; r&Sad Mumif; bk&m;ppfrmS
tysKdpifrm&DrS arG;zGm;aom? wkw?f "g;? vufeufwjYdk zifh
ao0ifNyD; (3)&ufajrmufaeYrSm &SifjyefxajrmufcJhaom
y&deAd mefprH 0if? aojcif;? r&Sad om a,I c&pfjzpfaMumif;}}
ajzMum;cJo
h nf[k ajymMum;oGm;onf/
usrf ; pmausmif ; om;tar;
udp&yfukd 4if;tacGtm; rMunfI h rem;axmifcphJ Of
u c&pf,mefwidk ;f &if;om;usrf;pm ausmif;om;wpfO;D
ar;zl;cJo
h nf/ pma&;ol tHMh ordonf/ ]] igzwfaI vhvm
orQ Ak'p mayrsm;? usr;f *efwwf&[ef;? oHCmq&mawmf
vly*k K v
d w
f Ykd a&;om;ajymqk&d mwkYd vnf; 4if;udprsK;d wpfceG ;f ?
wpfyg'rQ igrzwf?I rMum;zl;aMumif;}} ajz&Si;f cJ&h onf/
awGUNyD w&m;cH
,ckawmhw&m;cHawGUavNy?D vky&f ufav - q&mtuf
(pf)*Gefatmif? tom;wGif;uavmufaumif? paum
avmufrS apmufreuf? tBuHyufpufvSwJh vlvdrf
udu
k v
kd iG ?f a'0'wf awmif'aD vmufru
kd u
f ef; r,kwrf mcJyh g
bl;/ tuf(pf)*Gef atmifac: Rev.Peter trnfcH ud;k bGUJ &
a'gufwmb'E okrevuFm& ynm&Sirf if;u? 0de,yd#u
awmfvm r[m0gygVdawmf? r[mcEmuokwaf wmfukd
rzwfzl;bl;eJY wlw,f/ 'grSr[kwf zwfzl;aomfvnf;
wpfzufvl bmomjcm;wdYk onfajcBuKduf pm;aumif;?
aomufaumif;atmif ZGwrf w
S v
f u
dk w
f mbJvm;[k "rrw
d f
aqG wpfO;D u rSwcf sufay;onf/
teE Z d e
bk&m;tjzpfoYkd a&mufawmfrf l vom;rQ&adS o;aom
Ak'j rwfpmG onf r[maAm"drS rd*'g0keaf wm&S&d m Am&mP
oD bufoYkd wpfyg;wnf; <uvmawmfrv
l monf/
wpfae&m Ak'j rwfpmG ESihf OyuwkYd qkrH Md uav\/
Oyuonf cefnm;ajyjypfaom ud,
k v
f ;Hk uk,
d x
f nf
26

wnfNird &f ifu


h suaf om ajE trlt&mwkEY d iS f h jynfph v
H k aS om
xk&d [ef;udk awGUjrif&aomtcg touft&G,t
f m;jzifh
rdrad vmuf rBuD;ao;? ok;H q,fausmf av;q,fwiG ;f
avmufom &Sad o;[efwal omfvnf; rQwnfNidrf
&ihu
f suaf om &[ef;rsK;d udk wpfyg; wavrQyif olrawGU
bl;cJ/h xkUd jyif jynf&h eT ;f 0g0if;aom olUrsufEmS rSm vnf;
eHeufcif;aea&mif jcnfwiG f wzsyzf syf awmufyaeonf/
xkaYd Mumifh Oyuonf xk&d [ef;teD;odYk a&mufaom
tcg oluyifpwif EIwq
f ufvu
kd af vonf/
]ig&Si&f [ef;Bu;D ? oifum; ajE&Spd /G oif\ toGif
onf vGefpGmwifhw,f MunfnKdzG,faumif;avpG?
toifonf tb,fou
l dk &nfreS ;f &[ef;jyKbdoenf;/
oif\q&mum; b,fojl zpfygoenf;/ oif\trnfu
rnfoyl genf;/}
]tk-d Oyu? igum;rMumao;aom tcsed u
f udav
omudk wGe;f vSef atmifycJ G v
H molwnf;/ wPSm\ uke&f m
edAmefukd tmkjH yKNy;D aomig? opmav;yg;udk ig\ xk;d xGi;f
mPfjzihf trSeo
f Nd yD;aom bk&m;pifppfjzpfaomaMumihf
igu tb,fou
l kd q&mwifrnfenf;/ ighrSmq&mr&Sd?
avmuywf0ef;usif igESifh wlolwpfa,mufrQr&Sd}
]tk-d Oyu? avmuok;H yg; ylaZmftxl;cHb&k m;
&[Emwnf;/ idk ;f jykeMYf urf;olwt
Ykd m; ,Ofyg;vmatmif
igqkH;rEkdif\/ ewff? vl? OD;ckdufq&mum; igjzpf\/
ighudk wkzufNyKdifEkdfifolr&Sd/ NyKdifzufrjyK igum;
wpfqlwnf;aom bk&m;jzpfonf Oyu}
]tk-d Oyu? bk&m;tqlql yGiafh wmfro
l mG ;ukeNf yD/
iguJo
h yYkd if bk&m;ESiEf iS f jzpfuek af om xkjd rwfb&k m;wk\
Yd
trnfawmfum; ]Zde} [lwGiu
f ek \
f / igonf rm&fig;
yg;udk atmifEidk o
f l jzpf&um; a&S;bk&m;wk\
Yd trnfemr
awmfEiS hf tvm;wl ightrnfonfvnf; ]Zde}rnfay
wnf;/}
]igh&iS f odjYkzpfvQif oif[mwpfavmuvk;H rSm tqk;H r&Sd
atmifjrifrI&aewJh ]teEZde} wpfyg;yJaygh}
twk r &S d A k ' j rwf p G m
]&[ef;wkd Y wpfO;D wnf;aom yk*K v
d o
f nf jzpfay:wnf
&Sad omf? avmuESpfOD;ajrmuf ]'kwd,} yk*Kdvfr&Sdol?
*kPf&nfwl r&Sdol? ykw
H ykl yf mG ;r&So
d ?l ykw
H yl *k Kd vfr&So
d ?l
wkEid k o
f nfh yk*K dvfr&So
d ?l cyford ;f aom ow0gwkEY d iS h f rwlol
a&S;bk&m;wkUd ESihf omwlo?l tajcESpaf csmif;&Sad om ow0g
wdw
Yk iG f tjrwfq;Hk aomoljzpf\/}
]wpfO;D wnf;aom yk*K v
d [
f o
l nf tb,fenf;[lr?l
ylaZmftxl;udk cHawmfrlxkdufaom ]]tvkH;pkHaom

bk&m;}} wkdYudk udkf,fwkdifrSefpGm odawmfrlaom Ak'


jrwf p G m bk & m;wnf ; }
t*FKwKd&fyg|dawmf
(jref r mjyef y xrtk y f ? {uyk * v 0*f )
bk&m;&Sif\ EIwfxGufpum;
]aMomf-'gaMumifv
h nf; udak &Ttuf(pf)*Geaf tmifu
tysKpd ifrm&du arG;zGm;aomolrsm; wkw?f "m; vufeufwYdk
jzifh owfjzwfcH&NyD; (3)&ufajrmufrSm &Sifjyefxajrmuf
aom aojcif;r&Sdaom a,Ic&pfom bk&m;ppfjzpf
aMumif;ukd tjcm;aom enf;wdkYjzihf oufaoxif&Sm;
rjyEkdifojzihf a*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif&JU EIwfxGuf
awmf pum;udkrS tm;udk;wBuD; tm;,lNyD; oufaojy
oGm;&&Smwmudk;...
ywjrm;vIid *f u
l kd npfErG ;f oGm;ap&ef? &TUt
H vl;vl;vdr;f
usHNyD;? yGww
f u
dk af om 0ufrsm;uJo
h Ykd ywjrm;vIid *f u
l
npfErG ;f aya&roGm;onft
h jyif ykawmuf
d
ajymifomG ;ouJh
odYk Ak'b
&k m;&Si\
f *kPaf wmfonfvnf; ykd xif&mS ;&jyef
ygonf/ (Zmwfawmfig;&m ig;q,f? rPdou
l &Zmwf)
a, I c &pf
a*gwrAk'w
&m;&Si&f UJ EIwx
f u
G af wmf oufaocHcsuu
f kd
rS ta&;wBu;D vkad eNyv
D m;/ 'gvnf; jzpfavmufygonf/
a,Ic&pfukd trSeyf if (a,a[m0g) xm0&bk&m;&JU
om;awmf? u,fwif&iS f bk&m;ppfjzpfaMumif;? [kad cwftcg
wkef;u a,Iudk rsufjrifudk,fawGU (t&Sifvwfvwf)
awGU&Scd MhJ uaom oa&v vlrsK;d (*sL;)wku
Yd vk;H 0 vufr
cHcMhJ uyg/ r,kMH unfMuyg/
odt
Yk wGuv
f nf; a,Iu ol[m xm0&&JUom;awmf
jzpfaMumif;? u,fwif&iS f bk&m;ppfjzpfaMumif; ajyma[m
aomfvnf; *sL;wdu
kY rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf Q vufrcHbJ
a,Iudk avSmifajymifoa&mfum wHawG;jzihfyif axG;
Iwfcsypfy,fMuonfh tjyif ]ydvwfrif;} u a,IwGif
tjypfr&SdaMumif;? umuG,fajymMum;ay;onfudkyif
emcHjcif;r&Sb
d J a,Iukd vuf0g;uyfwidk w
f iG w
f if owfyg
[k awmif;qkcd MhJ uonf/
t|mearw
t|mearwH
tuf(pf)*Gefatmifonf MA (Buddhism) Ph.D
wpfa,muf trSejf zpfvQif t|mearwH tpcsDaom
*gxmudk odavmuf ygonf/ Ak'( ormorK') jrwfpmG
bk&m;&Siw
f Ydk rnfonf olwpfyg;wk\
Yd vkUH vya,m* wkw?f
'g;? vufeufwjYkd zifh aok;d ? y&deAd mefpH ;dk r&Syd g/ jrwfpmG
bk&m;&SifwdkY\ toufZd0defudk csjcif;iSm wpfpkHwpfO;D rQ
rwwfEidk /f
27

a,Ic&pfonf olawmfpifolawmfaumif; wpf


a,muf qkw
d m pma&;ol vk;H 0OKHHk aumif;pGm ,kMH unf
ygonf/ ta&SUtv,fyikd ;f wGif a,Iuo
hJ Ydk yk*Kd vfwpfO;D
ay:xGe;f uHaumif;vSygonf/ odrYk [kwv
f Qif taemuf
a'orsm;wGif ,ckxuf trSm;w&m;rsm; vTr;f rk;d um
raumif;rIrsm;ESifh jynfhESuf pdwfysufbG,faumif;
aernfjzpfygonf/
18ES p f v k H ; vk H ; aysmuf u G , f a eaom a,I c &pf
c&pfawmf&UJ ordik ;f aMumif;rSm 12-ESpo
f m;rS touff
30xd 18-ESpv
f ;Hk vk;H wdrjf rKyfaysmufu,
G af eonfqadk om
tcsufukd tar&duwku
d f csDum*dNk rKdUu urmausmf
c&D;vSnh f vnfol okawoeyk*Kv
d f ]]ygarmu*;d k &pf(cf)}}&JU
1925-ckESpf]c*&pfawmf\ rodao;aom oGefoif
a[mcsufrsm;} pmtkyw
f iG f c&pfawmf[m 4if;umvrSm
trSew
f &m;udk &SmazG&ef wdbufjynfudk a&mufomG ;
ygonf/
wdbufjynfawmifydkif; rGefbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;?
q&mawmfxrH mS Ak'w
&m;awmfrsm;udk avhvmoif,Nl y;D
touf(20) t&G,rf mS &[ef;awmf tjzpf cH,cl yhJ gonf/
a,Ic&pf[m pdwt
f m;vnf; xufoef? Ak'w
&m;udk
vnf; ,kHMunfudk;pm;wJhtwGuf pmayy&d,wfudk
wpfzufu oiftu
H sufrw
S f wpfzufuvnf; orx
w&m;wku
Yd kd tm;xkwjf zihf rMumrDumvtwGi;f rSm psmef
tbdnmOfawG&Ny;D ? wefc;kd jym#d[mawG jyvmEkid yf gowJ/h
'gaMumifh c&pfawmf[m rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd af wGUod&aom
w&m;awmfrsm;udk olU&JUvlrsKd; oa&v (*sL;)awGukd
odyaf jymjycsifwhJ pdwaf wG jyif;jyvmNyD? ol&Y UJ q&mawmf
[m ol[m tvGeq
f ;d k 0g;wJh aojcif;w&m;eJY BuKHawGU&rnhf
ta&;udk jrif wm;jrpfonfhMum;u uwdcH,lum
oa&v Ekid if u
H kd jyefvmcJyh gw,f/
,if;tcsufudk (rm? 6;7-13/ vk? 9'1-6) wGif
a,Iu rdr\
d wynfw
h pfusyd Ef pS af ,mudwt
Ykd m; omo
emjyKapvTw&f mwGif rSmMum;aomMo0g'u xif&mS ;vS
onf/ ]]oifwkdYonf vlrsKd;jcm;rsm;tm; aexkdif
&ma'o rsm;ESihf &Srm&DNrKDUrsm;okdY roGm;MubJ odk;
aysmuf r sm;jzpf a om oa&v trsKd ; om;wk d Y
xH o G m ; ol w d k Y t m; aumif ; uif E k d i f i H a wmf wnf
vkeD;NyD[k ajymMum;avmh/}}
(rm? 7;24-30)wGif wkEk iS hf Zd'ek af 'owGif aexkid f
aom cgeeftrsKd;orD; wpfa,mufonf a,Ixv
H mNyD;
olr\ orD;onf jyif;pGm a0'em cHpm;ae&aMumif;
avQmufxm;&m wynfw
h u
Ykd olrtm; ESiyf pfawmfr&l ef
avQmufMu\/

xkdtcg a,Iu ]]igonf aysmufaeaom okd;pk


jzpfonfh oa&vtrsKd;om;rsm;twGuf omvQif
vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf}} [ka[mMum;cJ\
h /
q&mawmf\ Mo0g'
(1) tu,f &[l'v
D rl sKd ;rsm; (okrYd [kw)f oa&v
vlrsdK;rsm;u wHawG;rsm;axG;jzpfap? cJrsm;jzifh ayguf
jzpfap? qJa&; jzpfap toifhudk qefYusifbufjyKtHh/
okjYd yKonfw
h ikd af tmif toifu psmeftbdnmOf wef
zdk;udk toHk;jyK rwHkYjyefygESifh/
(2) tu,f wpfpHkwpfa,mufu r[kwfrrSef
vkyBf uH pGypf t
JG ?hH toifu yuwdwnfNird af om oabm
jzifh onf; cH&rnf/
(3) tu,f wpfpHkwpfa,mufu toif\ rsuf
arSmufrmS yif Ak'j rwfpmG udjk zpfap? w&m;awmfukd jzpfap?
Ak'j rwfpmG \ om0u oHCmawmfujkd zpfap? rw&m;ojzifh
ajym qdpk yG pf o
J G nfjzpft?h H enf;y&d,m,fuk d oH;k vsuf olwu
Ydk kd
trSefodatmif ajymqdkTefjy&rnf/ bmaMumifhenf;?
olwo
Ydk nf Ak'? "r? oHC tppf\ taMumif;udk
aumif;aumif; rodMu ajymqdkjyKrlMu onfhtwGuf
olwu
Ydk kd tjypfrS cGiv
hf w
T &f rnfjzpf aomaMumifw
h nf;/
(4) tu,f wpfpHkwpfa,mufu trSm;udkyif
trSex
f if aeonfjzpft/hH em;vnfvmonhw
f idk af tmif
OyrmykHaqmif xdkoltm; &Sif;vif;a[majym&rnf/
(5) rnfonfh taMumif;aMumifhjzpfap oifhudk
qefu
Y sif bufjyKvkyaf eaom &efot
l m; rke;f wD;jcif;?
a'gojzpfjcif; paom vuPmudk t&dyt
f >rufrQ rjyygESi/hf
(6) toifonf tcgrvyf rarhravsmhaom pdwf
"gwfjzifh arwm? *kPm ur|mef;udk yGm;rsm;vsuf
urmavmu w0Sr;f vH;k udk toif\ arwm? ukPmwkjY dzifh
vTrf;zHk;Ekdifygap/
(7) wpfpHkwpfa,mufujzpfap? vlwpfpkujzpfap
oifu
h kd u
kd Ef u
S o
f wfjzwfapumrl todw&m; uif;rJo
h w
l Ydk
tay: 0,f arwm? *kPm yGm;rsm;um Ak'j rwfpmG \
cE*D P
k af wmfukd atmufarhvsuf aoonft
h csed x
f d onf;cH
ygav/
a,I um;pif w if towf c H & jcif ;
touf (30) wGif awmifay:a'o a,Ipwif
a[mMum;aom pdwEf v
S ;kH ESrd chf sjcif;w&m; arwmw&m;
ESifh cGifhvTwfonf;cHjcif; w&m;wkdYonf rlvxm0&
(a,a[m0g) bk&m;\ vufpm;acsw&m;? remvdk rke;f wD;
jcif;w&m;? towftjzwfw&m;wkEYd iS hf qefu
Y sifzv
D m
jzpfvm ]]olonf bk&m;ocif (a,a[m0g) udk
28

jypfrmS ;ajymqdk acsNy[


D al om pGypf cJG su}f } jzifh &ufpufpmG
um;pifwif towfcHchJ&onf/ (tus,fodvdkygu
&SifrJ? &Sifrmuk c&pf0ifwkdYudk MunfUygav/)
&wemoHk;yg;udk pGyfpGJcJhaomf bk&m;&Sif\
Mo0g'awmf
&[ef;wkdY olwpfyg;wkdYonf ig\ tjypfudkjzpfap?
w&m;\ tjypfujkd zpfap? oHCm\ tjypfujkd zpfap
ajymMuvQif xk(d ajymMu&m) oifwo
Ydk nf &efNiKd ;xm;jcif;?
ESvHk;romjcif;? pdwfrauscsrf;jcif; rjzpfapoifh/
&[ef;wkdY olwpfyg;wkdYonf ig\ tjypfudkjzpfap?
w&m;\ tjypfujkd zpfap? oHCm\ tjypfukd jzpfap
ajymMu&m oifwo
Ydk nf trsux
f u
G Mf uvQif ESv;kH rom
MuvQif oifwt
Ydk m;omvQif tE&m,fjzpf&m\/
&[ef;wkYd olwpfyg;wkdYonf ig\ tjypfudkjzpfap?
w&m;\ tjypfujkd zpfap? oHCm\ tjypfukd jzpfap
ajymMu&m oifwo
Ydk nf trsux
f u
G Mf uvQif ESv;kH rom
pum;aumif;}?
MuvQif oifwYo
kd nf olwpfyg;wk\
dY ]pum;aumif
]pum;qdk;} udk odEdkifygrnfavm/
&[ef;wkdY olwpfyg;wkdYonf ig\ tjypfudkjzpfap?
w&m;\ tjypfujkd zpfap? oHCm\ tjypfukd jzpfapajym
Mu&m ]]pum;onf taMumif;aMumifhvnf;
r[k w f ? taMumif ; aMumif h v nf ; rrS e f ? pif p pf
tm;jzifh tjypfonf igwkdY xif&Sm;r&Sd}} [k
r[kwo
f nfukd r[kwo
f nft
h wkid ;f oifwYdk ajz&Si;f &rnf/
'DCedum,f? jA[Zmvokwf
Ak'udka0zefaom bmomjcm;
bmomjcm;- q&mawmf? q&mawmfwYdk bk&m;u
oAnKwodp&mrSeo
f rQ tukeo
f w
d ,fvv
Ydk nf; ajymMu
w,f/ wpfcg tckvkd omoemESpMf umvmwJt
h csderf mS
tqk;d qH;k bmomjcm; wpfcak y:vmvdrrh f ,f/ tJ'b
D mom
jcm;awGu Ak'b
momudk vlazgufooemjyKNy;D zsuq
f ;D Mu
vdrrfh nfvYdk a[mcJw
h ,fvv
Ydk nf; wynfah wmf rMum;zl;
ygbl;bk&m;/
tJ'aD wmh tukeo
f w
d ,fq&dk ifvnf; 'DtaMumif;
awG a[mch&J r,f/ tckra[mcJyh u
kH kd axmufaomtm;jzifh
'DtaMumif;awG jzpfvmr,fqw
kd m rodvq
Ydk w
kd hJ oabm
oufa&mufraebl;vm;bk&m;/
q&mawmf - 'um? 'umwkYd tdr0f ikd ;f rSm o&ufyif?
b,fEpS yf if&w
dS ek ;f /
bmomjcm; - av;yif&ydS gw,fb&k m;/
q&mawmf - tke;f yifa&m b,fEpS yf if&w
dS ek ;f /

bmomjcm; - ig;yif&ydS gw,fb&k m;/


q&mawmf - 'geJY jrufyifawGa&m b,fEpS yf if &Sw
d ek ;f /
bmomjcm; - [m jrufyifawGawmh wynfah wmf
b,f a&wGux
f m;rvJ bk&m;/
q&mawmf - o&ufyif? tke;f yifusawmh a&wGuf
xm; NyD; jrufyifusawmh bmvkYd a&wGurf xm; wmvJ/
bmomjcm; - o&ufyif? tke;f yifuawmh wefz;kd &Sw
d hJ
tyifqakd wmh rSwx
f m;wmayghb&k m;? jrufyifawGuawmh
aumif;usKd ;rjyKwJh tyifawGqakd wmh b,fa&wGuNf y;D rSwf
xm;awmhrvJ bk&m;/
q&mawmf - 'um? tJ'D Oyrmtwkid ;f yJ Ak'u

rodvkdY r[kwfbl;? odw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'umudk,fwkdif


wefz;kd r&Sw
d hJ jrufyifawGukd a&wGuNf yD; rSwrf xm;ovkd
]]Ak'u
vnf; wefz;kd r&Sw
d hJ jruftrIu
d af vmuftqifo
h m&Sw
d hJ
'umwkYd awGuv
kd nf; pm&if;roGi;f wJt
h wGuf wul;wu
xnfh ra[mcJw
h m}}
nD G w f M uyg
0d0g'H b,awm'doGm? t0d0g' acrawm/
or*g ocdvma[mx? {omAk'gEkomed/
'gbk&m;&Si&f UJ tqH;k tr Mo0g'yg ]]0d0g'H b,awm
'domG }} wJh tjiif;tcHjk zpfMur,f/ wpfO;D ESiw
hf pfO;D cku
d &f ef
jzpfMuw,fq&kd if 'gudk raumif;bl; ]]ab;}} vkYd rSwMf u?
jrifMuyg/
]]t0d'g'Oacrawm}} bmtvkyyf v
J yk v
f yk f nDw
G Mf u
r,f/ ckduf&efjzpfyGm;rI r&Sd? jiif;cHkjcif;r&Sd wpfOD;tvkd
wpfO;D u onf;cHciG v
hf w
T Ef idk Mf ur,fq&dk if 'gudk at;csrf;
w,fvYdk rSwMf ujrifMuyg/
'ghaMumifh ]]or*g ocdvma[mx}} nDGwfMu&
r,f/ nDnD Gwf Gwf &Sd&r,f/ aeMu&r,f/ wpfOD;udk
wpfO;D csdKom ajyjypfwhJ tajymtqdak wGeYJ qufqMH u&
r,f/ 'DtqH;k tr twkid ;f vku
d ef maexkid Mf ur,fq&kd if'gAk'b
&k m;&Si&f UJ pum;awmf tqH;k trudk vku
d ef m&m
a&mufw,f/ bk&m;&Si&f UJ om;awmf yDor,f/
(urmwpfvmT ; trSew
f &m; rsm;rsm;xGe;f um;Muygap)
usrf;udk;(1) '*keOf ;D pef;aiG\ Ak'u
,
kd w
f idk f ajzMum;cJ&h aom
ar;cGef;ESifh jyemrsm;/ (2) rpdk;&drf pmoifom;\
trSm;ESit
hf rSe/f (3) r[mpnf q&mawmf\ tewokwf
w&m;awmf/ (4) q&mawmf t&Sif t&d,"r\ Ak'0 g'
jy emrsm;/ (5) arwm&Sif(a&Tjynfom)\ b0ESifh
&if;&aom tawGYtBuHKESifh tawG;tjrifrsm;/ (6)
jrefrmEkdifiHusrf;pmtoif;? acwfoHk;jrefrmpum;ESifh
jyefqx
kd m;aom ormusrf;/
29

OD;qvdkif;odef;vIdif

&mjynfhbdk;bkd;OD;qvkdif;zdk;vS
bk&m;'umBuD; bdk;bdk;OD;qvdkif;zdk;vSonf
ou&mZf-1276 ckEpS ?f 0gqdv
k qef;(11) &uf? Mumom
yaw;aeY eHeuf (9;29) em&DtcsdefwGif rauG;wkdif;
a'oBuD;? awmifwiG ;f BuD;NrdKUe,f? ukuKd uke;f tkypf ?k
ukuKd vfuek ;f &Gmr aus;&GmwGif arG;zGm;cJyh gonf/ zcif
rSm OD;aw;jzpf rdcifrSm a':y0dkif;jzpfygonf/ arG;csif;
(4) a,muf&SdonfUteuf &mjynfhbdk;bdk;OD;qvdkif;
zd;k vSonf pwkwajrmuf om;axG; wpfa,mufjzpfcyhJ g
onf/ zcif OD;aw;ESihf rdcifa':y0dik ;f wko
Yd nf om;orD;
(4) a,muf zGm;ajrmufcNhJ y;D ? yxrorD;BuD;ESihf wwd,
om;wkYd t&G,af &mufonfUtcg tdraf xmif&ufom;
csxm;cJyh gonf/ tdrf axmifonf om;orD; ESpOf ;D wkt
Yd m;
tdrfcGJapMuNyD; 'kwd,orD; a':pdefwifhESifh om;axG;
OD;qvdik ;f zd;k vSwEYkd iS t
hf wl awmifov
l ,form; b0jzifh
aexkid pf m;aomufMuygonf/ rdbESpyf g; uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;
Muaomtcg ,if;armifErS ESpOf ;D wkrYd mS vnf; touf
tm;jzifh 30^35 ESpf t&G,o
f Ydk a&muf&dS MuNyD;jzpf&m
rdb vufiw
k f awmifov
l ,fvyk f vkyif ef;rsm; jzifo
h m
toufarG; 0rf;aMumif;rI jyKcJMh uygonf/ ,if; armifErS
ESpfOD;wkdYonf rdbESpfyg;wkdYu &GmOD;bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;0dik ;f twGi;f wnfxm;ud;k uG,cf o
hJ nfh apwDb&k m;
tm; tarGquf? tarGcH ESppf Of ESpw
f idk ;f xH;k oCFe;f
uyfvSLjcif;? rGrf;rHjyifqifjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfcJhMuygonf/
xkY d aemuf &Gm\ ajrmufbuf oH;k rdik u
f mG aom awmxJwiG f
uR?J EGm;rsm;ESihf aus;iSuu
f av;rsm; a&aomufo;kH Ekid &f ef
twGuf ay (40) ausm&f dS a&uefi,fav;udk wl;az:cJ&h m
csif;uef[k trnfwGifapcJhygonf/ touf oHk;q,f
t&G,f tdraf xmifjyK trBuD;ESiyhf if twlaecJyh gonf/
trBuD; a':pdew
f ifrh mS rl tydsKBuD; b0ESihf bmoma&;
tvkyfrsm; vkyfudkifvmcJh&m toufckESpfq,frSm
uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJh ygonf/

usef&pfol tzd;k rSm ZeD;a':jrav;ESihf om;OD;


a,musmf ;av;jzpfaom OD;zd;k OmPfukd arG;zGm;Ny;D q,fEpS f
om;t&G,f ZeD;trsKd ;orD; uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJyh gonf/ tzd;k
onf om;BuD;tm; &GmOD;bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;wGif ynm
oifapNyD; q,fih g;ESpo
f m; t&G,w
f iG f ausmif;rS xkwf
zcifEiS t
hf wl awmifol tvkyf vkyu
f ikd af pcJyh gonf/
om;BuD; touf ESpq
f ,fih g;ESpt
f &G,w
f iG f tdrf
axmif&ufom; csxm;cJNh y;D twlae? twlpm; vkyu
f ikd v
f m
cJ&h m ajr; (8) OD;&&SNd y;D om;BuD; OD;zd;k OmPfrmS touf(67)
ESpfwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhygonf/ om;BuD; uG,fvGefNyD;
orD;acR;r ajr;rsm;ESit
hf wl aexdik f ESpt
f enf;i,fMum
aomtcg orD;acR;rESihf ajr;rsm;onf tjcm;wpfae&m
wGif tdrfcGJ aexdkifcJhMuygonf/
tzd;k tm; twlae v,fvyk u
f ikd f auR;arG;&ef
twGuf 'kw,
d ajr;BuD;tm; tarGpm;? tarGcH ay;xm;cJh
ygonf/ ,aeYtxd 'kw,
d ajr; rdom;pkEiS t
fh wl aexdik f
Muygonf/ ouf&n
S ?f usef;rm bd;k bd;k onf twdwu
f H
taMumif;w&m;rS ig;yg;oDvudk cg;0wfyq
k ;kd uJo
h Ydk NrJjrefY
pGm apmifx
h rd ;f cJjh cif;? ausmif;uefb&k m;? a&wGi;f a&uef
rsm; wl;az:wnfaqmufcJhjcif;ESifh t[m& aq;0g;
ukokdvf'gersm; vSL'gef;ay;urf; pGefYusJcJhjcif;wnf; [l
aom twdwu
f t
H aMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh ,ck ypKyef
tusdK;w&m;jzpfaom touf&n
S jf cif;? usef;rmoefprG ;f
jcif; jzpfonf/ uReaf wmfwYdk Ak'b
mom0ifwikd ;f uHuH \
tusdK;udk ,HMk unfav;pm; vku
d ef mMu&rnfjzpfaMumif;
rsufjrifu,
kd af wGU wku
d w
f eG ;f EI;d aqmftyfygonf/
bd;k bd;k onf touf (30) rSp aq;raomuf?
uGr;f rpm;? a&aEG;jcrf;awmif raomufbJ aevmcJo
h nf
rSm ,aeYwidk yf ifjzpfygonf/ bd;k bd;k ajymjycsut
f & touf
(90) ausmt
f xd t*Fvyd f pm;aq;? xk;d aq;oH;k pGcJ b
hJ ;l jcif;
r&SdaMumif; od&Sd&ojzifh usef;rma&;ESifh ygwffouf
xl;uJaom bd;k bd;k tjzpf rSww
f rf;wif tyfygonf/
,aeYtxd bd;k bd;k \ usifph OfrmS rdbvufiw
k f
jzpfaom apwDb&k m;rsm; jyKjyifrrG ;f rHjcif;? &Sp&f ufow
D if;
aqmufwnfjcif;? a&wGif;a&uefrsm; wl;az:rGrf;rHjcif;?
NcHajrxGuf oD;ESrH sm;udk &GmxJwiG f vSnv
hf nf ay;urf;
a0iSjcif;? eHeuftapm (4) em&DwGif x bk&m;&Sdcdk;?
w&m;xkid jf cif;? NyD;vQif a&at;at; wpfcu
G f aomuf
eHeufpm t[m&jznfNh yD;? om;orD; ajr;jrpfrsm;\ tdrf
rsm;wGif vrf;avQmufxu
G jf cif;? vrf;oGm;&if; arwmydYk
jcif;wko
Yd nf bk;d bd;k \ aeYpOf tvkyjf zpfygonf/
ukuKd uke;f &Gmraus;&Gmudk (1252) ckEpS rf S
30

t&SifeErmvm
(csif ; 0ef a qmif )

csi;f ygvutzG\
YJ ,Ofaus;rIoifwef;
ESifh 0gqkdouFef;uyfvSLyGJ
csif;Ak'o
moeygvutzG\
YJ y"mevkyif ef;pOf
wpf&yfukd taumiftxnfaz:aqmifjcif;tjzpf bmom
a&; tajccH vkyif ef;wpfcjk zpfaom csi;f &Gmrsm; Ak'b
m
om,Ofaus;rI oifwef;zGiv
hf pS jf cif;udk ,ckEpS w
f iG f pwifchJ
ygonf/
aygufacgif;NrdKUe,fwGif tIdcsif;aus;&Gm 32&Gm&SNd y;D Ak'b
mom OD;a& (80) &mcdik Ef eI ;f &Syd gonf/ ,ckEpS f
(2014) aEG&moDwiG f csi;f Ak'o
moeygvutzGu
YJ ayguf
acgif;NrKd Ue,fukd pwifa&G;cs,cf yhJ gonf/ tzG\
YJ pGr;f tm;udk
csdefqNyD; aygufacgif;NrdKU\ awmifbufjcrf; (3) rdkif
wpf ywfvnfwiG f pkpnf;aexkid Mf uaom &Gm ckEpS &f mG udk
a&G; cs,fvu
kd yf gonf/
pwifcyhJ rkH mS csif;ygvutzG\
YJ OD;aqmifq&m
awmf OD;eErmv ud,
k w
f idk f aygufacgif;NrKd Ue,foYdk qif;Ny;D
(3-12-2013) wGif csi;f &GmckEpS &f mG rS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk

pwif tIcd si;f wkid ;f &if;om; q&mBuD; (4) OD;wkrYd S

pwif wnfxm;aom &Gm[k qdyk gonf/ ,aeY (1375)


ckEpS t
f xd aus;&Gmoufwrf;rSm ESpaf ygif; (123) ESp&f ydS g
onf/ oufwrf;&Sn&f n
S f aexdik rf t
I m; avhvm Munh&I f m
wGif bd;k bd;k onf touft&Snq
f ;kH ESihf tuse;f rmqH;k ?
&Sm;yg; yk*dKvfwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ okdYyg
uRefawmfwYdk aus;&Tm\ ordik f;wGif ESpf (100) jynfh
bd;k bd;k OD;qvdik ;f zd;k vStm; ouf&n
S u
f sef;rm (&mjynf)h
bk&if[k OD;xdyfwif ac:wGif orkwforkdif;tcsKyfudk
wifjyvku
d f &ygonf/
qvdkif;odef;vIdif

tpnf;ta0; zdwfac:NyD; BudKwifdEIdif;cJhonf/ wuf


a&mufvmMuaom ud,
k pf m;vS,f (18) OD;jzifyh if oifwef;
jzpfajrmufa&; aumfrwDwpf&yfuv
kd nf; zGpYJ nf;cJyh g onf/
aygufacgif;NrdKUe,f? tIdcsif;&Gmrsm; ,Ofaus;rI
oifwef;udk (1-5-2014) rS (10-5-2014) txd (10)
&ufwidk w
f idk f atmifjrifpmG zGiv
hf pS Ef idk cf yhJ gonf/ oifwef;
twGuf ukeu
f sp&dwu
f kd wm0efcH q&mawmf OD;eErmvrS
wpfoed ;f usyEf iS hf csi;f Ak'o
moeygvutzGUJ \ vSLS 'gef;aiG
wpfodef;usyfwkdYjzifh tokH;jyKcJhygonf/ &Gm(7)&GmrS
oifwef;om; (379) OD;wdkYtwGuf oifkd;pmtkyfESihf
oifwef;q&mawmfrsm; twGuf c&D;p&dwrf sm;udk rQwok;H pGJ
vSL'gef;cJyh gonf/ oifwef;q&mrsm;\ qGr;f ESifh tBuKdtydYk
tpDtpOfrsm;udk oifwef;jzpfajrmufa&;tzGUJ wGif toD;oD;
yg0ifMuaom a'ocHtusKd;aqmifrsm;rS wm0ef,l
aqmif&GufMuygonf/ oifwef;Xme aus;&Gmrsm;ESihf
oifwef;om;OD;a&rSm
(1)
iSuaf wmfO;D aus;&Gm 84 OD;
(2)
pdik yf pftif;aus;&Gm 64OD;
(3)
ajreDuek ;f aus;&Gm 22OD;
(4)
atmifjrifuek ;f aus;&Gm 38OD;
(5)
BuKd;Mum;aus;&Gm 48OD;
(6)
ql;ykwu
f ek ;f aus;&Gm 34OD;ESihf
(7)
aygif;pyg;aus;&Gm 89 OD;wkYd jzpfMuygonf/
oifMum;a&;wm0efcH q&mawmfrsm;rSm 1/ t&Sif
ynmomrrd? 2/ t&Siyf nmpm& 3/ t&Si
f `Ed,? 4/
t&SiOf mPdE? 5/ t&Sicf Eo
D m&? 6/ t&Siyf nmeE? 7/
&Siyf anmbmo wkYd jzpfygonf/
txufyg q&mawmfrsm;rSm a'ocH tIdcsif;
oHCmawmfrsm;jzpfMuNyD; y&d,wdomoemudk oif,l
qnf;yl;qJ pmoifom;rsm;jzpfMuygonf/
csif;wkdif;&if;om;wkdY tem*wf Ak'omoem
xGe;f um;a&;udk a&S;I csif;Ak'o
moeygvutzGrYJ S pDpOf
cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ csif;wdkif;&if;om; uav;oli,frsm;
twGuf bmompum; uGm[rI tcuftcJ r&Sad p&ef?
omoemawmfEiS hf &if;ES;D uRr;f 0ifrI jrefqefvmap&ef &nf
&G,fcsufjzifh csif;&[ef;awmfrsm;udkom a&G;cs,foif
Mum;apcJjh cif; jzpfygonf/
oifwef;umvrsm;twGi;f csif;Ak'o
moeygv
utzGYJ 0efaqmif q&mawmf OD;eErmvu tpOf<u
a&muf Mo0g' csD;jrifhjcif;? tm;ay;pum; ajymMum;
jcif;ESihf csi;f ygvtzGBYJ uD;\ &nf&,
G cf su?f &nfreS ;f csurf sm;?
tajccH Ak'bmom ,Ofaus;rI oifwef;zGifhvSpfjcif;ESifh
31

