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Contents

The Topic Page
Unit Seven: Lifestyles


Key words in unit seven 2
Vocabulary (make and do) 3
Phrasal verb with (make and do) 4
Grammar I (Reported speech) 5
Workbook
How much sleep do we need?
13
Unit Eight: Rural and urban life


Key words in unit eight 17
The end of village life? 17
Vocabulary (sound) 21
Idiom expressions with (and) 22
Word families 23
Grammar II
Comparing & contrasting

24
Workbook
Capital cities
29
Unit Nine: New ways and old


Key words in unit nine 32
Vocabulary (musical instruments) 32
Music idioms 34
Grammar III
The causative
35
Workbook
Traditional crafts in Madaba
39









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Unit Seven
Healthy Lifes

The key words in unit seven

The word Meaning in Arabic
advise(v)
age(n)
colleague(n)
exercise(n,v) \
interact(v) ) (
lifestyle(n)
outlook(n)
secret(n)
socialize(v)
successful(adj)


Ex. (1) What do the words in italics in these extracts refer to?
a. I started in Mexico where I met the country's oldest married couple,

b. They have three sons and three daughters- the oldest is 81 years old.

c. After that, I traveled to the south of India where I met Sunil.

d. I asked him if he had enjoyed his long life- he said with a smile that he'd enjoyed every
single day of it.


Ex. (2) Fill the gaps in these sentences with the words from this list.
( fathers/ parents/ children/ daughters/ husband/ sister/ uncle/ family)

In Jordan you will rarely find 'old people's homes'. When my (a).. get old,
my (b) and I will help look after them. Traditional values teach sons and
(c) to honour their (d)..and mothers and show love and care
to them as they grow old. Family is very important to everyone, and I am very close to
my mother's sister and her (e)..- my aunt and (f). . Caring for
our (g)..like this helps us all to live longer, happier lives and we know our
(h)will one day look after us.


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Ex. (3)Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.

a. In Mexico she met the (Earth's / world's) oldest couple.
b. Alberto and Maria's son said his parents had (a simple / an easy) way of life.
c. Sunil says his customers are all his (near / close) friends.
d. Sunil said he'd enjoyed every (one/ single) day of his life.

Vocabulary

1. Collocations: make or do.

Make and do have similar meanings, but you cannot use them with the same nouns. For
example, we say do a job but make an arrangement.

do make

a job an arrangement
research effort
experiments suggestion
the shopping a mistake
homework decision
damage a promise
a success

*Ex: Complete these sentences with the correct form of make or do.

a. The journalist said she was..research for an article.
b. Scientists frequentlyexperiments to test their ideas.
c. You will have to a special effort if you want to pass your exam.
d. Can I ...a suggestion? Why don't we ..the shopping together?
e. If you ..a mistake, you have to ..your homework again.
f. I've .my decision very carefully.
g. I've ...myself a promise. I'm going to a success of my new job.
h. Last night's storm .a lot of damage to buildings in our area.







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2. Phrasal verbs with "make and do"

Phrasal verb English meaning Arabic meaning
make of (it) think about/ understand
make up (an excuse) invent (a story)
make up for (the time) replace something lost or missing
do (the shoes) up tie/ fasten ) (
do away get rid of
do (the room) up to tidy/ redecorate
do without (sugar) not have something and manage
in spite of it



*Exercise:
Match the phrasal verbs with do and make in these sentences with the correct
meanings 1 -7below.

a. I've hurt my back which means I have to get someone to do my shoes up for me.
b. Ibrahim usually arrives at work on time, so his boss didn't know what to make of it
when he was an hour late one morning.
c. We'll have to do the room up before anyone sleeps here.
d. Ahmad always makes an excuse when he doesn't do his homework.
e. Not everyone in our family has a mobile so we can't do away with our landline.
f. We have to speed up to make up for the time we spent in the cafeteria.
g. The doctor told my grandmother she'd have to learn to do without sugar.


1. think about/ understand ( )
2. invent ( )
3. to tidy, redecorate ( )
4. replace something lost or missing ( )
5. get rid of ( )
6. fasten/ tie ( )
7. not have something and manage in spite of it ( )








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Grammar I


Reported Speech

Speech is divided into "direct speech" and "reported speech", and we define "direct
speech" as: the exact words that somebody has said, examples:
" : " " " , :
:
* " I am from New York." Jack said.
* " We live in a small house in Amman." Ahmad said.
* " Can you drive a car?" Lana asked Omar.

On the other hand, "reported speech" is the words that someone says to report other
people's words, examples:
" " :

* Jack said that he was from New York.
* Ahmad said that they lived in a small house in Amman.
* Lana asked Omar if he could drive a car.

Generally speaking, when we change "direct speech" into "reported speech", we actually
change three things in the sentence:
" " " " :


1. Pronouns and possessive adjectives:
Notice how the following pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to
who speaks to whom:

"My brother is 15 years old." Direct speech
Ali said that his brother was 15 years old. Reported speech

"We will visit you soon." Direct speech
Ahmad told me that they would visit me soon. Reported speech

"Have the kids cleaned my garden?" Direct speech
Mrs. Black asked if the kids had cleaned her garden. Reported speech

"I saw your father in the market yesterday." Tom said to Lina. Direct speech
Tom told Lina that he had seen her father in the market the day before. Reported speech

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2. Time and place reference:
Time and place reference should be changed as in the following table:
:

Direct Speech Reported Speech
today that day
tonight that night
yesterday the day before or
the previous day
tomorrow the day after or
the following day
now then or
at that time
last week the week before or
the previous week
next year the year after or
the following year
ago before
here there
this that
these those
come go

Notice how time and place references are changed in the following sentences:

"We were playing tennis in this court yesterday."
Jack said that they had been playing tennis in that court the previous day.

* "I may call Omar tomorrow."
* Ahmad said that he might call Omar the following day.












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) (
3. The tense of the verb:
When changing "direct speech" into "reported speech", the tense of the sentence
should be changed as the following:
" " " " ) ( :

A. Present simple changes into Past simple
[ V1 + (s) ] [ V2 ]
[don't/doesn't + (V1) ] [ didn't + (V1) ]

Examples:
* "I write my diaries at night."
Ahmad said that he wrote his diaries at night.

* "The students don't like physics."
The teacher said that the students didnt like physics.

B. Present continuous changes into Past continuous
[is/am/are + (V1 + ing)] [was/were + (V1 + ing)]

Examples:

* "The national football team is playing an important match tomorrow."
The TV presenter said that the national football team was playing an important match the
following day.

* "We are watching a film now."
The children said that they were watching a film then.


C. Present Perfect changes into Past perfect
[has/have + V3] [had + V3]

Examples:
* "My father hasn't retired yet."
John said that his father hadn't retired yet.

* "The magicians have performed a magnificent performance."
He said that the magicians had performed a magnificent performance.




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D. Present Perfect continuous changes into Past perfect continuous
[has/have been + (V1+ ing)] [had + been + (V1+ ing)]

Examples:
* "I have been working in this factory for ten years."
Richard said that he had been working in that factory for ten years.

* "The gardener has been watering the plants since 10:30."
Mom said that the gardener had been watering the plants since 10:30.

E. Past Simple changes into Past Perfect
[ V2 ] [ had + V3 ]
[ didn't + V1 ] [ hadn't + V3 ]

Examples:
* "The police caught a dangerous criminal yesterday."
The reporter said that the police had caught a dangerous criminal the previous day.

* "We didn't send him a letter last week."
Lana said that they hadn't sent him a letter the previous week.

F. Past Continuous changes into Past perfect continuous
[was/were + (V1 + ing)] [had + been + (V1+ ing)]

Examples:
* "The farmers were picking olives at dawn last week."
She said that the farmers had been picking olives at dawn the previous week.

* I was sleeping this time yesterday."
Ahmad said that he had been sleeping that time the day before.

G. Past Perfect stays Past perfect
[ had + V3 ] [ had + V3 ]

Example:
* "The enemies had retreated from the hills by sunset."
The official spokesman said that the enemies had retreated from the hills by sunset.






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H. Past perfect continuous stays Past perfect continuous
[had + been + (V1+ ing)] [had + been + (V1+ ing)]

Example:
" Dad had been smoking for 25 years by his death."
Rana said that dad had been smoking for 25 years by his death.


I. Direct Speech changes into Reported Speech
will would
would


can could
could


shall should
should


may might
might


must
have to had to
has to
had to

Examples:
*" We'll emigrate to Australia next year."
Omar said that they would emigrate to Australia the following year.

