Kannada Script Book - Sarvabhashin

Kannada
kn n
sarvabhshin
Script
The Kannada letters and words described in this book are each accompanied by a pronunciation key in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Please refer to these IPA keys for the exact pronunciation of a Kannada letter or word. The IPA is a scientific notation used for accurately transcribing the sounds of most human languages. More about the IPA can be found at http://www.yorku.ca/earmstro/ipa/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipa . The similarities described in this book between the pronunciations of Kannada letters and corresponding English letters are only guidelines and should be considered as such.
http://tiny.cc/sarvabhashin
This letter has a sound similar to k in skip
This letter has a sound similar to g in go
These are the letters weve just seen
This letter has a sound similar to p in speak
This letter has a sound similar to b in bat
These are the letters weve seen so far
This letter has a sound similar to tch in catch
10
This letter has a sound similar to dge in badge
11
These are the letters weve seen so far
The sounds of these letters are all called consonants

12
Heres a vowel sound
This vowel sounds similar to u in cu t
13
Look at these letters

14
The sounds of these letters are made up of a consonant and a vowel Notice how the letters look slightly different from their original shape?
In short
p p b
15
Heres another vowel
i
This vowelsounds similar to i in pin
This vowel has a special sign of its own
16
Now look at these combo letters, each having the sound of a consonant plus a vowel
ki
pi
bi
Again, notice the difference from the original shape of the basic letter?
17
In short
ki
pi
+ =
bi
18
Notice the slightly different shape of this letter, compared to the others
19
And another vowel
u
This vowel sounds similar to u in bull
This vowel, too, has a special sign of its own
20
And some new combo letters, with their shape slightly changed from the original

21
ku

u bu
pu
And again, in short k ku
p pu b
bu
Get the idea?!

22
pu
23
These are all the various basic and combo letters weve seen thus far
ki
ku
p p pi b
pu bi
bu
24
These letters look similar
25
When two letters come one after the other and the first one has no vowel sound, that is, it is a
letter,
then the second letter is written in a mini version below the first one
+ + + +
= =
p i
bu
= =
bu
26
Note that in such cases, any vowel or other signs originally belonging to the second letter are written attached to the first letter
+ + + +
= =
p i
bu
= =
bu
Its as if the first and the second letter together form a new joint letter
27
Here are the mini versions of all the letters weve seen so far When the second letter has no vowel k k
p p
28
When the second letter has the vowel k k
29
When the second letter has the vowel i ki ki
i i
pi pi
bi
bi
i i
30
And when the second letter has the vowel u ku ku
pu
pu
bu
bu
31
To sum up, the mini versionsare special forms that appear after a letter having
These mini versions can occur in the middleor at the end of a word, but never at the beginning
32
This letter has a sound similar to y in yo-yo
33
This letter has a sound similar to r in Italian Roma
This is a rolled /r/, as in Spanish or Italian
34
This letter has a sound similar to l in lad
35
This letter has a sound similar to v in victory
36
37
This is how these letters look, when the sound is added

38
This is how these letters look, when the i sound is added
ji
ri
li
39
ri
40
This is how these letters look, when the u sound is added

41
ju
lu
ru
42
These are all the various basic and combo letters weve just seen
ji
ru
ju
ri
li
lu
43
These letters look very similar
pi
pu
44
These combo letters look somewhat similar
ju
Remember that ju has an extra curl at the end
45
Here are the mini versions of the letters weve just seen When the second letter has no vowel
r r
46
When the second letter has the vowel
47
When the second letter has the vowel i
ji
ji
ri ri
li
li
48
And when the second letter has the vowel u
ju
ju
ru
ru
lu
lu
49
Note that most of the mini versions weve just seen look quite different from their full versions
50
These mini versions look somewhat similar
51
r likes being different from the rest
For instance, you would expect
+
to look like
But it doesnt! Instead, it is written like this
rk
That is, rtakes on a special mini form and jumps ahead of the next letter!
52
Some more examples will make this a little clear
+
r
pi
=
rpi
+
r ju
=
rju
+ =
r r
+
r r
=
rr
53
Dont stress. This will become second nature as you learn more.
These are some actual Kannada words Can you read them?
54
Here are their pronunciations and meanings biri ju ru1

crack, burst r eon, era ru move aside, shift bbu
category plli
church
j j 1
stink, stench
lizard