pyfvsOf;aom taMumif;rsm;udk a[majymay;cJyh gonf/


if;aemuf csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYrS pDpOf xkwfa0
aom tIdcsif; "ry' bmomjyefpmtkyfrsm;udkvnf;
oifwef;Xme aus;&Gmrsm; vSL'gef;jzefaY 0cJyh gonf/
qufvuf tjcm; jynfe,f? wkid ;f a'o BuD;?
NrdKUe,frsm;&Sd csif;&Gmrsm;okYv
d nf; (tvsif;oifhovd)k
a'ocH q&mawmfrsm; wm0efrsm;ESihf csdwq
f ufNyD;
usif;yEdik b
f Ydk pDpOf aqmif&u
G v
f suf&ydS gonf/
(pm<uif;) tajccH Ak'b
mom ,Ofaus;rI oif
wef; tcsed yf w
kd iG f tIpd may oifwef;udv
k nf; oifMum;
ay;cJyh gonf/
csif ; -Ak ' v l i ,f r sm;\ yxrajcvS r f ;
csif;Ak'omoeygvutzJGYBuD;udk zGJYpnf;cJhNyD;?
yxrtBurd f 0gqdo
k uFe;f uyfvLS yGu
J kd prf;acsmif;NrKd U? uRe;f
awmvrf;&Sd Ou|BuD; OD;wifatmif\ aetdrw
f iG f jyK
vkycf yhJ gonf/
,ckEpS w
f iG f csi;f Ak'b
mom vli,frsm;u tzGYJ
zGv
YJ akd Mumif;ESifh 0gqdo
k uFe;f uyfvadk Mumif; avQmufxm;
vmygonf/
yxrtcsuf csif;Ak'b
mom vli,ftzGYJ zGv
YJ kd
jcif;ESifh ywfouf csif;Ak'bmomvli,frsm;taejzifh
tzGJY zGJYvdkjcif;udk 0rf;ajrmufpGm BudKqdk&rnfjzpfonf/
okdYaomf csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYESifh oD;jcm;cGJxGuf
aeaom tzGrYJ sKd ; r[kwb
f J csi;f ygvutzGBYJ uD;\ tzGcYJ JG
oabmrsKd ;om zGpYJ nf;&ef oifah vQmaf Mumif;? tzG\
YJ vkyf
ief;pOfrsm; taejzifv
h nf; csi;f ygvutzJ\
YG vkyif ef;pOf
rsm;udyk if vufwJG vkyaf qmifomG ;oifah Mumif; tBuHjyK
cJyh gonf/
vli,fyxrtBudrf tpnf;ta0;udk csi;f ygv
u tzG;kH YJ pdu
k &f m uefom,mausmif;wku
d w
f iG f jyKvkycf NhJ y;D
tzGt
YJ pnf;ykpH H rlMurf;ukv
d nf; a&;qGEJ ikd cf yhJ gonf/
'k w ,tcsuf 0gqd k o uF e f ; uyf v S L yG J E S i f h
ywfouf vli,frsm;rSm rdrw
d Ydk aqmif&u
G v
f adk om ykpH t
H
wdik ;f ? atmifjrifatmif aqmif&u
G Ef ikd f rnf[k ,HMk unfrI
&SMd uygonf/ csif;ygvutzGt
YJ aejzifh vrf;aMumif;jy
tm;ay;ulnjD cif;jyK&efom&Syd gonf/
qufvuf csif;ygvutzGJYESifh vli,frsm;
aqG; aEG;jcif;? tBuH,jl cif;rsm; jyKvkyMf uNyD;? 'kw,
d
tBudrf 0gqko
d uFe;f uyfvLS yGJ usi;f yEkid af &;udk wpfvcefY
BudKwif aqmif&u
G Mf uygonf/ jzwfyikd ;f jzifh tvSLcHjcif;
tifwmeufrS aMujimjcif;rsm;? eD;pyf&m csif;Ak'b
mom
0ifrsm;xH okdY udk,fwdkif(okdYr[kwf) zHk;jzifh qufoG,f

jcif;rsm; jyKvkyMf uygonf/ te,fe,f t&yf&yfrS &efuek f


wGif tajccsaexdik Mf uaom csif;Ak'b
mom0if rdom;
pkrsm;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;twGuf &efuek af &muf csif;
vli,frsm;? trsm;tjym;ESihf csdwq
f ufMuNyD;? rdrw
d \
Ydk
trsKd ;om;a&; acgif;pOfatmufrS bmoma&; udpwpf&yf
tjzpf tm;vH;k 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om pdwyf g0ifpm;pGm yg0ifchJ
Muygonf/
csi;f Ak'o
moeygvtzGBYJ uD;\ csi;f Ak'b
mom vl
i,frsm; OD;aqmifusi;f yaom 'kw,
d tBudrf 0gqdo
k uFe;f
uyfvSLyGJudk 1376-ckESpf? 0gqdkvqef; (10) &uf? (67-2014) we*FaEGaeYwiG f A[ef;NrdKUe,f? (1)vrf;xdy&f dS
jrefrmoD&v
d uFm "rArd mefBuD; pnf;um;oku
d Nf rdKufpmG
usif;yEkid cf yhJ gonf/ tvSLyGJ rpwifr&SD uf OD;aqmifvl
i,frsm;onf "rArd mef tcrf;tem; jyifqifjcif;? aps;0,f
jcif;? csujf yKwfa&;rsm; pDrcH efcY jJG cif;rsm;jzifh wuf <uvsu&f dS
Muygonf/ "rAdrmef tvSL&Sif OD;pef;yGifhESifh om;jzpfol
rif;om;v0ef; atmif(yefwsm)? ud0k if;EkdifwYkd rdom;pk
rsm;uvnf; vli,frsm;onf bmoma&; aqmif&u
G f
csufrsm;udk ud,
k zf ?d &ifzd tm;ay; ulncD MhJ uygonf/
(6-7-2014) we*FaEGaeYwiG f OD;aqmifvil ,f
rsm;? wufa&mufvmaom vli,frsm;? csi;f Ak'b
mom0if
rdom;pkrsm; tm;vH;k wko
Yd nf tNyKH ;ud,
k pf ?D o'gud,
k pf jD zifh
wuf<uaysmf&iT pf mG 0gqdo
k uFe;f uyfvLS yGBJ uD;udk usif;y
Muygonf/ yifo
h C
H m (15) yg;ESihf wufa&mufol 'g,um?
'g,dumr (80) ausmfjzifh tcrf;tem;udk eHeuf (10)
em&D tcsdew
f iG f pwifygonf/
tcrf;tem;rI;tjzpf csif;ygvutwGi;f a&;rSL;
pma&;q&m qvdik ;f a&Tvif;u aqmif&u
G Nf yD; tpDtpOf
(9) &yfjzihf usif;yonf/
earmwooHk;Budrfjzifh tcrf;tem;zGifhvSpfNyD;
csif;Ak'o
moeygvu Mo0g'g p&d,q&mawmf OD;em&'
(tvHak tmifr*Fvmwdu
k o
f pf pmcsem,u) xHrS ig;yg;
oDvcH,al qmufwnfjcif;? 0gqdo
k uFe;f qufuyfvLS 'gef;
jcif;? csi;f ygvu 0efaqmifq&mawmf OD;eErmvu Mo0g'
csD;jrifjh cif;? csif;ygvu Ou|BuD; OD;wifatmifu
0rf;ajrmufaMumif; aus;Zl;wifpum; ajymMum;jcif;?
y&dww
f &m;em,ljcif;? trQa0om"k tElarm'em jyKjcif;
ponfjzifh tcrf;tem;NyD;qH;k atmifjrifcyhJ gonf/
xkad eYu yifo
h C
H mawmfwt
Ydk m; qGr;f uyfjcif;?
{nfhy&dwfowfwkdYtm; dk;&m[if;jzifh {nfhcHjcif;rsm; jyK
vkyfMuNyD;? tcsif;csif; rdwq
f ufjcif; "gwfyHk rSwfwrf;?
AG'D ,
D kd rSww
f rf;wifjcif;rsm; jyKvkycf MhJ uygonf/
32

smfZ
u
a

edA't kPfqGrf;tvSL&Sif
AdkvfrSL;vSjrifh (Nidrf;) ESifh a':jrodef;
edA'uo
k v
dk q
f w
kd hJ tNrJrjywf&&SEd idk w
f hJ ukov
kd f &&Sd
a&;twGuf we*FaEGaeYwidk ;f 1990-ckEpS ?f pufwifbm
vrSp tywfpOf tkPfqGrf; avmif;vSLaeolawGu
awmh Akv
d rf LS ;vSjrifh (c) OD;a&TNzdK; rdom;pkwYdk jzpfMu yg
w,f/ ZeD;onf a':jrodef;? om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuwJh
orD;Bu;D rcifp&k ?D om;Bu;D armifvrS if;? om;i,f armif
atmifrif; wkydY g tkPfqGrf; tvSLtwGuf qGrf;[if;
aeYvnf (1) em&Dcefw
Y iG f tcrf;tem; NyD;qH;k

atmifjrif aemifESpfrsm;wGifvnf; 'DrQru jyKvkyfEkdif


&rnf[laom cH,lcsufrsm;jzifh tcsif;csif;EIwfquf
vrf;cGcJ MhJ u&ygonf/
OD;aqmifvil ,frsm;um; aq;aMumjcif;? odr;f
qnf;jcif;? pm&if;&Sif;vif;jcif;rsm;jzifh nae(3)em&Dt
csdefrS "rAdrmef tvSL&Sif OD;pef;yGifhtm; uefawmhEIwf
qufNyD; toD;oD;jyefomG ;cJMh uonf/
csi;f Ak'b
momvli,frsm;\ 'kw,
d tBurd f 0gqdk
ouFe;f uyfvLS yG\
J ysr;f rQ tvSLcH&&Sad iG (10)ode;f ausmf
ukeu
f sp&dwf (7) odef;ausmf? vufusefaiG (3) odef;
ausm[
f k od&ygonf/
tbufbufrS tvSLaiG? ypnf;0wK? ud,
k t
f m;?
OmPftm;jzifh ulnt
D m;ay;cJMh uaomaMumifh ,HMk unfrI
tjynft
h 0jzifh vkyaf qmifcMhJ uaom vli,frsm;twGuf
tm;aq;wpfvufyif jzpfcyJh gonf/ a&SUqufvSrf;rnfh
csi;f Ak'v
il ,frsm;\ tem*wf omoemjyK vkyif ef;vnf;
qwd;k atmifjrifvrd rhf nf[k ,HMk unfygonf/ csi;f &[ef;
awmfrsm;? csif;Ak'b
mom rdom;pkrsm;taejzifv
h nf;
trsKd ;om;a&;? bmoma&;pdwf oufoufjzifh qufvuf
tm;ay;oGm;Mu&ef wku
d w
f eG ;f vku
d &f ygonf/

rsm; rxyf&atmif yg0ifun


l aD qmif&u
G Mf uaMumif; od&&dS
onfrmS 0rf;om MunfE;l zG,f jzpfygonf/
pwifcsdet
f cgu oHCm(3)yg;udk qGr;f uyfNyD; 0wK
rsm; vSL'gef;cJh&mu? 1994-ckESpf? ZlvdkifvwGif tBudrf
aygif; (201) Budrrf pS 0wKaiG wpfyg;vQif wpfaxmif
wdwd wk;d jrifv
h LS 'gef;cJMh uygw,f/
1996-ckESpf? ZGefv&JU we*FaEGaeY wpfaeYrSmawmh
edA'tP
k q
f rG ;f (824) Budraf jrmuf rdom;pkwYkd uyfvLS
ylaZmfcMhJ uygw,f/ wku
d q
f ikd rf I wpfcu
k awmh tJ'aD eY[m
OD;vSjrif&h UJ touf (80) jynfah rG;aeYvnf; jzpfaeygw,f/
arG;aeYtwGuf zdwMf um;xm;olrsm;udv
k nf; eHeuf (8)
em&Duwnf;u auR;arG;{nfch rH rI sm; jyKvkyMf uygw,f/ (12)
em&DtcsdefavmufrSm udkvSjrifh[m {nfhcH&if; owd
vpfomG ;awmh tdref ;D csif; q&m0ef (2) OD; vma&muf
MunfIph pfaq;NyD; toufr&SdawmhaMumif; ajymjyMu yg
w,f/ tckvkd csufcsif; w
k w
f &uf aooGm;awmhvnf;
ZeD;eJY rdom;pkweYkd t
JY wl {nfo
h nfrsm;yg ,lusHK;r& jzpf
Mu&rSmyg/ a0'em rcHpm;&bJ toufxu
G w
f mawmif
rodvu
dk &f bJ aooGm;wm[mvnf; ukov
kd w
f pfrsdK;vkYd
qdEk ikd yf gw,f/
ZeD;onf a':jrode;f uawmh tJ't
D csderf mS tvGef
idck sifw,f/ pdwv
f nf; t&rf;xdcu
kd w
f ,f/ (49) ESpw
f idk f
aygif;azmfvmwJh cifyGef;jzpfNyD; olYudk nDrvdk? wynfhvdk
trsdK;rsdK; oGeo
f ifNyD;awmh ynmwwfwpfa,muf jzpf
atmif jyKpkysdK;axmifay;cJholwpfa,mufrdkY qHk;IH;rI[m
olrsm;eJY rwlatmif cHpm;&rSm trSeyf gyJ/ 'gayr,fh w&m;
awG tBudrBf udrx
f idk ?f oDv&Sif &ufaygif; (100) 0wfc?hJ
&dyo
f mrsm;rSmvnf; w&m;pcef;awG 0ifco
hJ q
l dk awmh cifyeG ;f
rsufpad &SUwGif jAKef;pm;BuD; aooGm;wmudk pdwrf xde;f Edik f
avmufatmif &ifuyJG ufvufrjzpfb?J w&m;eJY ajzEkid cf hJ
w,fvdYk od&ygw,f/ a':jrode;f a&; xm;wJh b0rSwf
wdkifpmtkyfxJu tazmfaumif;qkdwmrSm zwfvdkuf&
ygw,f/
udv
k jS rifh (c) udak &TNzKd ;u uReaf wmfwYdk tif*sief ,
D m
wef;opf ausmif;om;a[mif;wpfO;D yJ jzpfygw,f/ 1947ck? 1948-ckEpS af wGrmS twlwl &efuek f wuodv
k rf mS
oifwef;wufcMhJ uNy;D ? oifwef;opf &yfqikd ;f vku
d w
f t
hJ cg
rSm uGu
J mG oGm;cJMh uolawG jzpfygw,f/ tJ't
D csdeu
f
wkid ;f jynftajctaeuvnf; vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D cgp? tif;pdef
ta&;tcif;? awmcdak omif;usef;olrsm; tzGUJ awGeYJ qlyl
aomif;usef;aewJh tcsdet
f cg acwfumv wpfck jzpfyg
w,f/ &efuek t
f pd;k &vkYd ac:aeMuwJt
h csdeyf g/
33

uReaf wmfwY d k jynfausmif;aqmifuae nqk&d if urm


&Gw?f tif;,m;uefavmufu aoewfoaH wG Mum;ae&
csde?f jynfausmif;aqmif taemufzufjcrf;rSm tif;pdef
u ajy;vmwJh 'kuo
nfpcef;? bGEYJ iS ;f obifcef;rteD;
u tajrmufwyf&UJ tajrmufBuD;rsm;eJY c0JNcH? tif;pdef
pwJb
h ufawGukd tajrmufypfay;ae&wJh tcsed jf zpfygw,f/
wuodv
k t
f &HwyfawGuvnf; yg0ifwu
d k cf u
k d cf v
h J Y d k ausmif;
om; (2)OD; usq;Hk wmudk tcrf;tem;eJY oN*Kdvcf hJ ygao;
w,f/ jynfvrf;ay:Munf&h if tif;pdeb
f ufu ajy;vmwJh
'kuo
nfrsm;awGU&ovk?d oefvsib
f ufuae &JabmfawG
bwf(pf)um;awGeUJ a<u;ausmo
f aH wGqNkd y;D tif;pdeb
f uf
ppful oGm;aeMuwmawGvJ awGU&ygw,f/
wuodv
k Bf u;D vnf; ydwv
f u
d k &f ygNy/D ausmif;om;awG
uawmh wuf<uqJt&G,q
f ak d wmh wyfrawmfxJ 0ifMuol
awGrsm;ygw,f/ Munf;? a&? av wyftoD;oD;rSm 0if
a&mufomG ;Muygw,f/ Akv
d o
f ifwef;awG rrSv
D u
kd o
f rl sm;u
awmh AkdvfwaxmifrSm&SdwJh wyfxJoGm; &JabmfeJY0if?
r*Fvm'kH ppfoifwef;ausmif;oGm;Ny;D &Jabmfb0eJY 0ifMu
olrsm; vJ &SMd uygw,f/
uReaf wmfwYdk tif*sief ,
D moifwef;opfausmif;om;
(200) ausm[
f mvJ tJ't
D csed rf mS wuGw
J jym;pD jzpfomG ;
cJMh uygw,f/ 1955- ckEpS af vmufru
S sawmhrS udak &TNzKd;eJY
jyefawGUcJ&h ygw,f/ awGUawmhvJ tif*sief ,
D mwyfzUJG xJrmS
jzpfvkdY wpfzGJUwnf;vdkjzpfaeMuygw,f/ tif*sifeD,m
wyfzJUG udk a&mufcJhMuol NC ausmif;om;awGuawmh
'kAv
kd rf LS ;BuD; wifO;D ? udak &TNzKd;? ukv
d aS rmifeYJ uRefawmf
tm;vk;H (4)a,mufwUdk jyefvnfqrHk Md uygw,f/ Akv
d rf LS ;
a&TNzKd;u t*FvefEidk if H awmf0ifppftif*sief ,
D m oifwef;
wufa&mufc&hJ w,fvYdk od&ygw,f/
wyfxu
J ae t&yfbufukd wm0efay;vkYd a&mufchJ
awmh tm;vk;H bJ XmetoD;oD;rSm vkyu
f idk &f aomf vnf;
rMum rMum awGUqkNH y;D nDtpfudk aqGrsK;d om;csi;f awGvdk
aexkid cf hJ Muygw,f/ olwYdk (3)OD; tckcsed rf mS r&SMd uawmhyg?
uG,v
f eG f oGm;MuNyD jzpfygw,f/
Akv
d rf LS ;vSjrifu
h ausmufjzLom;jzpfwt
hJ wGuf olwYdk
trsKd;om;xJrmS ,Ofaus;rIt&Sq
d ;Hk ajymygw,f/ tNrJ
wrf; NyKH;&Tif aeNyD; oabmaumif;oljzpfvYdk tm;vk;H u
cifrifEpS f oufMuygw,f/ wyfxaJ &mufawmhryS J olx
Y uf
touf (11)ESpaf vmufi,fwhJ owko
d rD;eJY tdraf xmif
uscyhJ gw,f/ ZeD;onf cspw
f ahJ e&mrSmvnf; pHcsed w
f ifEifdk f
avmufygw,f/ ausmif;jyefaeckid ;f NyD; wuodv
k u
f
ynma&; r[mbGUJ &wJt
h xd ausmif;pmqufoifcidk ;f Ny;D
tdrrf w
I m0efawGukd olu,
kd w
f idk f OD;pD;cJyh gw,f/

ukov
dk af &;rSm twlaemifb0 c&D;qufzYdk ZeD;onf
&ufaygif; (100) oDv&Sif0wfpOfu rcGJcGmEkdifbJ olyg
w&m;pcef; &ufaygif; (90) tm;xkwfco
Jh l jzpfygw,f/
tvGet
f m;us *kP,
f zl ,
G &f m jzpfygw,f/
2002-ckESpfrSm tif*sifeD,moifwef;opfausmif;
om;a[mif;rsm; pkaygif;vSL'gef;xm;wJh yk*b
H &k m; taeu
ZmwifyGJrSm OD;a&TNzKd; ZeD;armifESHwkdY vkdufygcJhygw,f/
y&[dwvkyif ef;? olwpfyg;udk ulnaD pmifrrIawGrmS xl;jcm;
csurf sm;awGU&ygw,f/ aqGrsK;d awmfpyfol uav; i,frsm;udk
tdrrf mS ac:,l ynmoifay;? ausmif; wuf apjcif;? qif;&J
EGrf;yg;ol aus;&Gmrsm;rS uav; rsm;udkvJ tdrfrSm
ac:xm;NyD ; ausmif ; xm;ay;jcif ; awG u d k apwem
tjynft
h 0eJY aqmif&u
G cf ahJ Mumif; od&ygw,f/ wpfcg
wpfav wpfcsed w
f nf; tdrrf mS (18) OD;avmufxd vufcNH y;D
ynmoifay;chJ ygw,f/
om;orD;rsm;tay:rSm pnf;urf;pepfaumif;rGepf mG eJY
csrw
S t
f yk cf sKyfcNhJ y;D ? tcsed rf eS rf eS pf m;? tcsed rf eS rf eS t
f yd &f mx?
tcsed rf eS pf mMunfh ponfwu
Ydk kd ajymMum;qH;k roGeo
f if&mrSm
pmtkyef YJ ud,
k pf rD w
S o
f m;apNy;D rysurf uGuf vku
d ef m cdik ;f
w,f qkyd gw,f/
om;orD;rsm;udk qH;k r&mrSm tcsed rf &wmwpf aMumif;?
EIwfeJY qHk;r&if em;0ifwmcPeJY arhoGm;rSm pdk;&drfwm
wpfrsdK;wkaYd Mumifh pmeYaJ &;NyD; qH;k rygw,f/
b0rSm b,fvakd exkid o
f mG ;zk?Yd ynma&; OD;pm;ay;zk?Yd
tJ'rD mS pmar;yGu
J s&if b,fvjdk ypf'Pfay;r,fqw
kd mawG
yg0ifaeawmh? om;orD;rsm; pmar;yGu
J s&if tdrrf mS rae&J
awmhbJ todtrd rf sm;rSm oGm;Ny;D yke;f atmif;aexdik f Mu&
w,fvYdk od&&dS ygw,f/ wu,f pnf;urf;Bu;D wJh yk*Kd vfwpf
OD;jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmf tcka&;cJw
h mawG[m wpfqifh
Mum;r[kwyf g/ aumv[vodvYdk r[kwyf g/ OD;vSjrifZh eD;
a':jrode;f a&;xm;wJh pmtkyrf sm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm awGY
&S&d wmeJY uReaf wmfu,
kd w
f idk f awGUcJ&h wmawGukd aygif;pyf
az:jyxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f/
New Course oli,fcsif; Adv
k rf LS ;vSjrifu
h kd csD;usL;
*kPfjyKwJh pmwrf;wpfckygvdYk todtrSwfjyKMu apvdyk g
w,f/
rSwcf suf / / xku
d o
k v
kd u
f kd we*FaEGaeYwikd ;f jyKvkyNf rJjzpf
&m (31-8-2014) aeYwiG f (1254) Budro
f Ydk a&mufcahJ yNy/D
ausmf Z

34

&' )
m
f e kef;
& S i D;u
t kw
(y

0gqdkouFef;vSL'gef;yGJ tElarm'emw&m;
tm;vH;k aom'um? 'umrtaygif; olawmfaumif;wkYd
'DuaeY(6-7-2014)[m tifrwef usufoa&
r*FvmeJY jynfph w
kH hJ aeYwpfaeYvYdk ajym&rSm jzpfygw,f/
bmaMumifv
h q
J akd wmh a[m'D jrefrm+oD&v
d uFm "rArd mef
BuD;rSm csi;f Ak'o
moeygvutzGUJ u OD;aqmifNy;D 'kw,
d
tBudrfajrmuf 0gqdkouFef; qufuyfvSL'gef;wJhyGJrSm
csif;vli,fav;rsm;u uruxjyKNyD; tm;oGefceG fpku
d f
BudK;pm;aqmif&u
G af eMu wmudk jrif&wJt
h wGuaf Mumifh
jzpfw,f/ tcsdKUqdk&if NrdKU BuD;rSm ae&wmjzpfayr,fh
rdrw
d Ydk ;kd &mudk rarhwhJ taeeJt
Y rsKd ;om; 0wfpu
kH av;udk
0wfqifvmwmawGU&jyefawmh pdwfxJrSm MunfEl;yDwd
jzpf&wmu awmh trSeyf gyJ/
uJ w&m;wdw
k akd v; emMu&atmif 'DuaeYjyKvkyfwJh ukodkvf'geonf 0gqdkumv
tcgor,rSm csif;&[ef;awmfrsm; csif;ygvu Mo0g'g
p&d, oHCmawmfwu
Ydk kd ryifryef; csr;f ompGm 0wfo
kH ;kH
aqmifEkdif&ef &nfoefNyD; jyKvkyfwJh ukodkvf'gejzpfwJh
twGuf trGejf rwfq;kH 'gevdYk ac:w,f/ aemufNyD; om
oemawmfuk d cs;D ajrmufwt
h J aeeJY vSL'gef;wmjzpfwt
h J wGuf
omoeEk*[
ukov
kd v
f Ydk ajymvk&Yd w,f/ tJ'v
D kd tjrwf
qH;k tvSLudk vSL'gef;Ekid w
f hJ tvSL&Si'f um? 'umrawGrmS
(t*o' geH''wH t*yH n
k yH 0kw)d pwJh a'oemawmf
t& trGejf rwfq;kH aom ukov
kd w
f &m;rsm; yGm;rsm;Ekid yf g
w,f/ tjrwfq;kH tusdK;w&m;awGukd &&Scd pH m;&ayvdrhf
r,f/
'ghtjyif ]]a&Tot
dYk qif; npfaMu;uif; a&mif0if;
xdefy El;nHh&\? ruodef;bdk; ykqdk;&av ndKa&TjzLeD?
ckepfvS usrf;nDouFe;f vSLusdK;wnf;}} qkw
d t
hJ wkid ;f
1/ a&Ttqif;uJo
h Ydk vSyjcif;
2/ udavomtnpftaMu;uif;pifjcif;
3/ ylyefrIuif;a0;jcif;

oabmxm; 3^14
(7-7-2014) aeYpjJG zifh xkwjf yefaom csi;f Ak'b
mo
eygvutzGUJ u oabmxm;xkwjf yefcsuf trSwf (3^14)
(2-7-2014) jrefrmhtvif; owif;pm? pmrsuEf mS
(22)wGif usef;rma&;ESihf vSL'gef;rI[al om acgif;pOfjzifh
arwm&Sif q&mawmfonf 2014-ckEpS w
f iG f w&m;a[m
&if; vnfacsmif;'Pf&mjyif;xefvm w&m;a[mrIudk
&yfem;vku
d &f aMumif;? rMumcifu acsmfv&J mrS wqifh
cg;dk;xdckduf emwm&Snfcg;ema0'emudkyg qufvufcH
pm;ae&aMumif;? aq;0g;"gwfpmrsm;udk tjypfvGwpf mG
pm;oH;k Ekid &f eftwGuf 0dik ;f 0ef;tBuHay;csut
f & ,cktcg
vl0wfvx
J m;&aMumif; a&;om;aMumfjimxm;ygonf/
q&mawmfonf omoemtusdK;? trsm;tusdK;
twGuf &[ef;i,fb0rSp udk,fusdK;riJhbJ OD;aqmif
vkycf &hJ m ruse;f rrmjzpfonfh ,cktouf(50) wkid af tmif
yif jzpfaMumif;vnf; csi;f Ak'o
moeygvutzGu
YJ od&dS
ygonf/ q&mawmfonf csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm; Ak'b
momxGe;f
um;a&;ESifh ywfouf wwfpGrf;orQ yg0iftm;ay;cJh
ol jzpfygonf/ q&mawmf\ a[majymrI? a&;om;rIrsm;
aMumifh bmomjcm;bufoYdk 0iftq
hH q
J J yk*Kd vftcsKd Uonf
vnf;aumif;? aomufpm;rl;;l qd;k oGr;f ayawaeol tcsKd U
r* Z if ; ay;yk d Y p m&if ;
onfvnf;aumif;? &wemoH;k yg;udk av;av;eufeuf
mom0if tcsKd U
csif;a&mifjcnftrSwpf Of (6) udk okaYd y;ydyYk gonf/ ,HMk unfu;kd uG,rf I rjyKaom trnfcH Ak'b
onfvnf;aumif;? bmomjcm; tcsKd Uonfvnf;aumif;?
1/ usifa'G; - 60 2/ &if;*J
- 60
Ak'b
momudk jrwfjrwfE;k d Ed;k av;av;eufeuf ,HMk unfu;kd
3/ rif;wyf - 60 4/ uefyufvuf - 30
uG,v
f mMuaMumif; um,uH&iS rf sm;\ az:jycsurf sm;t&
5/ [m;cg;
- 30 6/ rif;uef&Gm
od&ygonf/ ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? usef;rma&;wkdYwGif
atmifvH
- 240
'ku a&mufcufcaJ eMuolrsm;udv
k nf; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh ulnD
7/ aygufacgif; - 50 8/ OD;tGrfarmif; - 20
apmifh a&SmufyyhH ;kd ay; Ak't
vdu
k s y&[dw vkyif ef;rsm;
9/ izJ
- 100 10/ puk
- 50
udk pHjyaqmif&u
G cf yhJ gonf/
11/rif;vS
- 50 12/ apwkw&m
- 30
q&mawmfonf vl0wfvx
J m;&ojzifh &[ef;toGif
13/ukuKd uke;f
- 30 14/ atmifv?H
aysmufomG ;aomfvnf;? jyKjyKorQaom aumif;rI ukov
kd f
orLv&Gm
- 30
rsm;rSm aysmufroGm;bJ edAmefr&rDpyfMum;? oHo&m
14/ &efukefESifh puFmyl&Sd tvSL&Sifrsm;? pmrl&Sifrsm;ESifh
wavQmufv;kH vdu
k yf g tusdK;ay;oGm;rnfjzpfygonf/
pmtkyt
f acsmwif&eftwGuf - 200 tky?f
q&mawmf\ aus;Zl;w&m;rsm;rSmvnf; aysmufomG ;rnf
pkpkaygif; tkyf (1100) cefYjzpfygonf/
r[kwyf g/ aus;Zl;cHpm;&oltaygif;\ ESv;kH onf; yGwf
xm0pOf wnf&adS eygrnf/arwm&Sif tjrefq;kH jyefvnf
usef;rmvmap&ef qkrGefaumif; awmif;ay; ygonf/
jyefvnfuse;f rmvmNy;D aemuf vlt
Y oGi?f &[ef;toGif
rnfonft
h oGif jzpfapumrl? arwm&Siu
f kd omoemjyK
az: jyKzuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? omoemjyK pHjyyk*Kd vf
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYu
xm0pOftav;tjrwf jyKoGm;rnf jzpfaMumif; xkwjf yef
35 aMujimtyfygonf/

4/ cEmud,
k t
f a&mift0g xdev
f if;awmufyjcif;/
5/ El;nhaH jyjypfaom cEmud,
k &f jdS cif;/
6/ tode;f ruaom t0wfwu
Ydk kd &&Sjd cif;/
7/ jzL? eD? ndK? a&T ta&mifrsKd ;pHak om t0wfw&Y d k &Sd jcif;/
xkdYtjyif vkd&moHk;Ekdifaom ya'omyif &&Sdjcif;?
{[dbu
d K &[ef;jzpf&jcif;? edAmefoYdk rsuaf rSmufjyKEdik jf cif;
qdw
k hJ tusdK;awG &&Sv
d rd rhf ,f/
vSLwJhae&mrSmvJ edAmefudk tmHkjyK&nfrSef;NyD; 0dy
emwifNyD; vSL'gef;rS tusdK;BuD;ayvdrrhf ,f/
'DuaeY rdrdwYkd csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUom;rsm;
pkaygif;Ny;D vSL'gef;&wJh ukov
kd af umif;rI&UJ tbdUk bmuudk
tm;vH;k aom yk*Kd vo
f w0gawGyg rusef &&SMd uapbkY d a&puf
oGe;f cs trQay;a0Mu&r,f/
'ghaMumifh wdrH "ra'oeH uho
J Ydk tusO;f tm;
jzifh a[mMum;awmfrt
l yfaom 0gqdo
k uFe;f ESihf pyfaom
w&m;a'oemawmfjrwfukd wkarSoif'g,um? 'g,dum
rtaygif; olawmfaumif;wko
dY nf okwGm? Mum;em&ukef
tEk
a
rm'E
K
onf j zpf
w&m;awmfukd ESpo
f ufonfh
tvm;0rf;ajrmufonft
h aetm;jzifh oH;k Budrw
f idk af tmif
om"k tEkarm'em ac:qdEk ikd Mf uyg apukeo
f wnf;/

D
"rpmay&Sifrdwfquf
csif;a&mifjcnfwiG f pmrlccsD;jrifjh cif; rjyKEkid af o;rSe;f
odygvQuf omoemjyK pdw"f gwftjynft
h 0xm;um "r'ge
oufoufjzifh yg0ifa&;om;Muaom "rpmay&Sifrsm;udk
t,f'w
D mtzGUJ u av;av;pm;pm; rSww
f rf;wifygonf/
"rpmay&Sirf sm;udk pmzwforl sm;tm; rdwq
f ufay;jcif;
jzifh ydkrdk tusdK;&Sdrnf[k ,lqygonf/ "rpmay&Sifrsm;
udk tqifajyovdk tvSnu
hf s az:jyay;oGm;ygrnf/
(t,f ' D w mtzG J U )
a'gufwmcifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm)
trnf&if; OD;cifarmifvwf? rEav;wdik ;f ? ausmuf
qnfcdkif? wHwm;OD;NrdKU? (tif;0) 1948-ck? ZGefv?
29-&uf (t*FgaeY) wGif (tz) ausmif;q&m OD;at;armif?
trda':pdeOf wkrYd S zGm;jrifonf/ arG;csif; (10) OD;teuf
wwd,ajrmuf om;OD;jzpfonf/
wHwm;OD;NrKd U? pHjyrlvwef;ausmif;rS pwkwwef;atmif
jrifNy;D ? wHwm;OD; tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;rS [du
k pf ul;vf
zdik ef ,f(HSF) ESihf rufx&pf (Matric) pmar;yGrJ sm; atmif
jrifco
hJ nf/ 1969-ckEpS w
f iG f rEav;0dZm ESihf odyw
H u
odv
k rf S blrad A"t"du bmom&yfjzifh B.Sc bGUJ &cJh onf/
1970-rS 1994-txd rauG;aumvdy?f &efuek f wuodv
k ?f
armfvNrKd ifwuodv
k w
f w
Y d k iG f okyjf y? vuf axmufuxdu?
uxdu&mxl;rsm;udk 23-ESpf ausmf xrf;&Gucf o
hJ nf/
1980-ckEpS ?f &efuek 0f Zd m ESih f odyw
H uodv
k rf S x&blrd
aA'bmom&yfjzifh M.Sc bGUJ &&Scd o
hJ nf/ 1983-ckEpS w
f iG f
*syefEidk if H ynma&;0efBuD;Xme\ paumvm;&Spq
f &k &Su
d m?
1983 rS 1988 txd *syefEidk if w
H iG f ynmoifMum;cJNh yD;?
1988 ckEpS w
f iG f qku;l bm;odyNH rKd Uawmf? qku;l bm;wu
odv
k rf S yg&*lbUJG (D.Sc) &&Scd o
hJ nf/
pm? uAsma&;om;jcif;? eH&u
H yfpmapmifxw
k af 0jcif;?
jyZmwfrsm; a&;om;jcif;? ya'omuyGrJ sm;ujyjcif; paom
pmaytEkynmudprsm;udk 1962-ckEpS f tv,fwef;
36

ausmif;om;b0rSpwif tm;usdK;rmefwuf aqmif&u


G f
cJo
h nf/ wuodv
k Ef pS v
f nf r*Zif;rsm;? ynm&yfqikd &f m
*sme,frsm;wGif 0wK? aqmif;yg;? uAsmrsm;a&;om;jcif;?
ud,
k w
f idk t
f ,f'w
D mtjzpf yg0ifxw
k af 0jcif;rsm;ukv
d nf;
aqmif&Gucf o
hJ nf/ rauG;aumvdyf tEkynmtoif;?
&efuek w
f uodv
k t
f Ekynmtoif;? armfvNrKd if wuodv
k f
tEkynmtoif;rsm;wGif twGi;f a&;rSL;? 'kw,
d Ou|
ponfjzifh ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
puFmylEkdifiHokdY 1994-ckESpfwGif a&muf&SdcJhNyD;
taqmuftOD;? vrf;? wHwm;? avqdy?f ajratmuf
blwm? ajratmuf&xm;vrf;ponfw\
Y d k ajrom;ESih f vrf;
tlaMumif; prf;oyfjcif; tvkyrf sm;twGuf tBuD;wef;
refae*smtjzpf ,cktcsdet
f xd vkyu
f ikd v
f suf&o
dS nf/
puFmylEidk if w
H iG f tvkyv
f yk u
f ikd f aexdik pf Of umv
twGi;f 2002 rS 2012 ckEpS t
f xd? 10 ESpw
f w
d d ]]a&T
jrefrm}} r*Zif;udk t,f'w
D mcsKyftjzpf xkwaf 0cJo
h nf/
xkd 10 ESpu
f mvtwGi;f uAsmrsm;? bmoma&;? vlraI &;?
tawG;tac:? c&D;oGm;aqmif;yg;rsm;? bmomjyef 0wK
wk?d 0wK&Snrf sm; 200 ausmrf Q a&;om;cho
J nf/ r*Zif;
xkwaf 0jcif;udk use;f rma&;t& &yfqikd ;f vdu
k af omfvnf;
]]qvyfEpS yf wfvnfaeY&ufrsm;}}? ]]*syefarmf'efuAsmpk}}?
]]wifBudKrSe;f qEkid af om tawG;vGrJ sm;}}? ]]rd;k om;jcif;
taMumif;\ ;kd om;aom opmw&m;}} ponfh bmom
jyef tawG;tac: pmtkyrf sm;ESihf ud,
k w
f idk af &; ]]awmf
awmfcGuswhJ vl&JUb0udk ta&mifqdk;Muolrsm;}} ?
]]obm0ody?H vlrb
I 0ESihf vufawGUtoH;k csjcif;tEk
ynm}} pmtkyrf sm; a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo
h nf/
,cktcg ZeD;a':Muifapm? om;orD;oH;k OD;ESit
hf wl
puFmylEkdifiHwGif aexdkifvsuff&Sdonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHom;
tjzpf cH,x
l m;qJjzpfonf/
uAsmrsm;twGuf udkvwf(tif;0)
0)? bmomjyef?
c&D;oGm;ESihf bmoma&; aqmif;yg;rsm;twGuf a'gufwm
cifarmifvwf (a&Tjrefrm) ESihf bmomjyef0wKwdrk sm;
twGuf ydkifEdkif paom uavmifcrJG sm;udk oH;k ygonf/
aiGa|; ([oFmw)
t*Fvyd o
f u&mZf 1937? jrefrmou&mZf 1299
ckEpS w
f iG f {&m0wDwid k ;f ? [oFmwNrKd U (tb) OD;ausm[
f ed ;f ?
(trd) a':jr&DwrYdk S zGm;jrifco
hJ nf/ arG;csif; (7) a,muf
wGif wwd,ajrmufom; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg touf
(77) ESpf&SdNyDjzpfonf/
i,fpOfuav;b0u jrefrmq&mBuD;rsm; oifMum;
tkycf sKyfonfh rlvwef;ausmif;wGif pwifynmoifMum;

cJo
h nf/ ig;wef;rS wuodv
k 0f ifwef;txd c&pf,mef
omoemjyK u&ifrpf&iS af usmif;rSm pmayoifMum;cJo
h nf/
1957-ckEpS f wuodv
k 0f if pmar;yGJ atmifjrifchJ
onf/ 1958-ckEpS rf S &efuek w
f uodv
k (f xD;wef;aumvdy)f
okYd pwif0ifa&muf wuodv
k yf nmudk oifMum;cJ&h onf/
1963-ckEpS w
f iG f t*Fvyd b
f mom? jrefrmEdik if o
H rdik ;f ? yx0D
0if? Ekid if aH &;odyH ynmbmomwGjJ zifh 0dZm bGUJ udk &&Scd o
hJ nf/
1964-ckESpfwGif xkdpOfu vlodrsm;aom (y?y?u)
jynfoyYl pnf; aumfyakd &;&Si;f wGif ti,fwef; refae*sm
wm0efjzifh [oFmwcdik f? ZvGeNf rdKU 0ifa&muftrIxrf;
cJo
h nf/ if;ESpf yif anmifwek ;f NrKd Ue,foYdk ajymif;a&TUwm0ef
xrf;aqmif&onf/
1965-ckEpS f y?y?u udk ukeo
f ,
G af &; trnfajymif;
\/ A[du
k ek o
f ,
G af &; oifwef;ausmif; ajcmufrikd cf JG &efuek f
ESihf A[kjynfoUl 0efxrf;ausmif; azgifBuD;wkYd xdt
k csed u
f
oifwef;trSwpf Ofr&Sad om (Zero Batch) ac: yxrtywf
pOf oifwef;wufc&hJ Ny;D ? NrKd Ue,fuek o
f ,
G af &; OD;pD;refae
*smtjzpf anmifwek ;f NrdKU jyefvnfceft
Y yf wm0efay;
jcif;cH&onf/
1967-ckEpS f yif [oFmwolEiS hf tdraf xmifus if;
anmifwek ;f NrKd Uyif om;orD;oH;k a,muf xGe;f um;cJo
h nf/
1976-ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfe,f awmifBuD; NrdKUe,f
ukefoG,fa&;okdY ajymif;a&TU wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh&onf/
if;ESpf yif NrKd Ue,f ukeo
f ,
G af &;rsm; zsuo
f rd ;f cJh trSwf
(1) pufr0I efBu;D Xme? jrefrmtxnftvdyf vkyif ef;atmuf
&Sd rdwDvm csnfrQifESifh txnfpufHkokdY tvkyfHkcGJrSL;
wm0efjzihf ajymif;a&TUwm0efxrf;aqmifc&hJ onf/
1984-ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek o
f Ydk a&muf&v
dS m ordik ;f aq;
*Gr;f ESihf ywD;pufw
kH iG f pufrkH LS ; wm0efxrf;aqmifco
hJ nf/
1992-ckESpf jrefrmhtxnftvdyfvkyfief; (Hk;csKyf)okdY
'k-vufaxmufTefMum;a&;rSL; wm0efjzifh ajymif;a&TUcJh
1997-ckESpf tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/
,cktcg ajrmuf'*HNk rKd Ue,f rdom;pkEiS t
hf wl Nird ;f csr;f
pGm aexdik v
f Qu&f NdS y;D bmoma&; pmayrsm; avhvmzwfI
jcif;? Ak'" rpmayaqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;jcif;jzifh b0\
aESmif;ydik ;f umvudk tusdK;t&Sq
d ;kH jzpfatmif tm;xkwf
vQu&f ydS gonf/
pmaye,fokdY
csi;f Ak'o
moeygvutzGUJ twGi;f a&;rSL;ESiu
hf awmh
jrefrmhtxnftvdyfvkyfief; ( Hk;csKyf) ukefxkwfXmerSm
pwifawGUjcif;jzpfygonf/ oleY mrnfukd aumif;pGm odae
onfrmS MumNyDjzpfonf/
37

jrwfr*Fvmpmapmif tNrw
J rf;yg0ifa&;om;aeaom
uavmif&Sif ]]qvdkif;a&Tvif;}} trnfESifh wlae
ar;Munf&h m wpfO;D wnf;jzpfaMumif; odvu
dk &f 0rf;om
tHMh ojzpf&onf/
ol\ aqmif;yg;rsm;udk xkdpOfuwnf;u zwfI&
txl;ESpNf cdKufaerdonf/
txl;tm;jzifh csi;f vlrsKd ;qdv
k Qif c&pf,mef[k xifae
aom uReaf wmft
h zdYk csi;f trsKd ;om;ppfppfu Ak'b
mom
0ifjzpfNy;D Ak'" rpmayrsm; a&;om;aeonfukd uReaf wmff
vGefpGm tHhMupdwf0ifpm;aerdonf/ uRefawmfwkdYonf
tvGe&f if;ES;D aom rdwaf qG q&mwynfjh zpfc&h J onf/ olu
uRefawmfu
h kd av;pm;pGm q&m[kac:cJo
h vdk uRefawmf
uvnf; olu
Y kd &if;ES;D aomtm;jzifh qvdik ;f [kom ac:cJh
onf/
oljrwfr*FvmpmapmifwYdk pma&;aepOf uReaf wmfu
pmzwfy&dowftqifo
h m &Scd o
hJ nf/
urmhbmomw&m;rsm;udk avhvmzwfIrI rsm;vm
onfEiS t
h f rQ ,if;bmomw&m;wk\
Y d t,ltq? ,HMk unf
rI trsKd ;rsKd ;wkYd rwlnu
D jJG ym;MuyHw
k u
Ydk kd ydrk akd wGjY rifo&d v
dS m
onfEiS h f jyefvnfajymjycsipf w
d w
f Y d k jyif;jyay:aygufch J onf/
xkpd w
d u
f uReaf wmft
h m; pmaye,foYdk wGe;f ykaYd y;cJo
h nf/
yxrOD;qH;k ]]odwmESihf ,Hw
k m}} qkad om aqmif;
yg;udk ]]"r&yd }f } bmoma&; r*Zif;okYd ay;ydcYk &hJ m 2010ckEpS ?f arvtwGJ (3)? trSw(f 4) wGif az:jyjcif; cHc&hJ
onf/ rdrpd wifa&;aom aqmif;yg; yg&Sv
d mojzifh 0rf;om
yDwjd zpf&ovkd uReaf wmft
h wGuf tm;aq;wpfcu
G f jzpfchJ
&onf/
uRefawmf pmayavmuokYd 0ifa&mufvmonfrmS
tJ'gtpygyJ/ tckawmh "r&yd f r*Zif; omr csif;a&mif
jcnf Ak'" rr*Zif;wkYd vnf; tywfpOfe;D yg; bmoma&;
tawG;tjrifpmayrsm;udk a&;om;ay;ydcYk &hJ m az:jyjcif;
cH&Ny;D ? aiGa|;([oFmw) qkad om uavmiftrnfuykd if
vlord sm;vmonf[k od&ygonf/
rdrt
d ouf&iS af eoa&GU pGr;f Ekid o
f rQawmh Ak'j rwfpmG
bk&m&Si\
f tqH;k trw&m;awmfrsm;udk uho
J yYdk if a&;
om;aeOD;rnfjzpfygonf/
May all beings be in peace.
May all beings be in harmony.
May all beings be in happy.