* "I must finish my project this Monday."
Jack said that he had to finish his project that Monday.







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Reported Questions

There are two types of questions: a) WH-questions and b) Yes-no questions.

a) WH-questions are questions that start with WH-pronouns such as: what/ where/ when/
why/ which/ whose/ how/ how often/ how many/ how much/ how far.etc.

When we change "direct WH-questions" to "reported questions", we should follow
the following steps:
" " " " :

*"Why did Ahmad take the torch yesterday?" {direct question}
They asked why Ahmad had taken the torch the day before. { reported question}
WH-prounoun subject verb
(1) (2) (3)

*"When will the kids start the firework display?" {direct question}
Dad asked when the kids would start the firework display.{ reported question}
WH-prounoun subject verb
(1) (2) (3)

More Examples:

* "Where has she met the secret agent? {direct question}
They wanted to know where she had met the secret agent. .{ reported question}

* "How are you today, Ahmad?" {direct question}
The teacher asked Ahmad how he was that day. .{ reported question}

* "Whose mobile is Rana using now?" {direct question}
They wondered whose mobile Rana was using then. . { reported question}

Note: when (do/ does) appear in a question, we don't change them to (did). We only
change the main verb from V1 to V2.

* "Where does Omar go everyday?" {direct question}
They enquired where Omar went everyday. { reported question}






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b) Yes-No questions are questions that start with a helping verb such as: is/ am/ are/ was/
were/ has/have/had/ do/ does/ did/ will/ would/ can/ could/ may/ might/.etc

When we change "direct Yes-No questions" to "reported questions", we should
follow the following steps:

* "Did Ahmad pass the admission test?" {direct question}
They asked if Ahmad had passed the admission test. { reported question}
If / whether subject verb
(1) (2) (3)

* "Do the students speak English fluently?" {direct question}
The headmaster wondered if the students spoke English fluently. Reported question
If / whether subject verb
(1) (2) (3)
More examples:
* "Have you watched the news bulletin?" {direct question}
Dad asked me if I had watched the news bulletin. { reported question}

* "Were your parents in Aqaba last week?" {direct question}
They asked Omar if his parents had been in Aqaba the previous week. { reported question}

* "Can the children make a snowman alone?" {direct question}
She enquired if the children could make a snowman alone. { reported question}


More exercises on "Reported Speech":

Change the following sentences and questions into reported speech:
1. "How long have you been married?"
I asked my grandparents..
2. "Do you enjoy spending time with each other?"
I asked them.
3. "We don't argue about anything."
They said.
4. "We are taking our grandchildren on holiday."
They said..
5. "When did you first meet?"
She asked them
6. "Are you enjoying married life?"
She asked them..

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7. "The king is meeting the American president tomorrow."
An official spokesman said.
8. "You are my best friend."
Sally told me that.
9. "What have you bought for your wife?"
They wondered.
10. "I'll catch the 8 o'clock bus tomorrow?"
Ahmad said..
11. "Our teacher broke his leg three days ago."
Cathy said that..
12. "How much money may we need to go on holiday to London?"
Ahmad enquired...
13. "Who is playing the piano now?"
Jack wanted to know
14. "Does your father do physical exercises in the morning?"
I asked Ahmad.
15. "Have you eaten Italian food before?"
They asked me.
16. "The government is building a new bridge over the river now."
The reporter said..
17. "What time do you get up everyday?"
We asked Ahmad.
18. "We went to Paris last October."
Jack said that
19. "When will the match start?"
She wondered..
20. "Was Omar sleeping when you called him?"
We asked Lina..









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Unit Seven
Workbook

How much sleep do we need?

1. Questions to ask yourself


How much sleep do you need each night? Do you usually get this amount? Can

you catch up on sleep you have missed at night by sleeping at other times, or do

you find it difficult to sleep during the day? The rest of this article will give you

some useful information and advice.

2. Different individuals have different needs

) (
The amount of sleep human beings need varies from individual to individual. We

know that most adults need about 8 hours of sleep a day, but this number can vary

greatly; 'short sleepers' may need only 5 hours, whereas 'long sleepers' may need 9

to 10 hours. Babies need about 16 hours a day while many teenagers need average

of 9 hours. As people get older they tend to need less sleep; some elderly people

wake up early in the morning and cannot sleep for more than five or six hours.
) (
Exactly how much we need depends on several factors, including our age, our daily

routine, the quality of our sleep and our genetic make-up.

3. The effects of lack of sleep


How do we know if we are getting enough sleep? In general, if you feel drowsy

during the day, you need more sleep. You may think that you are sleeping for long
) (
enough, but these are some of the signs that you may need more:

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You cannot concentrate at school or at work.

You find it difficult to get up in the morning.

You are moody or irritable.

You have memory problems.

4. The value of sleep


So why is it important that we get enough sleep? Sleep provides our bodies with a

chance to switch off. This allows us to recharge our mental and physical batteries

and be ready for each new day. If we have slept well, we should wake up in the

morning feeling alert and rested. People who have been deprived of sleep find it
) (
difficult to perform the simplest activities. For example, motorists who fall asleep
) (
at the wheel are responsible for thousands of traffic accidents every year.

5. Different kinds of sleep

) (
How we sleep also affects us. When we fall asleep, our sleep can be deep and

restful or light and shallow. Shallow sleepers wake up still feeling tired, while deep

sleepers wake up refreshed.



Comprehension Questions
1. What is meant by "short sleepers"?
.
2. Which age period of people needs the longest sleep hours?

3. According to paragraph 2, how much sleep does a person of 16 need?

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4. What are the main factors that determine how much sleep a specific person
needs?


5. What are the symptoms (effects/ signs) of lack of sleep?


6. According to paragraph 4, why is sleep essential to everybody?


7. How do people who have good sleep at night feel the next day?

8. Quote the sentence which indicates that lack of sleep could result in tragic
incidents.


9. Which is better for your body to be a shallow sleeper or a deep one? And
why?



10. What do the following underlined pronouns in the text refer to?
a. it:
b. This: ..

11. Find words in the text that mean the same as:
a. easily annoyed:
b. renew: .

*12. Read the article again and complete these sentences with a word or
phrase.
a. Adults and teenagers need a lot less sleep than (1 word)
b. It is .. who seem to need the least sleep. (2 words)
c. People who do not get enough sleep may find it difficult
to.at school or work. (1 word)
d. Sleep lets people recharge their (1 word)

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The most important words in the text

The word The English meaning The Arabic meaning
*alert(adj) clear-headed/ awake
*concentrate(v) give all your attention to a subject
*(be) deprived
of something
not having any or enough of something
*irritable(adj) easily annoyed
*moody(adj) easily feeling gloomy for no good reason
*recharge(v) renew \
*shallow(adj) not deep
vary(v) change
individual (n) person
adult(n) mature
teenager(n) youngster
factors(n) aspects
genetic(adj) related to genes
make-up(n) structure \
drowsy(adj) sleepy
restful(adj) relaxing


















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Unit Eight
Urban and rural life

The key words in unit eight

The word Meaning in Arabic
deserted (adj) \
inhabitant (n) \
overcrowding (adj) \
permanent (adj)
phenomenon (n)
profitable(adj)
public services
stress (n/v)
rural (adj) \
trend (n)
\
urban (adj)



The end of village life?

When large numbers of people move from their homes in country areas to find
better- paid jobs in towns and cities, the village and farms they once lived in are
often left empty. No one wants to buy homes there because they cannot make
money out of them. This phenomenon which is called rural depopulation, can lead
to overcrowding in cities as well as for fewer people in country areas.

.
.

One example of this phenomenon is the Garrigues area of Spain, about one hour's
drive from Barcelona. The area has a Mediterranean climate, but because it is high
and not close to the sea, winter temperatures are quite low. The area has an annual
rainfall level of 482mm which falls in only 47 days of the year, during the autumn
and spring.

.
.
482 47 .

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Historically, this was a successful agricultural area; on the higher ground, the
farmers grew almonds and vines, while in the river valleys, wheat, corn, beans
and sunflowers were the traditional crops. The area was particularly well-known
for its high-quality olive oil which was grown mainly for export.

.
.
.

The population of the area was at its highest about 150 years ago, when a typical
village might have 500 inhabitants, whereas now some villages have as few as 100
permanent inhabitants. But as farming became less and less profitable, and
unemployment grew, the population began to move to the cities to find work. This
trend started in 1860 and has continued to this day. Now some villages consist
mainly of elderly people. The area is suffering from the effects of depopulation,
such as poor public services and deserted farms.