expenditure ikkpp1
pukkl1

coward, sissy
fathers younger brother
Some pronunciation keys above have been marked with a superscript 1 In these keys, is a short or lazily pronounced version of and is a short or lazily pronounced version of u For now, just assume = =u
55
This letter has a sound similar to s in sit
56
This letter has a sound similar to sh in ship
Some people pronounce this letter similar to s in sit
57
This letter has a sound similar to h in hat
58
59
This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for , i and u

si i i

60
su
Notice the slightly different shapes of these letters
61
si
su
62
These letters look somewhat similar
pi
pu
si
su
63
64
+ =
65
si
si
+
i
=
i
66
And when the second letter has the vowel u su su
u u
u u
+ =
67
Some actual Kannada words with these letters weve just seen

68
How many correct? sri sii
OK, all right i u sweet bb
infant kj
festival uu
possible slp
rs
madness, mania

isu1
a little, some
short ukrr
expand, enlarge
1

Venus (planet)
69
is a short or lazily pronounced version of i For now, just assume = i
This letter has a sound similar to n in tenth
To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue touches the back of your front teeth
70
This letter has a sound similar to m in mother
71
These are the basic letters weve just seen
72
n i
mi
73
n u
mu
n i
mu
n u
mi
74
These sets of letters look similar
si
su
n i
n u
p p pi
pu i
m m mi
mu
75
76
n i
n i
mi
mi
n u
And when the second letter has the vowel u
n u
mu
77
mu
Note that most of the mini versions weve just seen look quite different from their full versions
78
Some actual Kannada words with these letters weve just seen

79
Heres how you pronounce them, and what they mean
mn u
rm
son in n u
skin brm
gold n m
Brahma, a Hindu god mu lu
birth m n n su

mould, fungus miks ru

mixer, blender mun n u
forgive, pardon ikkmm
fathers younger brothers wife

go forward, proceed
80
Remember the mini version rule? Lets extend it slightly. When two or more letters come one after the other and all before the last have no vowel sound, that is, they are all
letters,
then all letters after the first one are written in their respective mini versions below the first one
lkj
+=
i i
+
m b
+
ru
=
mbru
+
m p
+ =
s mps
+
81
Again, remember that any vowel or other signs originally belonging to the last letter are written attached to the first letter
lkj
+=
i i
+
m b
+
ru
=
mbru
+
m p
+ =
s mps
So, all these letters in question together form a new joint letter
82
r, as expected, decides to rebel
Remember that
rk
+ =
Lets extend this rule a bit
rkj
+
That is,
+=
r takes on its special mini form and jumps ahead of all the letters
83
One thing to note
Since
kr
+ =
therefore
krj
+
So,
+=
r takes on its special mini form
only when it is the first letter of such a no-vowel sequence
like in the example we saw on the previous page
rkj
+=
84
The good news is, such strings of letters are quite rare in Kannada J
Heres a new vowel, along with its sign
This vowel sounds similar to e in p en
85
Now look at these combo letters, each having the sound of a consonant plus the e vowel
ke
pe
be
je
re
86
And some more combo letters, with this new vowel
le
se
me
n e
87
Heres a few words with our new vowel

88
And heres how you say them, and what they mean
m n e
kere

house, home bele

lake be
price, value lekk
about, concerning sippe
calculation, accounts e e
peel, husk esru
step, pace jemen
name mee
Yemen, an Arab country
praise
89
Heres another vowel, along with its sign
This vowel sounds similar to o in but shorter in length or This sign looks like
+
90
Now look at these combo letters, each having the sound of a consonant plus the o vowel
ko
po
bo
jo
ro
91
And some more combo letters, with this new vowel
lo
so
mo
n o
92
Note that for
j,
the right-most curl is removed before the
o vowel is added
o jo
- + =
93
And some new words with our new vowel

94
Here are their pronunciations and meanings sose n ore

daughter-in-law koe

foam, froth ou

muck soppu
thick sauce ore
green vegetables poru

outside obbr
arrogance imo

manure m n olisu
Shimoga, a town in Karnataka
95
persuade, win over
This letter has a sound similar to t in Spanish toro
96
This letter has a sound similar to d in Spanish diez
97
98
t i
d i
99
t u
d u
This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for e and o
t e
d e
t o
100
d o
t i
d u
t u
t e

d o
t o
d i
d e
d i
Notice the slightly different shape of
101
Here are the mini versions of the letters weve just seen Lets just take the simplest example When the second letter has the vowel
Note that the mini version of t looksquite different from its full version