aiG a |;([oF m w)

pepfa[mif;awmfvSefa&;
twnfjyKr&wJh qH;k jzwfcsufawGeYJ
awmif;qkrd I topftopfawG
&SmazGrI topftopfawG
vufcrH I topftopfawG
jiif;qefrI topftopfawG
pepfwus r&Scd w
hJ hJ orkid ;f tpteawGukd
pepfwus wl;az:Muayr,fh
,ckxd pepfwus rjzpfao;
qHjzLoGm;a<u
aowJo
h al o? avwJo
h al v
awGwo
hJ al wG? a0wJo
h al 0
a0avavZmwftw
I f
awGa0a0xyfvyk f
([kwyf )
orkid ;f tppfukd rawGY
ordik ;f &SmazGoal wG&UJ
ordik ;f topfawGyJ xyfjzpf
pdwn
f pfp&m&,f vkaYd wmh rawG;rdao;yg/
ausmufacwf? oHacwf
[dak cwf? 'Dacwf
kdif
f;eD0
yvyfpwpf? pwD;
i
k
d
qv
tvlreD ,
D ?H tmqD,H
OHKzGacwfawmif
(wpfcgwpfcg) aMumfjim0ifvu
dk af o;/
orkid ;f OD;bHak jr
ya'o&mZf? {u&mZf
t&if;&Sif? uGefjrLepf
qd&k ,
S v
f pf? 'Dru
kd a&pD
([dkeD 'DeD)
tvDvaD jymif;vJcahJ yr,fh
]avmb} uvnf; tpm;rajymif;bJ
]a'go} uvnf; "m;awmif;qJ
]rme} uvnf; t<um;aumif;qJ
uJ - uJ - uJ
udavompepfa[mif;
acajymif;? awmfveS af &;
aoG;ajrrcorQ
trQ - trQ - trQ
b,fvkd om"kac:&ygh/

)
Fmw
o
;| ([
Ga
ai

olrsm;yg;pyfzsm; vrf;qHk;olrsm;

]]em,H bdua 0 avmaue 0d0g'grd? avmaum0/


r,m0d0'wd? ebdua 0 "r0g'D auepd avmuo
0d0'wd}}
]]&[ef;wdYk igbk&m;onf trsm;vlpEk iS hf rjiif;cHyk g/
opu y&dAZk d ?f Ow&y&dAZk d ?f a0ceoy y&dAZk d ?f tomvm
,evkvif? Oygvd ol<u,fpaom trsm;pkuomvQif
ig bk&m;ESifh jiif;cHkaeacs\/
&[ef;wkYd trSeu
f kd ajymqdak vh&adS om yk*Kd vfonf
vlrsm;pkxJ wpfpw
kH pfa,mufEiS rhf Q rjiif;cHak y/ trSeu
f kd
ajymaomaMumifh jiif;cHo
k nfrrnfay/}}
cE0*oH,kwfyg#dawmf
(ykyokwf)
bk & m;&S i f \ Mo0g'awmf
&[ef; wko
Yd w
l pfyg;wko
Y d nf ig\ tjypfuk d jzpfap
w&m;\ tjypfukd jzpfap? oHCmawmf\tjypfukd jzpfap
ajymMuvQif xd(k ajymMu&m) oifwo
Ykd nf &efNiKd;xm;jcif;
ESvkH;romjcif;? pdwfrauscsrf;jcif; rjzpfapoifh/
&[ef;wkYd olwpfyg;wko
Yd nf ig\tjypfudk jzpfap
w&m;\ tjypfujkd zpfap? oHCm\ tjypfukd jzpfap?
ajymMu&m oifwo
Ydk nf trsux
f u
G Mf uvQif ESv;Hk rom
MuvQif oifwt
Ydk m;omvQif tE&m,fjzpf&m\/
&[ef;wkYd olwpfyg;wko
dY nf ig\tjypfudk jzpfap?
w&m;\tjypfuk d jzpfap? oHCm\tjypfuk d jzpfap ajymMu
&m oifwo
dYk nf trsux
f u
G Mf uvQif ESv;Hk romMuvQif
oifwo
Ykd nf olwpfyg;wd\
Yk ]pum;aumif;} ]pum;qdk;}
ukd odEifdk yf grnfavm/
&[ef;wkYd olwpfyg;wko
Yd nf ig\tjypfujkd zpfap?
w&m;\tjypfud k jzpfap? oHCm\tjypfuk d jzpfap ajymMu
&m
pum;onftaMumif; aMumifhvnf;
]]pum;onf
r[kwf taMumif; aMumifhvnf;rrSef? pifppftm;
38

jzif h tjypf o nf igwk Y d xif & S m ;rS & S d }} [k? r[kwf


onft
h wkid ;f oifwYdk ajz&Si;f &rnf/ ('DCedum,f? jA[Zmv
okw)f
"r o mup m
pma&;olwkdY&yfuGuf vrf;wGif paeaeYnwkdif;
w&m;aqG;aEG;yG&J o
dS nf/ pma&;oluyifO;D aqmif Ak'j rwf
pGmbk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfwu
dYk kd aumufEw
I f tvsO;f oifh
ovdk ajymqkad qG;aEG;onf/ okaYd qG;aEG;yGJ uav; jzpf
ajrmufco
hJ nfrmS ig;ESprf Q&NdS yD jzpfonf/ if;aqG; aEG;yGaJ v;
jzpfay:vm&onfrmS vnf; taMumif;&Syd gonf/
pma&;olwkdY NrKdUe,f&yfuGufodkY bmomjcm;
wkid ;f &if;om; trsm;tjym;ajymif;a&TU a&muf&v
dS m Muonf/
if;wk\
Yd usr;f pmausmif;rsm; zGiv
hf pS f Muonf/ yxrESpf
'kw,
d ESppf ojzifh av;ESpjf ynfh vQib
f UJG &Mu onf/ vli,f
vl&,
G f rde;f uav; tawmfpv
Hk o
S nf/ wkifd ;f &if;om;aygif;pk?H
jynfe,faygif;pku
H jzpfonf/ bGUJ ,l tcrf;tem;wGif wu
okv
d b
f UJG uJo
h Ykd jzLeDaMumifusm; 0wfeHk ufrsm; 0wfqifMu
&NyD; Ekid if jH cm;u bGUJ vufrw
S rf sm; ay;onf/
pma&;olonf c&pf,mefrpf&Sifausmif;xGuf
wpfO;D jzpf if;wdb
Yk momtay: avhvmod&rdS rI sm;cJo
h nf/
pma&;oltawG;0ifonf/ ]]ud,
k t
hf aMumif;vnf;rod? olU
taMumif;vn;frod}} Ak'b
mom0ifrsm;onf if;wdu
Yk J
odkY tywfpOfwe*FaEG? aomMum[l awGUqkH0wfjyKqk
awmif;yGrJ sm;vnf; r&SMd u/ OD;aqmif a[mjymrnfo
h l
(w&m;a[mq&m) vnf;r&S/d
tJ't
D aMumif;uav;u pma&;olwYkd tywfpOf
w&m; aqG;aEG;yGu
J av; jzpfay:apcJo
h nf/
w&m;aqG;aEG;yGJ wpfywfwiG f pma&;olu y#dp
orkyg'fa'oemukd aqG;aEG;&if; ocFg&yp,m 0dnmPH?
0dnmPyp,m emrlyH tydkif;wGif emrfESifh kyfonf
wNyKdiw
f nf; twlwuG jzpfay:aMumif; tnrn wpfcu
k kd
wpfck rSw
D nfae& aMumif; aqG;aEG;jyonf/
wGifwpfa,mufaom yk*Kdvfu emrfESihf kyf
onf wNyKdifwnf; jzpfjcif;r[kwf? kyfu t&ifjzpfNyD;
aemufrS touf emrfujzpfaMumif;? aq;ynmt&vnf;
av;v MumrS oaEom; ESvkH;ckef toufemrf0ifjcif;
jzpfaMumif;/
if;yk*Kdvfuquf emrfESifh kyfonf wNyKdif
wnf; jzpfjcif; r[kwfaMumif;udk 'eynm? odyHynm
wkYd A[kow
k &Sad om q&mawmfwpfyg; a[mcJah Mumif;
yk*K v
d t
f axmuftxm;,l pma&;ol\ tqdu
k kd jiif;qkd
um useaf qG;aEG;yGv
J m y&dowfrsm;fukd tm;,lajymcJo
h nf/
39

odw
Yk iG rf u if;udp&yfukd ol\nDrrsm;odYk ajym
qdk aqG;aEG;&m olnDrrsm;u 'eq&majymonf rSm
rSm;,Gi;f aMumif; if;yk*Kd vfu q&mawmfukd aq;ynmESihf
odyyH nm oabmt& vufawGUtaxmuftxm;ESifh
ajymqdkjcif; jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyrS olnDrwkdY rnfodkYrQ
rjiif;qkad wmhaMumif;/
wzefif; 'eq&mawmfukd bke;f BuD;wpfyg;u
t&Sib
f &k m; odaYk jyma[monfrmS rSm;,Gi;f aeaMumif;
yk Ef iS hf emrfonf twlwuGjzpfaf Mumif; vma&mufpum;
qkd&m 'eq&mawmfjyef&Sif;vif;onfhtcg vma&muf
aqG;aEG;onfh bke;f Bu;D EIwq
f w
d o
f mG ;aMumif; qdjk yefonf/
pma&;oluawmh olnrD ESif h bke;f Bu;D wkY d tus,f
tus,f rajymvkad wmh EIwq
f w
d o
f mG ;jcif;jzpfonf[k
rSw,
f l xifjrifro
d nf/
pma&;oluawmh EIwrf qdw]f ]pum;onf
taMumif;aMumifv
h nf;r[kw?f taMumif;aMumihf
vnf;rrSef pifppftm;jzifh tjypfonf igwdYk xif&mS ;
r&Sd[k r[kwfonfudk r[kwfonfhtwkdif; bk&m;&Sif
\pum;awmfEiS t
hf nD xif&mS ;jy&ef vkt
d yfvmonf/
ae&mwGif q&mOD;ausmx
f #G \
f rOLou y#d
porkyg'f pmtkyv
f m yXmef;a'oemjzifh &Si;f jyonf/
]]y|mef ; a'oem}}
]*Aao,su} trd0rf;wdu
k rf mS y#doaEaewJh
yk*K v
d af wGrmS uvva&Munfqw
kd hJ uvmyfpnf;ok;H ckrmS
yk u
f 30&Syd gw,f/ ]]ocFg&yp,m0dnmPH}} rSm twdwf
b0u ukov
dk ?f tukov
kd fapwemaMumif/h 0dnmP
yp,mem rlyusaom 0dnmPfu taMumif; emrfyk u
f
tusKd; jzpfw,f/
(u) MouEdu
a P - emrly tnrn o[Zmw
ypa,e ypa,m?
(c) MouEdu
a P - emylyH tnrn ypa,e
ypa,m?
]]y#d o aE t cgrS m emrf E S i f h k y f [ m o[Zmw
twl w uG j zpf y gw,f } }
0dnmP yp,merlyq
H w
d k h J y#doaEOyg'fcPrSm
0dnmPfeYJ emrfyk [
f m ]o[Zmw} twlwuG wpfNyKdif
eufxjJ zpfygw,f/ wpfNyKdief uf bmjzpfvYkd jzpfovJq&dk if
y#doaEOyg'fcPrSm y#doaE0n
d mPf csn;f oufoufae
vdYk r&yg/
]]MoudEua P emrlyt
H nrn ed, yp
a,eypa,m}} udik ;f uRef;rSD uRef;udik ;f rSD emrfeykYJ u
f
wpfcu
k kd wpfcrk NDS yD; jzpf&ygw,f/

y#doaEcPrSm emrfeJY kyf[m ]ed ,} wpfOD;


udw
k pfO;D rSND y;D jzpf&w,f/ ]o[Zmw} twlwuG wpfNyKdif
wnf;jzpfw,f/ y#doaEcPrSmyJ 0dnmPfemrfyk 'f o
D ;Hk ck
[m uRe;f udifk rf DS ukid ;f uRef;rSD wpfNyKdief uf jzpfMuygw,f/
o[Zmwypnf;? tnrn ypnf;? ed,ypnf;? twd
ypnf;? t0d*wypnf;awGukd ]]0dnmPyp,meyly}}
rSm tm;vk;H ypnf;NyKdiv
f &Ydk ygw,f/
]0Pausmfxifq&mBuD;OD;jrihfaqGtar;}
trsKd;orD;rsm; aemufq;Hk "rwmay:NyD;onfh
aemuf aemufwBudrf"rwmay:rnfhaeY&ufwGif "rwm
rvm aomtcg oaE o m;onf (wpf v )&S d N yD [ k
rSw,
f &l onf/
oaEom;av;vajrmufaomtcg om;tdrt
f
wGi;f &Sad omoaEom;p vIy&f mS ;pjyKvmonf/ acwfy
nmaq;usrf;t& oaEom;av;vajrmufaomtcg
oaEom;\ ESv;Hk om; vIy&f mS ;onfh toHukd rdcif\
0rf;Aku
d af y:rS em;axmifMunfjh cif;tm;jzihf Mum;od&yg
onf/ xkyd iftouf0ifonf[k qkyd gonf/
acwfynmaq;usr;f t& av;vajrmufrS oaE
om;touf0ifonf[k rSw,
f yl gonf/
]]r[mpnf q &mawmf t ajz}}
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu udk,f0efaqmifEkdifjcif;
(y#doaE,jl cif;) taMumif;ok;H yg; a[mMum;onf/ if;
taMumif;ok;H yg;pvk;H jynfph rHk o
S m y#doaEwnfEifdk o
f nf/
if;ok;H yg;xJu wpfyg;yg;ysufcv
hJ Qif y#doaErwnfEifdk /f
(1) rdbESpOf ;D wdYk oH0gojyKjcif;/
(2) rdcif\ay:NyD; p Owkor,ESihf BuKHjcif;/
(3) y#doaE,rl nfh ow0g\ pkwq
d jJ zpfjcif;/
tcsufvnf; rsufarSmufacwfaq;ynm
oabmt&vnf;aumif;? wu,ft
h jzpfreS o
f abmt&
vnf;aumif;? tjiif;yGm;jcif; r&SMd u/ (xkt
d csuu
f dk a&S;a&S;
umvuyif vlwt
Ykd xift&Sm; odcMhJ u\/)
]]Ak'w
&m;awmft& oaEwnfonfEiS hf wpfNyKdif
euf yk af &memrfyg wnfonf[k qko
d jzifh oaEwnfonf
ESihf wpfNyKdief uftouf&o
dS nf}} [kq&dk ma&mufygonf/
]]rdbwk\
Yd okwaf oG; OwkEiS w
hf uG urZyk (f 30)
[laom uvva&Munf yk x
f rJ mS yif y#doaE0n
d mOfp
jzpfonf}} [ka[mxm;ygonf/
xdkpOftcg okwfy;dk tckduu
f o
Jh Ydk vIyf&mS ;&efvkd
onft
h cgvnf;r[kwf vIy&f mS ;jcif;rSmvnf; pdwaf &mud,
k yf g
ESpyf g;pvk;H tm;&So
d nft
h cg omjzpfEidk o
f nf/ tm;r&Sad o;
pOftcg rde;f armawGa0aeaom oluo
hJ yYdk if rvIy&f mS ;Ekid ?f
40

uvva&Munfpaom oli,f\yk rf mS rde;f armawGa0


aeol\ kyfxufyif odrfarGUvsuf tm;enf;ao;\/
xkad Mumifh av;vtwGi;f touf0n
d mOf&adS omfvnf;
rvIyb
f J &Scd ahJ y onf/
q&m0efwkdYrSmrlum; oli,f\ tvGefodrfarGU
aom xkyd #doaEpw
d 0f n
d mOfuv
kd nf;aumif;? vlBuD;wpf
a,muf\ xkrd Qavmufrodraf rGUaom pdwf0n
d mOfukd
vnf;aumif; rnfonfph w
d 0f n
d mOfurdk Q rawGUrjrifEidk Mf u
kyftrlt&m udkomvQif awGUjrifEkdifMu\/ xkdYaMumifh
]]uav;oli,f\ vIy&f mS ; jcif;?ESv;Hk ckejf cif; udo
k mvQif
taxmuftxm;jyK av;v&Srd S touf0ifonf}} [k
owfrw
S x
f m;Muayonf/
xko
d wfrw
S cf suu
f v
kd nf; pdppfMunfo
h ifah o;\/
touf0ifonfESihfyif wpfNyKdifeufvIyf&Sm;oavm/
okrYd [kwf ]]touf0ifNy;D aemufpuefrY ed pf rnfrQMumrS
vIyf&Sm;oenf;}} xkdodkYpdppfMunfhvQif twdtus
ajymqkd&ef cJ,Of;ayvdrfhrnf/ xkdYaMumifh ]] vIyf&Sm;rS
touf0ifonf[k ,lqcsufukd wdusrSefuefNyD}} [k
rqkEd idk /f
xkdYjyifpdwf&Tifvef;vQif kyf&Tifvef;\/ pdwfId;
EGrf;vQif kyfId;EGrf;\/ xkdYaMumihf av;vrjynfhrD u
oaE kyf &Tifvef;rI? Id;EGrf;rI? tajymif;tvJudk
prf;oyfMunfjh cif; jzifh xkpd Ofumvu pdw0f n
d mOf&dS r&Su
d dk
qkH;jzwfEkdif&m\ ,ckacwf xkdkyftajymif;tvJukd
rjrifEkdifao;vQif aemifw acwf jrifEkdifolwkdYay:
vmzG,&f \
dS /
xkjYd yif(1) rdbESpOf ;D wkYd oH0gojyKjcif; (2) rdcifrmS
Owkyef;yGijhf cif;[laom t*FgESpyf g;&Sad omfvnf; oli,f
avmif;u r&Sv
d Qif y#doaE rwnfEkdif[k qdkxm;\
if;jzifh okwfykd;ESifh om;OwkdY aygif;pyfrdaomfvnf;
oli,favmif;\ pdw0f n
d mOfr0ifa&mufvmvQif if;om;
rsK;d yk f ysupf ;D oGm;onf[k qdv
k akd omaMumihf okwyf ;dk ESihf
om;OwkdY aygif;pyfNyD;rS (7)&uf twGif;rSm ysufpD;jcif;
&Sd? r&Sdudk MunfhIvnf;? uvva&Munf tckdufu
0dnmOf touf0if? r0if odEidk &f m\/
odjYk zpf jyqkcd ahJ om taMumif;rsm;udk axmuf
qaomtm;jzihf av;vrwkid rf u
D oaEyk rf mS vIy&f mS ;
jcif;? aoG;ckefjcif;rsm; r&Sdao;aomfvnf; Ak'jrwfpGm
bk&m; a[mjyxm;onfh twdik ;f yif okwEf iS fh aoG;OwdYk
aygif;pyfrd NyD;aemuf (7)&uftwGif; uvva&Munf
tcdkufuyif y#doaE0dnmOfp jzpfay:cJhonf/ (4)v
&Sad om tcg vIy&f mS ;Edik af tmif uk,
d t
f *Fgrsm;ESifh ESv;Hk aoG;

aMumrsm; jynfph v
Hk maomaMumihf xkt
d cgusrS vIy&f mS ;onf
ESv;Hk aoG;ckeo
f nf[k rSw,
f t
l yf\/
opm" r
wxm*w Ak'b
&k m;&Siw
f o
Ydk nf ]]opm"r}}
udo
k m rdeq
Yf \
k d / bk&m;&Sif vufxuftcgu wdwd ajcmuf
a,mufEiS hf rsuaf rSmufumv vltrsm; uk;d uG,af eonfh
bk&m;trnfcrH sm; &S\
d / bk&m;qdw
k idk ;f bk&m;trnfrcH
xku
d af y/
okwedygwf ygVdawmf? r[m0*f? obd,okwf
obd,y&dAZkd o
f nf jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sit
f m; tb,foaYdk om
yk*Kd vfrsdK;udk bk&m;[k qdt
k yfoenf; [laom tar;jy
em jrwf p G m bk & m;&S i f u ]]tcsif;owd,? tMuifoo
l nf tvH;k pHak om
uyf? urmwku
Yd v
kd nf; rnfaom uyf igonf
xkt
d rnf&o
dS jl zpfczhJ ;l Ny;D ponfjzifh oH;k oyfa0zefEikd &f m\/
ow0gwk\
Yd pkawuG,v
f eG yf EkH iS hf ow0gwpfck jyef
jzpfvmyHk ESpyf g;pHu
k v
kd nf; oH;k oyfa0zefEikd &f m\/ &m*
tp&Sad om jrLvnf;r&S/d Zmwd\ ukeq
f ;kH &m jzpfaom
edAmefoYdk a&muf\/}}
]]xdo
k u
l kd Ak'} } [l qdt
k yf\/
]]ow0gteE} ]pMum0|mteE} pum;udk
rnfonfhbk&m; trnfcH yk*dKvfwkdY xkwaf z:ajymqdkcJh
ygoenf;/ if;pum;udk vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif; 2600
uyif Ak'b
&k m;&Sif rdeMYf um;cho
J nf/ tedp? 'ku? tew
qdak om vuPma&; (3) yg;? opmav;yg; w&m;?
y#dporkyg'f? y|mef;tp&Sdaom tbd"ra'oemESihf
yk ef mrfw\
Ydk oabm obm0udk rnfonfh bk&m; trnfcH
yk*Kd vfrsm; xkwaf z:ajymqdck o
hJ nf[k rnfonfh ynm&Sirf sm;
u qdck yhJ goenf;/
bk&m;&Si\
f w&m;awmfrsm;onf Ak'b
momrS
wpfyg;aom t,l0g' &So
d l ]wdw}d wkY d &Sad om taMumif;
tusdK;ESihf r,SOo
f nfh w&m;rsdK;r[kw/f pdwu
f ;l OmPfjzifh
BuHqwnfxiG af [mjyxm;aom w&m;rsdK;vnf; r[kw/f
udk,fwkdif usifhBuHodjrifNyD;rS a[mMum; Tefjyxm;aom
vufawGUw&m;rsm;jzpf\/
ae&mwGif kyfESifh emrfonf twlwuG
wpfNyKd ifeufjzpfonfq&kd m bk&m;&Si\
f oAnKw OmPf
awmfjzifh a[mMum;jcif; jzpf\/ tjiif;xGub
f ,
G rf &S/d
y#doaEwnfjcif; taMumif;oH;k yg;udk a[mjy&m
taMumif;ESpyf g;rSm rsuaf rSmufu,
kd af wGUjzpf tjiif;ryGm;
Ekid af omfvnf; taMumif;wpfyg;jzpfaom y#doaE,rl nfh
om;avmif; (ok)Y d pkawqJ ow0gvnf; &Sad e&rnfqo
k d nf
41

vlwOYdk mPfjzifh rodEikd ?f rjrifEikd o


f jzifh tcsuu
f kd rrSef
[k qdk r&y#doaEwnf arG;zGm;vmonfhtcg vlom;
ow0gwpfO;D pifppfjzpfaeonfu txift&Sm;yif/
xyf qdOk ;D tHh - jrwfpmG bk&m;&Sif rdeMYf um;aom
y#doaE (4) rsKd ;wGif Oyywf y#doaEudk vlwYkd e,fy,f
rawGU&? useyf #doaE (3) rsKd ;jzpfaom 0rf;wku
d f wnf
aom? O wnfaom tdtykyf tcRJwdkY wnfaom
y#d oaErsKd ;wku
Yd rkd l rsuaf rSmuf txift&Sm; awGUjrifae
&onf/
okt
Yd wGuf vlwYdk rawGUrjrif& Oyywfy#doaE
rsdK;r&S[
d k Oyg'fr&? y#doaE (3) rsdK;um; xif&mS ;awGU
jrifae&jcif;udu
k bk&m;&Si\
f pum;onf >cif;csurf &Sad y/
dk;pif; tajccHrQ jzpfaom uH? pdwf? Owk?
tm[m[laom ork|mef (4) yg;udMk unfyh g/ ESpaf ygif;
2600 u Ak'jrwfpGm bk&m;&Sif Tefjy rdefYqdkcJhonf/
,aeYaq;ynmavmuwGif twGiu
f s,q
f ;kH eT jf yajymqdk
aeMu&onf/ if;av;yg;udk acwfopfaq;ynm avmu
om;wkYd ypfcwfaxmufcaH e&onf/
jrwfpmG bk&m;&Si\
f zGiq
hf kd a[majymcsurf sm;ukd
rnfonfh ynm&Sirf sm;urQ rrSeaf Mumif; rjiif;y,fEikd cf hJ
rsuaf rSmufvufawGU e,fy,f rSeu
f efaom opmpum;
rsm;jzpf\/
]kyEf iS hf emrfonf twlwuG wpfNydKifeuf jzpf
&rnf/} qdkaom tqdkESifh ywfouf The Supreme
Scinence of the Buddha} wGif Egerton C.Baptist u?
]],ckb&k m;ocif wnf&adS Mumif; ,HMk unfow
l Ydk
\ tjrifudk tenf;i,f xyfrH uREfkyfwkdY pdppfMuyg
pk/Yd olwo
Ydk nf urmajrBuD; (j'yf)udk bk&m;ocif yxr
zefqif;Ny;D aemuf vl (pdw)f udk zefqif;onf[k qkMd u\/
ok&Yd mwGif urmajrBuD;twGuf vlonf
ta&;ygovdk j'yftwGuv
f nf; pdwo
f nf ta&;yg\/
wpfenf;qkad omf vlEiS hf ol\ jyifyurmwko
Yd nf tquf
toG,f &SMd uonf/
taMumif;rSm tu,f vlr&Scd v
hJ Qif ]ol} ESihf
oufqkdifaom urmonfvnf; r&SdEdkifacs/ xkdYtjyif
tu,f pdwrf &Scd v
hJ Qif MI unfph &m j'yfonfvnf; r&Sd
Ekdifacs;}}
tcsufudk odyHynmausmf tdkif;pwkdif;
(Einstein) u twnfjyKay;cJ\
h / pdwEf iS hf yk (f j'yf) wko
Yd nf
twlwuG jzpfay:Mu&onf/ (okrYd [kw)f vH;k 0rjzpfay:
Ekid Mf u[k ]tkid ;f pwkid ;f } urdeq
Yf ckd o
hJ nf/

D
csi;f omraPausmf
&Siaf &m[dwmvuFm&
&Sifa&m[dwmvuFm&onf &cdkifjynfe,f? awmif
ukwNf rdKUe,f? wm&Jaus;&Gmae crnf;awmf OD;pHat;?
r,fawmf (a':cspfv)S a':atmifjr0if;wk\
Yd om;orD;
&wem (4) OD;teuf 1358-ckEpS ?f oDwif;uRwfvjynfh
Ak'[l;aeYwGif zGm;jrifaom 'kwd,ajrmufom;&wem
armif&efEkdifpdk;jzpfonf/
armif&efEidk pf ;kd toufq,fEpS t
f &G,f 1368-ck? 0gqdk
vjynfah eYwiG f &cdik jf ynfe,f? awmifuw
k Nf rKd U? uHyikd rf [m
0d[m&ausmif;wku
d q
f &mawmf r[max&fjrwfukd OyZm,f
jyK crnf;awmf? r,fawmfw\
Ydk yp,mEk*[
udk cH,l
um jrihjf rwfaom omraPtjzpfoYdk a&muf&cdS yhJ gonf/
&Siaf &m[dwonf awmifuw
k Nf rKd U? uHyikd rf [m0d[m&
ausmif;wku
d f y"meem,uq&mawmf b'EEmpm&
(omoe"Zrmp&d,? 'DCedum,ygVdyg&*l? Obawm0db*F
taMumif;aMumifh pdwfonf kyfrS wpfpwpfp

ajymif;vJwdk;wufvmonf[k IjrifMuaom 'etjrif


rsm;tm;vH;k onf rSm;,Gi;f aMumif; xif&mS ;ygonf/
taMumif;rSm qufo,
G rf I oDt&kd D (Theorey of
Relativity) u pdwfESifh kyfwkdY wpfNydKifeuf jzpfay:
MuaMumif;udk tvGeaf ocsm jywfom;pGm oufao jyxm;
aomaMumifjh zpfonf/
(t&SEd iS hf trSeu
f kd olt
Y wkid ;f odjrifjcif;[m ynm
ygyJ/ t&Su
d kd odvQif trSeu
f kd odawmhwmygbJ/ 'gudk
]orm'd|}d vkYd ac:wmygyJ/)
ud k ; um; 1/ t&Siaf um0d' (a,m) \ Ak'\
Ak'0 g'/ 2/
q&mOD;ausmx
f #G \
f rOLou y#dporkyg'f/ 3/ r[mpnf
q&mawmf bk&m;BuD; ajzMum;awmf rlaom b0jyem
4/ a'gufwmrif;wifreG f bmomjyefqo
dk nfh odyH e,fveG f
aiG
a|; ([oFmw)
Ak'b
mom/
42

"&) ESihf uHyikd rf [m0d[m&ausmif;wku


d f pmcsq&mawmf
rsm; awmifuw
k Nf rdKU udik ;f &Sn&f yfuu
G ?f tmvdE0d[m&
ausmif;wku
d q
f &mawmf b'E0o
d w
k wkx
Y d H y&d,wdtajccH
usrf;pmayrsm;udk oifMum;cJyh gonf/
awmifukwfNrdKU y&d,wdomoeAsL[m Oypm
rlvwef;udk ajzqdak tmifjrifNyD;aemuf omraP (3)
0gajrmuf 1371-ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek w
f idk ;f a'oBu;D ? a&Tjynf
omNrKd U? &wemyef;uH;k ausmif;wku
d f q&mawmf b'EmPd
u (omoe"Zrmp&d,? 0de,0d'?l ygVdyg&*l) pmcsq&m
awmfrsm;jzpfMuaom t&Sicf armo"? t&Siaf ombe?
t&Si0f Zd ,mvuFm&wdx
Yk H vnf;aumif;? yJc;l NrKd U? csr;f ajrh
aZ,sm omraPausmf wuodv
k q
f &mawmf b'EOuH
omvuFm&ESihf pmcsq&mawmfrsm;jzpfMuaom t&Sif
od&Ed (omoe"Z"rmp&d,) &Sirf medwmvuFm&? t&Sif
okZmwmvuFm&wkx
Yd w
H iG f y&d,wdpmayrsm; qnf;yl;
oifMum;cJyh gonf/
&Siaf &m[dwmvuFm&onf1371-ckEpS w
f iG f tpd;k &
yxrjyef pmar;yGJ? yxri,f wef;udk (ygVdbmom)
jzifhvnf;aumif;? 1372-ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKU r*Fvm
AsL[m omraPausmf pmar;yGJ yxrtqifu
h kd vnf;
aumif;? 1373-ckESpf tpdk;& yxrjyef pmar;yGJ
yxrvwfwef;udk (ygVdbmom) jzihfvnf;aumif;?
rEav;NrdKU? omraPausmfpmar;yGJ yxrtqifhudk
vnf;aumif;? yJc;l NrKd UomraPausmf pmar;yGyJ xrtqifh
ukd vnf;aumif;? oxHNk rdKU omraPausmf pmar;yGu
J kd
yxrtqifu
h v
kd nf;aumif;? armfvNrKd ifuRe;f NrKd Ue,f? om
raPausmf pmar;yGJ yxrtqifh ("ry') *kPx
f ;l jzifh
vnf;aumif;? 1374-ckEpS w
f iG f rEav;NrKd U omraPausmf
pmar;yGJ 'kw,
d tqifu
h v
kd nf;aumif;? &efuek Nf rKd U r*Fvm
AsL[m omraPausmf pmar;yGJ 'kw,
d tqifu
h kd vnf;
aumif;? armfvNrKd if uRe;f NrKd U omraPausmf pmar; yGJ
'kw,
d tqihu
f v
dk nf;aumif;? 1375-ckEpS w
f iG f yJc;l NrdKU
omraPausmf pmar;yGJ 'kw,
d tqifu
h v
kd nf;aumif;?
oxHkNrdKUe,f omraPausmfpmar;yGJ 'kwd,tqifh
udkvnf;aumif;? rEav;NrdKU y&d,wdomoe[d
omraPausmf pmar;yGw
J wd,tqifu
h v
kd nf;aumif;?
atmifjrifawmfro
l jzifh rEav;NrKd U y&d,wd omoe[dw
toif;BuD;rS csD;jrifah om omoevuFm& (omraP
ausmf) bGUJ xl;udk vufc&H &Sd awmfrcl yhJ gonf/
*kPfjyKcH&Sifa&m[dwmvuFm& xl;jcm;jzpfpOfrSm
&Sio
f mraPrsm;om ajzqdck iG &hf o
dS nfh rEav;NrKd U y&d,wd
omoe[dwtoif;BuD;rS usi;f yjyKvkyaf om omoem

s mf
u
a
z d k;

arwm&Sif (a&Tjynfom) okdY


ay;pmwpfapmif
q&mawmfu
h kd wynfah wmf OD;pGm MunfnKd av;pm;pGm
jzifh &Scd ;kd uefawmhtyfygw,f/ wynfah wmf\ emrnfrmS
zd;k ausmjf zpfygw,f/ toufrmS ,ck(6)vydik ;f ? (15) &uf
wGif (22) ESPjf ynfo
h mG ;NyD jzpfygw,fb&k m;/ wynfah wmf
onf vli,fjzpfonfu wpfaMumif;? q&mawmfrsm;ESihf
&if;&if;ES;D ES;D pum;rajymzl;onfu wpfaMumif;? wynfh
awmf&UJ pmrSm trSm;rsm; ygoGm;vQif pmeJyY J awmif;yef
uefawmhtyfygonfb&k m;/
,ck'pD mrSm wynfah wmf&UJ b0taMumif;rsm;udk
t&ifajymjycsifygw,fbk&m;/ wynfhawmf&JU b0rSm
t&ifb0&JU 0#fa<u;rsm; tvGerf sm;jym;vSygw,fb&k m;/
wpfcrk S taumif;r&Syd gbl;/ wynfah wmf&UJ tem*wfrmS
,cifu bmrS raocsmra&&mygbl;/ wynfah wmf\ zcifrmS
,cifu taumufceG t
f &m&Sd wpfO;D jzpfygw,f/ wynfah wmf
(7) wef ; t&G , f w G i f tazrS m txuf v l B uD ;
taMumif;udpESihf ywfoufNy;D &mxl;jyKwfum axmifus
cJyh gw,f/ tJ'h t
D csed u
f wnf;u wynfah wmfw&Ydk UJ rdom;pk
tajctaerSm aqmufwnf&mr& ysuo
f Ok ;f oGm;cJyh gw,f
bk&m;/ wynfah wmf\ tarrSmvnf; bmrS rvkyw
f wfchJ

vuFm& (omraPausmf) yxrtqifh?