150 500
100 . .
1860 . .
: .

In some parts of Europe in recent years, however, the move from country to the
city has been reversed as wealthy people move to the countryside to escape from
the overcrowding, pollution and stress of the city life. Some are moving
permanently, but many are buying holiday or weekend homes which are empty for
much of the year.


.
.




Comprehension questions
1. What makes people leave their county and villages to go to cities?
..
2. According to paragraph one, homes in villages are no more desirable, why
is that?
..
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*3. What two-word phrase is used for the movement of people out of country
areas?
..
*4. Define 'depopulation' in your own words.

.
*5. How does 'depopulation' affect the county areas as well as towns and
cities?


6. How far is Garrigues from Barcelona?

7. Garrigues has a Mediterranean climate, so why is it very clod in winter?

8. Quote the sentence which indicates that Garrigues was famous for its crops in the
past.

9. Mention some of Garrigues traditional crops.

10. According to paragraph three, what are the two main reasons that made people
leave Garrigues? *(Why did people start to move out of Garrigues?)

*11. List four characteristic of Garrigues?


*12. Who now lives in remote villages and country areas? The article mentions two
groups of people.

13. Why have many rich people moved to the country?


14. What do the following underlined pronouns in the text refer to?
a. they (paragraph 1): .. b. them (paragraph 1): .....
c. it (paragraph 2): .. d. some: (paragraph 4): .





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The most important words in the text

The word The English meaning The Arabic meaning
*phenomenon (n) something that happens or exists
*rural(adj)
adjective to describe the
countryside (not town)

depopulation (n) the state of reducing population
*overcrowding(n)
having to many people \
annual (adj) yearly, happening every year
agricultural(adj) related to agriculture
grounds(n) land
almond (n) edible oval nut
vine (n) climbing plant that produces
grapes

valley (n) low-lying area
*public services
transport, education and health
population(n) the number people who live in
an area
\
*inhabitant (n) someone who lives in a place \
permanent (adj) Lasting/ enduring
*profitable(adj) making money
unemployment(n)
being without a job
trend(n)
Tendency/ movement \
*deserted (adj)
empty because people have left \
reverse (v)
to change something to the
opposite direction
\











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Vocabulary
*Sounds
The following words are sounds, and they can be used as verbs and nouns.

Sounds Things that make these sounds

bang(v/n) A door closing very noisily /
A hammer hitting something hard


click(v/n) A light switch/ a car seat belt
being fastened
\

drip(v/n) A tap that has not been turned off

roar(v/n) Traffic/ plane engine
\

scream(v/n) A person who is in pain or very
frightened


splash(v/n) Something falling into water

tick(v/n) An old-fashioned clock

whistle(v/n) The wind in the trees/ a bird
\

*Exercise:
Complete these sentences with the correct form of the noise words from this
list. There are more words than you need.
(tick/ drip/ roar/ whistle/ splash/ bang/ scream/ click)
1. The ..of a plane woke me up in the night.
2. Can you hear that..noise? Someone must have left a tap
on in the bathroom.
3. Everyone heard the ..when he jumped into the swimming
pool.
4. A friend of mine is terrified of spiders and .if she sees one
close to her.
5. Digital clocks don'tlike old fashioned clocks used to
6. Don't ..the door when you go out.






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Idioms Expressions with (and)

The idiom Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic
pick and choose to choose only things that you like or
want very much


nearest and dearest your close family and friends

far and wide from many and distant places
hustle and bustle busy noisy activity of a lot of people in
one place
\
odds and ends small different things that are not
valuable


Exercise 1:
Complete these sentences with idioms from the table above:
1. People come from to see the castle in the center of Karak.
2. I love spending time with my., so we often have family get-togethers.
3. While I was on holiday I bought lots of ..to give as presents.
4. There are lots of presents near here. You can ....from about fifty.
5. Some people enjoy the.of shopping in street markets.

Exercise 2:
Rewrite these sentences, replacing the underlined phrases with one of the given idioms:
a. Graduates with the first class degrees can often select exactly the jobs they want.

b. The country is too quiet for me; I would miss the noise and excitement of the city.

c. I tidied my office the other day and found all kinds of different things on my desk.

d. People came form all over the place to see the exhibition.

e. We're having a big celebration next week, so we're inviting all our family and close
friends.








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Word Families


Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
------------- nature natural naturally
threaten threat threatening threateningly
vary variety varied
----------- peace peaceful peacefully
remind reminder ------------- -------------
excite excitement exciting
excited
excitingly

Exercise:
Choose the word the best completes the sentence:

1. The Gulf of Aqaba is an area of great.beauty.
a. nature b. natural c. naturally
2. Careless drivers can seriouslythe safety of pedestrians.
a. threat b. threaten c. threatening
3. In my city there is a wideof entertainments to choose from.
a. vary b. variety c. varied
4. I'd like to live in a smallvillage near the sea.
a. peace b. peaceful c. peacefully
5. The storm damage is a lastingof the power of nature.
a. remind b. reminder c. reminded
6. I'll never forget the..I felt on my first day at school.
a. excite b. exciting c. excitement















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Grammar
Comparing and Contrasting

A. Comparing
We can compare two things or groups by using the following structures:
1. .. (adjective + er) than
(adverb + er)
Examples:
The city is busier than the countryside.
My bedroom is larger than yours.
The first exam was easier than the second one.
I am better than Ahmad at chess.
Ahmad types on the computer faster than Omar does.
Note(a): we use this structure with adjectives or adverbs that are short (short
adjectives consist of (one or two syllables) such as:
(fast/ thin/ cheap/ nice/ slow/ wide/ long/ hot/ cold/ strong/ pretty/ ugly/
young/ old/ tall/ short/ fat/ heavy/ early/ high/ new/ etc)

2. (more/ less + adjective) than .
(more/ less + adverb)
Examples:
Physics is more difficult than chemistry.
Horse ridding is less difficult than bull fighting.
Farming is less profitable than it used to be.
Dad drives more carefully than you do.
Sleeping on this sofa is more comfortable than sleeping on your bed.

Note(b): we use this structure with adjectives or adverbs that are long (long
adjectives consist of (three syllables or more) such as:

(wonderful/ exciting/ boring/ powerful/ economical/ thrilling/ dangerous/
educated/ complicated/ sophisticated/ etc)




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Note(c): The following short adjectives don't take (er); they should become as
shown in the table:
Adjective Comparative
good better
bad worse
far farther/ further

Examples:
Aqaba is further than Irbid.
Daewoo products are worse than Samsung products.

Note(d): We ca add (much/ a bit) before the adjectives and adverbs with
comparatives:

Examples:
The city is much busier than the countryside.
Physics is much more difficult than chemistry.
Aqaba is much further than Irbid.

B. Contrasting
There are several words and expressions we can use contrast ideas:

1. whereas\while (this joins two clauses):
Reminder: a clause should at least contain (subject and verb).

*I prefer living in town, whereas my brother prefers the country.
clause1 clause2


*Whereas some people enjoy the outdoor life, others spend all their time
indoors. clause1 clause2

Note: This linking word (whereas) can come in the middle of the two clauses
or at he very beginning as shown in the previous examples.

*Some of the students passed the exams, whereas others didn't.
*Whereas all Gulf countries have petrol, Jordan hasn't got a drop of it.

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2. but (this joins two clauses)
(But) can carry two meanings when it joins two clauses:



A. we can use (but) instead of (whereas) when it comes in the middle of two
sentences, but not at the beginning:

*I prefer living in town, but my brother prefers the country.
clause1 clause2

*Some of the students passed the exams, but others didn't.
clause 1 clause2


B. we can use (but) to join a reason clause with an unexpected clause.


*Ahmad is a very rich man, but he hasn't got a car.
clause1 clause2

*Jack plays chess perfectly, but he has never participated in an official
championship. Clause1 clause2


3. On the other hand. (It is used to join to sentences not two clauses; this
means that it comes after a full stop and starts with a capital (O).

Examples:

Traveling by car is very cheap. On the other hand, flying is much quicker.
sentence 1 sentence2

Mountain climbing is a great sport. On the other hand, it is very dangerous.
sentence 1 sentence2


Rice is food number 1 in the Arab world. On the other hand, it is only grown
in two countries.