102
Can you read these Kannada words?

New Delhi
103

food
Howd you fare?
d i e
d ore
direction d pp

king s d d u
t elu
fat, thick
noise t olu
Telugu, a southern Indian language mut t u
hide, leather jkt i
pearl n deli
person
t in n d u

New Delhi
104

food
This letter has a sound similar to t in ash tray
To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth
105
This letter has a sound similar to d in rushe d
106
Sometimes, this letter also has a sound similar to tt dd r in in in the American pronunciation of better the American pronunciation of ladder Spanish pe ro
but with the tongue curled further back and flapping against the roof of the mouth
This particular sound occurs only when the letter appears in certain positions in a word, and will be marked in the pronunciation key
107
108
109
110
Notice the slightly different shape of
111
112
d i
d u
d e
d o

113
As do their mini versions
And some Kannada words with these new letters

114
All correct? t ui k ri
lip kiki
bear d uu
window bb
money pu
box e
moe
small, little

lump roi egg n u

shiver, tremble
115
roi, Indian unleavened bread
Remember this letter?
The letter below is pronounced just like the one above, except that the letter below is pronounced with a little puff of air
It has a sound similar to ck-h in brick-house
116
It has a sound similar to ggh in e gghead
117
It has a sound similar to ph in uphold
118
It has a sound similar to bh in clubhouse
119
It has a sound similar to ch-h in church-house
120
It has a sound similar to dgeh in ba dgeholder
121
122
This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for

123
This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for i
ki
pi
bi
124
This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for u

125
ku

bu
pu
This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for e
ke

126
pe
be
This is how these basic letters are modified to make the combo letters for o
k o
po
bo
127
k i
k u
ke
k o
pi
pu
p e
p o
bi
128
bu
b e
b o
And the list goes on
And

e i
...done!
129
Most of these puff-of-air letters have a little pendulum at the bottom
130
In some cases, this pendulum is the only thing that differentiates these puff-of-air letters from the ones with no puff of air
These two combo letters have one more difference other than the pendulum, namely the swish at the upper right
131
These sets of letters lookvery similar
p p pi
pu pe
po
p p pi
pu p e
po
u e
132
Notice how i looks slightly different from other combo letters for i
pi
p i
133
Also notice how u and o look slightly different from the rest
pu po
pu po
134
ri
ru
re
ro
j ju
ji jo
je
u e o
135
These combo letters look somewhat similar
ru
Remember that u has an extra curl at the end
136
More to come
137
And here are the remaining ones
138
Some Kannada words with the new letters weve just seen
139
Full marks?
pl
ri
kin n
fruit t ri
stream, rivulet bkt i
sad, depressed mukj
umbrella id r
devotion pilm
main n t e
pore, opening k film s bjt e

dignity llri
unit
politeness, manners
cymbal
140
It has a sound similar to th-h in ba th-house
141
It has a sound similar to dh in adhere
142
These are thebasic letters weve just seen
143
t i
d i
144
t u
d u
t e
d e
t o
145
d o
t i
d u
t u
t e

d o
t o
d i
d e
t i

d i
Note the slightly different shape of these letters from other i letters
146
Here are the mini versions of the letters weve just seen When the second letter has the vowel
147
d i
d u
d e
d o
d t
d u t u t e d e
t i
d i
t o
d o
148
As do all their mini versions

d t
149
The pendulum strikes again
Ford
, this is the only thing differentiating it fromd

d d
150
These words arent too difficult
151
Here you go
kte
t it i

story d n i date according to the lunar calendar d ru
tone, note bud d i

Earths pole st it i
intelligence p d d t i status, condition sprd e
practice, method
contest, competition
152
It has a sound similar to th in penthouse
153
It has a sound similar to dh in madhouse
154
155
156
157
Note the slightly different shape of these letters from other i letters
158
Here are the mini versions of the letters weve just seen When the second letter has the vowel
159
d i
d u
d e
d o
t t t i
t u t e
t o
d d d i
d u d e i
d o o
160
As do all their mini versions

161
These sets of letters too look similar
ri
ru
re
ro
But their mini versions dont!
162
Both thesesets of letters have a dot in the middle
t i
t u
t e
t o
163
Test your newly acquired skills
164
Came out with flying colours?
sse

stamp, seal ikki

fatigue pj
collision m n em
curriculum
mr

house and home
Indian hand-held drum
165
This letter has a sound similar to l l in in hold boulder
To pronounce this letter, the tip of your tongue curls right back and touches the roof of your mouth It sounds similar to
but with the tongue curled further back