'kw,
d tqif?h wwd,tqif?h oH;k qifv
h ;kH udk 1373-7475 wdYk ESprf jcm;bJ atmifjrifawmf rlonft
h jyif rEav;
NrKd U y&d,wd omoe[dwtoif;BuD;\ wnf axmifEpS f
1260-ckEpS rf S 1375-ckEpS w
f idk af tmif 115 (wpf&mwpf
q,fih g;ESp)f twGi;f &ckikd jf ynfe,f? awmifuw
k Nf rdKUe,frS
yxrOD;pGm (omraPausmf) bGUJ xl;udk &&Sad wmf rlaom
&Sio
f mraPwpfyg; jzpfygonf/

43

yg/ rdom;pk wpfckvHk; tazh&JU vkyfpmudk xkdifpm;aecJh


onft
h wGuf taztJ'h v
D kd jzpfomG ;onft
h csed w
f iG f tar
onf ukefpHkqdkifav; wpfqdkif vIdifaps;wGif zGifhum
wynfah wmf\ trtBuD;qH;k qdik x
f idk u
f m rdom;pk pm;
0wfaea&;udk kef;uefcJh&ygonf/
wynfhawmf (10)wef;yxrESpfratmifcJhyg/ tJh'D
tcsed w
f ek ;f u wynfah wmf qd;k oGr;f cJyh gonf/ (10)wef;
'kw,
d ESpaf jzonft
h csdew
f iG v
f nf; wynfah wmfratmif
jrifcyhJ g/ 'kw,
d ESpaf jzNy;D ratmifonfah emuf wynfah wmf
\ a,mufzuvnf; qufausmif;rxm;ay;awmhyg/
wynfah wmfvnf; tJ'h t
D csed u
f wnf;u ayawaw vGihf
cJyh gw,fb&k m;/ taygif;toif;rsm;uvnf; raumif;
cJhyg/ aeYwdkif;rl;l;&rf;um;cJhygw,f/ wynfhawmfonf
vli,f tcsdefwGif raumif;wm tukefvkyfzl;&rnf[k
qH;k jzwfcsuf rSm;wm tukeaf vQmufvyk cf yhJ gw,f/ tpfr
tBuD;qH;k ESihf vnf; &efjzpfum tvHt
k rd af y:u qif;Ny;D
vIid u
f tdrw
f iG f wpfa,mufwnf; aeum ydNk y;D qk;d oGr;f
cJw
h ,fb&k m;/ tJ'h t
D csed w
f iG f wynhaf wmfrmS bk&m;? w&m;
arhaecJyh g w,f/ &efawGvnf; jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ rl;,pfaq;
awGvnf; oH;k cJyh gw,f/ wynfah wmf t&ufrsm; t&rf;
aomufum tpmtdrf a&m*g jzpf aecsdefwGif tar
onf pd;k &drNf yD; tvHu
k tdru
f kd jyefac:cJyh gonf/
,if;aemuf taronf wynfah wmfukd uGeyf sLwm
tajccH tdrrf mS oifcikd ;f ygonf/ wynfah wmfvnf; uGeyf sL
wmudk pdwf0ifpm; oifcJh&m oifwef;NyD; q&mu
uGeyf sLwmjyifwm xyfoifygvm;[k ajym&m wynfah wmf
vnf; qufvufoifcyhJ gw,f/ wynfah wmf q&monf
wynfah wmfukd tvkyo
f if taejzifh tdrrf sm;wGif uGeyf sL
wm vkdufjyif&if; oifay;cJhygonf/ wynfhawmf (6)
v avmufMumawmh wynfah wmf q&monf ]]nDav;
wkdY tdrfrSm qdkifzGifhcsifw,f/ nDav;eJY pyfwlaygh}} [k
ajym&m wynfah wmfvnf; pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;av;udk
pdw0f ifpm;aeonfh tcsed jf zpfonfh twGuf qkid af v;zGihf
jzpfcyhJ gonf/ tvHu
k tdro
f nf wynfah wmf\ tpfr
tdrjf zpfonfh twGuf cGiahf wmif;awmh cGijhf yKcJyh gonf/
wynfh awmf tJh'DtcsdefwGif enf;enf; wnfNidrfaeNyD
jzpfygonf/ qdik f (6) vavmuf zGiNhf y;D onfah emuf tdrrf S
taMumif; wpfckaMumifh rvkyfcdkif;awmhyg/ wynfh
awmfvnf; rvkycf sifawmhyJ qdik u
f kd jzKwfvu
dk yf gonf/
tvHu
k kd jyefa&mufonft
h csed w
f iG f wynfah wmf taygif;
toif;rsm;onf vIid af vmuf rqk;d oGr;f awmhyg/ *dr;f buf
udk wynfah wmftmHk a&mufomG ;cJyh gw,f/ qkid jf zKwfNyD;

aemuf wynfah wmf tvkyrf sm;vnf; vkycf yhJ gonf/


tvkyrf sm;wGiaf wmh wynfah wmf odyrf NryJ g/ wynhaf wmf
t&ifu taz&So
d vdk pdwrf sm;u raysmufao;yg/ xkYd
twGuf tvky&f iS f pum;ajymdik ;f vQif csucf si;f xGucf yhJ g
onf/
wpfaeYwiG f taronf NrdKUxJomG ;&if; pmtkyaf v;
wpftyk 0f ,fvmygonf/ wynfah wmf\ aumif;onft
h csuf
onf pmay pdw0f ifpm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wynfah wmf vIid f
rSm uwnf;u pmtkyrf sm;udk pmtkyq
f idk f wGif aeYwikd ;f iSm;
zwfygonf/ vdiI rf mS awmh tcspf0wKrsm;om zwfjzpfyg
onf/ ,cktar0,fvm onfh pmtkyu
f av;udk uReaf wmf
onf pdw0f ifpm; zwfMunfah wmh arwm&Sif (a&Tjynfom)
\ ]]rsuf&nfruscif odapcsif}} qdo
k nft
h wGuf ydNk yD;
pdw0f ifpm;um zwfjzpfcyhJ gonf/ ,if;pmtkyu
f av;onf
wynfah wmf\ b0twGuf tvif;a&mif uav;jzpfchJ
ygonf/ tb,f aMumifq
h adk omf wynfah wmftaz jyem
jzpfomG ;u wnf;u rdom;pk at;csr;f rI aysmufu,
G u
f m
pdwq
f if;&J rIrsm;yJ &ifqidk cf MhJ u&ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh wynfh
awmfwYdk pkrad qmif;rdwmrsm; r&Scd yhJ g/ olrsm; rdom;pkrsm;u
axmifusvnf; um;rsm;? tdrrf sm;? pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;
xlaxmifxm; odyrf qd;k &Gm;vSyg/ wynfUawmfrmS taz
ESihf ywfoufNyD; pdwcf pH m;rIrsm; i,fi,fuwnf;u &Scd hJ
ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh i,fi,fav;uwnf;u ud,
k u
hf u
kd ,
kd f
owfaocsifpdwfrsm; &SdcJhygonf/ BudK;vnf;BudK;pm;cJh
ygonf/ r,fZifu,frsm; aomufcJhovdk usL&Sifwu
kd f
tjrifhuvnf; ckefcs&ef BudK;pm;chyJ gonf/ ratmifjrif
cJyh g/ xkpd mtkyaf v;zwfNy;D wynfah wmf ud,
k f wynfah wmf
jyefjrif&ovkd cHpm;&ygonf/ ,if;tcsed rf pS wynfah wmf
\ tem*wfuykd g xnfph Of;pm;wwfcyhJ gonf/
xkaYd Mumifh wynfah wmftvkyu
f av;wpfcu
k kd tod
wpfa,mufqu
D tjref&mS vku
d yf gonf/ ,if;tvkyu
f
vnf; uGeyf sLwm pmpDvyk if ef;qdak wmh tqifajycJyh g onf/
wynfhawmftvkyfudk BudK;pm;wwfcJhygonf/ vljzpf
&onfw
h efz;kd udv
k nf; tweftoifh em;vnfoabm
aygufcJhygonf/ wpfck&SdonfrSm ,if;tvkyf&Sifonf
bmomjcm; jzpfaejcif;yifjzpfygonf/ tvkyw
f iG f wynfh
awmf wpfa,mufwnf; Ak'b
mom jzpfaeygonf/ wpfcg
wpfcgwGif Ak'bmomudk ESdrfajymwwfygonf/ wynfh
awmf onf;cHcyhJ gonf/ ,if;tvkyw
f iG f ynmudk wynfh
awmf &atmif,yl gonf/ pmpDomru rdwLtvky?f "gwf
yHkjyiftvkyfudkyg wGJvkyfcJhygonf/ xkdtvkyfwGif (8)
vausmo
f nft
h csed rf sm vIid u
f tdru
f av;udk wynfah wmf
44

todwpfa,mufudk ajym a&mif;cJhygonf/ xkdtcsdef


wGif tvkyrf S xGuu
f m ,if;tdru
f av;a&mif;&onfh
ydu
k q
f jH zifh wynfah wmf uGeyf sLwm oifwef;rsm; quf
vuf wufa&mufum tvHt
k rd w
f iG yf J pmpDpmdu
k f qkid f
uav; zGijhfzpfcyhJ gonf/ xkt
d csed w
f iG f tazonf tif;pdef
axmifrS xGufvmNyDjzpfygonf/ xkdqkdifrzGifhcif wGif
wynfhawmfonf arwm&Sif pmtkyfuav;rsm;ukd
wG,w
f maerdNyjD zpfygonf/ pmtkyu
f av;rsm;udk ydu
k q
f H
uav;pkNyD; xGuo
f rQ 0,fxm;um nwdik ;f rtdycf if
zwfjzpfaecJyh gonf/ t&Sif bk&m;&UJ pmta&;tom;rsm;
ESihf t&Sib
f &k m;&JU A[kow
k rsm;udk wynfah wmftvGef
BudKufEpS o
f ufcyhJ gonf/ wynfh awmf\ b0wGif t&Sif
bk&m;onf yxrqH;k ud;k uG,&f m? av;pm;&m oHCm
wpfyg; jzpfcyhJ gonf/ pmtkyrf sm; tawmf zwfcNhJ y;D aemuf
wynfhawmf awmfawmf&ifhusufcJhygonf/ vlBuD;wpf
a,muf jzpfomG ;cJyh gonf/ qd;k oGr;f csipf w
d rf sm; r&Sad wmhyg/
t&ifu olrsm;udk dkufESufcJhonfudkvnf; tvGef
aemifw&cJyh gonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tem*wf tcsdew
f iG f vlY
wefzdk;udk od&SdpGm aexkdifawmhrnf[k qHk;jzwfcsufcscJh
ygonf/
qkid af v;zGiNhf yD;onft
h csdew
f iG f tazonf qdik w
f iG f
0dik ;f ulvyk af y;cJyh gonf/ tazaxmifu xGuv
f mNy;D onfh
tcsdew
f Gif wynfah wmfwkdY rdom;pkav;onf jyefvnf
pdak jyoa,mif &Sv
d mygonf/ tpfrtBu;D qH;k a,muFsm;u
vnf; &Gmrbkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif acgifrdk; ppfaq;&if;
jyKwfusum aoqH;k oGm;cJyh gonf/
rnfoyYdk ifqakd p wynfah wmfonf tdrw
f iG f t&ifvkd
rqd;k ayawmhbJ jyemrsm;udk oD;cHum ud,
k yf ikd f vkyif ef;
av;jzifh rdom;pkukd &SmauR;Ekid Nf yD; tqifajycJyh gonf/
wynfah wmf,ckvkd pdwx
f m;rSerf eS u
f efuefjzifh rdom;pkukd
vkyaf uR;Ekid o
f nfrmS t&Sib
f &k m;\ aus;Zl;rsm; tvGef
yg0ifcyhJ gonf/ t&Sib
f &k m;\ pmtkyaf v;rsm;onf wynfh
awmf\ b0udk vrf;rSeaf &mufatmif wnfrh wfay;Ekid cf hJ
ygonf/ ,ckqv
kd Qif wynfah wmfonf bk&m;? w&m;?
oHCm akd oudik ;f idI ;f wJh vlwpfa,muf jzpfcyhJ gNy/D q&m
awmf ajymonfh rddk;zvm Ak'bmomr[kwfawmhbJ
wu,fh Ak'b
mom jzpfcyhJ gonf/ q&mawmf\ pmtkyf
uav;rsm;onf bmoma&;wGif omru vlaY bmif
avmuwGiyf g tvGet
f oH;k 0ifygonf/ wynfah wmfwYdk
vli,frsm; twGuv
f nf; tvGew
f efz;kd &Syd gonf/ q&m
awmf\ pmtkyu
f av;rsm;onf rzwfcif uwnf;u
zwfcsifatmif tvGefqGJaqmifrI&Sdygonf/ pmtkyf

]]oH a 0*}}

csif ; a&mif j cnf r* Z if ;

csif;a&mifjcnf
tvif;aqmifcahJ vNyD/
bmomtusK;d
omoemtusK;d
f)
vlrsKd;tusKd;
n
y
lUj
v
trsm;tusKd ; twG u f . . ?
cw
olt
Y qif;
fGe; (a
olYtcsif;eJY
Dx
Dn
n
wwfprG ;f orQeJY
tarSmifuckd iG ;f
arwmtvif;a&mifrQa0ay;rJh
wkdY csif;a&mifjcnfr*Zif;/

45

tMuifoil g? udavomc
teErxif? twcifMu
ocFg&e,fuRH wrvGerf &Sd
wk;H wdtawG;? raqG;ajrh[ef
xm0&oH[pf? wcpfcpf&,farm
rm,maESmu armvSNyD&iS /hf
tked maoa&;? Murmaw;qkd
id,
k u
kd cke?f b0bk&H
pkn
H aD jcvSr;f ? b,fpcef;vJ
qk;H cef;wnf&m? rodygjim;
qkv
H nfEmG ;vm;? prf;w0g;ESihf
&Snv
f sm;&pfacG anmif;cJNh yD&iS /fh
&Srd eS jf zpfysuf? todcufvJ
r*ifOmPf,SOf? kyfemrfjrifod
owd&rdS ?l r*fzv
kd ,
f v
l n
S hf
jzLpifpw
d w
f nf? edAmefjynfo/Ykd

te
fw
Dx
kH

emrnfuav;rsm;u vnf; olrsm;pmtkyaf wGEiS rhf wlbJ


]]rsu&f nfruscif odapcsi}f }? ]]b0ESihf &if;&aom tawG;
tjrifrsm;}}? ]]arwmjzifh pD;yGm;&Smjcif;}} pojzifh pdw0f ifpm;
p&m aumif;vSygonf/ pmtkyfzwfMunfhawmhvnf;
q&mawmf\ ta&;tom;rsm;uvnf; tcsdefukefvkdY
ukerf eS ;f rodatmif zwfvYdk aumif;vSygonf/ wynfah wmf
onf t&Sib
f &k m; pmtkyrf sm;udk wpftyk zf wfNyD; (2) v?
(3)v MumvQif jyefzwf wwfygonf/ tb,faMumifh
qdkaomf t"du tcsufrsm;udk arhoGm;rnfpdk; jzpfyg
onf/ wynfhawmfonf ,ckqdk olrsm;tjypfudkrIbJ
rdrt
d jypfom twwfEidk q
f ;kH w
I wf aeygonf/ qkid t
f vkyf
vkyo
f nfh tcsdew
f iG v
f nf; arwm? apwemtjynfjh zifh
0efaqmifrI ay;wwfaeygNyD/ xkt
Yd wGuf t&Sib
f &k m;udk
twkid ;f rod aus;Zl;wif&ydS gonf/
t&Sib
f &k m;\ aus;Zl;w&m;rsm;udk wynfah wmf pm
jzifh &Scd ;kd uefawmhvu
dk yf gonf/ wynfah wmf\ pmwGiv
f nf;
trSm;ygvQif xyfrH awmif;yefuefawmh tyfygonf
bk&m;/
wynfah wmfuo
hJ Ydk Ak'b
mom vli,frsm;vnf; t&Sif
bk&m; pmtkyrf sm;udk zwf&if; todOmPf&um rdrb
d 0?
rdr&d nfreS ;f csurf sm;udk rSeu
f efpmG avQmufvrS ;f Edik yf gap[k
wynfah wmf qkawmif;ay;ygw,fb&k m;/ t&Sib
f &k m;
vnf; pmtkyrf sm;udk ,cifxuf ydNk y;D a&;Edik ?f xkwEf idk yf g
ap[k xyfrq
H ak wmif;ay;ygonf/
(pmudk 15-6-2014) aeYpjJG zifh a&;om;onf/
tpOfav;pm;MunfnKd vsuf q&mawmf\ pmzwfy&dwo
f wf
zd k ; ausmf

]tod e J Y t d r f }
tk;d tdro
f mr&Su
d
twdusr&Sad y? [kad e'Dae/
ajcwpfv;Hk tdrw
f idk af v? jzpfay&JUav;/
tE&m,ftvGeu
f m;
rsm;vSw,fav;/
owduif;olrmS u
wlygvSrvGyJ g? tk;d tdrrf o
hJ m/
awavpdwo
f mG ;csif&m? oGm;yg&JUav;/
tE&m,fwu,fum;
rsm;vSw,fav;/
tdrrf &So
d o
l mMunfh
vlrmS &Sd *kPo
f u
d m ? olrY mS Avm/
owdet
YJ rd o
f m? &dyS guav;/
J)
*kPo
f u
d m uk,
d t
f jynfh
iz
(
h
f
&Sw
d ,fuUJG av;/
i
w
;
f
e
owdoma&SUuoGm;
o
;
f
i
aemufyg;u odOmPfrmS
v
p
tNrJvu
dk yf g/
vlomG ;&m? &dyyf gokaYd v;/
owd&OdS mPf,OS yf g
rSejf rifvmw&m;av;eJY
at;&w,fav;/

a&Tbkef;jynfh twdwfaqmif
(eabxyf pmaxmifh &Spfq,fay:aw;xyf)
aewpfEeI ;f wpf(jynf)ajyvk;H ax&fbek ;f xnfh
a&Tbek ;f jynfh twdwaf qmif
odru
f ek ;f \ xdyaf cgifrmS
t&dyt
f a&mif a&TawGvrT ;f / /
&Gmom; &Gmem; &Gmbk&m;apwD
&Gmom;yDyD pnf;vk;H nDvx
Ydk rf;/ /
qk;H jzwfo;Hk oyf uke;f ywfwnf
k)
vk;H &yfapwD us,fygonfq
h ef;/ /
p( u
bke;f jyo'fxnf onfeef;u
Gef;
x
f
pHjref;onfh jrwfA'k m /
Zi
wufae xufacG usuo
f a&ESihf
rsufa&TyiG hf wihv
f aS ypGm/ /
a&Ttwd aiGtjynfh ajrtxdvQHjzm
a<urnfh cEm xGucf mG roGm;vdYk
oufwpf&mrsm; &Snyf gaomf/ /
ouFef; qifjref; jrifprf;csifygoaemf
ta&mifvif; ajymif0if; tqif;a&mifjcnfawmf
a&Ttqif;apwD ajrmfz;l csif&UJ av;/ /
xD;jrwf qnf;uyf BuD;MuyfaumfrwD
NyD;jywfatmifpnf xGef;onfxifhav; . .
pmEk o'gxk jrefrmrIuq
kd if
pmukpmqk&d iS f ZifxeG ;f wJah v;/ /
(a&Tbek ;f omapwDawmfjrwfBuD; a&Tx;D awmfwifvLS yGEJ iS hf
a&TouFe;f uyfvLS yGJ atmifjrifjcif; txdr;f trSw)f
]]wpf o uf w mb0
wpf & uf o mcP}}

(av;csKd;uAsm)
raeom ao&GmroGm;cifcP
a'oem azG&mS rMum;vQifv
aewmtvum;omrkYd vlw&Ydk mG / /
]]b0wm}}
cPom&ufwpf&ufvb
dk J
reufNyD; rGe;f wnfch &D;aysmufq;Hk um
aemufq;Hk rMum ae0ifrmS rdYk
raocif taojyifMuygawmh
rayghMuygESifh uREkyf w
f o
Ykd yl g/ /
]] tcsdeyf idk ;f }}
csdeEf idI ;f um rawGMuESifh

eG f;
fi x
Z

46

A
bk&m;rSm qkHMurnf]csif;} bk&m;(9)VmeD
urmat; ra0;ygonf
]csif;} vlrsKd;rsm;wnf;/
awmifwef;qD xnf0gonfh bk&m;/
atmufajc&m taemufem;u
armifEiS rhf ,f ta&mufomG ;vkYd
zl;Mupkv
Yd m;/
Ak'o
moemhEiS fh ygvu tzGUJ rnff
]csif;} "ra&mifjcnf/
rGr;f rHvYkd tjznfw
h nf oy,fonfb
h &k m;/
xm;cifcif um;,Ofp;D ygvdYk
armifaemfac: awmifay:c&D;odYk
k)
eD;orko
Yd mG ;/ /
p( u
apwDav; b,foiYkd ,f
Gef;
fi x
atmifajre0 (9) |me,f/
Z
OD;Ak'd ud;k uG,rf sKd;EG,b
f &k m;/
]csif;} ]Arm} ]om;}&if;rsm;wkYd
]csif;} omoemjyefv
Y iG fh yGm;atmif
opmawG wkid w
f nfxm;/ /
bk&m;rSm qkpH v
Ydk m;/ /
ao&rSm rkcsrvGyJ gbl;
'k u e nf ; onf h 0d y em
odrw
S yf gawmh jrwfw&m;/ /

]]taorOD;cif}}
OmPfO;D atmif toifjh yifvYdk
tm;xkwv
f Qif b0odr;f vdrhf
at;Nidr;f rnfh edAmefpcef;odYk
k)
u
vrf;jyxm;onfh Ak'\
tqk;H trrsm;/ /
(p
igonf rkcsao&rnf
tcsdeyf ifdk ;f om vkad wmhonf
taorOD;cif OmPfOD;atmif tm;xkwfyg
awmhrnf/ (rd;k ukwq
f &mawmfb&k m;Bu;D tm; uAsmjzihf
ylaZmfygonf/)

awmif ; qk
jyKjyKorQ
ukov\ tbkb
Yd m*ud?k
awmif;qk,v
l /dk
oHo&mudk r&Snaf pvkd
wkad pbkYd vkv
d m;/
cEmrS OmPfa&muf
igaysmufapom;/ /

dK
Ofn
k,
o

(1-8-14)

csif ; ppf u rif ; jzpf N rJ

]b0qk d w J h a usmif ; }
vljzpfkHtjzpfrsKd;
vljzpfusKd;reyfyg
avmuvl&Y mG /
jrifjh rwfwv
hJ o
l m? jzpfyguav;/
vljzpfusKd;wu,feyf
rSwyf guGUJ av;/
b0rSm awmfwwfq;Hk eJY
tjrwfq;Hk vlom;om
jzpfatmifvyYdk g/
b0qkw
d ahJ usmif;om? aeyg&av;/
J)
awGUBuKH&m[lorQ
iz
(
h
f
oif,&l av;/
i
w
;
f
av;eufwo
hJ Od mPfu
e
o
;
f
i
b0rS tpOfom
v
p
&&SdEkdifyg/
owdyXmefom usifyh g&av;/
cEmpdwo
f bm0 od&w,fav;/
cEm? pdwo
f bm0
owdupOfuyfcg
tNrJae&m/
jrihjf rwfwphJ w
d x
f m;om? &yg&JUav;/
rSeu
f efwo
hJ Od mPfom? &yg&JUav;/
vljzpfusKd;wu,feyf
jrwfw,fuUJG av;/

C
47

tbk;d tbGm; taztarwdYk


csif;pum; az:az:a&Ga&GeJY
kd;om;MuygayordkY
uRefawmf[mav csif;trsKd;om;/
arG;NyD;vkYd odwwfpt&G,f
Munfw
h wfrS jrifygvdrrhf ,f
bmomESp&f yf wpfcgwnf; wwfvYkd
w,fjrwfwhJ ukov
dk u
f H
jyKzk&Yd ef cufcrJ nfvYkd
pdwx
f rJ mS atmufarhjyef
0rf;ajrmufayh pdwcf eG t
f m;
xm;Mupdv
Yk m;/
xyfqifv
h Ydk ukov
dk u
f H
jyKcJjh yef apwemrSeaf Mumifh
dIif
omoemwGi;f BuKHBuKduv
f m
fi;v
qkcH u
kd rf mS rkcsrvGaJ tmif
ifr
w
Ak'y J ud;k uG,&f mvkYd
todjrwfpmG bmom0if
urmwpfciG f odapjcif;uG
csif;ppfu rif;jzpfr,f/
dk;om;wJh wkdYwawG
BuKd;pm;vkYd trsKd;eJY "avhurkd xde;f u
yd;k pm;wJh oGm;ukd EIwaf wmh
tjrpfjzKwfumav oGm;NyD;
ESpzf ufem;u oGm;awGrmS
Mum;axmuf&m uif;ayNyDrYdk
,dik q
f if;um eJY vmovdrk sKd;
wkaYd cwfrmS BuKHwm rwk;d atmif
pnf;kd;axmif NcHcwfvdkY
jyefrwfMuuG,/f

tud k a rmif
(izJ )

ref;a&TpufawmfESifh csif;vlrsKd;wkdY\
orkdif;rSwfwkdfifrsm;
ref;a&Tpufawmfb&k m;onf yd#uwfawmfvm
ykaPm0g'okwefa'oemt& r[mou&mZf (124)ckEpS ?f
0gwGi;f umv Ak'b
&k m;&Sif 0gawmf (21) 0gajrmufwiG f
aemufyg&[Em(499) yg;jzifh rZdr wkid ;f ? om0wdjynf
aZw0efausmif;awmfrS okemy&Ewkdif; 0gPdZ*gr&GmodkY
r[mykP&[EmESif h plVykPol<u,fw\
Y d k yifah vQmufcsuf
t& pEul;eHo
Y mausmif;awmfBuD; tvSLcH&ef <ujref;
&mrStjyef ref;acsmif;er'g jrwfurf;ab; er'ge*g;rif;
awmif;yefojzihf er'gjrpfurf;ab;wGif ajcawmf&mwpfql
udv
k nf;aumif; ref;acsmif;wpfzufurf; rukvawmif(ac:)
ref;awmifay: opAErq
k ;d k wpfjzpfvnf; opAE rax&f
jrwfrS udk;uG,fylaZmf&ef awmif;yefojzihf ajcawmf&m
wpfqu
l v
kd nf;aumif; csxm;awmfrcl yhJ gonf/
er'ge*g;rif;awmif;yefonfh ajcawmf&mudk
atmufpufawmf&m[kac:NyD; opAE awmif;yefonfh
ajcawmf&m udk txufpufawmf[
f ak c:ygonf/
ref;pufawmf&monf rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;?
rif;bl;ckdif? rif;bl;(puk) NrKdUe,ftwGif; wnf&SdNyDF;
izJNrKdUESifh (6) rdkifcefYuGma0;ygonf/ jrefrmEkdfifiHwpf0Srf;
bk&m;yGaJ wmfrsm;teuf &uf&n
S t
f Mumqk;H cif;usi;f onfh
yGaJ wmfrsm;wGif wpfct
k ygt0if jzpfygonf/ ESppf Off wydw
Yk JG
vqef; (5)&ufrS jrefrmESpq
f ef; (1) &ufaeYtxd usi;f yNy;D
yGaJ wmf Mumjrifch sderf mS ESpv
f cGrJ S ok;H v txd&ydS g onf/
yg'ajcawmf&meSpfqludk &[ef;&Sifjynfolrsm;rS
acwftqufquf ESpfumvrsm;ajrmifpGm udk;uG,f
vmMuNyD; vlrsKd;aygif;pkH tvTmaygif;pkrH S ] yg0ifpyf,u
S f
ywfoufpx
JG if} use&f pfcahJ om orkifd ;f rSww
f rf; Zmwfvrf;
rsm;pGm&Sd cJyh gonf/

48

4if;wkdYteuf csif;vlrsKd;wkdY ref;pufawmfwGif


vnf; u@rsm;pGm yg0ifcJhjyefygonf/ at;apwD
urmat; csif;bk&m;? Zif>yef;wefY awmfru
l Ref;vkH;
kyfyGm;awmf *kPmacgif;avmif;BuD;ESihf armif0P
r,fyl cspo
f pl w
Hk JG ponfh orkid ;f Zmwfpw
Hk o
Ykd nf csi;f vlrsK;d
wk\
Yd Ak'u
;kd uG,rf I jy,k*w
f yYdk if jzpfayawmhon
f /
xkdYaMumihf csif;vlrsKd; csif;wkdfif;&if;om;wkdY\
csif;bk&m;taMumif; OD;pGm wifjytyfygonf/
at;apwD u r m at;csif ; bk & m;
ref;a&Tpufawmf atmufajcawmf&m\ taemuf
,Ge;f ,Ge;f (2) zmvkt
H uGm pdr;f nKda&mifvrT ;f awmwef;
tvSEiS fh yPm&onfh csif;bk&m;wnf&ydS gonf/
anmif&rf;rif;w&m;vufxyf csif;wkdif;&if;
om;rsm;onf ref;pufawmf&mbk&m;BuD;udk vGefpGm
wefb;kd xm; MunfnKdMuNyD; bk&m;BuD; reD;ra0;wGif
&Gmwnfum Ak'a 0,sm0pt00udk wwftm;orQ pGr;f
aqmif yg0ifcMhJ uygonf/
&Gmol&mG om;rsm;onf aomufo;Hk a&udk ref;
acsmif;rS cyf,o
l ;Hk pGMJ u&onf/ a&cyfonft
h cg tcguf
wkid ;f ausmufp&pf? oJ ponfwu
Y d k k d rysurf uGuf o,f,l
vQuf ,ckapwDwnf&&dS mae&modYk pkycHk sxm;avh &SMd u
onf/ xkdrSwqifh mPfawmf(5)awmif cefY&Sdaom
apwDwpfqu
l kd wnfxm;um at;apwDurmat; csi;f
bk&m;[k ac:a0: orkwcf MhJ uonf/ &Gmuav; trnf
udv
k nf; at;apwD&mG [k rSnMhf uonf/
at;apwDcsi;f &GmrS &Gmol&mG om;rsm;onf ab;
tE&m,f tcuftcJ'u
k B uKH&rI? vkt
d ifqEjynf0h aprI
pD;yGm; vmbfvmv jzpfxGef;apvkdrIwYu
dk kd csif;bk&m;
qkawmif;vQuf arwmydo
Yk Ny;D atmifjrifjcif;rsm; &,lum
atmifajr[k vnf; ouf0if,MHk unfMuonf/
xkdYtjyif ref;a&Tpufawmf\ atmifajrudk;
csufwGifvnf; wpfct
k yg jzpfonf/ 4if;wkYrd Sm (1)
atmufajc awmf&m apwD? (2) uvsm PDord af pwD?
(3) csi;f bk&m;apwD? (4) txufpufawmf&m (rlvyxr)
ajcawmf&myGm;apwD? (5) ajcawmf&m'kwd,yGm;apwD?
(6) op'DyuapwD? (7) rkqkd;awmifapwD? (8)
jrm;usapwD? (9) ESpu
f sdy&f pS q
f l apwD wkjYd zpfonf/
at;apwDcsi;f bk&m;udk omoemawmfou&mZf
2500 jynfEh pS ?f aumZmou&mZf 1318- ckEpS w
f iG f
q&mawmf OD;Ak'rd S csif;wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;udk pnf;;Hk um
rlvmPfawmf tjrifh (5)awmifom &Sad om apwDawmf
tm; mPfawmf (18) awmifjrifNh yD; jyefvnfrrG ;f rH
wnfxm;cJyh gonf/

apwDawmf\ ukov
dk &f iS rf sm;tjzpf izJ? apwkw
&m? avmif;&Sn?f aqm? uefyufvufNrKdUrsm;rS csi;f wkid ;f &if;
om;rsm; yg0ifvLS 'gef; aumif;rIjyKcJMh uonf/ q&mawmf
OD;Ak'\
oDv orm"d ynm arwm bm0em apwemwk\
Yd
pGr;f yum;? csif;wkifd ;f &if;om;rsm;ESihf Edikf if t
H 0Sr;f rS jynfol
taygif;wk\
Yd o'gMunfjzL ay;vSLrIaMumihf t&HapwD
(28)qltjyif rkc0f (4)ck twGi;f y&0kPrf ck f (4)ck? bk&m;
wefaqmif; wpfcu
k kd csUJ xGirf rG ;f rH wnfaqmufEifdk cf yhJ gonf/
a&S;a[mif;bk&m;jzpfonft
h m;avsmfpmG Xmyem
awmf rk;d BudK;oGm;tppf(7)vuf? ausmufr;dk BuKd;oGm;?
aMu;rd;k BuKd; oGm;? csi;f tok;H taqmifypnf;rsm;? a&Txnf?
aiGxnf? em;awmif;? em;uGi;f ? em;buf? vufaumuf
tp&So
d nfwYdk xnfo
h iG ;f Xmyem vSL'gef;cJMh uygavonf/
csif;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh ukodkvf&Sifyg&rD&SifwdkY
jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f rIaMumifh wifw
h ,fpmG oym,fvQuf &S&d mrS
aemufyidk ;f wGif txD;usefarS;rSecf &hJ onf/ at;apwDcsif;
&Gmuav;rSmvnf; c&pfou&mZf 1962-ck? jrefrmou
&mZf 1324- ckESpftxd tdrfaxmifpk (30)cefY&Sd&m
vk;H 0ajymif;a&TUoGm;onft
h wGuf tvSr;f uGmvSonfh apwD
awmfrmS xde;f odr;f olrhJ csKEH ,
G yf w
d af ygif;ESihf zI ,
G f raumif;
jzpfc\
hJ / apwDawmf\ uk,
d x
f nfyidk ;f onfvnf; tuf
aMumif;rsm;pGm xyfvQuf NyKddusysufpD;vktajctae?
t&HapwD (28)qlEiS fh yEufcrHk sm;rSmvnf; NyKdusrnfq
h q
J J
&Sad ecJyh gonf/
,cktcg jrefrmEkid if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m csi;f Ak'o
moe
ygvutzGJUrS BuD;rSL; csif;bk&m;teD; ,m,D"rmkH
aqmufvyk u
f m 1375-ck? uqkev
f qkw?f (1)&ufaeYrpS
csi;f bk&m;jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f a&;udk aqmif&u
G v
f su&f ydS gonf/
wpfacwfwpfcgu csif;wkdYomoem? csif;wkY\
d
Ak'b
mom0ifrrYI w
S w
f ikd f tjzpf jrefrmEdifk if \
H txifu&
wefc;kd BuD;bk&m;wpfqjl zpfaom ref;a&Tpufawmfb&k m;wGif
at;apwDcsi;f bk&m;udk urnf;pku
d x
f El ik f d cf Mh Juonf/ bk;d bGm;
bDbif tpOftquf Ak'udk;uG,frIY ordkif;oufa
oom"uyif jzpfayonf/
wef Y a wmf r l Zif > yef ; k y f y G m ;awmf
ref;a&Tpufawmf txufpufawmf&mawmifajc
A[kt
d vSLcHXmerkcfO;D rS avScg;wpf(319) xpfjzihf vSr;f
wuf vQuf&aohBuD; OD;cEo
D moem jyKcJah om oHwef
aqmif;(3)oG,fESihf &[Em(3)yg; kyfxkyg wefYawmfrl
Zif>yef;bk&m;BuD;udk csi;f wkYd aumif;rIuo
k v
dk t
f jzpf zl;ajrmf
MunfnKd&ygonf/
omoemawmf ou&mZf 2493-ck? aumZm
49

ou&mZf 1311-ckEpS f 0ef;usif izJNrKd Ue,f? Zif>yef;aus;&Gm


wGif &GmvlBuD; OD;apmqko
d l &Scd o
hJ nf/ OD;apmonf
MoZmwdur&SNd yD; Zif>yef;&GmESihf teD;w0du
k &f mG rsm;udyk g
pDru
H yG u
f J tkycf sKyf&onf/ ig;vSu
H idk f &GmvlBu;D OD;apm[l
vnf; xif&mS ;cJo
h nf/ txufatmuf ajyjypfpmG qufqH
wwfNy;D Ak'o
moem tvGe,
f MkH unf ouf0ifaom tId
csif;wkdif;&if;om;BuD; jzpfonf/
wpfaeYo &GmvlBuD; OD;apmonf ref;a&Tpuf
awmf bk&m;BuD;odkY kyfxkBuD; wpfqlxGif;xk ylaZmfvkd
onfph w
d f qEjyif;jypGmjzpfay:avonf/ xkq
d ErSyif
tdyrf uftjzpf ajymif;vJjzpfay:um 4if;aexkid &f m Zif>yef;
aus;&Gm teD;wGif ref;a&Tpufawmfb&k m;BuD; twGuf
xGi;f xkyal Zmf&ef vkaH vmufonfh yrmP&Sad om uReyf if
BuD; trSew
f u,f&o
dS nf[k jrifrufavonf/
xkdaMumifh eHeufrkdf;aomufonfESifh Zif>yef;
&Gmol&mG om;rsm;udk qifah c:um 4if;\ pdwq
f ErSwpfqifh
tdyrf uf jzpfay:yku
H kd tus,fw0ifh &Si;f jy wkifd yf ifaqG;
aEG;cJhonf/ rdrdonf ref;pufawmf&m bk&m;BuD;udk
yk x
f x
k iG ;f ylaZmfvo
dk nfrmS MumNyjD zpfaMumif;? odaYk omfrnf
olwpfO;D wpfa,mufrQ zGi[
hf wkid yf ifjcif; r&Scd yhJ gaMumif;
tdyfruftjzpfrufonfudkyif pGJvrf; jzpfonf[k
,lqrdygaMumif;? ,refaeYu rdrrd ufonfh tdyrf ufonf
wdusaocsmvGef;onft
h wGuf orma'0 ewfaumif;
ewfjrwfrsm;u ay;onfh tdyrf uf[k xifjrifNy;D &Gmol&mG
om;rsm;taejzifh bk&m;xk&ef uRef;yif BuD;udk
ul n D & S m ay; Muapvd k y gaMumif ; rMumrD a wG U &S S d
ylaZmfEifdk rf nfuv
kd nf; rdr,
d MHk unfryd gaMumif; ajymjywkid yf if
arwm&yfcaH vonf/
xkad Mumifh Zif>yef;&Gmol&mG om;rsm;onf awmxJ
od0Yk ifum xrif;xkyu
f ,
kd pf jD zifh omoemawmfBu;D t&Snf
wnfwEH id k af pa&; BuKd;yrf;vQuf tm;wufoa&m ,HMk unf
rI tjynfhjzifh wefYawmfrl kyfyGm;awmfBuD; xGif;xk&ef
uRef;yifBuD;udk &SmazGMuavonf/
Zif>yef;&Gmol&Gmom;rsm;xJrS armifrIdtrnf&Sd
csif;wkdif;&if;om;av;u Zif>yef;&GmteD; *kwf0&Gm\
ajrmufbuf wHcGefwkdifacsmif; acsmuftwGif;rS ,ck
ref;pufawmf&mwGif ud;k uG,yf al ZmfvQu&f ad S om wefaY wmfrl
yk yf mG ;awmfBuD; jzpfvmrnfh uRe;f yif? opfyg;ysO;f BuD;tm;
awGU&Scd hJ avonf/ tvk;H pkaH om ykyH ef;o@mefrmS jrwfpmG
bk&m;ocif &yfwefYawmfrlae[ef&SdNyD; rsufESmawmf
OD;acgif;awmfwu
Ydk ykd if yef;ykq&mrS xGi;f xk&onf [kqdk
ygonf/ uRe;f yifukd rckwv
f rJ yD if Zif>yef;&Gm ol&mG om;