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) (
4. Instead of, it is followed by either:

a. ( v+ ing):

*Instead of playing football, we can play basketball.
(v + ing)

*They took the bus to downtown instead of driving their car.
(v + ing)
b. (noun phrase):


*Could I have tea instead of coffee, please?
(noun phrase)

*What about ordering pizza instead of fried chickens.
(noun phrase)

*My grandma adds artificial sweeteners instead of sugar.
(noun phrase)


5. In comparison with
This linking word is followed by:

a. ( v+ ing):


*In comparison with flying, driving is quite slow and dangerous.
(v + ing)

*Jogging needs more effort and energy in comparison with walking.
(v + ing)

b. (noun phrase):


*The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with Dubai's skyscrapers.
(noun phrase)

*In comparison with the first half of the match, the second one was boring.
(noun phrase)
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Exercise(1):
Choose the item that best completes the sentences:

1. ....the English language, the Arabic language is more difficult.
a. Instead of b. In comparison with c. Whereas d. But
2. They have rented a DVD going to the cinema.
a. although b. On the other hand c. In comparison with d. instead of
3. sending kids to boarding schools polishes their characters, it doesn't
strengthen the family ties.
a. Whereas b. In comparison with c. Instead of d. But
4. Jack is the cleverest student in his class. .., he has got 78% as his
final average.
a. Whereas b. In comparison with c. Instead of d. On the other hand
5. The total rainfall was 1395 million meter cubic, ..we could only store 56
million meter cubic last year.
a. but b. although c. on the other hand d. instead of
6. She bought us tickets to the match, ..we didn't go.
a. On the other hand b. but c. instead of d. in comparison with
7. Amman is ..than Cairo.
a. much smaller b. more smaller c. much more smaller d. more small
8. Gas heaters are than central heating.
a. economical b. much economical c. more economical d. economicaler
9. .chips and fish, we have eaten grilled steak.
a. In comparison with b. Instead of c. Whereas d. although
10. Paris had a population on two millions. , New York has a
population on 12 millions.
a. Whereas b. On the other hand c. in comparison with d. instead of













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Workbook
Unit Eight

Capital Cities
The capital city of a country is very often its greatest city, with the largest population
and the most important administrative buildings. Capital cities house government offices,
as well as embassies from other countries. They are also financial institutions.

.
. .
Amman is no difference from other capital cities in this respect- it is the seat of
government and the economic and cultural centre of Jordan. Amman has the biggest
population of any city in Jordan and is home to about a third of the people- 2.3 million
people! Although many of the buildings are very smart and futuristic, the city actually
has a history going back over 8,000 years. It was only established as the capital in 1921,
but has many ancient buildings.

.
2,3 .
8000 1921
.

Brasilia, the capital city of Brazil, is both similar to and different from Amman. Like
Amman, it is an administrative centre and contains the key political buildings and
institutions. However, unlike Amman, Brasilia is not the major cultural or economic
centre of Brazil, and with 2.5 million people, it is home to only a tiny fraction of the huge
Brazilian population.

. . 2,5
.

Built in the late 1950s, it is a new city and has only been the capital of Brazil since
1960. It took over from Rio de Janeiro, which remains a major economic and cultural
centre, as well as having a population of many millions more. Brasilia is a very modern
city and because it is so new, planners were able to strictly regulate its layout. It is
divided into sectors, with specific zones for business, industry, government and
residential areas.

1960
.

.


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1. According to paragraph one, what administrative buildings does usually the
capital city of a country contain?


2. Quote the sentence with indicates that Amman is a typical city.

3. According to paragraph two, mention two factors which contribute to take
Amman as the capital of Jordan.
a. .
b. .
4. Buildings of Amman can bee divided into two types, what are they?
a. .
b. .
5. Since when has the city of Amman inhabited?

*6. What is the population of these cities?

.
*7. When did they become capital cities?

.
*8. What are the differences between Amman and Brasilia?


9. Which city was the former capital of Brazil?
.
10. What do the following underlined pronouns in the text refer to?
a. its (paragraph one): .
b. It (paragraph two): .
c. it (paragraph three): .
11. Find words in the text that mean the same as:
a. a small amount of something: ..
b. clearly defined:



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The most important words in the text

The word The English meaning The Arabic Meaning
population(n) All people who inhabit an area \
administrative(adj) managerial
house(v) contain something \
*embassy(n) the offices of the representative of a
foreign country

financial(adj) Connected with money
*institution(n) an organization with an important role
in the country

futuristic(adj) Suggesting the future in design
establish(v) To found
ancient(adj) Very old
key(adj) vital
tiny(adj) very small
*fraction(n) a small amount of something
*regulate(v) supervise or control
layout(n) design
*sector(n) a particular part of an area \
*specific(adj) clearly defined
residential(adj) relating to housing




















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Unit Nine
New ways and old

The key words in unit nine

The word Meaning in Arabic
biography (n)
blow (v)

bow (v) ) (
career (n)
cookery (n)
hardworking(adj)
hit (v)

pluck (v)

repair(v)
strum(v)



Vocabulary
Musical Instruments

The musical instrument Its name in Arabic
accordion
flute \
guitar
piano
oud
tablah
trumpet
violin







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Verbs used with musical instruments
We use certain verbs with the following instruments:

The verb The instrument
blow the saxophone
the trumpet
pluck or
strum
the guitar
bow the violin
hit percussion instruments like
the drum
the tableh


Exercise
Complete these sentences using verbs from this list.

(blow/ bow/ hit/ pluck/ strum)

a. You have to..saxophones and trumpets.
b. You can .or..a guitar, but you usually.a
violin.
c. You ..percussion instruments with sticks or your hands.



















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Music Idioms
The following table contains four music idioms with their meanings in English and
Arabic:


Music idiom Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic
blow somebody's
own trumpet
to boast/ to say good things about
yourself
\

face the music put up with the consequences of
something one has done/ accept
punishment.
\

drum into teach by frequent repetition
change somebody's
tune
change one's mind

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct music idioms from the list below:

(drummed into/ changed his tune/ blowing her own trumpet/ to face the music)

1. Laila is very good at., so she'll probably get that job.
2. If you break the law, you have .
3. The importance of crossing the road safely is children when they are
very young.
4. Omar said he was going to buy a Porsche, but he .when he
discovered the price.















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Grammar
The Causative (have sth done)

In order to change a sentence into the causative, there should be a direct object plus
a "benefactive object".

Examples:
1. They will make a sandwich for Omar
Direct object benefactive object

She has cleaned the house for us.
Direct object benefactive object

The elements in the causative sentence should come in the following order:

(1) (2) (3) (4)
The benefactive object + (have in the form of the tense) + Direct object + p.p.
) have (
then comes the complement.

(1) (2) (3) (4)
Omar will have a sandwich made.

(1) (2) (3) (4)
We have had the house cleaned.

Look how these sentences are changed into the causative:
1. He is cutting Lina' hair now.
Lina is having her hair cut now.

2. They fixed his car yesterday.
He had his car fixed yesterday.

3.She checks the manager's mail every hour.
The manager has his mail checked every hour.

4.We have tidied John's house.
John has had his house tidied.





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"Have" as we said should take the form of the original tense, and this can be
illustrated in the following table:


The Tense The form of "have" in the causative
Present simple
{ base form + (s) }
Have/ has
Past simple
{ past form }
had
Present continuous
{Is/am/are + (verb+ing)}
Is/am/are + having
Past continuous
{was/were +(verb+ing)}
Was/were + having
Present perfect
{Has/have + P.p }
Has/have + had
Past perfect
{had+P.p}
Had had
Present perfect continuous
{has/have +been+ (verb+ing)}
Has/have + been + having
Past perfect continuous
{had + been +(verb+ing)}
Had been having
Modals + verb
(will)
(would)
(can)
(could)
(must)
.
.
.
Modals + have
(will)
(would)
(can)
(could)
(must)
.
.
.

Extra examples:
1. She has been washing our clothes since 10:30am.
We have been having our clothes washed since 10:30 am.

2. Someone will cut my hair tomorrow.
I will have my hair cut tomorrow.

3. She has milked all Ahmad's cows.
Ahmad has had all his cows milked.



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4. The gardener waters her plants twice a week.
She has her plants watered twice a week.

5.Nobody did the homework for her yesterday.
She didn't have the homework done yesterday.