166
This letter has a sound similar to sh in ash tray
In everyday speech, its mostly pronounced the same as
167
168
169
And this is how they are modified to make the combo letters for e and o
170
u e
171
And here are their mini versions When the second letter has the vowel
172
Camouflage at its very best
p p pi
pu pe
po
p p pi
pu p e
po
u e
u e
173
i falls into the latter category below
pi
p i
174
Also notice how the vowel signs for u and o have slightly different shapes in these combo letter sets
pu
pu
o po
p o
175
Here are all their mini versions
p p
176
Here we go again
177
Piece of cake?
be
rt t u

bangle k
condition, stipulation ij
thief st
pupil, disciple i

place, location lkmi
sixth day of the lunar fortnight bei
Lakshmi, a Hindu goddess
garlic
178
This letter has a sound similar to ng in sing
It is not pronounced like the ng in finger
179
This letter has a sound similar to ni gne in in in onion French montagne Spanish Espaa
180
This letter has a sound similar to n in wander
181
182

183
And this is how they are modified to make the combo letters for e and o
184

i u e

i u
185
Note that the horizontal line on top of
disappears when writing these combo letters
186
+ =
187
Thesesets of letters look similar
u e

188
lookssomewhat like an upside down

The other letters in the respective sets are more distinct, though
Their mini versions too are somewhat like mirror images
189
Do you notice any similarity in how these letters sound?
To pronounce all these letters, your tongue touches the back of the roof of your mouth, called the velum
190
And what about in these letters?
To pronounce all these letters, your tongue touches the middle part of the roof of the mouth, called the palate Try saying them out loud and concentrate on the position of your tongue
191
Some more similar-sounding letters, which weve already seen
To pronounce all these letters, the tip of your tongue curls back and touches the roof of your mouth Try saying them out loud and concentrate on the position of your tongue
192
Yet another bunch of similar-sounding letters
To pronounce all these letters, the tip of your tongue touches your front teeth Try saying them out loud and concentrate on the position of your tongue
193
And finally, the last batch of similar sounding letters
To pronounce all these letters, your lips touch each other Try saying them out loud and concentrate on the position of your tongue
194
This sign is a shortcut sign for the following letters n m Its pronunciation depends on what letter comes after it.
195
Have a look at these words and their pronunciations
conch ml
delight, good fortune nl
fickle, playful snj
Sanjaya, a male name
More to come
196
kj
from the throat, guttural pt
scholar j n t r
machine, device n n d n
Nandana, a male name s mpn n
completed, acquired s mbn d
relation, connection
197
Lets look at it in a little more detail. In these words, k
is like a shortcut for
ml

In these words, kj

pt
In these words, j n t r

n n n d n
In these words, s mpn n

m s mbn d
198
No, we didnt forget
In these words, nl
snj
However, its pronunciation is not exactly like
Instead, it sounds more like a normal n, like the n in name
199
We can see a pattern over here. If
occurs before the following letters

k k
then its pronunciation is
t t d d
n
p p b b
200
Before all other letters, and at the end of a word, its pronunciation is usually
m
s mjkt smrke
joint, united smln

protection s mt s r
attached, included

Vedic year ms

clan, lineage sim
swan kt m
lion
finished
The odd exception might exist, but these would usually be rare or obscure words So dont worry As far as our nasal shortcut sign is concerned, youre good to go!
201
Great.
Now, an obvious question. What if a word starts with a vowel? How do we write it then?
Theres a slightly different way of doing this
202
If a word starts with a vowel, we use the following letters, instead of vowel signs

203
and have a slightly different pronunciation e
This letter has a sound similar to ye in yes
This letter has a sound similar to wo in wont but slightly shorter in length
204
Our nasal shortcut sign works equally well with these independent vowel letters

Of course, the pronunciation of the sign will vary, depending on what letter follows Some examples will make this clear
205
Here are some words that use independent vowel letters
rt meaning k r letter, alphabet n t end i shop illi here ippt t u twenty ile England uru fingernail, toenail
ur ring (ornament) ue ball, sphere eru two eu how much eu eight oej good on d u one ombt t u nine
206
Speaking of vowels, here are some more
This sign has a sound similar to a in father
207
This sign has a sound similar to ee in bee
208
This sign has a sound similar to oo in tool
209
This sign has a sound similar to in French fiance
210
This sign has a sound similar to o in Italian Roma This sign is written after a letter
211
This is how the signs for , i, u, e and o are written