rsm;ESifh &GmvlBu;D OD;apmwku


Yd bk&m;uefawmhyJG qDr;D ? yef;?
a&csr;f wdjYkzifh 0dik ;f 0ef; ylaZmfMuNy;D rlvawGU&So
d l armifru
dI yif
pwifcw
k f vScJ yhJ gonf/ tqdyk g uRe;f yifBuD;rSm BuD;rm;
xl;jcm;Ny;D pukNrKdU yef;ykq&mBu;D OD;ausmrf S mPfawmf (25)
ay tjrif&h ad S tmif xGi;f xkcyh J gonf[k ref;pufawmf&m orkid ;f
rSww
f rf;wGif a&;om;jyKpk xm;ygonf/
tpuftqufr&Sw
d pfv;Hk wnf;aom uRe;f om;kyf
yGm;awmfBuD;ukd yef;xdr;f ref;acsmif;twGi;f ajcmufb;D
wyfweG ;f vSn;f jzihf csvsuf opfazmifrsm;jzifh wifaqmif
um ref;acsmif;0J,mab;ESpzf ufaus;&Gmrsm;tm; tylaZmfcH
apNyD; tIcd sif;aus;&Gmjzpfonfh Zif>yef;&Gmol? &Gmom;rsm;
aumif;rItjzpf ordik ;f 0ifref;pufawmfb&k m;odYk ref;acsmif;
wpfavQmuf pkq
H if;um csi;f omoemrSww
f ik d f tjzpf pdu
k x
f l
Ekid cf jhJ yefygonf/
*k P macgif ; avmif ; BuD ; ES i f h csif ; r ryZ,f
ud;k cef;BuD; "rm&Hk m[kaxmift
h jyifbuf opAE
rax&fausmif;awmfae&m apwDawmfatmufwiG f aMu;
ydmcsdef ig;axmifhig;&m&Sd vl0if&aom acgif;avmif;
Bu;D &Syd gonf/ 4if;acgif;avmif;Bu;D ESihf csi;f r ryZ,fyg0if
cJrh I ZmwfaMumif;rSm csi;f vlrsK;d wkYd twdww
f rvGef b0u
yif ref;pufawmfwiG f vkyt
f m;'ge jyKcJ&h onfh jy,k*w
f pfck
tjzpf azmfxw
k f *kP,
f pl &myifjzpfygonf/
omoemawmf ou&mZf 2425-ck? aumZm
ou&mZf -1243 ckEpS w
f iG f ppfuik d ;f NrKUd ? a&TMuuf ,ufq&m
awmf oD&o
d 'r"& r[m&mZ*kb
k v
d uFm&onf aiG'*Fg;csyf
a& (27500) tukefuscHum ukPmacgif;avmif;
awmfBuD; udk oGe;f vkyyf al ZmfcyhJ gonf/
acgif;avmif;BuD;udk apmif;wef; avScg;xpf
wpfavQmufwif&efrmS vk;H 0rjzpfEidk o
f nfh twGuf izJNrKdU
e,f ZD;awmBuD; &GmrS OD;BuD;nKd\ ryktrnf&dS qifrudk
vkyt
f m;'geukov
dk jf yK&ef tok;H jyKcJ&h onf/ 4if;qifr\
qifO;D pD;rSm izJNrKdUe,f? vlysKdawmfuek ;f &GmrS OD;jynfjh zpfNyD;
ZeD;rSm a':rif;,Hk jzpfonf[k ref;pufawmf orkid ;f rSww
f rf;
wGif a&;om;xm;ygonf/
acgif ; avmif ; BuD ; ud k ,ck u d k ; cef ; BuD ; oG m ;
armfawmfum;vrf;twdik ;f qGw
J if&Ny;D BuD;rm;av; vHvS
onft
h wGuf qifr rykcrsm vGepf mG yifyef;EGr;f e,fc&hJ av
onf/ armyef;vSaomaMumifh acwtem; ,lonft
h csed f
wkid ;f wGif armif0P? r,fyl cspo
f pl w
Hk w
JG u
Ydk ref;acsmif;
twGi;f a&Munfat;wkYu
d dk armifwpfxrf;r,fwpf&u
G f
cyf,u
l m qifrBuD;tm; wku
d af uR;cJyh gonf/
jrifhrm;rufapmufonfh rukvawmif(ac:)
50

ref;awmifcg;yef;okdY acgif;avmif;BuD;a&muf&Sdatmif
Budrfzefrsm;pGm tm;pkdufxkwfqGJwifcJh&aomaMumifh
qifrBuD;nf yifyef;'Pf? tm,kukefqkH;rItcsdefponfh
taMumif;rsKd;pkjH zihf rsm;rMumrD qifrBuD; ryk uG,v
f eG f
tedpa&mufc&hJ onf/
omoemt"G e f Y & S n f p G m ur m wnf o a&G U
NrJNrHavmufonfh acgif;avmif;awmfvyk t
f m;tvSL&Sif
qifrBuD;onf a&S;b0ujyKcJah om ukov
dk t
f zkzH aHk Mumifh
t[dww
f &dpm ef b0rSvb
Yl 0odYk ul;l ajymif;cJah vonf/
vltrnfryZ,fjzihf csif;wkdfif;&if;oljzpfum
armifwpfO;D ESihf twlwuG awmif,mtvkyv
f yk u
f ikd u
f m
touf arG;0rf;ausmif;\/ wpfaeYo ref;a&Tpuf awmf
okdY bk&m;zl;&ef *kPmacgif;avmif;awmfBu;D a&SUodaYk &muf
aomtcg wrf;wrsu&f nfusvQuf jyif;pGm idak <u;avonf/
bk&m;zl; jynforl sm;Mum; xl;jcm;pGm ikad <u;ae
onfh csi;f wkid ;f &if;olav; ryZ,fuudk a&S;vlBu;Dd olrrsm;
ajympum;t& twdwjf yef Zmwfvrf;tjzpf qifrBu;D ryk
jzpfchaJ Mumif; om,myDoMunfjronfh acgif;avmif;
awmftoHonf ryZ,ftzkdY &ifeifhp&mtjzpf BuKHcJh&
ouJo
h Y k d ref;pufawmftwGuf wpfaxmifw
h pfae&mrS yg0if
ukokdvf,lcJh bl;onfh wrvGefrS o'gpdwfwkdY ,dkzdwf
vIdufzdkum ajzrqnfEkdifrsuf&nf NzKdifcJh&ygonf[k
qkyd gonf/
ref;a&Tpufawmfb&k m;ESihf ukPmacgif;avmif;
BuD;udk pGv
J ef;rIBuD;rm; oHa,mZOfymG ;cJyh gaom csi;f wkid ;f
&if;ol ryZ,fonf vlb
Y 0wGif uG,v
f eG t
f edp a&muf
aom tcgvnf; ref;a&Tpufawmf teD;rif;bl;
(puk)NrKdUe,f? oHyk&mudkif; aus;&GmawmiftpGefacsmif;
wpfae&mwGif wrvGeb
f 0ul;ajymif;cJ&h onf/ 4if;ae&m
udk csif;wkid ;f &if;ol ryZ,fukd trSw&f wrf;rdapMuzdYk
,aeYxdwkdif; ryZ,facsmif;tqif;[k a'ocHrsm;
ac:a0:Muonf/
csif;vlrsKd;wkdYonf a&S;ya0oPDuyif Ak'udk
,kMH unfu;dk uG,cf MhJ uouJo
h Ydk orkid ;f 0if? orkifd ;f wGirf nfh
u@rsm;pGmvnf; yg0ifxrf;&GufcJhMuonf/ oufao
om"uwdus jiif;ckHzG,f&mr&Sdaom apwDykxkd;bk&m;
wefaqmif; *lausmif;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; wnfxm;cJMh uonf/
Ak'o
moemawmfwiG f ,cif,
h cifuyif y&d,wd? y#dywf
usrf;*efwwfcsif; q&mawmfBuD;rsm;&SdcJh ,ckrsuf
arSmufumvomoemwGiv
f nf; csif;q&mawmfrsm;pGm
ay:xGe;f aeayNy/D Ak'? "r? oHC &mwemok;H vD wnfMu
ygaom csif;wkid ;f &if;om;wko
Yd nf ref;ok;H wefO;D cdu
k f

0kdif;vmwm/ pmcs em,uOD;wdavmueJY OD;OwrwkdY


a&mufvmNyD;? vltyk Bf uD;udk &Si;f jyw,f/ em;csw,f/
tJ'geJY igwkrYd o
d m;pk&UJ touft;dk tdrf pnf;pdr[
f m csr;f om
&m &cJw
h ,f/ OD;Owrqdw
k m A[ef;? a&Teo
YH m ausmif;
wku
d u
f q&mawmfyg/ acsmif;OD;NrKdUe,f?us;D uke;f &Gmom;aygh/
tJ'D OD;Owr[m ightay: b,favmuf
aus;Zl;BuD;rm; vJqw
kd m ajymjyOD;r,f/ igu bkad usmif;
rSmaeae&wm/ bmomjcm; jzpfomG ;rSukd OD;Owru
pd;k &draf wmfrw
l ,f/ tJ'gaMumifh aomMumaeY? ausmif;qif;
&if OD;Owrausmif;udk oGm;ae&w,f/ pae? we*FaEG?
jrefrmoD&dvuFm "r'lw AdrmefrS
aomMum - tJ'D 3-&ufu tcsdeyf ikd ;f Part Time
OdD;pef;yGifhESihf pum;pjrnf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;b0aygh/ tajccH Ak'pmayawG
1/ ar;/Ak'b
mom &[ef;oHCmawmfawGu oifay;wm/
OD;pef;yGifhwdkY rdom;pktay: aus;Zl;BuD;rm;cJhaMumif;?
OD;Owr&JU pDpOfay;rIeYJ vrf;ab;wuodv
k v
f J
OD;pef;yGiw
hf Ykd rdom;pku omoemawmfukd tav;teuf wufc&hJ ao;w,f/ vrf;ab;wuodv
k q
f w
dk m NrKdUxJu
xm;Ny;D jyefvnf ylaZmfcahJ Mumif;od&w,f/ tJ'gudk ajymjy yvufazmif;awGay:rSm pmtkyfrsKd;pkHa&mif;Muwmudk
ay; apvdyk gw,f cifAsm;/
ajymwm/ pmtkyq
f idk af wGukd ac:oGm;NyD; [kpd mtkyaf wmh
f zJ wfumG qkNd y;D 0,fay;awmhwm/ igu
1/ ajz/ ajym&r,fq&dk ifawmh t&SnBf uD;aygh/ ,lumG 'Dpmtkyv
vnf; avhvm zwfIw,f/ tJovkd pmtkyfrsm;pGm
odomkH avmufyJ ajymjyr,faemf/ igwdu
Yk nDuakd rmifErS
rsm;Ny;D ? i,fi,fu tawmfav; ek ;f uefNy;D BuKd;pm;&w,f/ zwf c J h & awmh igb0twG u f od y f t usKd ; &S d w ,f /
h m/ aw;xyfqdk
tvkH urf;em;vrf;rSm (opfawmvrf; rSww
f ikd t
f eD;rSm) uAsmpyfenf; awGawmif ighukd oifay;cJw
igaumif; aumif; pyfwwfygw,f/
tdrif mS ; aecJMh u&w,f/ tem;rSm atmifr*Fvm pmoif
atmifr*Fvmwkdufopfu q&mawmfBuD;
wku
d &f w
dS ,f/ pmoifwu
dk f em,upmcs OD;wdavmuwdYk
f nf; wkt
Yd ay: aus;Zl;BuD;w,f/ ormtmZD0
q&m awmfBu;D OD;awZdef wdq
Yk w
kd m wdu
Yk ;dk uG,af ewmaygh/ OD;awZdev
h J ,fvY k d ,lqcJah yr,fh acwfumvt&
&efukefrSm vlrsKd;a&; t"dukPf; ykHpHrsKd;jzpfcJhw,f/ usus a&mif;0,fcw
rxifrw
S w
f hJ ab;&efupd awG qdw
k mvJ ay:aygufwwf
wdt
Yk rd u
f v
kd nf; vmzsuf Mur,fqNdk yD; vltyk Bf uD;u
f H avQmuf
d af om a&TpufawmfwiG f tarGppf? tarGreS f wmaygh/ taMumif;udpwpfcak Mumifh OD;awZdex
zl;xku
h m r[kwf
jrwf aom tarGudk aeSmif;csif;wkdfif;&if;om;wkdYtm; xm;cGiahf wmif;awmh (ighukd avQmufxm; &rJ[
bl;? rif;[mrif; qk;H jzwf)vdYk ajymw,f/ tJ'geJY igvnf;
urf;vifh ay;cJhNyD; jzpfonf/
kd w
f m tqifajycJh ygw,f/
xkaYd Mumifh rIid af wGai;arm rawG;awmhbJ bk;d bGm; taumif;qk;H pOf;pm;pDpOfvu
tJ
o
vk
d
aus;Zl
;
BuD
;
cJ
y
h
gw,f
/
pOfquf? toufxufq;Hk ? vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm; wnfxm;ud;k
igwkdYrdbawG prf;acsmif;rSm ukd,fykdiftdrf0if;
uG,?f Ak't
,l 0g'jzLudk MunfnKdnw
G w
f mG ;? wefz;k d xm;um?
t,ltrSm;? OmPfEiS yhf mG ;vQu?f csi;f om oem urmwGijf y? 0,fr,fvkyfawmh aiGuvkdaew,f/ OD;awZdefBuD;&JU
f ufqak Mu;aiGawG&w,f/
xGe;f awmufyatmif? rsm;vSaoG;om;? wkid ;f &if;om;rk?Yd 'umwpfO;D yifpif,al wmh vkyo
aiGukd wk;d yGm;atmif rvkyw
f wfz;l / tJ'gwku
Yd acs;NyD;
BuKd;pm;Muavmh BuKd;pm;avmh . /
Yd J tqifajyw,f/ olvJ
usrf;udk; (1) aX;jrihfodrf; ('edu) \ ref;a&Tpuf twk;d aiGvnf; ay;cJ&h w,f/ wkv
Y d yfcyh J g
awmforkdif;? (2) t&Sif"rmpm& (omoe"Z"rmp&d,) twk;d aiGawG vSL&? ok;H &wmaygh/ wpfjym;rusef wkq
pEul;eHom ausmif;awmf&mbk&m; ykaH wmfjyorkid ;f ESifh w,f/ q&mawmfBuD;&JU wynf'h umawG tcsif;csif;
f efuefeYJ [kzd uf 'Dzuf tqifajycJMh u
odrw
S zf ,
G &f mrsm;/ (3) yl;acgarmif; (rif;wyf)\ csi;f a&mif qkad wmh rSerf eS u
wmaygh/
jcnfA'k ? "rr*Zif; trSw(f 5) ref;acsmif;a& at;jrjroGi/f
omoemawmfukd jyefvnfyal ZmfwmawGuawmh
(4) jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJU? izJNrKdU&Jtkyf OD;b&D tNidrf;pm;
Y @eJo
Y l aoaocsmcsmav; ajymrS&r,f/
\rSww
f rf;/ (5) izJNrKdUe,fZif>yef;aus;&Gm tbOD;wifp;dk olu
\rSww
f rf;/
51

2/ ar;/ jrefrm - oD&dvuFm "r'lwAdrmef


ay:aygufvmykHeJY 'D"rm kH AdrmefrSm b,fvkd bmom
a&; vIyf&Sm;rIawG ykHrSef aqmif&Guf aew,fqkdwmudk
od c sif y gw,f /
2/ ajz/ igwdkYrdcifBuD; a':odef;Munf[m Ak'
omoemudk tvGeMf unfnKdav;jrwfwo
hJ yl g/ oD&v
d uFm
uEDNrKdUrSm&Sw
d hJ pG,af wmfukd oGm;a&muf zl;ajrmfcw
hJ ,f/
tJ'D bk&m;zl; c&D;pOfuaeNy;D b,fvdk pOf;pm;rdvJ qkad wmh
oD&v
d uFmodY k bk&m;zl;oGm;wJh Ak'b
mom0ifawG onfvnf;
aumif;? jrefrmEdik if o
H Y k d bk&m;zl;vmwJh oD&v
d uFm Ak'b
mom
0ifawG onfvnf;aumif; tjyeftvSef tqifajyzkY d vdt
k yf
w,f/ tJ'gudk jznfq
h nf;zkYd tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfct
k jzpf
'D"r'w
l Adrm efudk aqmufvLS cJw
h myg/ jrefrmEdik if &H dS te,f
e,f t&yf&yfu jrefrmAk'bmom0ifawG oD&dvuFmodkY
bk&m;zl;oGm;csi&f if &efuek u
f kd vm&r,f/ Ekid if u
H ;l vufrw
S f
awG vky&f r,f/ olwaYdk wG 'DArd m efrmS pkpnf;NyD; wnf;cdk
vd&Yk w,f/ 'Dp&k yfuae avqdyu
f kd oGm;r,f/
oD&dvuFmrS &[ef;&SifvlawG jrefrmEkdifiHudk
bk&m;zl;vmr,fqkd&if 'DAdrmefrSm oDdwif;okH;wnf;cdkvdkY
&r,f/ tJ'D &nf&G,fcsufeJY rdcifBuD; a':odef;Munfu
pcJw
h myg/ ta&;tcif; NyD;aemufyikd ;f rSm ppftpd;k & e.0w
.
vlBuD;awG ajrae&mcsay;vdYk A[ef; (1)vrf;xdyef YJ urm
at;bk&m;vrf;axmifrh mS 'DArd m efukd aqmuf vSLcGihf
&wmyg/ "r'l wAdrm ef&UJ OuXtqufquf vmawmh
1/ a':ode;f Munf 2/ OD;vSarmif 3/ OD;eG aYf 0 wdjYkzpfygw,f/
olwkYd 3-OD;vkH; uG,fvGefMuygNyD/ vuf&Sd OuX
ra&G;&ao;ygbl;/ igu 'k- OuXyg/
'D"rmHk (Adrm ef)rSm aqmif&u
G af ewmawGuawmh
(u)/ y|mef; ylaZmfyu
JG kd vkyw
f ,f/ ESppf OfEpS w
f idk ;f
0gqkdvqef; 11-&ufrS 15-&uftxd 5-&ufwkdifwkdfif
ylaZmfNrJ jzpfygw,f/ ckq&dk if (28)Burd af jrmufawmif &Syd gNy/D
prf;acsmif;NcrH mS wke;f uwnf;u vkycf w
hJ m qkad wmh 'DArd m ef
rSm 28-Budrf &Syd gNyD/
(c)/ tkPq
f rG ;f ? wef;qGr;f avmif;vSLyGJ vkyyf g
w,f/ ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; 0gqdkvjynfh aeY&,f? oDwif;
uRwfvjynfh aeY&,f? 0gwGi;f we*FaEG tywfwikd ;f &,f
tkPq
f rG ;f avmif;ygw,f/ ,ck 2014rSm we*FaEGaygif;
13-ck&Sdawmh pkpkaygif; 15-ywf avmif;vSL&rSmaygh/
rdcifBu;D a':ode;f Munfq;Hk Ny;D 5-ESpMf umrS vkyw
f mqkad wmh
15-Budraf wmh &Srd ,fxifw,f/
(*)/ arwmyGm;zkYd yGaJ wGvyk yf gw,f/ tywfpOf
t*FgaeYeYJ aomMumaeYwidk ;f eHeuf(7)em&DrS 8;30 xd
52

arwmyGm; ygw,f/ 0pDuaH rw


m tjzpf arwmeJY ywfouf
wJh ygVdjrefrm? w&m;pmawGukd &Gwzf wfMuygw,f/ &Sif
omraP "rAdrmef omoemh0efaqmiftzGJUu pDpOf
xm;wJh arwokwaf wmfEiS h f arwmbm0em usiph f Of qdw
k hJ
pmtkyaf v;udk r@Kdix
f m;Ny;D &Gwq
f ykd mG ;rsm; Muygw,f/
1-em&DcGJMum ygw,f/ vQyfppfrD;? yef;? tm[m&'ge
pojzihfvnf; vSLMuygw,f/ (18-7-14) aeYrSmqdk
arwmyGm;ykyYd JG 70-Budraf jrmuf jzpfomG ;ygNyD/
(C)/ tjcm;aom Ak'o
moemjyK tzGUJ tpnf;
rsm;udk wwfprG ;f oa&GU ulnaD y;ygw,f/ Oyrm- &efuek f
NrKdUukd bk&m;zl;tzGUJ awG vmr,fq&kd if wnf;ckcd iG hf ay;yg
w,f/ 'DArd m efrmS r*FvmqGr;f uyfcsiw
f ,fqv
dk J ndEidI ;f
aqG;aEG;Ny;D cGijhf yKay;ygw,f/ omoemawmfeYJ pyfqidk w
f hJ
tcrf;tem; tvSLt'gef;awGuv
kd nf; tajctaeay;
oavmuf cGijhf yKygw,f/
igwdkYrdcifBuD; a':odef;Munfu ajymcJhw,f/
]]wk"Yd rmu
Hk kd wHcg;ydwx
f m;wJh "rmrHk sKd; rjzpfapcsifb;l
wJ}h }/ t"dyg,fuawmh tusK;d &Sw
d hJ omoema&; vIy&f mS ;
rIawGukd "rmrHk mS tNrrJ jywf aqmif&u
G af pcsiw
f mav/
tJovdk tok;H csaerS "rmHk aqmufvLS &usK;d eyfr,fav/
wku
Yd vJ 'DtqkH;trudk ESv;kH oGi;f NyD; tok;H jyKcGiafh y;
oifo
h al wGukd ay;aeygw,f/ a&zk;d ? rD;zk;d jyifxed ;f p&dwf
awGuv
kd J vpOfuscaH e&ygw,f/ pGr;f oavmuf jyefvLS
oGm; olawGvJ &Syd gw,f/
3/ ar;/ csif;Ak'omoe ygvutzGJU&JU
0gqkdouFef; uyfvSLyGJrsm; ESpfvnf tpnf; ta0;
rsm;udk 'D"r'lwAdrmefrSm cGihfjyKay;cJhvdkY tvGef
tqifajyw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ csif;Ak'omoeyg
vutzJGUeJY q&m OD;pef;yGifhwdkY b,fvdktquftpyf
jzpfcJhvJ qdkwmodyg&ap/
3/ ajz/ igwdY k rdbawG vufxufwek ;f uwnf;
u tvkHatmifr*Fvmwdkufopf q&mawmfrsm;eJY
q&m'um? q&mwynfh jzpfcw
hJ ,fqw
kd m ajymcJNh yD;NyD/
atmifr*FvmrSm csi;f &[ef;oHCmawG? csi;f ausmif;om;
awG jyKpkysK;d axmif ay;cJw
h ,f/ csi;f ausmif;om;awGxu
J
10-wef;atmif bGJU&oGm;olawG av;?ig;a,muf
&Sv
d rd rhf ,f/ tJ'D csif;ausmif; om;a[mif;xJu pma&;
q&m qvdkif;a&Tvif;qkd&if rdcifBuD; a':odef;Munf&JU
omoemjyKvkyif ef; awGtaMumif;? a&TOa'gif;awmif
q&mawmfBuD;udk qnf;uyfjcif;eJY xl;jcm;rSwo
f m;zG,&f m
taMumif;rsm;udk 1990-jynfhvGefESpfrsm;uwnf;u
aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;azmf jyay;cJw
h ,f/ udak usmaf 0,H

(,cift&Sif u0dE)eJY qvkid ;f a&Tvif;wkYd jyefqufo,


G rf d
MuNy;D "r'w
l Adrm efudk a&mufvmMuw,f/ atmifr*Fvm
xGuf q&mawmf OD;u0dE? OD;eErmvmwdeYk YJ aemufyikd ;f
&if;ES;D oGm;w,f/ q&mwlwynfah wG tcsif;csif; om
oemjyKudprSm ulEidk o
f avmuf tjyeftvSef ulnMD u
r,fqdk NyD; aqmif&u
G Mf uwmyg/
4/ ar;/ "r ' l w Ad r m ef E S i h f ywf o uf N yD ;
tawG U tBuKH tcuf t cJ a wG ? oif c ef ; pm,l p &m?
rSwfom;p&mav;awGudk tESpfcsKyfNyD; vdk&if;xkwf
ajymjyay;ygvm;q&m/
4/ ajz/ q&mawmfBuD; wpfyg;ajymzl;w,f/
awmif&mG bke;f Bu;D awGu avmbzufw,fw?hJ ajrmuf&mG
bke;f BuD;awGu a'gozufw,fw/hJ Opmrok?d rsufrwkd
cifysKd BuD;yGm;aMumif;qkw
d hJ pum;&Sw
d ,f/ cifysKdqw
dk m
bke;f BuD;awGukd ajymwm/ &[ef;w&m;udk atmifatmif
jrifjrif usiBh fuEH ikd zf &Ydk m ypnf;Opmudk odak vSmifpak qmif;jcif;
qkw
d hJ avmba&Smifoifh w,f/ aemufwpfcsuu
f trsuf
a'go BuD;jcif;udk a&Smifoifw
h ,f/ rSwo
f m;p&mawGaygh/
'DArd m efukd aqmufwm &Sv
d eG ;f vdYk ykaH tmNyD;
aqmufvLS wm r[kwyf gbl;/ tif;0rSm iwufjym; wnf
oGm;wJh (r&Scd P) bk&m;qkw
d m &So
d wJ/h wku
Yd vnf;
iwufjym; bk&m;wnfovdk ajz;ajz;csi;f yJ vky&f if;udik &f if;
wnfaqmufomG ;&wm/ 1991-rSm 'DArd m efukd paqmufchJ
w,f/ 28-12-93 rSm rdcifBuD; a':ode;f Munf uG,v
f eG f
oGm;w,f/ tJ'D tcsderf mS 'DArd m ef[m tMurf;xnfyJ
&Sad o;wm/ rdcifBuD; xm;cJw
h hJ tarGOpmuddk tykaH wGyHk
Ny;D om;orD;awGvJ cGaJ 0,lMuw,f/ tykw
H pfyu
Hk kd Adrm ef
twGuo
f ;Hk cJw
h ,f/ tjcm;apwem&Siaf wGvnf; pGr;f o
avmuf yg0ifMuygw,f/ wnfaqmufNy;D pD;vk tcsed t
f eD;rSm
ukeu
f sp&dwu
f kd ode;f 300d^- vkYd rSe;f Muygw,f/ tJ'aD cwf
umv&JU ukeu
f saiGqadk wmh ,ckumv aygufaps;eJY
wGucf su&f if b,favmufqw
dk m od&ygvdrrhf ,f/
ta&;Bu;D wm wpfcu
k Ak'b
momEkid if cH si;f wlay
rJh jrefrmeJY oD&v
d uFmrSm "avhrwlwm &Sw
d ,f/ Oyrm
uG m . . w d k Y j ref r mEk d i f i H r S m "r m k H q k d w m omoema&;
tcrf;tem;awG vkyv
f &Ydk w,f/ &[ef;? &Si?f vlawG
acwwnf;cdkvdkY&w,f/ 'gayrJh &[ef;wpfyg;yg;udk
a&pufcsvSL'gef;NyD; ausmif;vkd tNrJwrf; oDwif;ok;H vkYd
r&bl;/ oD&v
d uFmEkid if rH mS awmh &[ef;awmfawGukd vSLNy;D
oDwif;ok;H cdik ;f vkYd &w,f/ tJovkd uGmjcm;w,f/
"rm kHaqmufvSLjcif;eJY jyKjyifxdef;odrf;jcif;
vkyif ef;rsm;rSm rdcifBuD; a':ode;f MunfeYJ rdom;pkawGu
53

t"du aqmif&u
G cf ?hJ aqmif&u
G q
f J jzpfaMumif; odMuyg
w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh a*gyuvlBu;D wpfa,mufu (trsm;
trnfcw
H hJ yk*v
u
d "rmyHk g)vdYk rSwcf sufjyKcJh ygw,f/
ightawGUtBuKHuawmh qk;kd awmif xkwx
f m;&
ao;w,f/ vlarG; . vlaumif;r&? acG; arG;. .
acG;aumif; r&/ igarG;xm;wJah cG;u vlomG ;vlvm awGukd
vku
d v
f u
dk u
f u
k d af wmh aq;zk;d vnf; avQm&f ? tBu;D tus,f
vnf; awmif;yef&/ tJovkdjzpfcJhw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
tm;ravsmph wrf; vkypf &m&Sw
d hJ omoema&; udpawG
vkyo
f mG ;rSmyg/ y&[dwvkyif ef;awG vkycf w
hJ hJ 0g;c,fru
jrodef; wefq&mawmf qkH;rcJhw,f/ (udk,fh . udkyg?
ud,
k af us;Zl; wif&w,fu)G wJ/h 'gudv
k J rSwo
f m;vku
d ef m
aeygw,f/ b,fvu
dk pd BuD;i,fawG w
I af xG;aeygap?
ovJo;D vkyd J tuefv
Y u
kd x
f m;&w,f EdrYk q
Ykd dk ;l oGm;rSmaygh/
5/ar;/ OD;pef;yGifh&JU udk,fa&;tcsuftvuf
tcsKd U ajymjyygvm;/
5/ ajz/ touf 68-ESpf jynfch geD;ygNy/D 13080gacgifvjynfhausmf 8-&uf? t*FgaeYrSm arG;w,f/
arG;&yfZmwduawmh &efuek ?f vrf;rawmf 15-vrf;tdrf
aygh/ rdbawGuawmh OD;tke;f a&TeYJ a':ode;f Munf wkyYd g/
arG;csif;(8)a,muf &Sw
d ,f/ a,musfm;av; igwpfO;D yJ
ygw,f/ arG;pm;tudv
k &J w
dS ,f/
ZeD;trnfu a':wifwifvSyg/ om;wpf
a,muf? orD;ESpaf ,muf &Sw
d ,f/ om;u ud;k &D;,m;a&muf
aew,f/ orD;wpfa,ufu puFmylrmS / aewmu trSwf
54? yxrxyf? ukefaps;wrf;vrf;? zkef; - 09 550
3186? 01 377 009 jzpfygw,f/
ynmt&nftcsi;f uawmh wuodv
k f yxrESpf
(lyaA') wufcJhygw,f/
6/ ar;/ csif;a&mifjcnf Ak'"rr*Zif;udk
trSwfw& pum;wpfckck ajymjyay;ygcifAsm;/
6/ ajz/ csi;f Ak'o
moeygvu tzJUG &JU &nf&,
G f
csufeJY vkyfaqmifrrI sm;ukd tvGeyf JEpS faxmif; tm;&
jzpfryd gw,f/ 'ghaMumifh aemufaemifvJ Ak'o
moem a&;
udpawGq&k d if vmcJyh g/ pGr;f oavmuf ulnrD ,f/ Ekid if aH &;?
pD;yGm;a&; vkyw
f o
hJ l qd&k ifawmh vufrcHb;l ayghaemf/

apwkw &mNrKdUe,f? csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJYcGJ


zG J U pnf ; jcif ;
30-6-14 naeydik ;f wGif rauG;wkid ;f a'oBuD;?
rif;bl;ckid ?f apwkw&mNrKdUawm&ta&SUausmif;wku
d w
f iG f
csif;Ak' omoeygvutzGUJ cGu
J kd zGUJ pnf;&m atmufyg
twkid ;f jzpfonf/
Mo0g'gp&d , q&mawmf r sm;
1/ b'Er@v
= jruefomausmif;? trSwf(2)
&yfuu
G ?f apwkw&mNrKdU/
2/ b'Eov
D mpm& = awm&ta&SUausmif;wku
d ?f trSwf
(1)&yfuu
G ?f apwkw&mNrKdU/
3/ b'EEmpm& = ajrmif;cGawmifausmif;? trSwf
(1) &yfuu
G ?f apwkwNrKdU/
4/ b'EynmaZmw= ajrmif;cGajrmufausmif;? trSwf
(1)&yfuu
G ?f apwkwNrKdU/
5/ b'Ea0ykv
= atmufyaHk usmif;? tv,fypHk k
6/ b'Eem&dE
= rxdrf;ausmif;? rxdrf;tkyfpk
7/ b'EmPdE
= ckd0if&GmOD;ausmif;? rxdrf;tkyfpk
em,uvl B uD ; rsm;
1/ OD;wifaz
= (pHjy&yfuu
G )f
2/ OD;atmifcif = (ydawmufNrKdi&f yfuu
G )f
3/ OD;pdeaf z
= (awmifacw&m&yfuu
G )f
4/ OD;vSaomif; = (ajrmufacw&m&yf&yfuu
G )f
5/ OD;ausmaf t; = (&Gmopf&yfuu
G )f
6/ OD;xGe;f cif(opfawmNird ;f )= (awmifacw&m&yfuu
G )f
tvk y f t rI a qmif t zG J U
1/ OuX? OD;xGe;f cif(ynma&;Nidr;f )? pHjy&yfuu
G f
2/ 'k-OuX? OD;pdeaf tmif (awmifacw&m&yfuu
G )f
3/ twGif;a&;rSL;
OD;[efxeG ;f (ajrpm&if;Nidr;f )? ydawmufNrKdi&f yfuu
G f
4/ wGt
J wGi;f a&;rSL;? OD;atmifxeG ;f ?ydawmufNrKdi&f yfuu
G /f
b@mxd e f ;
1/ OD;ode;f vS (oD[&yfuu
G )f 2/ OD;oef;ausm(f pHjy&yfuu
G )f
pm&if ; ppf
1/OD;ae0if;(awmifacw&m&yfuu
G )f 2/OD;aeausmf (AE&yfuu
G )f
pnf ; k H ; a&;rS L ;
1/ OD;vS[ef
&Gmopf&yfuu
G f
2/ OD;ausmfp;kd
awmifacw &m&yfuu
G f
3/ OD;axG;
ajrmufacw&m&yfuu
G f
4/ OD;atmifEidk f
ydawmufNrKdi&f yfuu
G f
5/ OD;atmifoed ;f
ajrmufacw&m&yfuu
G f
6/ OD;boef;
aZ,s&yfuu
G f
54

&
krm
u
fS pE
i
&
t

trSwfw&pum;
aqG a wmf r sKd ; awmf t aygif ; wk d Y . .
tm;vk;H udk r*FvmygvdYk OD;pGmEIwcf eG ;f qufo
ygw,f/ ud,
k pf w
d Ef pS jf zm use;f rmcsr;f omNy;D aumif;usK;d vkd
&mqE jynf0h Muygapvdv
Yk n;f cspfcifrysuf csKdompGm
arwm qufovku
d yf gw,f/
t&ifwpfywfu OD;Zif;wkdY&JU csif;Ak'omoe
ygvutzGUJ wd;k wufzt
Ydk wGuf ajymjzpfcw
hJ hJ pum;awGrmS
information (jyefMum;a&;ESifhowif;tcsuftvuf) eJY
ywfoufNy;D ajymcJw
h m&Syd gw,f/ bmaMumif'h gudk ajym&
wmvJ qdkawmh tzGJUtpnf; wpfckatmifjrifzdkY
qd&k if jyefMum;a&;eJY owif;tcsufawG pOfqufrjywf
xkwjf yef Ekifd &f ygr,f/ Oyrm - ypnf;wpfcak ps;uGurf mS
atmifjrif Ekdif&ef yxrOD;pGm vkyfaqmif&wmu
aMumfjimjcif;ygyJ/ ypnf;aMumfjim wpfcu
k information
ygyJ/ tJ'v
D kd aMumfjimrS ypnf;wpfct
k aMumif; od&NdS yd;D
vlawG 0,f,l ok;H pGEJ idk rf mS jzpfygw,f/ 'gu ypnf;wpfck

7/ OD;armifarmifusef

&Gmopf&yfuu
G f
AE&yfuu
G f
ydawmufNrKdi&f yfuu
G f
cd0k ifaus;&Gm
rxdr;f aus;&Gm
atmufyaHk us;&Gm
atmufyaHk us;&Gm
&H y k H a iG & S m azG a &;
a':xm;xm;&D
ydawmufNrKdi&f yfuu
G f
a':tdtdrGef
ajrmufacw&m&yfuu
G f
rpef;pef;,k
awmifacw&m&yfuu
G f
rcsKdrmcdkif
pHjy&yfuu
G f
a':vS
pHjy&yfuu
G f
a':vSvaS X;
&Gmopf&yfuu
G f