Exercise1:
Change the following sentences into the causative:
1. Someone does the weekly shopping for Rana.
Rana

2. He polished my shoes yesterday.
I

3. They are solving Omar's problems at the moment.
Omar

4. I was looking after a dog for a friend of mine.
A friend

5. They had tidied Sally's house by two o'clock.


6.She will send the letter to Mr. Smith for me.
I

7.They are going to treat her poor sight tomorrow.
She

8. She hasn't redecorated our house yet.
We

9.His computer is updated once a year.
He

10.One of my teeth was removed last week.
I

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Exercise2:
Use the causative to correct the verbs between the brackets:

1. We couldn't fix the tap, so we had toit(repair) by a
plumber.
2. My hair is too long. I willit.(cut) tomorrow.
3. We didn't hang these pictures. We them ...(hang)
yesterday by our usher.
4. The children are silent because theytheir faces
(paint) by the clown.
5. Jack is very relived because he....his wallet..(find) by
the maid.
6. I never iron my suits at home. I ..them.in a dry clean
shop.



























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Workbook
Unit Nine

Traditional crafts in Madaba

\ \
Jordan has undergone a period of rapid modernization in the last few years, with

high-tech and high-rise buildings being built in its major cities, especially Amman.

Yet it remains an ancient land that has enjoyed involvement and interaction with

many different civilizations over the last ten thousand years.


Jordan's historical importance means that there is a variety of traditional crafts practiced
\
by skilled local artisans and, despite the fast pace of modernization, there are increasing

efforts by the state and by charities to preserve these wonderful traditions.


One example of this can be found in Madaba, where an organization has been set up to

help preserve the world-famous mosaics found there. These ancient mosaics are made

with thousands of tiny pieces of coloured stone or tile. They give us information about

the way people lived at the time, tell us about old kings and illustrate ancient maps and

pictures of local events. They are very useful for historians.


Today, local people are taught how to make these mosaics for commercial sale. This

helps to educate people about the need to protect what is sold, while also providing them

with a living.



Probably the most ancient craft in Jordan is the creation of items made silsal (clay).

Madaba played a major role in trading pottery throughout Europe and the Arab world and

pottery was first made in the Levant over 8000 years ago. Historians have uncovered
\
many examples of fine Nabataean pottery in both Jordan and the surrounding countries.
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\
Pottery is still produced in the same ancient attractive style by craftsmen at Madaba
\
today, although modern technology means the methods have changed slightly.

Nevertheless, local artists are still producing beautiful works worthy of a high price.

Comprehension Questions
1. According to paragraph one, mention one aspect of the rapid modernization
that Jordan has undergone recently.
..
2. There is a kind of fight between two things in paragraph two, what are
they?

3. Quote the sentence which indicates that the government and other civil
organizations are interested in protecting Jordan's old traditions.


4. Paragraph three talks about one of Jordan's valuable traditions, what is it?

5. Why do mosaics carry a historical importance?
*Why are mosaics useful to historians?


*6. Why is it good that the traditions mentioned above are being preserved?

.
*7. Where was pottery invented?
..
*8. Are the following statements about pottery true or false?
a. Madaba was a major trading centre for pottery in the ancient world. ( )
b. Pottery items such as vases and cups were traditionally made with wood.
( )
c. Pottery was first made in the region about 8000 years ago. ( )
d. The craft of making mosaics has been totally destroyed by the modern
world. ( )

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9. What do the following underlined words refer to?
a. its: b. there: ..
c. They: d. them: ..


The most important words in the text

The word Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic
craft(n) the art of making things by hand
undergo(v) to experience \
rapid(adj) fast
ancient(adj) very old
involvement(n) participation
interaction(n) communication
civilization(n) highly developed society
variety(n) diversity
traditional(adj) conventional
*skilled(adj) having a special ability or talent
*artisan(n) worker in a skilled trade (usually making
items by hand)

preserve(v) protect or save
set up(v) to establish \
*mosaics(n) a picture or pattern produced by arranging
together small coloured pieces of hard
material

tile(n) covering for floor, roofs and walls
illustrate(v) to demonstrate or show \
historian(n) an expert in history
commercial(adj) suitable for trading
educate(v) to teach or instruct
*clay(n) a soft material used for making pots and
vases

*pottery(n) objects such as pots and vases \

Levant
surrounding(adj) to encircle something completely
craftsman(n) somebody who makes things by hand
worthy(adj) deserving something



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FU AL-
MANHAL

Action Pack 12
Level Four
Part Two

Prepared By
Teacher


Awad Izmeqna

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Contents

The Topic Page
Unit Ten: Record breakers


The key word is unit ten 2
Climbing Everest 2
Vocabulary
Phrasal verbs with the verb (come)
6
Adjectives beginning with (a) 7
Grammar I
Past simple/ past perfect
Past perfect continuous
8
Work book
Steve Fosset-a record record- breaker
12
Unit Eleven: Future technology


Key words in unit eleven 15
Vocabulary
Formal and informal
16
Word family 17
Grammar II
The passive voice
17
Workbook
Built for safety
24
Unit Twelve: Geniuses


Key words in unit twelve 27
So talented, so young 27
Vocabulary
Nouns and adjectives
29
Prepositions 30
Grammar III
Relative clauses
Verbs ending in (ing)
31

32
Workbook
Mathematical geniuses
34
Derivation 36
Irregular verbs 42


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Unit Ten
Record breakers

The key words in unit ten

The word Meaning in Arabic
breaker(n) ) (
exhaustion(n)
challenge(n,v) \
condition(n) \
elite(n)
expedition(n) \
frostbite(n)
inspire(v)
record(n)
summit(n)


Climbing Everest

Independence Day, May 25, 2008, was very special. On that day, Mustafa

Salameh Mahmoud became the first Jordanian man to climb Mount Everest.

He has now climbed all seven of the world's highest mountains and so has
) (
joined an elite club. Apart from exhaustion and a little frostbite, Mr Mahmoud

was in good health and very happy after the five-day climb.


For much of the climb Mr Mahmoud had been fighting extreme cold, strong

winds, dizzying heights and dangerously low levels of oxygen, but he was

able to reach the top of Mount Everest and plant the Jordanian flag at the

summit. It was very difficult, but he knew he had a great team supporting him

and this helped him to keep going.

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Mr Mahmoud had begun the trip at the Everest Base Camp in Tibet and

carried with him heavy climbing equipment, oxygen tanks, food and a

Jordanian flag presented by His Royal Highness Prince Faisal. It was his first

attempt at the summit, and he had been preparing for it for many months. The
) (
first try had nearly killed him and the second ended through illness. He knew

It would be the hardest thing he had ever done and was nervous despite the

fact that he was an experienced climber.


When asked why he had kept on trying, Mr. Mahmoud told reporters that he

wanted to inspire the next generation of Arab youth to believe in their

"impossible" dreams. His efforts were noticed at home, and king Abdullah

donated sponsorship money for the expedition. This sponsorship had allowed

him to give up his job and train for a year to reach the very high levels of

fitness needed to climb the huge mountain.


This is only the latest in a series of achievements for Mr Mahmoud, who
) (
apart from climbing the world's seven highest peaks has a master's degree, is a
) (
fluent English and Japanese speaker and fitness instructor.

Comprehension questions
1. What makes May 25, 2008 a special date for the Jordanians?
..
2. How long did the journey to the top of Everest take from Mr. Mahmoud?
..
3. What is required from anyone who wants to join the elite club?
..
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4. Mention four difficulties that Mr. Mahmoud faced during his trip to Everest
summit?


5. What was the first thing Mr. Mahmoud did when he reached the summit?
.
6. What materials did Mr. Mahmoud take to help him climb the mountain?


7. Why was Mr. Mahmoud determined to reach the top of Everest although he
had failed in the first two attempts?


8. How did King Abdullah participate in the success of this expedition?


9. Quote the sentence which indicates that Mr. Mahmoud was not alone in his
preparations for this big event.


10. What do the underlined pronouns in the text refer to?
a. It:
b. their:..
c. his:.

11. find words in the text that mean the same as:
a. injury (to fingers, toes, etc.) caused by extreme cold: ..
b. long journey, often to a dangerous place: ..