212
ki
ko
ku
ke
Here are all the vowels weve seen so far, attached to the letter k
ki ku
ki
ku
ke
ke
ko
ko
213
Note how the vowels on the right are longer versions of the ones on the left
In some cases, the long vowel sign is simply the short vowel sign with an added
ki
ki
ke
ke
ko
214
ko
Remember that for
j,
the right-most curl is removed before the
o vowel is added
o jo
- + =
215
Here are some Kannada words with the new signs weve just seen

216
And some more

J And were done! For now at least
217
How many correct? t t grandfather pri animal mj literature min u fish ii arrogance, showiness prit i love uu flower un j emptiness, nothingness
r garland n , nn knowledge krn k Karnataka, a state in India iru line, scratch pisu fees rin s Srinivasa, a Hindu god duu dust purt i full
218
murk fool be uru Bangalore bere different, other ed denominator ket r area opi cap poo photograph somri lazybones, idler oe announcement

Phew! d e country t e identical, just like ree disgust jo yoga oi fraudulent
219
At the beginning of a word, these vowels are written like this

220
Here are all the independent vowels weve seen so far, along with their corresponding vowel signs

e e

We already know that
does not have any vowel sign of its own

221
All these pairs look similar in that the one on the right is a slightly modified version of the one on the left

e u

e u

222
These two letters look very similar

b b o
These letters all have a common basic shape

223
Some Kannada words beginning with the new vowel letters weve just seen
224
You should have got all of these right!
d re but iu swim u food, meal eru climb ou run
n d o n movement, agitation irje envy urji Indian pickle ekn singular orekore bent, twisted
225
And even more vowel signs
This sign has a sound similar to i in fight More precisely, it sounds like i in fight when pronounced in a Scottish accent
226
This sign has a sound similar to ow in cow More precisely, it sounds like ow in cow when pronounced in a Scottish accent
227
This is how the signs for j and w are written
kj
kw
228
Notice the similarity in the shapes of these combo letters
ke
ke
kj
229
kw
At the beginning of a word, these vowels are written like this
kj
kw
230
These letters look similar
As do these
231
Here are some Kannada words with the new letters weve just seen

232
And their pronunciations and meanings
kj hand wd u yes mjd n playground pwr powder jli style, method mwkk oral, verbal jd u five wd medicine jrj wealth, splendour wt j appropriateness
233
A few letters and signs still remain!
This sign has a sound similar to a in ca t Heres an example of this vowel sign in combination with k
234
Unfortunately, our new sign looks exactly like the mini version of plus the vowel sign j
Fortunately, this sign is pronounced with the sound only in English words borrowed into Kannada So the pronunciation is usually clear from the context
235
At the beginning of a word, this sign is written like this
236
Like you read earlier, this sign is used in Kannada only to write words borrowed from English that have the a sound in cat
gas
bri

battery kns r
cancer
kss bk
Axis Bank, a bank in India
237
This sign has a sound similar to rhu in rhubarb This sign is written below a letter Note that this sign behaves like a vowel sign
238
This is how the sign for r is written
kr
Notice how these letter combos look similar
k j
kr

239
At the beginning of a word, this sign is written like this
Dont confuse it with this letter combo
240
Some Kannada words which use this sign or its independent letter kri r ri
agriculture rk
debt
sage, seer kr
tree
Krishna, a Hindu god mt rbumi
r d j
heart rst
motherland r d d rm
household

old-age home
241
This letter has a sound similar to z in zebra Except for the two dots below, it looks and behaves exactly like
242
This letter has a sound similar to f in fat Except for the two dots below, it looks and behaves exactly like
243
These letters are only used to write non-Kannada words which have the sounds z and f And that too, not very consistently
You might come across both dotted and non-dotted versions, (and both pronunciations too) like so zibr ibr

zebra filppins

pilppins
Philippines So youll encounter these letters only rarely
244
One last sign
This sign has a sound similar to h in hat but with a little twist (well see how on the next page) Note that this sign too behaves like a vowel sign
Like
this sign can be added onto another vowel sign
245
This is how this new sign combines with basic letters and is pronounced
kii
kii
kuu
kuu
kee
k ji
koo

kwu

It never combines with the signs
e and o
246
Like
this new sign can also combine with independent vowel letters
ii
ii
u u
uu
ee
ji
oo
w u
It never combines with the letters