8/ OD;atmifvidI f
9/ OD;pkd;vif;
10/ OD;xGe;f Munf
11/ OD;wif0if;
12/ Od;D oef;atmif
13/ OD;cifatmif
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/

xkwu
f ek f twGuf information u ta&;BuD;ykyH g/
'Dvykd gyJ tzGJUtpnf;wpfcrk mS information &Szd Ydk
tifrwef ta&;wBu;D vkt
d yfygw,f/ tzGUJ tpnf; wpfck
&JU taMumif;udk vlawGoad tmif b,fvadk Mumfjim& rvJqkd
awmh ypnf;aMumfjimovkd aMumfjimvkrYd &ygbl;/ tzGUJ
tpnf;qkw
d m a&mif;ukerf [kwv
f yYkd gyJ/ 'gqdk b,fvdk aMumf
jimrvJ/ [kwu
f hJ r*Zif;xkwrf ,f/ pmapmifxw
k rf ,f/
*sme,fxw
k rf ,f/ tJ'D r*Zif;pmapmifawGxrJ S tzGUJ tpnf;
wpfck&JU vkyfaqmifcsufawG orkdif;Mumif;awG &nf&G,f
csufawGpwJh tcsuftvufawGudk zwfIol vltrsm;
pdw0f ifpm;atmif azmfjyay;r,f/ vltrsm; a&SUarSmufukd
us,fus,fjyefjY yefY a&mufatmif jzefYjzL;ay; r,fqk&d if
f u
dk w
f mygyJ/
'g[mtzGUJ tpnf;wpfcu
k kd information vkyv
atmifjrifwhJ tzGUt
J pnf; awGrmS information aumif;&Sd
w,fqw
kd mudk aocsmawGU&S&d rSm jzpfygw,f/ tifwmeuf
rsufESmtay:rSm udk,fhtzGJUtpnf; *kwpfckudk wnf
aqmufNyD; vltrsm;odatmif aqmif&u
G f Ekid rf ,fq&dk if
vnf; aumif;aom &nf&,
G cf suf wpfcyk gyJ/
'gaMumiht
f m;vk;H aom aqGawmfrsKd;awmfrsm;udk
ajymcsiw
f mu OD;Zif;wk&dY UJ csi;f Ak'o
moeygvu tzGUJ BuD;
atmifjrifzYq
dk &dk if csif;a&mifjcnfpmapmifrsm;ESihf tjcm;
aom csi;f wkid ;f &if;om; ud,
k pf m;jyKonfh pmapmif rsm;ukd
t&nftaoG;aumif;atmif ydkrkdBuKd;pm; xkwfvkyfNyD;
us,u
f s,jf yefjY yefY jzefjY zL;Ekid af tmif tm;pku
d f aqmif&u
G zf Ydk
vkyd gw,f/ vlBuD;up vli,ftqk;H 'Dupd udk ta&;
w,laqmif &Guo
f ifah Mumif;udv
k nf; xyfavmif; ajymMum;
vkdygw,f/ tJ'Dvkdom aqmif&GufEkdifcJh&if OD;Zif;wkdY&JU
csi;f Ak'o
moeygvu tzGUJ Bu;D [m atmifjrif Ny;D Mum&Snf
wnfwEhH idk f ygvdrrhf ,fqw
kd m ,kMH unfyg aMumif;/
OD;Zif;wdYk aqGawmfrsKd;awmfwkYd csif;vlrsKd;rsm;[m
t&m&mrSm odrif ,fpmG aexkid cf MJh u&ygw,f/ Ekifd if o
H rkid ;f udk
jyefvSefMunfhvdkuf&if csD;rGrf;*kPfjyKMu&rnfh csif;trsKd;
om; trsKd;orD;tmZmenf ol&aJ umif;rsm; rsm;pGm&Scd yhJ g
w,f/ okaYd omfvnf; tjcm;aom wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm;
avmuf OD;Zif;wkcYd si;f wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d rsm; [m a&SUwef;
ra&mufcMhJ uygbl;/ tJ'g[m tjcm;aom wkid ;f &if; om;awG
aMumifv
h m;vkYd ar;p&m&Scd yhJ gw,f/ tajzuawmh vk;H 0
r[kwcf yhJ gbl;/ bmaMumifv
h /J taMumif;uawmh OD;Zif;wdYk
csif;wkid ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;&JU ,Ofaus;rI rxGe;f um;
cJv
h o
Y k d mjzpfaMumif; ordik ;f taxmuf txm; aygif;rsm;pGmu
jyqdak eygw,f/
OD;Zif;wdYk aqGawmfrsKd;awmfwYkd csif;wdik ;f &if;om;
55

vlrsKd;rsm;[m tiftwefkd;om;BudK;pm;NyD; pdwfxm;jzL


pifMuwJh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;jzpfMuygw,f/ ud,
k yf ikd f
,Ofaus;rI"avhx;kH pHrsm; ordik ;f tarGtESpf rsm;<u,f0
MuwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;vnf;jzpfygw,f/ dk;om;
odraf rGUNyD; ;kd &m"avhx;kH pHrsm;udk wefz;kd xm;wwfMuwJh
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d vnf;jzpfygw,f/ csi;f vlrsK;d rsm;&JU cspf
p&m"avhx;kH pHrsm;udk avhvmrnfqv
kd Qif csif;wdik ;f &if;
om;rsm;aexdkif&m t&yfa'owdkif;wGif oGm;a&muf
avhvmEdik yf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh OD;Zif;wdYk aqGawmfrsK;d awmf
wd&Yk UJ csif;wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd;rsm;[m tjcm;aom wdik ;f
&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;xuf atmufus aemufus jzpfc&hJ
ygw,f/ 'Dvjkd zpf&wm tjcm; taMumif; aMumifrh [kwyf J
,Ofaus;rIrxGef;um;cJhaomaMumifhomjzpfygw,f/
,Ofaus;rIrxGe;f um;Edik jf cif;[mvnf; OD;Zif;wdYk aqGawmf
rsK;d awmfw&Ykd UJ csi;f bmompmay rxGe;f um;jcif; aMumifo
h m
jzpfygw,f/
pmayrxGe;f um;wJh bmompum;? pmayrxGe;f
um;wJh vlrsK;d [m Mum&Snrf wnfwefEY ikd yf gbl;/ ,cktcg
OD;Zif;wdYk csi;f vlrsK;d tcsKd U csi;f bmompum;udk rwwfuRr;f
Muawmhygbl;/ pmayrxGe;f um;chw
J t
hJ wGuf bmompum;
rsm;u wpfpwpfpaysmufq;kH vmcJ&h wmyg/ bmompum;
rxGe;f um;wJh vlrsK;d [mvnf; rpnfyifrjyefyY mG ;Edik yf gbl;/
wpfcsKdUcsif;vlrsKd; csif;wdik ;f &if;om;ppfppfjzpfaomfvnf;
uReaf wmfcsi;f vlrsK;d ygvdYk ajymzd&Yk m &Su&f UG aH eolawG jrefrm
jynfrSm rsm;pGm&Sdaeygw,f/ 'gawG[m pmayrxGef;
um;jcif; aMumifh bmompum;rxGe;f um;? bmompum;
rxGe;f um;jcif;aMumifh vlrsK;d rxGe;f um;? vlrsK;d rxGe;f um;
jcif;aMumifh vlrsKd;aysmufq;kH &awmhr,fh edrw
d v
f uPm
awGjzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh ,aeY csif;Ak'omoeygvutzJGU
awGUqHkyJGodkYa&muf&SdvmMuaom OD;Zif;wdkYd&JU csif;vlrsKd;
nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;? nDi,fnrD i,frsm;tm;vH;k [m
OD;Zif;wd&Yk UJ csif;vlrsKd;rsm; urmwnfoa&GUwnfwefNY yD;
t&Sncf efpY nfyifjyefaY jymatmif? ,Ofaus;rI"avhx;kH pHrsm;
csif;kd;&m tarGtESpfrsm; xGef;um;jyefYyGm;Edkifatmif
BudK;pm;tm; xkwMf u&rSmyg/
vlrsKd;raysmufap&ef bmompum;xGef;um;zdkY
BuKd ;pm;Mu&ygr,f/ bmompum;raysmufysuaf p&ef csi;f
pmayrsm; xGe;f um;atmif tm;oGe;f BuKd ;pm;tm; xkwMf u
&ygr,f/ azmfaqmifMu&ygr,f/ wDxiG Bf uq
H Mu&ygr,f/
'grSom OD;Zif;ESiw
hf uG nDawmfaemifawmfrsm;tm;vH;k
nDi,fnrD i,frsm;tm;vH;k [m csi;f vlrsK;d tay:wm0ef

auswhJ ordik ;f vlom; wpfO;D jzpfygvdrrhf ,f/ bmom pum;


xGe;f um;zd?Yk bmompmayxGe;f um; zdu
Yk pd qdw
k m [mvnf;
ta&;ay;Ny;D tavmwBuD; aqmif&u
G &f r,fh wm0efupd
jzpfw,fqw
kd m ud,
k pf u
D ,
kd pf cD ,
H El ikd Mf uygapvdYk wdu
k w
f eG ;f
&if; ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f/
t&SifpEukrm&

"r'geoifrnf

ud k E d k i f ; (csif ; awmif )

zdeyfpD; 0ifvmyg

ygVdtoHxu
G zf wfenf;udk "r'getjzpf oifMum;
ydcYk say;aMumif; av;pm;pGmtoday;jcif;
jref r mpmayonf ygVd b momud k tajccH
zGNH zKd ;wd;k wufcahJ Mumif;? jrefrma0g[m& tvH;k (100) vQif
tvH;k (40) eD;yg;onf ygVdysuf ygVdouf a0g[m&
rsm;jzpfaMumif;? Ak'b
mom trsm;pkaexdikd f aomjrefrm
EdkifiHwGif kH;oHk;pmayjzpfaom jrefrmpm ygVda0g[m&
rsm;\ta&;ygrIudk rsufuG,fjyKr&aMumif; bmoE&
ynm&Sirf sm;? "rynm&Sirf sm;u axmufjyMuygonf/
kyfoHvTifhXme aMumfjimol tcsKdUyif (a,bk,s
tm;jzifh) udk (a,bkef,tm;jzifh) [krSefrSefuefuef
toHxu
G rf I r&Syd g/ (a,yk,) [k rSm;rSm;,Gi;f ,Gi;f toH
xGuaf eMuygonf/ vlxt
k rsm;pkonf "rpMum? y|mef;?
y&dwfBuD; 11-okwf &GwfzwfrIrsm;ESifh bmoma&;
pmayavhvmrIrsm;wGif ygVdtoHxu
G f rSeu
f efzYkd ta&;BuD;
ygonf/
ok'Epmay\tpDtpOfjzifh ygVdtoHxGufzwf
enf;rsm;udk "r'ge oifMum;ydcYk say;vQuf &Syd gonf/
1/ toHxu
G zf wfenf;udk ocsmF yHak oenf; (Formula) yHp
k jH zifh wDxiG o
f ifMum;ojzifh vG,u
f yl gonf/
2/ oifMum;csdef 1-em&DrS 45-rdepftwGi;f om
&Syd gonf/ yHak oenf;um;csyfcsdwf erlemuwfysm;rsm;jzifh
tcsdeu
f ek o
f ufomatmif pDpOfxm;ygonf/
3/ yOrwef;ESihf txufrsm;udo
k m oifygonf/
4/oifwef;Ny;D vQif ygVdtoHxu
G zf wfenf; pmtkyf
ESihf yHak oenf;pm&Gurf sm; erlemrsm;udk vSLygonf/
oifMum;apvdyk gu qufo,
G Ef ikd yf gonfcifAsm;/
qvd k i f ; a&T v if ;
(H.P 0930004979) salaishwe@gmail.com

56

vGecf ahJ omq,fih g;ESpcf efY (2000-ckEpS f 0ef;usi)f


u em*awmifwef;v[,fNrKdUuav; wm0efuscJ\
h /
c&pf,mefbmom0if tenf;tusOf; om&S\
d / trsm;pk
aom a'ocHrsm;rSm ;dk &mewfbmomudk ud;k uG,Mf uonf/
NrKdUv,fawmifuek ;f xdyf ax&0g'Ak'b
mom omoem
jyKbkef;awmfBudD;ausmif; &Sd\/ kd;&ma'ocH trsm;pkrSm
Ak'bmom rsufESmpm &SMd uolrsm;[k qkEd kdifonf/
;dk &mewfbmomudk wGzJ ufu;kd uG,o
f rl sm;[k vnf;jI rifEidk f
ygonf/
csif;awmifwef;rS xGufcJh em*awmifwef;
a&mufvmonfh uReaf wmhtwGuf a&ajra'o rxl;jcm;
vSyg/ csi;f ESihf em*wd;dk Y &mewfyrJG sm;rSmvnf; ruGjJ ym;vSyg/
csif;dk;&m ewfbmomabmiftwGif; BuD;jyif;vmonfh
uReaf wmfEiS hf a'ocHwrYdk mS toGiw
f o
l vd&k dS tuRr;f w0if
&SMd u\/ csi;f ESihf em* rsK;d EG,pf k zGUJ pnf;ykv
H nf; wlMuonf/
rsKd;EG,pf k tBuD;tuJ? yqef;ac: ewfq&m? tpk;d &cefY
&GmvlBu;D [l &SMd u\/ rnfoq
Ykd akd p udpt00 rsK;d EG,pf k
tBu;D tuJonfom tc&mjzpfavonf/ uReaf wmfa&muf
&Spd Of v[,fvikd ;f aemifrsK;d EG,pf k tBuD;tuJ OD;rmudEk iS fh
txl;yif cifrif&if;ESD; avonf/ OD;rmudkrSm rddk;zvm
ewfbmomudk ud;k uG,af omfvnf; tdrOf ;D cef;bk&m;pif&dS
Ak'q
if;wkawmfukd yef;? a&? qDr;D rjywf ylaZmfuefawmh
avh &So
d nfh Ak'b
mom0ifvnf; jzpfonf/
em*awmifwef; v[,fa'oum; wpfEpS yf wf
vkH; tkHrIdif;vsuf rdk;jywfonf[l r&Sdacs/ pkdpGwfrI
rjywfaom awmifay: oufEak jraysmhonf tNrJvydk if
&THUawmEGHawm jzpf\/ wkwfrS vmonfh ajymufusm;
vnf&n
S f zdeyf udk tNrJp;D Mu\/
wpfcak om rk;d OD;usumvu jzpf\/ ppfuik d ;f a'o
tmumydik f uRefawmhtxuf t&m&So
d nfh v[,fNrdKUr
bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif; bmoma&; tcrf;tem; vm

a&mufcs;D jrifh usi;f y&ef&\


dS / &uftvGeef ;D ;uyfrS taMumif;
Mum;ojzifh ysm,mcwf&avawmh\/ NrKdUe,f\ wm0ef
t&Sq
d ;Hk 0efxrf;jzpfonfh uReaf wmfu vkt
d yforQ BuKdwif
jyifqif&\/ odaYk omf tcgrsK;d wGif rsKd ;EG,pf k tBu;D tuJ
OD;rmudu
k m; tvGeyf if tm;ud;k &avonf/ OD;rmudw
k Ykd
tzGJUu NrKdUwGif;vrf;&Sif;jcif; taygif;jrufcw
k f jcif;udk
tm;wuf o&maqmif&u
G af y;Muyg\/ odaYk omf bke;f
awmfBu;D ausmif; vkyu
f ikd pf &m trsm;tjym;&Sad e onfukd
ajymqkrd mS Mum;xm;aomfvnf; tvQKdtvQKd aysmufu,
G f
oGm;Muawmhonf/ OD;rmud\
k rsK;d EG,pf 0k ifrsm;u olUt&dyf
tjcnfuk d tNrMJ unfah eMuyk&H \/ olaysmufvQif aysmufomG ;
MuNy;D olay:vmvQif ay:vmMuNrJ jzpfawmh\/ xkad 'o
xkdyk*KdvfwkdYESihf tvkyfvkyfvQif vdk&mra&mufEkdif/
bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;ESihf NrKdUr&yfuu
G f Mum;&Spd rf;acsmif;
&TUH EGaH wmudk jzwfu;l NyD; tdrw
f idk &f ma&muf oGm;a&muf
ac:iifav\/
]]OD;rmudak &? vlBuD;u reufjzefnaea&mufrmS ?
oefbufcg rk;d vif;wmeJY tcrf;tem;prSm? bke;f awmfBuD;
ausmif; 0if;xJ jruf&iS ;f zkYd ausmif;uke;f ay:a&urf;wifzYdk
ausmif;rD;zkx
d J xif;ykYzd dYk vkdaew,f? cifAsm; bmvkYd
aysmufomG ;wmvJ? cifAsm;vlawGvnf; vTwaf y; ygtk;H }}
OD;rmudu
k cyfayghaygh jyefajzonf/
]]bkef;BudD;ausmif;0if;xJ vkyfzkdY&Sdwmudkawmh
&yfuu
G f OuXudk ajymvku
d yf g avmifr;D yl&,f? OuXu
vkw
d m Munfh vkyyf gvdrrhf ,f/}}
]]avmifr;D yl}} qko
d nfrmS tBu;D tuJukd ac:onfh
vdik ;f aemif em*pum;jzpfonf/ uReaf wmht
f m; csppf Ek;d aom
tm;jzifh tm;vk;H u ]]avmifr;D yl}} [kac: Mu\/
]]r[kwb
f ;l OD;rmudk &yfuu
G Of uXvnf; uReaf wmf
ckid ;f xm;wm trsm;BuD;? cifAsm; Ak'b
mom ud;k uG,w
f ,f
r[kwfvm;? cifAsm;a&SUu ygvmrS cifAsm; vlawG
xGuv
f mrSm? 'Dvv
d k yk rf S ukov
d k &f rSm? ukov
k d f r&csib
f ;l vm;
ukov
dk &f atmif vmac:wm vdu
k cf }hJ }
OD;rmudu
k cyfw;dk wk;d ESihf &,fusJusJ jyefajymonf/
]]ukov
dk v
f m; trsm;BuD;&csiw
f maygh avmifr;D yl/
uReaf wmf bk&m;vnf; &Scd ;fkd uefawmhygw,f/ q&mawmf
bk&m;udkvnf; dkao&Sdcdk;uefawmhygw,f/ tcktcsdef
&TUHtvl;vl;eJY oGm;vmaeMu&wm? bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;oGm;&if NcHayguf0rSm zdeyfcRwfNyD; &TUt
H vl;vl;
oGm;zkY d odyrf udu
k yf gbl;/ [J [J [J &TUaH y a&pkad t;pufpufeY J
zdeyfcRwfzYkd 0goem rygvSygbl; avmifr;D yl&UJ [D;[D;}}
]]aMomf. vufpowfawmh 'Dvkdukd;}}
57

&if;ESD;rItjynfhjzihf &nf&Gwf&if; olUyckH;udk


wkid ;f zuf vku
d \
f / olum; bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;odYk
0ifxu
G o
f mG ;vm vdyk gvsuf zdeyfcRw&f ef 0efav;aeonfh
tjzpfuk d tckrS oabmayguf&awmh\/ awmifay:ajraysmh
&THUEGHrsm;ESifh jzwfoGm;&onfh awmifay:bkef; awmfBuD;
ausmif; jzpf ausmif;0if;xJoGm; vQif zdeyfcRwf &ef
rvkad Mumif;/ apwDb&k m;&ifjyifwYdk zdeyfv;Hk 0 cRw&f rnf
jzpf a Mumif ; ausmif ; 0if ; xJ z d e yf p D ; 0if v myg[k
ajymqd&k \/
]]avmifrD;ylu i&JraMumufvkYdausmif;0if;xJ
zdeyfp;D Ny;D oGm;csio
f mG ;yg/ uReaf wmhu
f awmh i&JaMumuf
w,f? zdeyfp;D Ny;D bke;f awmfBuD;ausmif;0if;xJ roGm;&Jb;l
As}}
rnfolwkdYurnfonfhtcsdef rnfodkY ufoGif;
xm;onfrod/ bke;f awmfBuD; ausmif;0if;xJ zdeyfp;D oGm;
vQif i&JBuD;rnf[k ykaH opGrJ w
S x
f m;Muonf udak wGU&\/
awmifwef;om; vlaygif;rsm;pGmudk Ak'o
moem&ifciG x
f J
qJaG c:Ekid rf nfh rsK;d EG,pf k tBuD;tuJ wpfa,muf\ zdeyf
rcRwfcsif a&Smifz,fae&mrS omoemjyK&m BuD;rm;
aom vGaJ csmrf EI iS fh BuKHq&Hk rnfh ude;f qdu
k af e\/ uReaf wmf
wdkY omoemjyKolrsm;bufrSvnf; ao;rTm;aom
xkt
d csuu
f kd rjrif? rjyifvQif tI;H BuD; ;HI &rnfu
h ed ;f ygay/
uRefawmfvnf; ajymNyD; pum;udk xyfajym&\/
]]r[kwaf o;bl; OD;rmudk cifAsm;odwm rSm;ae
w,f/ ausmif;0if;xJ zdeyfrpD;&bl;vkYd cifAsm;udk b,fol
ajymovJ? q&mawmfu cGirhf jyKwmvm;? bk&m;apwD
&ifjyifwrYdk mS yJ zdeyfrpD;&wmyg/ 'Davmuf &TUH awGAu
G af wGeYJ
zdeyfpD;rSjzpfrSmaygh}}
]]q&mawmfu ausmif;0if;xJ zdeyfrpD;&bl;vkYd
rdex
Y f m;wmawmh rMum;rdygb;l / bke;f Bu;D ausmif;vmwJh vlwik d ;f
Nc0H rSm zdeyfcRwf xm;cJMh uwm avmifr;D yl rjrifb;l vm;}}
]]tJ'gu &moDajcmufaoGUwJh tcsed f ud,
k t
hf odeYJ
ud,
k cf Rwcf MhJ uwmyg/ NrKdUjyrSmvdk ajcmufaoGUacsmrGww
f hJ
ausmif;0if;ajrrSm zdeyfcRwf&wm tqifajywmaygh?
'DrmS u &TUH eJY AGuef YJ tckuReaf wmf ausmif;0if;xJ zdeyfp;D
w,fav}}
]]avmifr;D ylu vlBuD;qkdawmh ausmif;0if;xJ
zdeyfp;D vnf; b,forl S rajymygbl;av? uReaf wmfwq
Ykd kd
vlu&hJ UJ cH&rSmAs}}
]][m- cifAsm;eJaY wmh cufaeygNyD/ zdeyfp;D vk&Yd
w,f r&bl;qkw
d m q&mawmfukd arjref;avQmufxm;
Mur,f/ vmvdu
k cf }hJ }

taEG ; ocif

urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;w&m;
avmurSm vlom;wkid ;f Nidr;f at;aom b0udk
ydkifqkdifvkdMu\/ odkYaomfNidrf;at;aom b0udk&&Sd&ef
BuKd;pm;&if; ylavmifaomb0udk &&Sad eMu\/ a&muf&adS e
Mu\/ wzefNird ;f at;aom b0udk &&S&d ef BuKd;pm;&if;ESifh
pm;0wfaea&; twGuf aeYpOfum,uHjzifh vIy&f mS ;jyKrlMu
&\/ 0pDuHjzifh EIwfrSzGifh[ajymqkdMu&\/ raemuHjzifh
BupH nf awG;awmMu& \/ vlom;wkid ;f xku
d m,uHtvky?f
0pDut
H vkyrf sm;udk ykpH t
H rsK;d rsK;d ? &nf&,
G cf sut
f rsK;d rsK;d jzifh
vkyfudkifajymqkdBuHpnf aeMu&ojzifh aMuuGJMu&\/
aysm&f iT Mf u\/ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfMu&\/ xko
d rYdk rd w
d Ykd
jyKvkyaf om um,uH? 0pDu?H raemuHrsm;u Nidr;f at;
aom b0ydkif&Sif jzpfEkdifovkd ylavmifaom b0ykdif&Sif
vnf; jzpfEkdfif\/ vlrsdK;wkdif;EkdifiHwkdif; Nidrf;csrf;aom
vlrsK;d om jzpfvMdk u\/ Nird ;f csr;f aom Ekid if o
H m jzpfvMkd u\/
okadY omf vlrsK;d wkid ;f Edik if w
H idk ;f Nird ;f csr;f aomb0
rsm;udk rydkifqkdifMuay/ vlrsKd;wkdif; EkdifiHwkdif; onf
avmu Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifaeMu\/
b0Nidr;f csrf;a&; twGuf OD;wnfaeMu\/ &nfreS ;f csuf
yef;wkdif wlnDMuaomfvnf; tm;xkwfvkyfaqifrI
uGmjcm;aomaMumifh tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;vnf;
rwlnDMuay/ rdrdb0 Nidrf;csrf;zdkYtwGuf olwpfyg;udk
tvGef&if;eSD;oljzpf vufuq
kd u
JG m ac:,lvm
cJ
\
h / ausmif;0if;xJ zdeyfp;D cGihf jyKaMumif; q&mawmfu
us,fus,fjyefjY yefY rdeMYf um;onf/ OD;rmudu
k m; jrefrm
pum;em;vnfol jzpfaomfvnf; ydkaocsm&ef a'o
pum;jzifh xyfr&H iS ;f vif; ajymjyvku
d \
f / q&m'um
ajymqkMd uNyD; aemuf q&mawmf\ trdet
Yf & pmvk;H BuD;
rsm;jzifh atmufyg twdkif; a&; ausmif;0if;NcH0 csdwf
qGx
J m; vku
fd \
f /
zd e yf p D ; 0if v myg/
ud k E k d i f ; (csif ; awmif )
58

'k u a &muf a pjcif ; rS m aumif ; aomtm;xk w f r I [ k


rqkdEkdifovkd rdrdvlrsKd;? rdrdEkdifiH Nidrf;csrf;a&; twGuf
wpfyg;vlrsKd;? wpfyg;Ekid if H qif;&J'u
k a&mufapjcif;rSm
vnf; aumif;aom tm;xkwfrI[k rqkdEkdifay/
,aeYurmrSm vlrsK;d wpfcEk iS fh wpfc?k Ekid if w
H pfcEk iS fh wpfck
tzsufpGrf;tm;BuD;aom vufeufrsm;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;
a&;twGuf wku
d cf u
dk o
f wf jzwfaeMuonfrmS ppfreS af om
Nidrf;csrf;a&; azmfaqmifrI r[kwfovkd Nidrf;csrf;aom
qufqrH v
I nf; r[kwaf y/ ppfreS af om b0Nird ;f csr;f a&;ukd
ydkifqkdifvkdolwkdif;? vlUtzGJUtpnf;wkdif; xm;&Sd&rnfrSm
tzsufpGrf;tm;BuD;aom vufeufrsm; tmCmw
w&m;rsm;? u? rp&,
d w&m;rsm;r[kwf arwmw&m;
jzpf\/ rSefygonf/ vlwpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;? tzJGUtpnf;
wpfckESifhwpfck? EkdifiHwpfck ESihfwpfck ppfrSefaom
Nird ;f csr;f a&;udk azmfaqmif ay;Ekid o
f nfrmS arwmw&m;
jzpf\/
arwmw&m;onf vlwpfO;D wkid ;f ? vlrsKd;wkid ;f ?
Ekid if w
H idk ;f ? bmomwdik ;f ? usio
hf ;Hk Ekid af om wpfenf;tm;jzifh
qk d & aomf vl w k d i f ; xm;&S d t yf a om w&m;jzpf \ /
vlraI &;wGijf zpfap? pD;yGm;a&;wGijf zpfap? Ekid if aH &; wGif
jzpfap? wpfO;D ESih f wpfO;D arwma&SUxm;Ny;D ajymqkd qufqH
vkyaf qmifjcif;onf atmifjrifru
I v
kd nf; &&Sad p ygonf/
jrwfA'k u
vnf; avmu Nird ;f csr;f om,ma&; twGuf
arwmw&m;udk OD;pm;ay;a[mMum; awmfrx
l m;\/
arwmonf 1/ um,uH arwm 2/ 0pDuH arwm 3/
raemuHarwm[k ok;H rsK;d &S\
d /
1/ um,uHarwmqko
d nfrmS olwpfyg;tusK;d
&Sdatmif? olwpfyg;udk,fpdwfESpfjzm csrf;omatmif
ud,
k x
f v
d uf a&mufaqmif&u
G af y;jcif;/
2/ 0pDuaH rwmqdo
k nfrmS olwpfyg; tusK;d &Sd
atmif olwpfyg; ud,
k pf w
d Ef pS yf g; csr;f omatmif pum;ukd
csKcd sKo
d mom ajymay;jcif;? vrf;rSm; a&mufae aomolukd
vrf;rSefa&mufatmif TefMum; ay;jcif;/
3/ raemuHarwmqko
d nfrmS olwpfyg; tusK;d
&Sad tmif olwpfyg;ud,
k pf w
d Ef pS yf g; csr;f omatmif pdwjf zihf
tmkjH yK arwmyGm;jcif;jzpf\/
ae&mrSm ppfreS af om arwmESifh arwmwkukd
cGJjcm; od&efvdkjyefao;\/ cspfoltcsif;csif; cspfaom
arwm? ZeD;armifEt
HS csi;f csi;f cspaf omarwmrsm;onf
avmbw&m;udk tajcjyKxm;onft
h wGuf arwmwkrsm;
jzpfonf/
xkt
Yd wl nDtpfukd armifErS tcsi;f csi;f cspaf om
arwm? aqGrsK;d om;tcsi;f csi;f cspaf om arwmrsm;

onfvnf; wPSmavmbw&m; rsm;udk tajccHxm;


onft
h wGuf arwmwkrsm;jzpfMu\/
ppfrSefaom arwmw&m;rSm wPSmayrr,Su&f efrsurf xm;bJ olwpfyg;\ csr;f omaumif;usK;d udk
tpOfvd k vm;aom oabmjzpf\/ ygVdvk d zGiq
h f &d k vQif cspo
f l
tcsi;f csi;f ? ZeD;armifEt
HS csi;f csi;f cspaf om arwmonf
wPSmayrarwm? nDtpfukd aqGrsK;d om; tcsi;f csi;f
cspaf omarw monf a*[oDwarwm? wPSmayr r,Suf
&efrsurf xm; olwpfyg;\ csr;f omaumif;usK;d udk vkv
d m;
aom arwmonf arwmayr arwmjzpf\/
wpfO;D ESiw
hf pfO;D ? tzGUJ tpnf; wpfcEk iS hf wpfc?k
Ekid if w
H pfcEk iS w
h f pfck ud,
k x
h f ufom remvk0d efwrk d rI sm; jzpfaeMujcif;?
cku
f d &f efa'gorsm; jzpfaeMujcif;onf txufyg wPSmayrarw m?
a*[oDwarwmrsm;ESio
f h m vrf;qk;H aeMujzpf\/ xkad rwmrsm;
onf igigv
h rl sK;d ? igEh id k if t
H wGuf qko
d nfh Ekid v
f rd k if;xuf jyKrw
l wf
aom avmbw&m;udk tajccHxm;onft
h wGuf rdrad &m
vlUtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udyk g ylavmifap\/ qk;d usK;d rsm; jzpfap\/
a'go? tmCmww&m;rsm;uif;aom ppfreS af om arwmonfom
vlwid k ;f udk at;jrap\/ avmu vlUtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udv
k nf;
Nird ;f csr;f ap\/
jrwfA'k o
nf arwmw&m;ESihf ywfouf ('D? X?
3? 38)rSm arwmw&m; ESifh jynfph aHk om olrsm;onf
avmbw&m;vTrf;rdk; jzpfwwfaom iwfrGwfacgif;
yg;rI a b;? a'gow&m;vT r f ; rd k ; jzpf w wf a om
vufeufab;
b;? arm[w&m; vTrf;rdk; jzpfwwfaom
tema&m*g zdpD;ESdyfpufrIuyf[al om uyfBuD;ok;H yg;udk
ausmo
f mG ;Ekid \
f / [ka[mawmfrx
l m; wzefarwmw&m;
\ oabmw&m;udk yk*Kd vftoD;oD;u zGiq
hf Mdk uao;\/
arwmw&m;u b,faomtcgrSawmif;qkrd rI jyK?
arwmw&m;u tNrJtepfemcHw,f/ b,faomtcgrS
emMunf;rI r&Sd wkUH jyefuvJph m;racs/ (r[w *E)D
cspjf cif;arwmw&m;qkw
d m &moDra&G; oD;aewJh
opfo;D wpfv;Hk ygyJ/ vlawGqw
G cf ;l Ekid w
f hJ vufwpfurf;rSmyJ
&Syd gw,f/ (rmomx&DZm)
rnfonfah e&mwGirf qdk vlom;awG qif;&J'u
k c pH m;
aeMu&\/ ud,
fk pf w
d q
f if;&Jjcif;rsm;ESihf BuKHawGUae&onf/
qif;&J'u
k \
t&if;tjrpfrmS arwm"gwfuif;rJh rIyif
jzpf\/ (awmfvpf wGKd if;)
urmrSm tvdt
k yfq;Hk aom t&mrSm arwmw&m;
jzpfovdk xdak rwmw&m;onf urmNhird ;f csr;f a&; w&m;jzpf\/
avmuvlom;wkid ;f om arwmw&m;vuf udik u
f sio
h f ;H k ygu
urmay:rSm rnfonfh ab;&efrsK;d rS rjzpfEid k o
f vdk urmavm
uBuD ; om,mNid r f ; csrf ; aernf o m . . . .
taEG;ocif
59

F
tazhaoG;(wku
d Bf uD;)

wefzkd;odrS wefzkd;xm;rnf
Ny;D cJo
h nfEh pS f aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f ufu uav;
rsm;tm; ,Ofaus;vdrm ESihf Ak'b
mom,Ofaus;rIrsm;
uRefr oifMum;ay;cJhonf/ wkdufBuD;NrKdUrSm&Sdonfh
q&mawmf a'gufwmb'E ynm0Ho\ jynfaZmwdu
ausmif;rSm jzpfonf/ q&mawmf\ ausmif;rSmoGm;a&muf
oifMum; ay;&onfrSm tcuftcJr&Sd? um;jzihf
tvG,w
f ul oGm;vk&Yd \/
q&mawmf\ Zmwdajrjzpfonfh &Sr;f pkaus;&GmwGif
oGm;a&muf oif&onft
h cg tenf;i,frQ tcuftcJ
&Scd o
hJ nf/ um;jzihpf ;D oGm;kEH iS hf ra&mufao;/ (3)rkid ef ;D yg;rQ
qkid u
f ,f u,f&iD mS ; wpfqifo
h mG ;&ao;onf/ xkad usmif;
ESpaf usmif;tm; &[ef;pmqkd taEG;ocifEiS fh wpfvn
S phf D
oifcMhJ uonf/
ckvw
kd pfvn
S phf D oifay;&if; wpfaEGv;Hk uRefr
tcsdefukefcJhonf/ rwf? {NyD? arvrsm;\ tyl&Sdefudk
vnf; uRerf owdrxm;rdvu
dk /f uav;rsm; Ak'b
mom
pmar;yGJ ajzqkdNyD;aemuf atmifpm&if; xGufvm
onfah eYav; jzpfayonf/ pmqkt
d aEG;ocif ajymvm
onfrmS ]]uav;awG&UJ atmifpm&if; xGuv
f mNy;D OuHNrKdU
Ak'b
mom,Ofaus;rI pmppfXmerSm q&mroifay;onfh
&Sr;f pkausmif;u atmifcsuf taumif;qk;H ygyJ}}
q&mawmfav;\ pum;udk Mum;vdu
k &f onfh
uRefrrSm rsuf&nfrsm;yif vnfcJh&onf/ yDwdrsm;pGm
jzpfc&hJ onf/ yDwrd sm;ESihf 0rf;om0rf;enf; jzpfae&onfh
uRerf rSm cPwmrQ pum;jyefrajymEkid cf /hJ uav;rsm;tm;
oifMum;ay;&onfh twGuf tckvjdk zpfonhf yDwrd Sm
yxrqkH;tBudrft[kwf/ 'kwd,tBudrfajrmufom
jzpfygonf/
yxrtBudrf yDwrd sm;pGm jzpfczhJ ;l ygonf/ Ak'b
m
omoifay;csdef ]Ak'0iftusOf;} wpfenf;tm;jzihf

ajym&&if Ak'b
mom\ taMumif; awGoifay;cJph Ofuyg/
]]q&mrwkdY&JU bk&m;&Sifu ow0gawGtm;
u,fwifzkdYtwGuf bk&m;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;cJhw,f/
bk&m;jzpfzt
Ydk wGuf yg&rD jznfch o
hJ nfrmS av;oacsFEiS fh
rurmwpfoed ;f rQ Mum;cJw
h ,f/ tckvkd &Snv
f sm;vSonfh
umvrsm;rSm qif;&J'kutrsKd;rsKd; a&mufcJhw,f/}}
ponfjzifh bk&m;&Si\
f b0aygif;rsm;pGm yg&rDjznfch o
hJ nfh
Zmwfawmfrsm;pGmudk uav;rsm;tm; aeYpOfESihftrQ
wpf a eY w pf r sKd ; rd k ; atmif u Ref r ajymjycJ h y gonf /
bk&m;&Sif\ *kPfaus;Zl;rsm;udk aeYpOfajymygrsm;awmh
uav;rsm;u uRefrwd\
Yk ]Ak'} bk&m;omvQif ud;k uG,f
&mtppf? uRerf wdb
Yk mom omvQif tjrifjh rwfq;Hk bmom
qdw
k m uav;awG ,kMH unfomG ;Muonf/
,kMH unfrrI sm;pGmjzifh aq;rSiEf iS hf pkwx
f ;dk vku
d o
f vdk
olw&Ydk UJ ESv;Hk om;0,f bk&m;wnfomG ;Muonf/ uRerf ajym
jyae pOf uav;rsm;tm;vk;H Nidro
f ufpmG jzifh uRefrtm;
ai;armMunf h em;axmif M uonf / uav;rsm;\
pdwf0ifpm;rIaMumifh NidrfoufaeonfrSm tyfusoHyif
Mum;&rwwf/
bk&m;&Sit
f m; ,kMH unfNyd;D MunfnKdveG ;f onfh
pdwaf wGaMumifh uRerf udk Munfah eonfh olw\
Ykd rsu0f ef;
av;rsm; rSm Munfvif0if;vJh aeonf/ Munfvif0if;
vJah eonfh olw&kYd UJ rsu0f ef;av;awGukd jrifawGUae&onfh
uRefrrSm aeYpOfESihftrQ yDwdrsm;pGm jzpfcJh&ygonf/
avmueDwrd mS qdx
k m;wm&Syd gonf/ tom;wpfrsK;d wnf; om
pm;onfh jcaoFah wG[m olw\
Y k d cEmudk ydev
f rd ?f ajcmufuyfNy;D
aooGm;ygap jrufukd b,fawmhrS rpm;Muyg bl;wJ/h
'Dvydk gyJ bk&m;&Sit
f ay: vk;H 0,kMH unfomG ;onfh
uRerf uav;awG[m uRerf wdb
Y k momuvGv
J Y d k tjcm; bmomudk
pd w f 0 if p m;rnf r [k w f / uRef r uav;i,f r sm;uk d
owd&onft
h csed w
f idk ;f uRerf &ifrmS at;csr;f aeygonf/
tckcsed rf mS uav;awG[m vdrm ,Ofaus;onfh uav;rsm;
jzpfaevdrfhrnf/ Oykof&ufawGrSmqkd vkHcsnftndK?
tust
jzLav;awGEiS f h bk&m;ausmif;uefrsm;rSm &Sad evdrrh f nf/
uRerf wd\
kY bmoma&;ESihf ywfoufvm&ifvnf;
a&SUqk;H u rm;rm;rwfrwf&yfwnf oufq;Hk wkid f umuG,f
apmif h a &S m uf o G m ;rnf wef z k d ; &S d o nf h vl a wG j zpf
vmrnfqw
kd m uRerf ,kMH unf aevkyYd gyJ/ uRerf uav;rsm;
tay: ,kMH unfrI jzifh yDwjd zpfaepOf Mum;vku
d &f onfh
owif;wpfck&,faMumifh uRefr\ aysmf&TifrIyDwdrsm;
csucf si;f &yfwefo
Y mG ;cJo
h nf/ uRerf wkYd teD;wpf0u
kd w
f iG ;f &Sd
(10)wef;atmifcgp orD;i,fav; wpfa,muf bmom
60