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The most important words in the text:

The word Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic
Independence(n)
*elite(n) group containing the best/ most skilled/
most experienced

*exhaustion
extreme tiredness
*frostbite(n)
injury (to fingers, toes, etc.) caused by
extreme cold

dizzying(adj)
making you feel dizzy
plant (v)
to place sth firmly in a particular place
*summit
top of a mountain
equipment (n)
tools
attempt(n,v)
try \
illness(n)
sickness
experienced(adj)
professional
*inspire
motivate/ make someone want to do sth
generation(n)
all the people who were born about the
same time

donate(v)
to give money, and food for charities
sponsorship (n)
financial support from a sponsor
*expedition
long journey, often to a dangerous place \
instructor(n)
coach/ trainer
















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Vocabulary
A. Phrasal verb with (come)

Phrasal verb
with (come)
Meaning in English Meaning ion Arabic
*come out appear/ become visible \
*come across find by chance
*come up

a. is mentioned
b. become available
*
*
*come down fall/ decrease \
*come over visit
*come round recover after being unconscious

*Exercise: fill in the gaps with the correct form of the phrasal verb
(come):
1. When I was talking to my brother yesterday, your nameseveral
times.
2. I wish the price of petrol would..
3. It had been cloudy all morning, but in the afternoon the sun .
4. As we were walking up the mountain, we..a small camp site.
5. ..when you're next time in town.
6. A job has..at the polar research centre- I may apply for it.
7. After she fell and hit her head on the ice it was ten minutes before she
.














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B. Adjectives beginning with (a)
Some adjectives beginning with (a) cannot be used in front of a noun.

For example, we can say: The frightened boy, but not The afraid boy. If we
want to use afraid, we have to say: The boy was afraid.

This table contains some of the adjectives that begin with (a) and cannot be
used in front of a noun:


List A List B
adjectives beginning
with (a)
their meaning
in English
meaning in
Arabic
afraid frightened
alight burning
alike similar
alive living \
asleep sleeping

Complete as many of these sentences as you can using word from list A. if
you can't use list A, use an alternative from list B
1. The fire has started when everyone in the house was..
2. In less than ten minutes the whole building was.
3. The family escaped, but the parents had to calm their..children
4. Some people had minor burns, but fortunately everyone was still.
5. The police suspected a crime as there had been fourfires in the
previous month.










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Grammar
I Past Simple
* Rules:
All the subject pronouns______________ ( past form of the verb)
(he, she, it, we, you, they, I) V2
*Examples:
1. They met Mr. Johnson last Monday.
2. Ahmad went to Iraq in 1993.
3. She watched a film yesterday.

* To make "Past Simple" negative, we add "didn't" before the verb and we
return the verb to its base form.
1. They didn't meet Mr. Johnson last Monday.
2. Ahmad didn't go to Iraq in 1993.
3. She didn't watch a film yesterday.

* To form questions, we put "Did" before the subject:
1. Did they meet Mr. Johnson last Monday?
2. Did Ahmad go to Iraq in 1993?
3. Did she watch a film yesterday?

*Uses
We use "past simple" to talk about:
1. an action which happened and finished at a stated or implied time in the
past.
Examples:
a. Jack ate grapes three hours ago.
b. She bought a new car last month.
c. We visited uncle Tom yesterday.

2. Past habits (an action which we did repeatedly in the past but we don't
do any more.)
a. Ahmad always played tennis when he was young.
b. She took the bus to school everyday last year.

*Time Expressions (Key words)
We use the following (time expressions) with "past simple":
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1. last (night/ week/ month/ year..)
2. yesterday
3. .ago. ( five days ago.)
4. in 1986, in 2003, ..
5. in the past.
II Past Perfect (Simple)
* Rules:
All the subject pronouns______________ had + (past participle)
(he, she, it, we, you, they, I) V3

*Examples:
1. They had arrived in London by 1997.
2. Ahmad had bought his car by 2002.

* To make the "Past Perfect" negative, we add "not" after had:
1. They had not arrived in London by 1997.
2. Ahmad hadn't bought his car by 2002.

* To form questions, we put "had" before the subject:
1. Had they arrived in London by 1997?
2. Had Ahmad bought his car by 2002?

*Uses:
We use the "past perfect" to talk about:
1. an action which happened and finished before a past event.
Examples:
a. Tom had died by 2002.
b. Rami had quit smoking by his death.
c. My uncle had left Iraq by the Gulf War.

2. Two past actions, one of them happened before the other.
The first action _____________ past perfect
The second action ___________ past simple

Examples:
a. After we had eaten our dinner, we went shopping in mecca mall.
b. Before Ahmad bought the farm, he had consulted his friends.
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c. By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had started.

3. an action which happened and finished in the past and it had a visible
result in the past.
Examples:
a. We were tired because we had walked four kilometers.
b. Jack felt nervous because he had never flown before.
c. Sarah had a stomachache as she had eaten too many sweets.

*Time Expressions (Key words)
We use the following (time expressions) with (past perfect):
1. by (by 1992, by the First World War/ by last October/ .)
2. by the time (by the time we left our home, ..)
3. before
4. after
5. because/ since/as

III Past Perfect Continuous
* Rules:
All the subject pronouns______________ had + been + ( V + ing )
(he, she, it, we, you, they, I)
Examples:
*They had been discussing the problem for two hours before they reached a
solution.
*Jack had been watching TV for a long time before he went to bed.
*Uses:
We use "past perfect continuous" instead of "past perfect" when we
mention how long the first action lasted.


Notice the following pairs of sentences:
*Jack went shopping after he had done his homework.
*Jack went shopping after he had been doing his homework for forty minutes.
*Before Ahmad retired, he had worked for our company.
* Before Ahmad retired, he had been working for our company since 1980.



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Exercise (1): Put the verbs between the brackets in their correct forms:
1. They found the cave after they.....(search) for it for ten months.
2. Tom..(swim) in the sea before he ate his lunch.
3. Omar.(smoke) all his life before he had a deadly heart attack.
4. Lana was taken to hospital after she (make) a car accident.
5. Ahmad has passed his driving test. He (take) driving lesson
for over a month.

Exercise (2): Choose the best verb form in these sentences.
1. Omar passed all his exams. He non stop for a month.
a. had revised b. had been revising
2. They finished making Laila's dress a week before the wedding. They
.it for over a month.
a. had made b. had been making
3. I went to see Ramzi in hospital. He ..his leg during a football
match.
a. had broken b. had been breaking
4. Everyone enjoyed the family celebration. Amal and her sons ..
all the food themselves.
a. had made b. had been making
5. My uncle finally passed his driving test. He the test three
times already.
a. had taken b. had been taking
6. I received a letter from Salam yesterday. She ..to write since
last year.
a. had promised b. had been promising













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Workbook
Steve Fossett-a record record-breaker

In 2002, Steve Fossett became the first person to travel solo round the world in
a hot air balloon. His balloon, The Spirit of Freedom, used a mixture of helium
constant t a it keep and hot air and was 42 meters high and 18 meters wide. To
altitude, the balloon used a sophisticated autopilot system controlled by a
computer.
2002 . " "
42 18 .
.
Fossett's journey started in Western Australia. From here, he crossed the Pacific
Ocean, traveling in an easterly direction. On reaching South America, he traveled
across Chile and down round Argentina. He flew over the Southern Atlantic
Ocean towards South Africa, then over the Indian Ocean to reach Australia.
. .
.

This record-breaking solo journey took only 14 days, 19 hours and 50 minutes
altogether, but conditions for Steve Fossett were not comfortable. He only slept
for four hours in every 24-hour period, and never slept for more than 45 minutes
side, where air tiny cabin to go out his Fossett frequently had to leave time. one at
temperatures were below freezing, in order to check that the balloon's burners
were working properly. By the time he arrived in Australia, he had traveled
33,195 km.
14 19 50
. 4 24 45 .

. 33,195 .

Steve Fossett was especially pleased with this successful round-the-world
journey as it was his sixth attempt. On the journey, Fossett also broke the world
speed record for a manned balloon flight: on one occasion the balloon traveled at
322.25 kmh. His first attempt had been six years earlier in 1996.
.
322,25
1996 .

In addition to this record, Steve Fosset holds four other world records for non-
stop journeys round the world: as a sailor, and as solo air pilot. All in all, Fosset
has set 110 records in five different sports.
.
110 .
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Comprehension questions.
1. What unusual thing did Steve Fossett do in 2002?

2. Why did Steve Fossett use a sophisticated autopilot system in his balloon?

3. Where did Steve Fossett start his journey from?

4. How long did Steve Fossett's balloon journey take?

5. How far did he travel?

6. According to paragraph three, mention two difficulties (obstacles) that Steve
Fossett faced during his flight?
a.
b.
7. In what year did his flight take place?
..
8. According to the text, what proves that Steve Fossett is a persistent man who
doesn't give up?