247
e and o
Got it? In a nutshell, the sign is pronounced
followed by a somewhat shortened repetition of the vowel just before it
kwu
w u
Like so pun

again
likely
248
When this sign occurs in the middle of a word, it's often pronounced as a doubling of the next letter
d ukk
ni bd
sadness Not to fret
noiseless
This sign occurs very rarely in Kannada, only in some words borrowed from Sanskrit
249
Remember
has two circles and our nasal shortcut letter
has only one

250
Lets end with numerals and punctuation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Punctuation marks are similar to English In some old Kannada texts, you might find these punctuation marks
full stop Try your hand at these
end of verse
3,737 0.611 1.2% 54,789.01

251
, . .% ,.
Here is a well-known piece of writing, in its Kannada version
ell mn ru st n t rrje n sd d re . u n t e mt t u kklli smn r id d re . iek mt t u n t kkrn n u ped rd d rn d ru prspr sod r bd n d rt isbeku .
This is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
252
This is the Kannada alphabet The names of the letters are the sounds of the letters themselves i i u u r

m n

j p r t

b d

253
And these are the vowel and other signs, and their Kannada names
n usr
sr

o o w ln t
Good luck!
254
End
Typeset in Segoe UI (English & IPA) and Vagisha (Kannada) For more information on the Kannada script and its history http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kannada.htm
References: Baraha Antarajla Nighanu http://baraha.com/kannada/index.php Glosbe Kannada Hindi Dictionary http://glosbe.com/kn/hi/ Khandbahale, Sunil. Khandbahale.com http://www.khandbahale.com/kannada Spencer, Harold. A Kanarese Grammar http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/kannada/ Kannada Wiktionary http://kn.wiktionary.org v2013-06-24 2012-2013 Arvind Iyengar. All Rights Reserved.

Kannada Script Book - Sarvabhashin

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Kannada Script Book - Sarvabhashin

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Kannada

This letter has a sound similar to k in skip

This letter has a sound similar to g in go

These are the letters weve just seen

This letter has a sound similar to p in speak

This letter has a sound similar to b in bat

These are the letters weve seen so far

This letter has a sound similar to tch in catch

This letter has a sound similar to dge in badge

These are the letters weve seen so far

The sounds of these letters are all called consonants

Heres a vowel sound

This vowel sounds similar to u in cu t

Look at these letters

Heres another vowel

This vowel has a special sign of its own

And another vowel

This vowel, too, has a special sign of its own

And again, in short k ku

Get the idea?!

These letters look similar

When the second letter has the vowel k k

When the second letter has the vowel i ki ki

And when the second letter has the vowel u ku ku

This letter has a sound similar to y in yo-yo

This letter has a sound similar to r in Italian Roma

This is a rolled /r/, as in Spanish or Italian

This letter has a sound similar to l in lad

This letter has a sound similar to v in victory

These are the letters weve just seen

This is how these letters look, when the sound is added

This is how these letters look, when the i sound is added

This is how these letters look, when the u sound is added

These letters look very similar

These combo letters look somewhat similar

Remember that ju has an extra curl at the end

When the second letter has the vowel

When the second letter has the vowel i

And when the second letter has the vowel u

These mini versions look somewhat similar

r likes being different from the rest

For instance, you would expect

But it doesnt! Instead, it is written like this

Some more examples will make this a little clear

Here are their pronunciations and meanings biri ju ru1

fathers younger brother

This letter has a sound similar to s in sit

This letter has a sound similar to sh in ship

Some people pronounce this letter similar to s in sit

This letter has a sound similar to h in hat

These are the letters weve just seen

Notice the slightly different shapes of these letters

These letters look somewhat similar

When the second letter has the vowel

When the second letter has the vowel i

And when the second letter has the vowel u su su

How many correct? sri sii

OK, all right i u sweet bb

is a short or lazily pronounced version of i For now, just assume = i

This letter has a sound similar to n in tenth

This letter has a sound similar to m in mother

These are the basic letters weve just seen

These sets of letters look similar

When the second letter has the vowel

When the second letter has the vowel i

And when the second letter has the vowel u