jcm;ESifh ywfoufaew,fqo
dk nfh owif; &,faMumifyh g/
uRerf pdwrf aumif;rsm;pGm jzpf&ygonf/ &ifxrJ mS
vnf; 0rf;enf;rIrsm;jzihf ESarsmwojzpfryd gonf/ tJ'h Dd
orD;i,fav;udkvnf; jrifa,mifNyD; oem;rdonf/
aemifwrsm;pGmjzifh uRefr&ifxJ ajymvkdufrdwmu
]]igwdaYk emufuscw
hJ ,f}} qdo
k nfh pum;av;ygyJ/ uRerf
wk\
Yd orD;i,fav;rsm; tckvdk jzpf&jcif;udk aI xmift
h rsK;d
rsKd;u Munfha0zefMuonf/ a0zefrIrsm;rSm rSefawmh
rSeyf gonf/ 'gayrJh trSew
f pfu,frmS uRerf wdYk ayghqcJNh y;D
aemufusaewmyg/
tjcm;bmomrSmqdk olw\
Ykd uav;i,frsm;tm;
i,fpOfuav;b0xJu olwb
Y k d momtaMumif; oifMum;
ay;cJMh uonf/ uRerf wdrYk mS vnf; uRerf wd\
Yk uav;i,f
rsm;tm; uRefrwd\
Yk bmomtaMumif; bmoma&;
oifcef;pmtjzpf wu,fukd pepfwusEiS hf oifMum;ay;
rnfqv
kd Qif tckvt
kd jzpfrsKd;jzpfrmS r[kw/f
wefzkd;&Sdwmudk wefzkd;&SdrSef;odrS wefzkd;xm;
wwfrnf/ Oyrm ywjrm;taMumif; q&mawmfrsm;
a[mMum;onfrmS rSev
f yS gonf/ ajrjyifrmS usaeonfh
ywjrm;BuD; wpfv;Hk udk MuufuawGU tpmxifNyD;
wpfBurd f qdw,
f cl o
hJ nf/ EIwo
f ;D em tpmr[kwrf eS ;f odrS
xyf rqd w f a wmh / vl w pf a ,muf j rif o nf h t cg
ywjrm;BuD;udk aumuf,al &mif;pm;vdu
k w
f m tvGecf sr;f
omoGm;onf/
'Dae&mrSm ywjrm;BuD;taMumif; rodonfh
Muufuk d ]]'Davmufwefz;d k Bu;D onfh ywjrm;Bu;D udk qdw&f
ovm;}} vkY d tjypfajymvkY d r&ovkyd gyJ/ uRerf wkb
Y d mom\
wefz;kd BuD;rm;rIukd rodvYdk wefz;dk rxm;yJ pGeo
Yf mG ;onfh
orD;i,frsm;udv
k nf; tjypfrqk&d ufyg/ uRerf wdYk uav;
rsm;tay: bmoma&;twGuf tav;xm;rI avsmeh nf;
cJv
h v
Ykd nf; jzpfayvdrrhf nf [k uRerf xifryd gonf/ ,ck
qkdvQif wpfcsKdUa'orsm;wGif we*FaEGaeYwdkif; Sunday
School rsm;zGifhvSpf bmoma&; pmayrsm; oifMum;
ay;onf/ tckvdk oifMum;onft
h wGuf tvGeyf if 0rf;
ajrmufryd gonf/ rMumcifu uRerf wdY k uav;rsm;twGuf
aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufokYd a&mufygawmhrnf/ 'gru
uRefrwkdY bmoma&; pmayrsm; oifMum;ay;zkt
Yd wGuf
tcGit
hf a&;wpfcyk if jzpfayonf/
'DtcGiahf &;udk uRerf wdkY vufvw
T v
f u
kd rf nf qdk
vQif orD;i,fav;rsm; tjzpfq;dk rsm;ESifh aemufxyf
BuKHawGU aeMuvdrt
hf ;Hk rnf/ 'gaMumifh uRerf wkYd orD;i,f
av;rsm; tjzpfq;dk rsm;eJY aemufxyfrBuKHzt
Ydk a&; aemif

f;
fcsi
i
Sm
a&
o
a

raem&rynm'geausmif;ESifh
yJhudkif&Sif
awmifNrdKU? r[m*EmHkwkduf q&mawmf t&Sif
Zeumbd0Hou usrf;pmrsm;pGm a&;om; tjrifzGifhay;
cJhygonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm;ESifh ywfouf rnfolYudkrQ
raxmufmyJ? omoemawmf\ tusdK;pD;yGm;udkom
t"duxm; vrf;TefcJhygonf/ &[ef;[lonf (1) y&d
,wd[al om w&m;"rukd oif,?l oifay;jcif;? (2) y#d
ywd[al om urXmef;w&m; tm;xkwjf cif;? (3)? y&[dw
[laom wynf'h umwk\
Yd ynma&;? tjypfuif;aom
twwf ynm toufarG;rIwu
Ydk kd vrf;eT o
f ifjyay;jcif;?
xkd (3) rsdK;teuf wpfrsdK;rsdK;udk t"duxm; BudK;yrf;
tm;xkwo
f ifah Mumif; a&;om;cJ\
h / xkw
d mm0ef wpfcck k
aomfrQ aoaocsmcsm raqmif&u
G v
f Qif tvkyv
f ufrhJ
bke;f BuD;rsm; jzpf omoemawmftwGuf 0efxyk 0f efy;kd rsm;
jzpfomG ;Ekid af Mumif; qH;k rcJyh gonf/ omoemh 0efxrf;rsm;
omjzpfoifah Mumif;? omoemh 0efp;D rsm; rjzpfxu
dk af Mumif;
vrf; TefcJhygonf/

wpfcsdefrSm uRefrwdkY jyefvnftm;xm;&onfh


ud,
k t
hf rsK;d ? ud,
k b
hf momudk umuG,af pmifah &SmufEidk o
f nfh
omoemh tmZmenfav;rsm; jzpfvmzkt
Yd a&; uRerf wd\
Yk
Ak'bmom *kPf,l 0ifh<um;pGmjzihf urmhtv,frSm
wnf&EdS ifdk af &; ponft
h a&;rsm;pGm twGuf uRefrwdYk
jynfow
l pf&yfv;Hk rSm wm0ef&adS yonf/
uRefrwdkY\ uav;i,frsm; wefzkd;&Sdwmudk
wefz;kd xm;wwfonfh wefz;dk &So
d nfh vlrsm;jzpfvm zkt
Yd wGuf
uRerf wdYk BuKd;pm;&ygawmhrnf/ 'gaMumifh &[ef; &Sirf sm;?
rdbrsm;? q&m^q&mr tm;vk;H ud,
k &hf yfu,
kd hf a'o
rSm&So
d nfh uav;i,frsm; tcGiahf y;vmonhf aEG&moD
ausmif;ydw&f ufrmS bmoma&;pmayrsm uRerf wdkY 0dik ;f 0ef;
oifMum;ay;Muygpdv
Yk m;&Si/f
tazhaoG; (wkdufBuD;)
61

twdkaumufrSwfom;vQif (y) oHk;vHk; jzpfonf/


y&d,wd&,f y#dywd&,f y&[dw&,f/
y&[dw vkyif ef;rsm;yif 0denf;a'oemawmfEiS hf
udu
k n
f aD om jrwfA'k t
vku
d s y&[dwvkyif ef;rsm;jzpfzYdk
tvGefvdktyfygonf/ prf;acsmif;? raem&rynm'ge
ausmif;\ vkyif ef;rsm;rSm xkt
d rsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/
&efukefwkdif;? prf;acsmif;NrdKUe,f? ta&SUO,smOf
wku
d ?f raem&rynm'geausmif;Bu;D onf xl;jcm;csurf sm;
aMumifh rSwo
f m;zG,af umif;aeonf/
1/ 1997-98 ckESpfavmufwGif xkdynm'ge
ausmif;BuD;udk xlaxmifcJh&m? ,ck 2014-ckESpfwdkif
t&Sdeft[kef rysuf qufvufaqmif&GufEkdifcJhonf/
xlaxmifcgpu 3-vwpfBudrf oifwef;rsm;wGif
oifwef;om; (50) 0ef;usifom &SdcJh&m? ,cktcg
oifwef;tywfpOf wpfck wGif oifwef;om; (4000)
ausm&f adS eayonf/
2/ ynm'ge oifwef;ausmif; tcsdKUrSm
qufvuf aqmif&GufEkdifjcif; r&SdawmhbJ? &yfqdkif;
oGm;MuaomfvJ raem&roifwef;ausmif;rSmrl ,ckxd
(16) ESpw
f idk w
f ikd f r,dik rf vJ aqmif&u
G Ef idk q
f jJ zpfonf/
tem*wfumv twkdif;twmwpfckxdvJ y&[dw
vkyfief;udk qufvuf aqmif&GufEkdifvdrfhrrnf[k
,kMH unfarQmv
f ifyh gonf/ (26-7-2014)aeYwiG f tywfpOf
(60) tjzpf oifwef;rsm; zGiv
h f pS cf o
h J nf/ wnfaxmif&wm
vG,af yr,fh wnfwaHh p zkYd cufonfqakd om pum;udk
owd&p&myg/
3/ tywfpOf (60) xd oifwef;om;aygif; (1)
odef; ausmf &SdcJhygNyD/
4/ raem&rudk pwifcJhpOfu ajrpdkufwJBuD;
jzpfonf/ Murf;cif;r&SdbJ trdk;u rvHkay/ eH&Hrsm;u
aqG;ajrUaeojzifh rk;d yufae\/ xkt
d ajctaerS oH;k xyf
wku
d af usmif;BuD;tjzpfodYk y"geq&mawmf OD;0g,rdEu
o'gtm;? 0D&,
d m tm;jzifh OD;aqmifum taumif
txnfaz:cJo
h nf/
_ _ _
]]ynm'ge}} ESihf ywfouf ordik ;f tpudk q&m
OD;at;cspf EEAC u (15-3-07) aeYpjJG zifh b'E0g,
rdE*kPylZmpmtkyw
f iG f a&;om;cJ\
h / ynm'ge[lonfh
txl;a&yef;pm;aeonfh a0g[m&udk 1980-ckEpS f 0ef;
usiu
f mvuwnf;u pwif Mum;cJ&h zl;aMumif;? ajrmuf
OuvmyNrdKUe,f? ausmufa&wGi;f ? yk&u
G q
f w
d u
f ek ;f
blwmHk teD;&Sd q&mawmfBuD; OD;ynm'Dy\ tjynfjynf

qdkif&m Ak'omoemjyK "rAdrmefausmif;wGif EkdifiHjcm;


bmompum; rsdK;pku
H kd oifMum;ay;vSL ynm'ge jyKae
aMumif;? tvSLaiGtenf;i,f av;vSLrkH Qjzifh vufawGU
toH;k cs Ekid if w
H um bmompum;rsm;udk rdrEd pS o
f uf&m
oif,El ikd f aMumif;? &efuek Nf rdKU odrYk [kwf jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f
yxrOD;qH;k Ekid if jH cm; bmompum;oif ynm'geausmif;
jzpfrnf[k ,HMk unf,q
l aMumif; OD;at;cspu
f az:jyxm;
ayonf/
_ _ _
(3-8-2014) raem&rausmif;\ y"ge em,
u t&Si0f g,rdEtm; zl;ajrmfavQmufxm;cJ&h \/ rnfoYkd
aom &nf&,
G cf sufjzifh ausmif;udk zGiv
hf pS jf zpfcyhJ gvJ [k
ar;avQmufc&hJ m ]]EkdifiHwumrSm bmompum; b,favmuf
ta&;BuD;ovJqw
kd m odxm;w,f/ ud,
k w
f idk v
f J jynfy
c&D;rSm ydo
k v
d mw,f/ ud,
k Ehf idk if u
H rsdK;qufopf vli,f
awGukd tcuftcJ rjzpfapcsifb;l / tjyifoifwef;awG
rSm aps;BuD;ay;NyD; wuf&awmh rwwfEikd Mf ubl;/ 'DrmS u
3-vaygif;rS 500-usyyf J tvSLaumufw,f/ 'gvJ q&m
awG&UJ vrf;p&dw?f vufzuf&nfz;kd yg/ apwemo'gw&m;
u t"duyg/ aiGrukeyf J ta&;BuD;wJh bmompum;awG
udk wwfajrmufomG ;apcsifwhJ &nf&,
G cf sufaygh}}
_ _ _
ynm'geausmif; tawmfrsm;rsm; &yfqidk ;f ukeaf y
rJh raem&ruawmh? c&D;qufEidk q
f yJ /J taMumif;&if;av;
rdeMYf um;ay;ygbk&m;}} [k avQmufxm;&m ]]pdw&f n
S zf Ydk tifrwefvt
kd yfygw,f/ oD;cHEidk f zkv
Yd J
ta&;Bu;D w,f/ vmwufwhJ olawG tqifajyyg apqdw
k hJ
apwem o'gw&m; BuD;rm;zkYd t"duyJ/ o'gw&m;
tm;enf;cJh&if tIH;tjrwfwGuf wwfw,f/ tJ'g qdk
tvkyu
f qufvyk v
f Ydk r&awmhb;l / omw,f? emw,f
oabmxm;&if ysufrSmyJ/ pdw&f Snf ZGJoef? oD;nnf;cH?
jyK&efomoemwh/J 'Daqmify'k af v;u tvGerf eS yf gw,f/
t"du ajymcsifwm o'gw&m;yg/ o'gw&m;&Sv
d Ydk 'D
ausmif; 'DaeYxd qufvyk Ef ikd af ewmyg/ vkcd sirf I r&Sd &bl;/
avmbudk OD;rwnf&bl;/
_ _ _
BuKH awGU&wJh tcuftcJrsm;? &ifqikd af usmv
f mT ; &wJh
tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk rdeMYf um;ay;cJo
h nfrmS ]]jyem BuD;BuD;rm;rm;awmh r&Syd gbl;/ ynm'ge
ausmif;qkw
d m tcrJo
h ifay;rhJ q&mvkw
d maygh/ taqmuf
tOD; pmoifcef;reJY y&dabm*awGukd bke;f BuD; wku
Yd
62

jznfq
h nf;xm;w,f/ oif,v
l o
dk al wG odatmif owif;
pmxJrmS aMumfjimNyD;? vmtyf&if vufcH ay;xm;
w,faygh/ 'gayrJh twef;pcgeD;rSmrS q&mu taMumif;
wpfcck ak Mumifh rvmjzpfawmhb;l qd&k if pdwaf rm? vlarm
jzpf&w,f/ tpm; 0ifay;Ekid rf hJ q&mudk &Sm&w,f/ r&&if
olwv
Ydk m&usdK; eyfatmif tusdK;&Sw
d hJ tpDtpOfwpfcck k
vkyf&w,f/ rwwfom&ifawmh vlawGudk jyefvTwf&
wmrsdK;vJ &Scd zhJ ;l w,f/
]]aemufwpfcu
k awmh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;
ckduf &efjzpfyGm;wmaygh/ 'gvJ tqifajyajy xdef;
Ekid cf yhJ gw,f/
]][dkwpfcsdefu bmjzpfzl;vJqdkawmh vHkNcHKa&;
tajc taeqkw
d mudk taMumif;jyNyD; oifwef;awG
tydwcf &H zl;w,f/ tcuftcJawG? tqifrajyrIawGaygh/
tckaemuf ykid ;f awmh 'grsKd ; r&Sad wmhb;l / [dw
k ek ;f uawmh
ta&;tcif; awG? rNird rf oufraI wG jzpf&if oifwef;awG
ydw&f wmyJ/ oifwef;uvJ ausmif;vTw&f if ta,muf
150-avmuf NyKH qif;oGm;wmud;k ? olwzYdk ufu pd;k &drpf &m
jzpfaewmud;k }}/
_ _ _
]]t&Sib
f &k m;? jynfyokYd <ujzpfcyhJ akH v; trde&Yf ydS g}}
[k ar;avQmuf&m ]]1997-98 avmufrmS ynm'ge ausmif;pjzpf
cJw
h m ajymNyD;NyDaemf/ wpfaeYrmS awmh &efuek ?f r*Fvm'Hk
avqdypf rD u
H ed ;f u *syefBuD; wpfa,mufu bke;f BuD;wkYd
ausmif;udk a&mufvmw,f/ olu tcrJh ynm'ge tjzpf
*syefpum;udk oifay;csiw
f mav? ausmif;uvJ ae&may;
vku
d af wmh wpfEpS af usmfausmfavmuf vmoifay;oGm;
w,f/ olt
Y rnfu &mr'wJ/h olu avQmufw,f/ Edik if H
jcm;udk r<ucsifb;l vm;wJ/h tJ'u
D ae <ujzpfomG ;w,f/
*syefukd yxrtBudrf wpf0g oGm;qdw
k m 2000-jynfEh pS f
rSmaygh/ 'kw,
d tBudrf aemuf wpf0goGm;qkw
d m 2001ckESpfrSmaygh/ xkdif;? puFmylawGvJ a&mufjzpfcJhygw,f/
Edkif iHjcm;u 'um? 'umrawG uyfvSLaiG e0urudk
t"du xm;NyD;? usefwhJ tvSL&Siaf wG&JU yg0ifrIeJY (3)
xyfwu
dk f ausmif;BuD;udk aqmufjzpfcyhJ gw,f/
2006-ckESpfrSm tar&duefudk oGm;cJhygw,f/
ESpv
f cG?J oH;k veD;yg; MumcJw
h ,f/ taysmt
f yg; oufouf
qk&d if b,ftusdK;&Srd vJ/ A[kow
k awG? ud,
k yhf &[dw
vkyif ef; twGuf tusdK;&Srd hJ todawG &vmcJyh gw,f/
_ _ _
]]raem&r&UJ ausmif;xGuaf wG bmompum;
uRrf; usifraI Mumifh jynfwiG ;f jynfyrSm tvkyaf umif;

aumif; &Muw,f/ pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &; aumif;Muw,f


vkYd od&yg w,fb&k m;/ om"u jzpf&yfwpfcak vmuf
rdeMYf um;ay;yg}} [k avQmufxm;&m ]]tqifajyoGm;olawGu trsKd ;rsKd ;yJ/ wdwu
d sus
vmavQmufoal wGa&m? ravQmufoal wGa&m pHv
k aYdk ygh/
&efukefNrdKUxJrSm aewJh vli,fwpfa,muf ynm'gerSm
*syefpm? *syefpum; vmoifw,f/ tmqD,H vli,f
awG *syefukd (10) &ufavhvma&;? tjrifcsif; zvS,f
a&; tpDtpOfqw
kd m ay:vmw,f/ raem&ru *syef
pum; wufaewJh vli,f (10) a,muf ygoGm;w,f/
ckeu ajymwJh vli,fvJ ygwmaygh/ aemufawmh olu
*syef&dS ukrPDwpfcrk mS tvkyaf umif;aumif; &oGm;w,f?
yGcJ wpfjym;rS rukeb
f ;l / vpmvJ jrifw
h ,f/
axkywdtusOf;
raem&rynm'geausmif;BuD;\ y"ge em,u
q&mawmf b'E0g,rdEavmif;vsmudk yJc;l wkid ;f ? rd;k ndK
NrKd Ue,f? pdew
f ikd &f mG wGif crnf;awmf OD;vSarmif+r,fawmf
a':wifjrwkrYd S 1320-ckEpS ?f ewfawmfvqef; (6) &uf?
Ak'[
;l aeYwiG f zGm;jrifawmfrcl yhJ gonf/ touf (16) ESpw
f iG f
rdbESpyf g;wk\
Yd yp,mEk*[
jzifh pdew
f ikd &f mG ausmif; q&m
awmfudk OyZm,fjyK omraPjyKcJhonf/ 1339-?
ewfawmfvqef; (5) &ufaeY ajrmufOuvmy? 12&yfuu
G ?f &Tiaf ysmfaysmf pwd;k ydik &f iS f OD;pde?f a':Munfw\
Ydk
yp,mEk*[
jzifh &[ef;jyKonf/
pdew
f idk af usmif;? jrefatmifNrdKUe,f? rH&k mG y&d,wd
pmoifwu
dk ?f ajrmufOuvmyNrKd Ue,f atmif0wD pmoif
wdu
k rf sm;wGif y&d,wdpmayrsm;? rlvwef;? yxri,fwef;?
yxrvwfwef;? yxrBuD;wef; pmayrsm; oif,q
l nf;
yl;cJo
h nf/
q&mawmf o nf raem&r y nm'geausmif ;
awmfwGif 1998-rSp &[ef;&Sifvlrsm;tm; bmomaA
'ESihf twwfynmrsm;udk tcrJo
h ifMum;ay;Ekid &f ef pDpOf
OD;aqmifco
hJ nf/ q&mawmf ud,
k w
f idk u
f uav;oli,f
rsm; ,Ofaus;vdrm ap&ef Ak'p mayrsm;udk t*Fvyd -f
jrefrmbmomrsm;jzifh oifMum;ay;onf/ ,Ofaus;rI oif
wef;rsm;udv
k nf; oifMum;ay;vsuf&o
dS nf/
q&mawmfonf 2000-jynfhESpfwGif 'g,um?
'g,dumrsm;\ yifah vQmufcsut
f & *syefEidk if ?H xkid ;f Ekid if ?H
puFmylEidk if ?H rav;&SmEkid if rH sm;okYd omoemjyK <ua&muf
cJo
h nf/
1365-66 ESprf sm;wGif rd;k ndKNrdKUe,f? td;k bdu
k Ref;
tkyfpk&Sd pdefwkdif&Gm? jrpfomuRef;&Gm? &SpfuGuf&Gmrsm;wGif
63

urf;yg;NydK 'kua&mufMu&m? qefESifh ausmif;oHk; pm


tkyrf sm;? y&dabm*rsm; ay;vSLcho
J nf/
ZD0w
d 'ge oHCmhaq;H?k ESi;f qDuek ;f bd;k bGm;&dyf
om? wdyd#u ausmif;awmf? Munfjh rifwkdif rsufrjrif
ausmif; ponfwo
Ydk Ydk vSL'gef;cJo
h nf/ aoG;vSL&Siv
f nf;
jzpf pma&;aom (8-8-14) aeYxd (35) Burd f vSL'gef;
cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ (4-1-07) vGwfvyfa&;aeYwGif
EkdifiHawmfu q&mawmftm; o'raZmwdu"ZbGJU
qufuyfvLS 'gef; cJo
h nf/
raem&r ynm'geausmif;\ vuf&SdtpDtpOf
ausmif;\ trnfrmS raem&rtcrJyh nm'ge oif
wef;ausmif; (Manawramma Gratis Monastery Educational Institue) jzpfonf/ oH;k vwpfBudrf oifwef;rsm;
zGio
hf nf/ 1/ t*Fvyd ?f 2/ jyifopf? / *syef? 4/ wkw?f
5/ udk;&D;,m;? 6/ *smref? 7/ pydef? 8/ rav;? 9/
xkdi;f ? 10/ tDvufxa&mepf 11/ pm&if;udik ?f 12/
aq;0g;okw [l oifwef; 12-rsKd ;&So
d nf/ bmompum;
oifwef; (9) rsdK;ESihf twwfynmoifwef; (3) rsdK;
jzpfonf/
ausmif;\ aqmify'k rf mS Language is a key
jzpfonf/ atmifjrifjcif; rkcw
f cH g;udk EIw"f g;jzifh zGit
hf hH
[k q&mwpfO;D u ajymzl;onf/ (26-7-2014)wGif zGihf
vSpo
f nfh oifwef;tywfpOf (60) wGif q&m? q&mr
(30) a,mufausmfu wef;cGJ (37) ckziG v
hf pS f wpfywf
vQif (2) &ufEIef;? wpf&ufvQif (1) em&DcGJEIef;jzifh
tcrJh oifMum;ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ oifwef; NyD;qHk;
atmifjrifol rsm;udk Certificate xkwaf y;onf/ (3) v
wufHkjzifh bmompum; wpfck\ tajccHudk uRrf;
usifydkifEdkifapNyD;? tqifhjrifhjrifh qufvufavhvm
qnf;yl;&m tajccH aumif;rsm;tjzpf taxmuftul
jyKaponf[k qdkonf/ uGeyf sLwm oifwef;rsm;vJ
zGiv
hf pS o
f ifMum;ay;onf/
aoa&S m if c sif ;

d
mr
r o
"
m
fw
gu
a'

Ak'bmom0ifrsm;\
&Gwfzwfo&Zsm,frSK
(q&mawmf a 'guf w m"r o mrd \
The Dhamma Made Easy pmtk y f r S x k w f E I w f j yef q d k o nf / )

&Gwzf wf o&Zsm,frKS qdw


k m[m bmomw&m;
wkid ;f rSm &dS Muygonf/ tJ'h t
D aMumif;eJY ywfoufjyD;
Ak'b
mom0if rsm;twGuf txl;ajymp&m rvdak wmhygbl;/
'gayrJh &Gwzf wf o&Zsm,frKS &Jh &nf,
G cf suf[mqd&k if
bmomw&m; wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;vQufSdNyD;
Ak'b
mom&JU wpfjcm;aom bmomrsm;ESirhf wl xl;jcm;rSK
uawmh &Gwzf wf o&Zsm,fwmudk qkawmif;rSK wpfcv
k Ukd
r,lq jcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/
Ak'j rwfpmG onf ud,
k yf idk v
f yk if ef;jzpfwhJ uHu\
H
tusKd;udk ,HMk unfzUkd eT jf ycJo
h vkd olwyg;udk tm;rud;k zk?hd
udk,fh udk,fudkrSDckdtm;xm;zdkYvJwdkufwGef;cJhygw,f/
'Dpum;[m ]]r[my&deAd meokw}f } rSm az:jyxm;wJh jrwfpmG
bk&m;&Si&f hJ aemufq;kH pum; awmfvnf; jzpfygw,f/
'D o k w ef w&m;awmf x J r S m ygwJ h pum;wpf c G e f ;
uawmh]]tmeE . ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd rScD t
kd m;xm;yg/ ud,
k hf
ud,
k u
f kd tm;ud;k yg/ olwyg;udt
k m; rud;k ygESi}hf }/ qdv
k w
kd m
uawmh ud,
k w
f ik d f usiMh fuw
H h J w&m;awmfuk d rScD t
k d m;xm;yg/
tm;ud;k orSKjyKyg}} vdUk ajymqkx
d m;w,f/
Ak'b
mom0ifawG &Gwzf wfo&Zsm,frKS jyKMuwJh
tcgrSm rdrdudk,fudk raumif;rSKrS u,fwifzdkh rawmif;
qdkovkd &Gwfzwf&wJh tusKd;tm;aMumifh aojyD;onfh
aemifrSmvJ rdrdudkewfjynfa&mufatmif ydkUaqmifay;
zdrYk arQmf vifyh gbl;/ &Gwzf wf o&Zsm,f olawG[mawmif;
qdrk nfh tpm; okwefw&m;awmfukd oif,jl cif;? ydcYk sjcif;?
awG;ac:jcif;eJY tm*HkEIwfwdkuf&atmifvkyfjcif; oabm
rQom jzpfw,f/ t*Fw
k &edum, ygVdawmfrmS &Gwzf wf
o&Zsm,frKS eJyY wfoufwhJ "r0[
d m&Duo
hJ Ykd aomokwe f
w&m;awmf wpfcsKdUvJ &Sdygw,f/ tJh'Dw&m;awmfxJrSm?
64

w&m;awmf awGukd toH;k jyKwJh yk*Kd vfig;rsKd;&Sad Mumif;


jyqdx
k m;ygw,f/
yxryk*dKvf[m w&m;awmfawGudk rdrdwpfOD;
wnf;avh vmrSKoufoufom jyKvkyjf yD;? rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd f
vufawGU usiMhf uHMudK;xkwf tm;xkwjf cif;? olwpfyg;udk
a[majym jyoydcYk say;jcif;? avhvmjyD;cJw
h t
Jh aMumif;
t&mrsm;udk av;av;eufeuf jyefvnfqifjcif oH;k oyf
jcif;wdkUudk rjyKvkyfbl;/tJ'Dyk*dKvfrsdK;udk ]]y&d,wd
A[kavm}} avhvm oif,rl u
I o
kd m pdwyf g0ifpm; olvYkd
ac:ygw,f/
'kw,
d yk*Kd vfuawmh okwew
f &m;awmf awG
uae oif,al vhvmcJw
h mawGudk jyefvnfjyD; a[m
ajymydkUcsw,f/ 'gayrJh oludk,fwdkif vddkufemusifhMuHrSK
rjyKvkyb
f ;l / tJ'h D yk*Kd vfrsK;d ud]k ]ynwAd [kavm}} ]]oif
Mum;ydchk srSKudo
k m tm;oefo}l } vdaYk c:w,f/
wwd,yk*Kd vfuawmh &Gwzf wfo&Zsm,frKS jyKyg
w,f/ 'gayrJh ol[m okwefw&m;awmfeJhywfoufjyD;
ol&h J tawG; tac: odvpk d w
d jf yif;jywmawGuk d auseyftm;
&atmif tNrw
J rf;MudK;pm;ygw,f/ b0twGuf toH;k cszhdk
twGuf Muawmh ]]0dwuA[kavm}} ]]w&m;awmf
awG;ac: MuHqrSKudo
k m pdwyf g0ifpm;ol}} vdaYk c:ygw,f/
pwkw yk*dKvfuawmh okwefw&m;awmf
awGudkpdwfxJrSm Mum&SnfpGm pJGjrJaeatmif &Gwfzwf
o&Zsm,fw,f/ rarh atmifvJ tMudrMf udrf tzef
zefjyefvnf &Gwzf wfyg w,f/ 'gayrJh ol[m aehpOfb0rSm
vufawG v
h u
kd ef m usifMh uHjcif; rjyKvkyb
f ;l / tJ'h yD *k Kd vf
rsKd;udk ]]oZsm, uA[kavm}} w&m;awmf tvGwf
usufrw
S rf KS ? &Gwzf wf o&Zsm,frKS udo
k m pdwt
f m;
xufoefol vdaYk c:ygw,f/ w
G zf wf o&Zs,fru
I ae
tpGr;f xufwh J wefc;k d wckck &&Sd vdrrh f ,f vdv
h k J arQmv
f ifah e
wJo
h jl zpfw,f/
yOryk*Kd vf odrhk [kwf aemufq;kH yk*Kd vf uawmh
okwef w&m;awmfawGudk avhvmw,f/ ydkhcsw,f/
awG;ac:MuH qrSK tydik ;f awGuv
kd v
J yk w
f ,f/ rSerf eS v
f nf;
&Gwzf wf o&Zsm,f/ jyD;awmh aehpOfb0rSmvJ toH;k
csw,f/ tJ'D yk*Kd vfrsK;d udk jrwfpmG bk&m;u ]]"r0[
d m&D}}
]]oif,l avhvmtyfjyD;aom w&m;awmfukd vdu
k ef m
usifMh uHov
l hkd csD;rGr;f ajymqdyk gw,f/
'Dow
k e w
f &m;awmfukd jyefvnfo;kH oyf Munfh
r,fqkd &ifu,
kd u
hf ,
kd u
f kd b,ftrsK;d tpm;xJrmS yg0ifovJ/
bmh aMumifh w&m;awmfukd avhvmoif,l &Gwzf wfo&
Zsm,frKS eJah wG vky&f ovJqw
kd m ud,
k u
hf u
kd ,
kd f jyefvnf
qef;ppf Munfzh Ykd jzpfygw,f/ w
G zf wf o&Zs,freI UJ

ywfoufjyD; a,bk,stm;jzifh tenf;i,fcsJU ajymcsifyg


ao;w,f/ tJ'guawmh oD&v
d uFm Ak'b
m om0ifrsm;&Jh
"avhx;kH wrf;pOfvmt& wpfnvH;k &Gwf zwf o&Zsm,frKS
awGehJ ywfoufwmyJjzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkd &Gwzf wfjcif;[m
trSefrSm rdrdwkdhvkyfaewmawGudk rdrdwdkh tjynfht0
,HkMunfrSK&Sdzdkh&efjzpfygw,f/ tpydkif;rSm bkef;MuD;u
Ak ' b mom0if r sm;onf wjcm;bmomawG e J Y rwl
xl;jcm;w,fvYkd ajymcJw
h m[m Ak'b
mom0ifrsm;onf
&Gwzf wfo&Zsm,frKS udk qkawmif;rSKtjzpf r,lqjcif;
aMumifh jzpfygonf/ 'gqd&k if bmaMumif&h w
G zf wfovJ?
a&S;wke;f u pmayynm avhvmbdt
hk wGuf taxmuftul
jzpfwhJ pmtkyw
f hdk bmomjyefwYkd uGeyf sLwmwdYk vHak vmuf
rSKr&Scd ifrmS tm*Hak qmif tvGwu
f su&f ygw,f/ oif,Nl y;D
wmawGukd raysmufysuaf tmif xde;f odr;f zdrhk eS rf eS w
Gf zf wf
o&Zsm,f&jyD; aemifvmaemifom;awGukd qufvuf
qifu
h rf; ay;&ygw,f/ aeYpOfaeYwikd ;f r&Gwzf wf&if
oif,ljyD;om; pmawGudk arhaysmufoGm;Edkifygw,f/
'grSr[kwf wpfcsdKh pum;vH;k awG ususef&pfcw
hJ mwd?Yk
ausmo
f mG ;wmwdh k jzpfwwf ygw,f/ t*kw
F & edum, ygVdrmS
]]wu,fvrhkd sm; okwe f w&m;awmf awGukd aumif;rGepf mG
rxde;f odr;f roif,l Mubl; qd&k if omoemawmfjrwfMuD;
uG,af ysmufp&m taMumif;&Syd g onf}} vdhk qdx
k m;ygonf/
tJ'Dtcgwkef;u tvGwf usufzdkheJhrSefrSef &Gwfzwf
o&Zsm,fzUkd [m tifrwefrS ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ tJ't
D cdsef
upjy;D tckacwfumvtxd &Gwzf wfo&Zsm,frKS awGukd
ausmaxmuf aemufcjH yK& ygw,f/ &Gwzf wf o&Zsm,frKS
awG[mw&m;"rwnfjrrJ KS twGuf t"du jzpfaeygw,f/
,ckrsufarSmufacwfrmS oifMum;rSK taxmuf
tulawG vHv
k akH vmufavmuf &Syd gvQufeUJ bmhaMumifh
&Gwzf wf o &Zsm,frKS awG qufvyk af e&vJ/ &Gwzf wf
o&Zsm,f &jcif; &Jh wpfjcm;taMumif;&if;rsm; &Syd gao;
ovm;vdUk ar;cGe;f xkwzf ,
G f &m&Sv
d mygw,f/
'D&w
G zf wfo&Zsm,frKS awGukd qufvuf usio
hf ;kH
oGm;zdUk vHak vmufwh J taMumif;jycsurf sm;pGm&Syd gw,f/ aehpOf
yHrk eS &f w
G f zwfo&Zsm,fjcif;[m &Gwzf wfo&l hJ oEmefrmS
,HMk unfrKS 0rf;ajrmufrKS tm;&auseyfrKS wdUk udk jzpfapjyD;
o'gw&m;udk wd;k yGm;apygw,f/ 'D&w
G zf wf o&Zm,fr[
I m
rdr&d YJ b0udk tm;opfavmif;ay;&mvnf; a&mufygw,f/
wjcm;olawGtwGuaf wmh rajymwwfb;l / bke;f Bu;D twGuf
uawmh 'Dw
G zf wfo&ZsrI jyKwJt
h cgwdik ;f yDwad omre
(pdwEf v
S ;kH 0rf;ajrmufr)I rMumcP jzpfryd gw,f/ ud,
k u
hf kd
ud,
k f ,HMk unfrv
I nf; wd;k yGm;vmw,f/ 'gaMumifh bke;f Bu;D
u 'Dw
G zf wf o&Zs,fru
I kd o'gw&m; tm;aumif;
65

wd;k wufrI vkyif ef;wpfct


k jzpf rSw,
f yl gw,f/
Ak'b
mom bke;f Bu;D ausmif;awG&UJ xH;k xrf;tpOf
tvm ynma&;pepfrmS 'Dw
G zf wf o&Zs,rf eI YJ tvGwf
usurf w
I Ykd yg0ifae&m,laeqJ jzpfyg w,f/ bke;f Bu;D wkrdY mS
tbd"rm w&m;awmfawGukd tJvpkd epf eJY oif,rl w
S o
f m;
cJ&h ygw,f/ pmcsq&mawmfrsm;u tbd"rm w&m;awmf
awG&UJ teuft"dyg,rf sm;eJY ,kwo
d abm obm0rsm;udk
Z,m;uG u f e J Y tusOf ; csKyf N yD ; awmh S i f ; vif ;
jyoay;ygw,f/ tJ'ZD ,m;uGuu
f kd rsupf x
d rJ mS jrifatmif
MunfNh yD; ntcgrSm tvGwu
f sufwhJ oabmr[kwb
f J
BudK;pm;NyD; usrf;pmvmpmydk'frsm;twdkif; jzpfatmif
w
G zf wf o&Zs,rf I jyK&ygw,f/ 'Dvw
Gkd zf wfEikd jf cif;[m
&&Sdxm;wJh qdkd ; enf;pepfaMumifhom jzpfw,f/
]]n0gqdk}}w,fvdkY bkef;BuD; pmoifom;avmurSm
wGifus,fygw,f/ tbd"rm eJY okwe w
f &m;awmf
oifMum;a&; enf;pepfvv
Ykd J ajymqdk Edik yf gw,f/ tJ'D
enf;pepf[m pmoifom;awGudk if; tbd"rmeJY
okwefw&m;awmfawG jrefjrefoHk;oyf Edkifatmif
tifrwefrS tusKd ;rsm;ygw,f/ okwe w
f &m;awmfawG&UJ
oabmobm0awG u d k pd p pf M unf h w J h tcgrS m
w
G zf wfo&Zs,&f jcif;&JU taMumif;&if; awGukd tifwek ;f
uxuf ydkNyD; xifSm ;pGm odvmygw,f/
ok w e f w &m;awmf a wG &J U oabmobm0
r*Fvmokwf uJo
h aYkd om okwaf wmfrsm;[m
ewfom;awG avQmufxm; ar;jref;&muae jrwfpmG bk&m;
u vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&;? "ra&;wd&Y k UJ Bu;D yGm;wd;k wufaMumif;
w&m;awmf awGukd ajzMum;ay;wJh tajzrsm;jzpfygw,f/
tJ'D vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&;? "ra&;udpa wGrmS BuD;yGm;
wd;k wufvo
kd l rsm; twGuf jrwfpmG bk&m;&JU tqH;k trrsm;
jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D Bu;D yGm;wd;k wufaMumif; w&m;awmfawG
[m uav;b0rS pNyD b0wpfavQmufv;kH oufq;kH wdik f
atmif vdu
k ef musio
h f ;k H xdu
k w
f h J w&m;awmfrsm; jzpfygw,f/
w&m;awmf trsm;pk[m 'Doabm obm0&SMd uygw,f/
'ghjyif okwe f w&m;awmfawG[m avmb? a'go?
arm[rsm;rS tpjyKNyD; jzpfay:vmwJh a&m*grsm;twGuf
aq;Tef;awGvnf; jzpfygw,f/
wpfcsKd U okwe w
f &m;awmfawG&Y J oabmobm0
uawmh ab;&eftE&m,frS umuG,jf cif; odrYk [kwf
tema&m*g ukojcif;eJY oufqidk w
f ,f/ 'Dae&mrSm &we
okwaf wmf [m txifmS ;qH;k pHerlemjzpfygw,f/ a;S OD;pGm
jrwfpmG bk&m;onf 'D&weokwaf wmfukd tiS t
f meEtm;
oifay;Ny;D a0omvDNrKd UrSm raumif;qd;k 0g;ab;awGeUJ iwf