9. Apart from being the first person to travel solo round the world in a balloon,
what world record did Steve Fossett break though this journey?


10. Quote the sentence which indicates that Steve Fossett was very happy about
his achievement.

11. What do the underlined pronouns refer to?
a. it (paragraph 1): ..
b. his (paragraph 3):
12. Find words in the text that mean the same as:
a. height: .
b. alone: .

*12. Which phrases are used in the article to mean the following?
a. unchanging height (2 words): .
b. eastwards (4 words):
c. day (3 words):
d. less than 0 C (2 words): ..

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The important words in the text and their meanings:

The word Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic
spirit(n) soul
freedom(n) liberty
mixture(n) combination \
*helium(n) Very light gas
*constant(adj) staying the same/ not changing
*altitude(n) height
Sophisticated(adj) complicated \
*solo alone
condition(n) state/ situation \
tiny(adj) very small
*cabin(n) a small room/ compartment
*burner(n) the part of a balloon which heats the air
pleased with(adj) satisfied
attempt(n) try
flight(n) air travel
occasion(n) event \
hold(v) possess \


















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Unit Eleven
Future Technology

The key words in unit eleven

The word
Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic
*construction
the building process, usually of a
large structure
\
dam

*disrupt
to upset / disturb/ interrupt in a
negative way
\
*divert
to change the route of a road or river
*forcibly
by force, against one's will \
*inefficiency
bad, wasteful organization
*lock
a short section of a river or canal with
gates which allow ships to move to a
higher or a lower level

purpose
\
*reservoir
a large natural or man-made lake for
collecting and keeping water

technology


Ex. (1) What do the words in italics in these extracts refer to?
1. When it is completed, it will be the largest hydroelectric dam in the
world.
...
2. The people living in communities along the banks of the Yangtze were
moved to other places because their homes were in a area..
.
3. The dam itself, which was completed in 1998, ..
.
4. In addition to these problems, many people are very angry
about
...




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Vocabulary
1. Formal and informal
The following table contains formal words and their informal synonyms.


Formal word Informal word

complete finish
\
construct build

entire whole

extend Stretch
\
inception beginning

operational ready to use

progress move forward

site Place

Exercise: complete these sentences with the correct form of an appropriate
word from the table above, decide whether to use the formal or the informal
word.
1. The new government computer system is not expected to be fully
....until the end of the year.
2. When I was a child, I used to love.tree houses.
3. Tomorrow, I'm planning to spend the..day on the beach.
4. As part of their holiday, tourists will visit many important archaeological

5. By the time they'd their homework, it was time for bed.
6. In the twelve months since its.., the new tax system has
raised 9 million pounds.











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Word Families

verb noun adjective adverb
construct construction constructive constructively
destroy destruction destructive destructively
------------- history historical historically
complete completion completed ---------------
build building
builder
------------- --------------
--------------- inefficiency inefficient inefficiently
-------------- archaeology
archaeologist
archaeological archaeologically

Exercise:
Choose the word the best completes the sentence:

1. The ..(construct) of the dam involved the
(destroy) of many.(history) buildings.
2. The date for the..(complete) of the dam project is 2009.
3. The cost of the dam project has risen partly because the. (build)
have worked very slowly and partly because of(inefficient).
4. In some places are working against the clock to explore
sites. (archaeology).

Grammar
Introduction
Sentences in the English Language can be divided into two groups:
1. Active sentences: which usually contain ( subject + verb+ object +
complement)

Examples:
The children are playing tennis in the gym now.
S. V. O. Complement.

She wrote a long poem last year.
S. V. O. Compl.
2. Passive sentences: which usually contain( object + verb to be + P.p. + (by
subject) + complement
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Examples:
The cookies were baked by Mrs. Smith in our house last night.
O. be + p.p. by+ S. Comple.

The cows of our farm are milked once a day.
O. be + p.p. Comple.

To change from active to passive, we apply the following rules:

1. present simple active ______________________ present simple passive
{ base form + (s)} { is
{ don't/ doesn't + base form} { am + P.p}
{ Do/ Does + Base form } { are
Examples:
Ruba borrows Omar' car every Friday.
S. V. O. Compli.
Omar's car is borrowed by Ruba every Friday.
O. is + p.p. by +S. Compli.

Dad doesn't watch news bulletins at night.
News bulletins aren't watched by dad at night.

Do the students respect the school rules in your school?
Are the school rules respected by the students in your school?

2. past simple active ___________________________ past simple passive
{ past form } { was
{ didn't + base form} {were + P.p}
{Did + base form}

Examples:
They drank a lot of apple juice last night.
A lot of apple juice was drunk (by them) last night.

She didnt accept our offer last week.
Our offer wasn't accepted last week.

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Where did the thieves hide the stolen jewels yesterday?
Where were the stolen jewels hidden by the thieves yesterday?

3.present continuous active____________________ present continuous
passive
{is {is
{are + (base form + ing)} {am + being + P.p}
{ am {are

Examples:
He is correcting the grammatical and spelling mistakes now.
The grammatical and spelling mistakes are being corrected now.

Are they treating him gently?
Is he being treated gently?

Where are they keeping the confidential files of the company?
Where are the confidential files of the company being kept?

4. past continuous active _______________________ past continuous
passive
{ was { was
{were + base form + (ing) } { were + being + P.p}

Examples:
They were decorating the room when I phoned.
The room was being decorated when I phoned.

Why was he shouting at her?
Why was she being shouted at?
5. present perfect active ______________________present perfect passive
{ has { has
{have + P.p.} { have + been + P.p}
Examples:
Nobody has invited Jim to the party.
Jim hasn't been invited to the party

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Why have they thrown away one of the old vases?
Why has one of the old vases been thrown away?

How many oranges has Cathy squeezed yet?
How many oranges have been squeezed by Cathy yet?

6. past perfect active __________________________ past perfect passive
{ had + p.p.} { had + been + P.p.}
Examples:
Omar had sold the large farm by 2002.
The large farm had been sold by Omar by 2002.

What had they used to kill the poisonous insects?
What had been used to kill the poisonous insects?

Passive voice with modals.
When we change an active sentence that contains a modal into the passive
voice, we apply one of the following two rules:

7. Active voice passive voice
modal + V1 ______________________ modal + be + V3
Will will
Would would
can can
could could
may may
might might
shall shall
should should
must must
(has to) (has to)
(have to) (have to)
had to had to
(is going to) (is going to)
(am going to) (are going to)
(are going to) (am going to)
Ought to ought to
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Examples:
A. They would change the plan according to any new information.
S. modal + V1 O.

The plan would be changed according to any new information.
O. modal + be + V3

B. They can't move whole buildings to other places.
S. modal + V1 O.

Whole buildings can't be moved to other places.
O. modal + be + V3

C. Cathy has to finish the reports tomorrow.
S. modal + V1 O.

The reports have to be finished by Cathy tomorrow.
O. modal + be + V3

8. Active voice passive voice
modal + have + V3 _________________ modal + have + been + V3
Will will
Would would
can can
could could
may may
might might
shall shall
should should
must must
(has to) (has to)
(have to) (have to)
had to had to
(is going to) (is going to)
(am going to) (are going to)
(are going to) (am going to)
Ought to ought to
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Examples:
A. The government will have built the bridge by next year.
Subject modal + have + V3 object

The bridge will have been built by the government by next year.
object modal + have + been +V3

B. Students should have completed the science project by Monday.
S. modal + have + V3 O.

The science project should have been completed by students by Monday.
O. modal + have + been +V3
C. Scientists might not have found an efficient cure for cancer by 2020.
S. modal + have + V3 O.

An efficient cure for cancer might not have been found by 2020.
O. modal + have+ been+ V3

Exercise(1): Change the following sentences into the passive voice.

1. The policemen have to search the entire downtown looking for criminals.
.
2. She won't have published the third edition of the book by next summer.
.
3. The soldiers must perform the commander's orders precisely.
..
4. May Mr. Smith have reviewed our company's financial reports by Friday?
.
5. They can decorate the Christmas tree with balloons and lights.
.
6. People should pay more attention to the safety equipment in houses.
..
7. The new company produces high-quality computer chips.

8. They have hired an experienced coach.


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9. The author will publish the third edition of his book next year.

10. Nobody bought anything from the art exhibition last night.

11.By the end of the party the guests had eaten all the food.

12.The scientists are developing a new shampoo against dandruff in the lab.

13.The headmaster asked him to leave the meeting.