rGwaf cgif;yg;rI 'kAu


d E &uyf jzpfaewmudk umuG,w
f m;qD;
zdYk wNrdKUvH;k vnfyh wfNyD; w
G zf wfo&Zs,fapcJyh gonf/
'ghtjyif t*Fv
k rd mvokwu
f vJ om;zGm;rJh rdcifrsm;&JU
emusifrI 'kua0'emrsm;udk oufomapwJhtwGuf
txufyg okwefw&m;awmf trsdK;tpm;xJrmS yg0if
ygw,f/ r[mor,okwef YJ tm#mem#d,okwf wd[
Yk mvJ
umuG,w
f m;qD;rIEiS hf ukorI t"dujzpfwt
hJ wGuf trsKd ;
tpm;jcif; wlMuygw,f/ rSwfxm;&rSmu t&SiftmeEeJY
t&Sift*FkvdrmvwdkY[m 'Dy&dwfw&m;awmf awGukd
Gwfzwf o&Zs,frI rjyKvkyfcifrSm arwmESifh ukPm
w&m;rsm;udk a S;OD;pGm yGm;rsm;Mu&w,f/
aAmZs*o
F w
k f oH;k okwjf zpfwhJ r[muyokw?f arm*vme
okwf pkEokwrf sm;[m vlemrsm;&JU 'kua 0'em rsm;udk
oufomaysmufuif;atmif trsm;qH;k w
G q
f w
kd hJ okwaf wmf
rsm; jzpfygw,f/
jrwfpGmbk&m;SifonfyifvQif oludk,fwdkif ae
raumif;wJh tcg t&SifpkEtm; 'DaAmZs*Fokwfudk
GwfzwfapcJhygonf/ jrwfpGmbk&m;Sif udk,fwdkif olU&JU
wynfBh uD;rsm; jzpfMuwJh t&Sio
f m&dyw
k &meJY t&Sif
arm*vefwYkd rusef;rmaomtcsdef rSm aAmZs*Fow
k u
f kd
w
G zf wfay;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ urXmef; tm;xkwrf eI YJ ukorI
ESpfckvHk;twGuf TefMum;xm;wJh okwefw&m;awmfrsm;
jzpfMuygw,f/ u&PD, arwm okw[
f mvJ 'Doabm
twdkif;jzpfw,f/ aeYpOf pdwfydkif;qdkif &mwdk;wufrIeJY
raumif; qd;k 0g;rsm;udk umuG,w
f m;qD;zdYk ESprf sKd ;vH;k twGuf
GwfzwfapwJh Ak'&JU TefMum;rIrsm; jzpfygw,f/
wenf;ajym&&if Ak'bmom0ifrsm;&JU Gwfzwf
o&Zs,rf I [m aeYpOfb0awGrmS vdu
k ef m usio
hf ;kH oifw
h hJ
t&mawGukd owday;wJt
h aeeJv
Y J jzpfygw,f/ wu,fvYkd
rSerf eS f w
G zf wf o&Zs,w
f hJ y&dwaf wmfrsm;udk wpfzufu
em;vnfatmif BudK;pm;avhvmr,f qd&k if urXmef;enf;
wpfrsKd ; jzpfw,fqw
kd m odjrifvmvdrrhf ,f/ 'ghjyif wNyKd if
eufxrJ mS vJ ukorItwGuaf &m arwmydYk qkawmif;ay;rI
twGuyf g jzpfygw,f/
okwefw&m;awmfawGukd w
G zf wfo&Zs,jf cif;rS
&&SEd ikd w
f hJ aemufq;kH tusKd ;aus;Zl;uawmh urXmef; w&m;
yGm;rsm;&m a&mufjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ okwaf wmfawGukd
w
G zf wf o&Zs,fwt
hJ cg wu,fvYkd w
G zf wfrt
I ay:rSm
pdwf tm;pdu
k rf I orm"dtm;aumif;r,fq&kd if w
G zf wfo&l UJ
pdwf oEmefrmS wnfNird af t;csr;f vmygvdrrhf ,f/ pdwyf sUH
vGiNhf y;D raeawmhygbl;/ raumif;wmawG awG;awmBuHq
rae awmhygbl;/ ysHveG af wmfro
l mG ;cJw
h hJ vef'efNrdKUSIBC
66

toif; udk wnfaxmifol r[me,u q&mawmf


a'gufwm o'gwd u? ola&;om;xm;wJh pmtkyf
wpftyk x
f rJ mS ]] Ak'b
mom0ifrsm;&JU usiBhf uHtm; xkwrf I
tm;vH;k [m pdwef Y J ywfoufwh J oifMum;rI enf;vrf;xJrmS
tusH K ;0if y gw,f / ur X mef ; rS vG w f u if ; aom
w&m;rnfonfr&S}d } vdY k rSwcf suf ay;Ny;D a&;om;cJyh gw,f/
(t&Siaf '0dEmbdygvESihf wuodv
k f rpef;rGew
f u
Ykd jrefrm
bmomodYk jyefqo
kd nf/)

rwluGJjym;rIeJY Nidrf;csrf;a&;
tkv
d o
l m; - oif

EkdifiHa&;vkyfyg
bmoma&;vkyyf g
pD;yGma&;vkyfyg
kd;om;pGmaygh/
tdv
k o
l m; - oif&h UJ EkdifiHa&;?
bmoma&;?
pD;yGm;a&;
tpGe;f xGurf aI Mumihf
igwkYjd refrmhorkdif;
rnpfnrf;ygapeJ/Y
tdv
k o
l m; - oift
h m; acszsufrt
hJ &monf oif&h UJ
taMumufw&m;jzpfonf?
b,fvt
kd aMumif;jycsuf&UJ
tpGef;a&mufrIrQESifh
Nidrf;csrf;a&; *sKd;iSufuav;
&rf;aiGUrIIdufrdygapeJY
rwlujJG ym;rIawGxrJ mS
&Sio
f efciG ahf y;vku
d yf g/
tkv
d o
l m; xyfajymyg&ap
wpfcw
k nf;aom
Ekid if aH wmftvHatmufrmS
rwlujJG ym;rIawGEiS fh twl
Nidrf;csrf;a&; *sKd;iSufuav;
dhJ' k;
&Sio
f efciG afh y;vku
d yf g/
'
vGwv
f yfpmG ysHoef;cGihf
ay;vdu
k yf g/
w&m;Oaya'pk;d rk;d rIeo
YJ m
vkNH cKHru
I kd &,lyg/

rd k ; cg;

yef;ysdK;vufrSm
yef;urm

'vNrKd Ue,f? urmuoG,&f yfuu


G t
f wGi;f dS r[m okrem&mrpmoifwu
kd t
f wGi;f 0ifvu
kd o
f nfEiS hf vuftyk f
csu
D m ]]r*Fvmyg}}[k c&D;OD;BuKd EIwq
f ufvmMuaom"rygv Ak'b
momy&[dwtzGUJ 0ifrsm;tm; MunfE;l pGmjzifah wGUvdu
k f
&ygonf/
toif;om;OD;a&(500)ausmf&adS om tzGUJ 0ifrsm; tm;vH;k ]]"rygv}} wHqyd yf gaom tusrsm;? 0wfprkH sm;
0wfqifNyD;&ifx;kd wHqyfwyfqifum toif;0ifu'fav;rsm; tm; vnfrmS qGx
J m;Muonf/
OD;pGm r[mokre&mr pmoifwu
kd Ef iS hf "rygv Ak'b
momy&[dwtzGUJ \ OD;aqmifem,uq&mawmf
]]Od;wduOmP}}tm; oGm;a&mufzl;arQmf&if;trsdK;om; omoem rSdK;EGrf;ruG,faysmuf&avatmifxdef;odrf;
umuG,af pmifah mS ufEikd zf &Ykd ef twGuf zGUJ pnf;cJah om "rygv toif;Bu;D \&nf,
G cf surf sm;udk q&mawmfrS ajymMum;ojzifh
em,lc&hJ ygonf/
q&mawmfb&k m;\r[mokrem&mrausmif; wdu
k f wGif y&d,wdpmayrsm;oifMum;aeaom oHCmawmftyg;
(70)ausmNdS fy;D oli,fwef;rS pwkww
ef;txd bke;f awmfBuD; ausmif;ynmoifMum;aeoluav;i,faygif; (120)ausmf
&SdaMumif; od&ygonf/'DaeU(17-8-2014 we*FaEGaeY) [mqdk&if "rygv toif;BuD;\ 'kwd,tBudrfajrmuf
0gqdo
k uFe;f uyfvLS yGaJ eY jzpfygonf/ qef? qD? qm;? aq; ypnf;(4)yg;ESihf ouFe;f tpHk (140)tm; uyfvLS NyD;
q&mawmfrS oDvay; w&m;a&at; wdu
k af uR;um nae(4)em&DwiG t
f vSLyGNJ yD;ajrmufatmifjrif cJyh gonf/
]]"rygv}} Ak'b
mom y&[dwtoif;BuD;tm; wnfaxmifco
hJ nfrmS (1)ESpcf aJG usmf umvrQom &Sad o;
aomfvnf;'vNrdKUe,f orwurf;ajc&yfuu
G rf S qif;&JErG ;f yg; aomtdraf jc (200)ausmftm; jcifaxmif? qef? jiKyf
ESifhaiGom;rsm;vSL'gef;jcif;/ 'vNrdKUe,f? urmuoG,f &yfuGufrS rD;ab;oifhtdrfajc (5)vkH;tm;qefESifh aiGom;
vSL'gef;jcif;ESihf rkq;dk rtdrfwpfvH;k tm; jyefvnfaqmuf vkyaf y;jcif;? wmBuD;ykdif;rS rD;ab;oift
h rd fwpfvH;k tm;
'eftkd;'efcGufESifh aiGom;rsm;vSL'gef;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;Ekdif cJhygonf/
q&mawmfbk&m;rS OD;aqmifrwnf "rygv toif; ol^om;rsm;twGif;rS rsufapha0'em &Sifrsm;ukd
cGJpdwfuko ay;jcif;? rusef;rm olrsm;ukdvnf; aq;0g; ukoay;jcif;rsm;ESifh rnfolrqkd vlrsdK;bmomraG; aoG;
vkt
d yfygu ]]"rygv}} toif;awmfrsm; rS vSL'gef;ay;jcif; rsm;vnf;jyKvkycf yhJ gonf/
rnfokUd yifqkad p]]"rygv Ak'b
momy&[dw}} tzGJU\toif;om;toif;olrsm;\ pdw"f gwf? 0goem?
tepfemt&if;cH jzpfwnfvmaom yef;yifuav;rsm;tm; iGm;iGm;pGiphf iG hf zl;yGiv
hf map&ef bmom omoemwnf;[laom
rsKd;aphuckd s aygif;oifa&avmif;ysKd;axmifay;cJah om q&mawmfb&k m;BuD;\ yef;ysKd;aomvufaMumifh ]]"rygv}}
toif;BuD;\ ta&miftaoG;pH?k oif;ysUH arT;BudKifuek af om tzGUJ 0ifyef;uav;rsm;onf aemifEpS af ygif;rsm;pGm wdik af tmif
zl;yGiahf 0qmEdik af wmhrnfqo
kd nfuawmh rkcs {ueftrSeo
f m jzpfayawmhrnf/

tvS L&S i f p m&if ;


urmat; (csif;bk&m;)twGuf q&mOD;vSxGef;? &if;uJ&Gm aumufcHay;aiG = 5500d
1/ OD;oef;vS? ukeo
f nf? &if;uJ&mG = 25002/OD;atmifoef;? qGv
J u
JG si;f &Gm= 500 3/ OD;xGe;f Munf? qGv
J u
JG si;f &Gm
= 500 4/ OD;&mBuD;? &if;uJ&mG = 500 5/a':cifoef;jrifh? &if;uJ&Gm = 500 6/ OD;jrihfaqG = 1000
urmat; (csif;bk&m;)twGuf q&mOD;acgifus,f? v^xnTefrSL; aumufcHay;aiG= 130000
a':vSvrS l q&mr xcGBJ uKdUuke;f =5000 OD;pHjrihf+ a':jrihfjrifhoef; o H y k & m u k e f ; x e f ; w y i f = 1 0 0 0
a':cifcifav;? rlveG -f ra&TO=1000 a':oif;oif;aqG r^4 = 500 a':zJ0g;? r^pmjzLpk=1000a':cif,k
r^xl;av;pk = 1000 a':ESif;aiG? r^tjyifoJjzL=1000 OD;xGe;f vif;aZmf? r^zk;d 0JBuD;pk=500OD;at;vGi?f r^eJaAsm
= 500OD;pdk;vGif? rlvGefausmif;ukef;=1000 a':nKdnKd0if;? xcGJBuKdUukef;= 1000 OD;atmifjrihf xcGJBuKdUukef; =
67

1000 a':auoD xcGBJ uKdUuke;f = 1000 a':oif;oif;EGUJ v,ftyk f (vtwGi;f oJjzL) = 3000 a':oufoufE,
G f
(xcGJa&pkdrai;) = 2000a':wifwif xef;wyif = 3000 OD;tke;f oef; = 5000 OD;atmifausmfrkd; = l g 1 0 0 0
OD;ausmfpdk;rkd; = 1000 a':at;at;jrihf? xcGJ? yef;wdkif?xef;wyif = 5000 OD;cifarmif0if;? x^xef;wyif =
5000 OD;odef;? wGHaw; = 5000 OD;odef;jrihf? xef;wyif = 2000 a':cif0wfrIHOD;^ a':eef;tdNzKd;rGef vSnf;ul;
wkdufBuD;= 2000 a':pef;pef;oD- DBE (3) = 3000 Dr.OD;ausmfpdk;Ekdif tajccHynm (3) = 5000
OD;at;rif;+a':EG,Ef ,
G pf ;kd ? v^xnTerf LS ; tajccH(3)= 5000 OD;rsKd;oefY? OD;vGifxl;? 'kOD;pD;rSL;rsm; =5000
OD;uku
d Ekd idk rf o
d m;pk (20)Adv
k &f v
JG rf;?vomOD;oufjrifh? a':&wemxGef;?oHvsif=5000 a':rdkYrkdYodef; = 3000
a':wifwifjrih?f cG(J 8) DBE (3)= 2000 a':aroufwif^a':rlr^l a':oif;oif;atmifDBE (3) =1500 a':jrihjf rifh
&efuek -f Munfjh rifwidk f = 1000 a':aqGaqGoed ;f DBE (3) = 500 a':oDwmOD;^a':jrifjh rifah Zmf^a':oef;oef;axG;
a':cifcifNyKH; DBE (3) = 2000 a':wifat;apm DBE (3) = 1000 a':cifMunfjzL0if; DBE (3) = 1000
a':&D&[
D ef? OD;pD;(3) tajccHynm = 1000a':cifcifat; DBE (3) = 1000 OD;refb(d pf) DBE (3) = 500 OD;mPfxeG ;f
wmarG = 3000 OD;jrifah Zmf oCFe;f uRef; = 3000OD;a0jrihf '*kHawmif = 5000 OD;wifhvGif? wGHaw; = 3000
OD;cifarmifjrihf oHvsif = 3000 OD;jrih0f if; wkduBf uD; = 3000 OD;jrifah tmif Adv
k fwaxmif = 3000 OD;ausmfwif
ykZGefawmif = 3000 OD;pdk;vGif uGrf;NcHukef; =3000 OD;0if;jrifh arSmb
f D =3000 OD;jrode;f ^OD;wifvidI ^f vIid o
f m,m^
tif;pde=f 10000 (pkpak ygif;=130000)
tusKd;aqmifyk*Kdvfrsm; csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUtwGuf aumufcHay;aiGrsm;
1/ OD;Zif;OD;bEd, aumufcaH y;aiG= 150002/ q&mra':at;at;jrif?h usifa'G;?aumufcaH y;aiG=60500
3/ &if;uJ? OD;vSxeG ;f aumufcaH y;aiG = 225004/ a':cifcifv?S txufwef;jy?uefyufvuf aumufcaH y;aiG
= 452005/ OD;[efxeG ;f (qvkid ;f a[mvk)H apwkw&m aumufcaH iG=550006/ OD;xGe;f az+ a':cifvS orD;
rat;at;jrifh orLv&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f aumufcaH y;aiG = 30200 7/ pHjyaus;&Gm OD;ae0if;aumufcaH y;aiG
= 120008/ q&mawmfO;D ynmomrd aumufcaH y;aiG = 67000 9/
q&mawmf OD; &d, wynf)
rSyef;awmifNrKdUe,frS aumufcaH y;aiG = 16600 10/ q&mawmf OD;okeE (rif;*H) atmifvNH rKdUe,frS aumufcaH y;
aiG=148500 11/ q&mawmf Od;D aomrmpm& (izJ)rS aumufcaH y;aiG = 49800 12/udw
k ifarmifxeG ;f (izJ)rS
aumufcaH y;aiG=38500
csif;Ak'omoeygvuftzGJUodkY vSL'gef;Muaom tvSL&Sifrsm;pm&if;
q&mawmfO;D eErmvm (em,uq&mawmf),Ofaus;vdrm oifwef;ESihf qkay;&efvLS aiG=100000d^-OD;ausmfjrih+f
a':cifpef; orD;a[rmefausmf rdom;pk =50000d^- &efuek fa&muf csif;Ak'b
mom vli,frsm; tzGUJ vSLaiG=
30000d^csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUodkU vSL'gef;aom tvSL&Sifrsm;pm&if; 10000d^- tvSL&Sifrsm;
1/
OD;wifatmif+ a':jrwfjrwfp;kd ? orD;odro
hf Zl eG ?f ESi;f OD;tdr?f cifjcL;pif? cif*sL;pif rdom;pk? wmarG? &efuek /f
2/OD;jrihx
f eG ;f + a':cifaX;&D rdom;pk? uefyufvuf/3/udrk sK;d jrifh + roef;oef;at;? om;rif;ol[efwif rdom;pk?
pwMopaws;vs/ 4/
OD;OmPd&vuFm&? a&Tyg&rDwu
dk cf ?GJ usiaf 'G;&Gm/5/ OD;0rf;wif + a':cifr?l rif;uef(ajrmuf)
&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 6/OD;jrihaf tmif + a':qef;&D? rif;uef (ajrmuf) &Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/7/a&Smufawmfq&mawmf?
a&Smufawmif&mG ?izJNrKdUe,f/ 8/ q&mawmf OD;OgPdu? &if&h n
S &f mG ? izJNrKdUe,f/ 9/&efaY csmif;&GmOD;q&mawmf i&efaY csmif;&Gm?
izJNrKdUe,f/uke;f jrih&f wemausmif;q&mawmf? izJNrKdU= 8500^7000d^- tvSL&Sifrsm;
sm;1/ OD;a0bm&Z? 0if;o&ufq&mawmf? tkwzf Ndk rKdUe,f/csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUodkYvSL'gef;
Muaom tvSL&Sifrsm;pm&if; 5000d^- tvSL&Sifrsm;
sm;1/ OD;oD&Ed - avm"av;? vGKid af umfNrKdU/2/OD;vlarT; +
r0g? orD;aejcnfaEG;aEG;? vrif;azG;azG; rdom;pk? a&TjynfomNrKdU/ 3/ OD;Munfped f + a':oef;eG Yf rdom;pk? yckuL/
4/
q&mr a':at;at;jrif?h usifa'G;? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/5/a':a&Tjr (q&mBuD;OD;tke;f yif\ ZeD;) tk;H 0g;&Gm?
apwkw &mNrKdUe,f/6/a':jrihaf r? pD;yGm;bufrefae*sm? apwkw&mNrKdU/7/
OD;ode;f xGe;f ? pG,t
f if;&Gm tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;?
apwkw&m NrKdUe,f/8/Od;D atmifaumif;jrifjh rwf? trSw(f 3) aygufacgif;/9/ OD;oef;0if; + a':jr&D? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm?
atmifvNH rKdUf e,f/4000d^tvSL&Sifrsm;
sm;1/a':cifcifv?S xufjy? uefyufvuf t.xu
. /2/OD;wifaz? Ekid if aH &;tNird ;f pm;?
apwkw&mNrKdU/ 3000d^- tvSL&Sifrsm; 1/Akv
d Bf uD;pHoed ;f ? r*Fvm'kNH rKdUe,f? &efuek Nf rKdU/2/OD;wifO;D ? ewfaumif;usi;f &Gm?
68

aqmNrKdUe,f 3/a':oef;oef;&D? xufjy? uefyufvuf t.x.u/4/ a':at;at;rl? tk;H 0g; t.x.ucGJ q&mrBuD;?
apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/5/OD;atmifjrif +a':usiaf r? tk;H 0g;&Gm?apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/6/
OD ; wif a t; + a':pd e f q if h
rdom;pk? tkH;0g;&Gm/7/OD;oef;0if;atmif + a':cifrmcsKd? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/8/OD;jzLav; +
a':jrapm? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm?atmifvNH rKdUe,f/9/OD;0if;jrih+f a':OrmaX;? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/
10/OD;a&TxGef; + a':wifjr rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/11/ OD;oef;pdk;atmif+a':cifrmEG,f? rif;uef
(ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/12/OD;armif&iS f + a':r,faysmf? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/13/a':tk;H NrKdi?f
a&TolaX;&Tm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUodkY vSL'gef;Muaom tvSL&Sifrsm;pm&if; 2500d^tvSL&Sifrsm;/
sm;/1/OD;aeausmf + a':pef;pef;at;rdom;pk? vjynf0h ef; pwk;d ? apwkw&mNrKdU/ 2/a':xku
d ?f rdom;pk?
wyfuek ;f &yfuu
G ?f izJNrKdU/3/ OD;cifarmifoef; + a':axG;&D? rusnf;pk&yf? izJNrKdU/ Od;D b'd,?oHvsif = 2300d^csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUodkY vSL'gef;Muaom tvSL&Sifrsm;pm&if; 2000d^- tvSL&Sifrsm; 1/ OD;cifarmifMunf
+ a':eDeaD t;? usifa'G;&Gm? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 2/ OD;bd&k rJ o
d m;pk? ukepf q
Hk ikd ?f yef;jcHaps;? apwkw&mNrKdU/ 3/
OD;jrifah usm?f apwkw&mNrKdU? *dwrf LS ;/ 4/ OD;aiGp;kd rdom;pk? pG,t
f if;&Gm? apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/ 5/ OD;jrift
h ;Hk ? o&ufcidk ?f
a&eHajr/ 6/ OD;zkd;a&Tat; + a':eDvm? trSw(f 3) aygufacgif;/ 7/ udrk sKd;jrihf + rcsKd? trSwf(3) aygufacgif;/ 8/
OdD;ausmfvIdif? befYjyif? aygufacgif;/ 9/ OD;vSabmf + a':pdefpdef? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 10/
OD;pdeAf v
kd 0f if; + a':rk;d rk;d at; rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 11/ OD;armifeG Yf + a':wifwifv?S rif;uef
(ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 12/ OD;at;udk + a':xku
d w
f if rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 13/ OD;vSaomif;
+ a':acsmav; rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 14/ a':ZD;uGupf ed ?f rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/
15/ OD;aygufausmf + a':vSa&T rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 16/ OD;pH+ a':a,m rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm?
atmifvNH rKdU e,f/ 17/ OD;cifae0if; + a':pEm0if; rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 18/ OD;atmif0if;Munf
+ a':aiGcdfkif? rkHnif;dk;&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 19/ OD;pdefvSaiG + a':jr rkHnif;dk;&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 20/
OD;cifarmifvif; + a':ciferD m rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 21/ OD;csDav; + a':r,fay: ? a&Toal X;&Gm?
atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 22/ a':vSNrKdif ? a&Toal X;&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 23/ OD;vS&eSd f + a':wifMunf? rif;uef
(awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 24/ OD;mPfBuD; + a':a&Gt?H rif;uef (awmif)f &Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 25/ OD;pd;k ode;f +
a':wifoed ;f rdom;pk? NrKdUr&yf? izJNrKdU/ 26/ OD;jrifEh idk f (ausmif;tky)f + a':at;at;0if;? i&efaY csmif;&Gm? izJNrKdUe,f/
csif;Ak'omoemygvutzGJUodkY vSL'gef;Muaom tvSL&Sifrsm;pm&if; 1500d^- tvSL&Sifrsm; 1/ OD;cEDAv?
[kwzf q
Hk &mawmf? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 2/ OD;vSxeG ;f ? &if;uJ&mG ? armNrKdUe,f/ 3/ OD;jroef; + a':pef;Munf?
ydawmufNrKdi?f apwkw&mNrKdU/ 4/ OD;NyKH;csKd + a':artk;H jrifh ydawmufNrKdi?f apwkw&mNrKdU/ 5/ r,k ydawmufNrKdi?f
apwkw&mNrKdU/ 6/ twGif;a&;rSL; OD;aygufvS? o&ufckdif? a&eHajr/ 7/ OD;atmifMunfoed ;f ? pdik yf pftif;? ayguf
acgif;/ 8/ OD;oef;xGef; + a':a&TZifatmif? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 9/ OD;GefY0if; + a':vS0if;
rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 10/ OD;qef;0if; + a':&D&edS f rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 11/
OD;armifarmif + a':jrifjh rih?f a&Toal X;&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 12/ OD;[efped f + a':jzLjzL0if;? a&Toal X;&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/
13/ a':at;at;atmif? cgcsOf&mG ? izJNrKdUe,f/ csif;Ak'omoeygvutzGJUodkY vSL'gef;Muaom tvSL&Sifrsm;?
1000d^- tvSL&Sifrsm; 1/ a':vSodef;? usifa'G;&Gm? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 2/ a':cifoD? usifa'G;&Gm?
uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 3/ a':at;at;rm usifa'G;&Gm? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 4/ O D ; p H c s d e f u s i f a ' G ; & G m ?
uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 5/ a':a&Txed ;f ? usiaf 'G;&Gm? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 6/ OD;ausmo
f ed ;f usiaf 'G;&Gm? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/
7/ a':cifrsKd;OD; usifa'G;&Gm? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 8/ a':pef;? usifa'G;&Gm? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 9/ a':cifar&D?
usifa'G;&Gm? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 10/ OD;ode;f Mu,f? vmvifzu
Hk sif;q&m/ 11/ OD;cifatmif? usifa'G;&Gm/ 12/
OD;aZmwdu? pyfpq
H &mawmf/ 13/ Od;D eE? &Jacsmif;q&mawmf/ 14/ OD;yPdw? usiaf 'G;&Gm 15/ armifa0vif;ausm?f
&if;uJ&mG / 16/ OD;ausmo
f ef;? zk;H a'G;usi;f &Gm 17/ a':eef;aiGMunf? zk;H a'G;usi;f &Gm/ 18/ a':cifoZl mjrihf zk;H a'G;usi;f &Gm/
19/ a':yrl zkH;a'G;usif;&Gm/ 20/ a':tkH;&D? zkH;a'G;usif;&Gm/ 21/ OD;atmifckdfif? zkH;a'G;usif;&Gm/ 22/ OD;armifvkH;?
zk;H a'G;usif;&Gm/ 23/ a':at;wif? zk;H a'G;usif;&Gm/ 24/ a':Ormxm;? zk;H a'G;usif;&Gm/ 25/ a':at;jrihf? zkH;a'G;
usi;f &Gm/ 26/ a':a0a0atmif? avmufarmh&mG / 27/ OD;wifarmif? avmufarmh&mG / 28/ armifZmZmrif; + rpHjrifEh ,
G ?f
usifa'G;&Gm/ 29/ armifxef;&T?D ausmif;om;? txu? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 30/ a':rk;d rd;k vIid ?f uefyufvufNrKdU/ 31/
69

OD;cifarmifwif? ewv? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 32/ rEG,ef zD ek ;f ? vm;&Gm? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 33/ a':pef;? uefyufvufNrKdU/
34/OD;jriho
f ed ;f ? v,fjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 35/ a':usifoed ;f ? xufjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 36/ a':cif0if;&D? xufjy?
uefyufvufNrKdU/ 37/ a':ESi;f EG,0f if;? xufjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 38/ a':ESi;f Munf? xufjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 39/
a':pef;pef;pk;d ? xufjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 40/ a':jrihjf rihaf X;? xufjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 41/ a':pderf ;dk ckifd ?f xufjy?
uefyufvufNrKdU/ 42/ a':ESi;f ESi;f axG;? v,fjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 43/ a':cifaqGO;D ? v,fjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 44/
a':cifav;&D? v,fjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 45/ a':cifpef;armf? v,fjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 46/ a':oef;jrifhaX;?
v,fjy? uefyufvufNrKdU/ 47/ a':tGrftG,f? v,frl? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 48/ a':oef;oef;at;? rljy?
uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 49/ a':vde;f iSrd ;f ? rljy? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 50/ OD;cspaf tmif? txu?uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/
51/ Od;D Mumpde?f txu? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 52/ OD;ausmf0if;? txu?uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 53/ a':&ifodef;?
qufo,
G af &;? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 54/ a':ESrd ;f [ke;f ? orOD;pD;? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 55/ OD;AGMD umydifk ?f ynma&;Nird ;f ?
uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 56/ OD;rd;k aZmfO;D ? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 57/ a':at;at;rm? rltyk ?f cdw&f mG ? 58/ a':ESi;f oDwm?
rljy? pvif;rif;om;&Gm? 59/ a':0g0grkd;? rljy? pvif;rif;om;&Gm/ 60/ a':cif0if;? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/61/
a':awmol? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 62/a':ti,fr? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 63/a':rjyL;? uefyufvufNrKdUe,f/ 64/
OD;ukvm;? atmifr*Fvmausmif;? apwkw&m/ 65/a':cifrma0? ausmif;q&mr? ewfBuD;? apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/ 66/
OD;atmif0if;? a&aomif&mG tkycf sKyfa&;rSL;? apwkw&m/ 67/OD;pd;k jrif?h ausmif;q&m? ppfief;&Gm? apwkw&mNrKdUe,f
68/ OD;pdex
f eG af tmif? ynma&;? ewfBu;D &Gm? apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/ 69/ a':rk;d oEm0if;? q&mr?wnfpw
k ?f apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/
70/OD;jrifah &T? ynma&;? yif;vS&mG ? apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/ 71/OD;Mumaomif;rdom;pk? pG,t
f if;&Gm? apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/
72/OD;wifO;D rdom;pk? apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/ 73/OD;tHBuD; + a':yoG,f rdom;pk apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/ 74/a':trmeD?
o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 75/OD;ausmq
f ef;? o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 76/OD;pef;aiG? o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 77/OD;ausmfrif;?
o&ufckdif? a&eHajr/ 78/OD;&mazmf? o&ufckdif? a&eHajr/ 79/rvSpef;? o&ufckdif? a&eHajr/80/OD;ouf0if;Ekdif?
o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 81/OD;0if;ckid ?f o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 82/a':tk;H jr? o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 83/OD;oef;aiG?o&ufcidk ?f
a&eHajr/ 84/OuX OD;ausmf0if;pde?f o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 85/OD;ausmfrif;? o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 86/rrif;rif;OD;?
o&ufckdif? a&eHajr/ 87/udkudkEkdif? o&ufckdif? a&eHajr/ 88/ukdoef;OD;? o&ufckdif? a&eHajr/ 89/udkwifhvGif?
o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 90/udak Zmf? o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 91/udak X;atmif? o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/ 92/r&D&d aD t;?o&ufcidk ?f
a&eHajr/93/OD;jrifah t;? o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/94/tarBuD;a':cif0if;? o&ufcidk ?f a&eHajr/95/udzk ;dk eD? o&ufcidk ?f
a&eHajr/96/jynfh0qkdif? o&ufckdif? a&eHajr/97/a':&ifMunf? o&ufckdif? a&eHajr/98/
roef;jr? o&ufckdif?
a&eHajr/ 99/ OdD;xGef;az + a':cifvS? orD;at;at;jrihf? orLv&Gm/ 100/ OD;cifarmif0if; + a':0g0gvGif?
pHjy&Gm? yGifhjzLNrKdUe,f/ 101/OD;ae0if; + a':wifMunf? pHjy&Gm? yGifhjzLNrKdUe,f/ 102/OD;ausmf0if; + a':GefYMunf?
pHjy&Gm? yGifhjzLNrKdUe,f/ 103/OD;pdk;BuKdif + a':rdk;at;? pHjy&Gm? yGifhjzLNrKdUe,f/ 104/ OD ; csKd w l ; ? anmif w k e f ; &G m ?
aygufacgif;/ 105/udkarmifOD; + rjrifhjrifh0if;? anmifusKd;&Gm? ayguf acgif;/ 106/ ryef,Gef;r,f? trSwf (3)?
aygufacgif;/ 107/ra'pDjrif?h pD;yGm;a&;bPf? aygufacgif;/108/ udkoef;OD;? pD;yGm;a&;bPf? aygufacgif;/109/
OD;"rom&? ynmaZmwmkHpmoifwkdfuf? aygufacgif;/ 110/pdkifypftif; q&mawmf? aygufacgif;/111/
atmifjrifu
h ek ;f q&mawmf? aygufacgif;/ 112/ OD;jrat;? iSuaf wmfO;D ? aygufacgif;/ 113/ OD;0if;wif iSuaf wmfO;D ?
aygufacgif;/ 114/OD;atmifNidr;f ? iSuaf wmfO;D ? aygufacgif;/ 115/OD;pdefjrifhBuKdi?f iSuaf wmfO;D ? aygufacgif;/ 116/
OD;pdejf rihv
f idI ?f iSuaf wmfO;D ? aygufacgif;/ 117/OD;atmifjrih?f iSuaf wmfO;D ? aygufacgif;/ 118/ rwifwifvidI ?f iSuaf wmfO;D ?
aygufacgif;/ 119/OD;vSp;dk ? ozef;csK?d aygufacgif;/ 120/OD;pk;d vIid ?f ozef;csK?d aygufacgif;/ 121/a':cifv?S ozef;csK?d
aygufacgif;/ 122/OD;wifx#G ?f ozef;csKd? aygufacgif;/123/OD;bdak v;? atmifjrifuek ;f ? aygufacgif;/ 124/
OD;wifv?S ydawmufausm? aygufacgif;/125/ OD;Muifarmif? ydawmufausm? aygufacgif;/126/OD;ausmaf &T?ydawmufausm?
aygufacgif;/127/ OD;pk;d rif;? ydawmufausm? aygufacgif;/128/ OD;jrifha&T? ydawmufausm? aygufacgif;/129/
a':rxdu
k ?f ydawmufausm? aygufacgif;/130/ OD;rd;k Z,f? ydawmufausm? aygufacgif;/131/OD;*sK;d Zuf?ydawmufausm?
aygufacgif;/132/ a':pdew
f w
k ?f ajrmufvufBu;D ? aygufacgif;/133/Od;D atmifvidI 0f if;? ajrmufvufBu;D ? aygufacgif;134/
OD;jrat;? pkid yf pftif;? aygufacgif;/135/OD;atmifaz? pkid yf pftif;? aygufacgif;/136/OD;wif0if;? pkid yf pftif;? aygufacgif;/
137/ OD;odef;az+ a':od*? pma&;uGif;csif;&Gm? yef;awmif;NrKdUe,f/138/OD;atmifausmf + a':MuLMuLcdkfifpm
70

a&;uGi;f csi;f &Gm? yef;awmif;NrKdUe,f/ 139/qvkid ;f atmifu0kd if;? pma&;uGi;f csi;f &Gm? yef;awmif; NrKdUe,f/140/OD;vSatmif
+ a':0if;atmif? txufyJBuD;&Gm? yefawmif;NrKdUe,f/141/OdD;ode;f jrifh + a':cif&D? txufyJBuD;&Gm? yef;awmif;
NrKdUe,f/ 142/ rdik rf av;? Mumtif;&Gm? yef;awmif;NrKdUe,f/ 143/ rjrifjh rifMh unf? Mumtif;&Gm? yef;awmif ;NrKdUe,f/
144/ OD;atmifOD;+a':r,fnH? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&GmatmifvHNrKdUe,f/145/OD;atmifcif + a':jrpdef? rif;uef
(ajrmuf)&GmatmifvNH rKdUe,f/146/ OD;bav;+ a':r,fb?Hk rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvNH rKdUe,f/147/OD ; ausmf O D ; +
a':cifrmaxG;? rif;uef(ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/148/OD;pmarmif+a':&D&DaxG; rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmif
vHNrKdUe,f/149/OD;atmifjrifped +f a':wifvS rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvNH rKdUe,f/150/OD;NyKH;csK+d a':wifoef; rif;uef
(ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvNH rKdUe,f/151/ OD;jrifah omif;? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvNH rKdUe,f152/reDerD ;kd rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm?
atmifvNH rKdUe,f/153/ OD;oef;0if;+ a':jrifah pm? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f154/OD;oef;apm+a':&D&aD xG;?
rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 155/ OD;udu
k v
kd iG +f a':nKdnKd rif;uef (ajrmuf) &Gm?atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 156/
OD;pef;Munf+a':pdefa'gvm? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 157/ OD;cifarmifxGef; + a':wifrmaqG?
rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 158/OD;&ef+a':ydefr? rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 159/
OD;oef;udk+a':EkdifEkdifarmf rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvHNrKdUe,f/160/OD;aomif;wif + a':cifoef;jrifh? rif;uef
(ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 161/ OD;wifnKd + a':xGm;pdef rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 162/
OD;ode;f pdef + a':Munfped f rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvNH rKdUe,f/163/ OD;apmNird ;f + a':pdeaf r rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm
atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 164/ OD;atmifvMS unf + a':cifped f rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 165/ OD;wif0if; +
a':vSped f rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 166/ OD;atmifxeG ;f vIid +f a':vS,Of rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvH
NrKdUe,f/ 167/ a':wifvS rif;uef (ajrmuf)&Gm atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 168/ qvkdif;atmifxGef;Ekdif? rkHnif;dk;&Gm?
atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 169/ OD;rk;d 0if;Edik ?f rkn
H if;;kd &Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 170/OD;aZmfxuf? rkn
H if;;kd &Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/
171/ OD;atmifausmfviG +f a':wifwif0if;? a&Toal X;&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 172/OD;ausmfxeG ;f + rMunfMunfaX;?
a&TolaX;&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 173/ OD;vSjrifh+a':cifat; a&Toal X;&Gm?atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 174/OD;armifarmifpdef
+a':cifMunf a&Toal X;&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 175/OD;wifBu;D + rjr,Of? irJuef&mG ? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/176/rpef;pef;at;
irJuef&mG ? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/177/ OD;cif0if; irJuef&mG ? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/178/a':vSMunf irJuef&mG ? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/
179/a':pH&mS ;wifirJuef&mG ? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/180/a':zGm;wif irJuef&mG ? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/181/OD;atmifBuKdif irJuef&mG ?
atmifvNH rKdUe,f/182/OD;ode;f xGe;f + a':Muifjr irJuef&mG ?atmifvNH rKdUe,f/183/ OD;a&T irJuef&mG ? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/
184/OD;ausmjf rif?h a&Toal X;&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/185/ rxm;xm;EG,f a&Toal X;&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/186/ rat;pef;
a&TolaX;&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/187/ OD;[ef+a':jrjr? rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvH NrKdUe,f/188/ OD[efpdefrif;?
uefawmif&mG ? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 189/OD;ode;f vGi?f a':0g0gEk rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/190/ OD;vSyikd +f EGUJ EGUJ &Sed f
rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 191/a':wifMunf rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/192/a':Ormjrihf
rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/193/ a':r,fMum rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/194/OD;zd;k apm+ r
vSapm rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvH NrKdUe,f/195/a':rmvm&D rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 196/
OD;odef;armif rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/197/OD;wifhaqG rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/198/
a':0dkif; rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/ 199/ OD;q,fjym; rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/200/
OD;zk;d aqmav; rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/ 201/OD;bqkid +f a':vS,Of rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/
202/OD;ausmw
f if rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/203/a':MuLMuLarmf rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvNH rKdUe,f/
204/ udkodef;0if;OD; rif;uef (awmif)&Gm? atmifvHNrKdUe,f/205/ &Jcspfatmif rdom;pk uGufopf&yfuGuf? izJNrKdU/
206/ rk;d ukwq
f &mawmfO;d 0drv? izJNrKdU/ 207/OD;at;qef; + a':at;at;EGUJ ? orD;jzLjzL rusnf;pk&yfuu
G ?f izJNrKdU/
208/ q&mra':pef;vSjrifh? ql;ya'gif;&Gm? izJNrKdUe,f/209/ q&mOD;0if;aemif+a':oef;Munf? aygif;uav;&Gm?
izJNrKdUe,f/210/ OD;aomif;xGe;f +a':MunfMunf0if;? wyfuek ;f &yfuu
G ?f izJNrKdUe,f/211/ OD;ciftidk f rdom;pk? rif;bl;NrKdU/
212/q&mr a':wifr;dk ckifd ?f a&Tacsmif;&Gm? apwkw&mNrKdUe,f/213/OD;0if;xGe;f +a':rmrmvif;? rusn;f pk&yf? izJNrKdUe,f/
214/OD;jrwfausmf + rat;odef;? &ifh&Snf&Gm? izJNrKdUe,f/215/OD;Akdwkd+a':MunfaX;? wyfukef;&yfuGuf?izJNrKdUe,f/
216/a':rDrDxGef; (q&mr) a&eHr&Gm? rif;vSNrKdUe,f/217/armif[def;xufatmif? a&eHr&Gm? rif;vSNrKdUe,f/218/
rmifaumif;qufvif;? a&eHr&Gm? rif;vSNrKdUe,f/
71

72

You might also like