14.Armani designed and produced this suit last year.

15.Who is cutting down rainforests in the Amazon?

16.Millions of people are going to watch the Royal wedding on TV this
Monday.

17.The FIFA holds the World Cup once every four years.

18.Why didn't the policeman handcuff the suspect yesterday?

19.Whose mobile has the teacher confiscated during the class?


Exercise(2): Choose the correct answer that best completes each sentence:

1. The poor ..not only in Ramadan.
a. may be helped b. can be helped c. should be helped
2. The President's speech on many channels.
a. will transmit b. will be transmit c. will be transmitted
3. I am sure that the truck's load .by 2:30.
a. will have been emptied b. will be emptied c. will be have emptied
4. The flash memory because it contains viruses.
a. have to be formatted b. has to be formatted c. have to been formatted



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UNIT 11
Workbook
Built for safety

Road tunnels, through mountains or under rivers and seas, make car journeys

shorter and faster. Some of the long tunnels, like those through the Alps,

were incredible engineering achievements when they were first built. For

example, the 11 kilometres-long Mont Blanc Tunnel between France and Italy,

which was opened in 1965, massively reduced journey times between the two

countries. But in recent years, with the increase in freight traffic using tunnels,

there have been some terrible accidents.

) (
So when planners were designing the 24.5 kilometre Laerdal Tunnel in
) (
Norway, safety was one of their main concerns. People have known for some

time that the main factors which cause accidents in long tunnels are tiredness

and claustrophobia a fear of being in small spaces. Drivers can easily fall

asleep in tunnels because the view never changes there is nothing to keep

them awake. This can lead to accidents caused by vehicles driving into the sides

of the tunnel. So experts, including psychologists, did research to find out how

they could make the 20-minute journey through their new tunnel less
) (
monotonous. After experiments, they decided to build the tunnel in four

sections with halls between them. The halls are wider and higher than the

main tunnel and have special lighting similar to a sunrise. The idea is that

drivers will feel refreshed as they drive through the halls.


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The halls have two other purposes related to safety: if there is an accident on

the road ahead, drivers can turn round in the halls and return the way they

came. There are also lay-bys in the halls where drivers can stop and rest. The

Laerdal Tunnel also has an efficient ventilation system which responds to the

amount of traffic in the tunnel. Air pollution is monitored by staff in a control
room.

1. According to paragraph one, what is the main purpose (benefit) of road
tunnels?
.
2. Where can road tunnels be constructed (built)?
.
3. Explain why Mont Blanc tunnel was a success.

*4. When did Laerdal Tunnel open, and how long is it?

*5. How long does it take to drive through the Laerdal Tunnel?

*6. How is the Laerdal Tunnel different from other tunnels?


*7. Why were the designers of this tunnel especially worried about safety?

*8. How are the halls different from the main part of the tunnel?


*9. What is the main purpose of the halls?


*10. What can drivers do if they find there is an accident on the road in front of
them?


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11. What do the following underlined words in the text refer to?
a. those (paragraph one): .........................
b. their (paragraph two): .........................
c. they (paragraph two): .........................

12. Which words in the text mean the same as:
a. unbelaivable: ...................... b. cut down, shortened: .......................

The important words in the text and their meanings:

The word Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic
tunnel subway
*incredible(adj) unbelievable \
achievement what has been achieved
*reduce(v) cut down/ shorten \
*freight traffic lorries and vans carrying things, not
people

*view(n) what you can see from a place
concern
*keep(someone)
awake
stop (someone) from going to sleep
factor
claustrophobia
fear of being in a confined or enclosed
space


psychologist
a professional who studies behavior and
experience

monotonous
Dull\ boring \
experiment
test\ research
section Part\ segment
purpose
reason \
efficient
capable of achieving the desired result
ventilation
the movement or circulation of fresh air
respond
react \





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Unit 12
Geniuses

The key words in unit Twelve

The word Meaning in Arabic
barber(n)
champion(n) ) (
demonstrate(n)
digit(n)
dive(v)
genius(n) \
outstanding(adj) \
talent(n)
theory(n)
title(n)


So talented, so young
A child prodigy is a person who has an outstanding talent or skill at a very
early age. In this article you are going to read about three child prodigies
with different talents or skills.

A Youngest master now doing research

At the age of twelve, Tathagat Avatar Tulsi was the worlds youngest
person to gain a Masters degree. He finished high school at the age of nine,
gained a BSc at the age of ten and an MSc when he was only twelve. At
eighteen, he is now a PhD student in Bangalore, India, doing high-level
research. His amazing mathematic al talent was noticed by his parents when
he was only six.

B A documented success

Karim Said is a renowned pianist from Amman, Jordan. Born in 1988, he
began playing piano at the age of five and was immediately recognised for
his immense talent and musical ability. He gave his first piano recital at the
age of eight and performed with an orchestra at the age of ten. Since then,
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Karim has moved to England to study at the Royal Academy of Music. He
has also composed his own pieces, learnt to conduct orchestras and
performed in countries throughout Europe and the Middle East. There is
even a documentary, Karims Journey, that charts his growth from child
prodigy to critically acclaimed performer.

C Public less interested as child grows up

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one of the greatest musical geniuses of all
time. He was born in Salzburg, Austria, in 1756 and began writing music
before he was four years old. As a child prodigy he toured Europe, playing
his own compositions on the violin and other instruments to astonished
audiences which often included kings and queens. In common with many
other child prodigies, Mozart lost some of his appeal to audiences when he
became an adult. Despite his genius, he had to work hard throughout his
short life to earn a living, and died very poor, at the age of thirty-five.

1. What school subject was Avatar especially good at in his childhood?


.....
2. Avatar is a world record breaker, why is that?
.
3. Which year did Karim stand before an audience for the first time?
..
4. Mention two things which made Kairm Said well-know among the public.
a. ..
b. ..
5. Why was Mozart a child prodigy?
..
6. Quote the sentence which indicates that people became less interested in
child prodigies when they grew older.


7. Find words from the text that mean the same as:
a. a person who wins a sporting competition: .
b. To show or prove: ..


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The most important words in the text:

The word Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic
prodigy(n) genius/ phenomenon \
*outstanding(adj) excellent/ unusually good \
*talent(n) The natural ability to do something well
PhD a university degree at a very high level
BSc Bachelor degree
renowned(adj) famous/ well-known \
immense(adj) huge/ vast \
recital(n) performance \
compose(v) create/ write
piece (n) a single item of music
conduct(v) to perform or lead orchestra
astonished(adj) surprised/ amazed
*champion(n) a person who wins a sporting competition ) (
*demonstrate(v) to show or prove (something) \
*digit(n) A number- 1,2,3, etc
*dive(v) to jump into water head first
*theory(n) a system of ideas to explain something
*title(n) Name showing a person's status

Vocabulary
A. Nouns and adjectives

verb noun adjective adverb
enable ability able ..
amaze amazement amazed
amazing
amazingly
appeal appeal appealing appealingly
astonish astonishment astonished
astonishing
astonishingly
. mathematics mathematical mathematically
music musical musically
popularize popularity popular popularly
.. skill skilful skillfully


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Exercise: Fill in the missing words derived from the words in brackets.

a My sister is a very student. (ability)
b To my.. I got over 90% in the exam. (amazing)
c Many children find young animals very . (appeal)
d When she said she was leaving, we just stared at her in.. .
(astonished)
e Ive never been very good at . (mathematical)
f I enjoy listening to all kinds of .. (musical)
g Sport has increased greatly in.. recent years. (popular)
h The more you practise, the more. you will become. (skill)

B. prepositions
Certain words go with certain prepositions:

good at
bad at
at a certain age
in someone's head
in 1993
from 1992 to 2002
on musical instruments
on the piano
on the guitar
in a few seconds
at random
the cause of something

Read this short text about child prodigies.
a Copy and complete the text using these prepositions:
at/ for/ in/ of/ on
Child prodigies are children who demonstrate talents (1). a very young age.
Mathematical geniuses are often able to do complicated calculations (2).. their
heads (3). just a few seconds. This I particularly remarkable when the numbers
they are dealing with have been selected (4) random. Musical geniuses, like
Mozart, are often able to learn to play new pieces of music (5) a variety of
instruments very quickly. Mozart was certainly the most talented composer of his time,
but many people believe he was really a hard worker, not a genius. When he died
(6) 1791, some people said that overwork was the cause (7) his death.
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GrammarIII
Adding Information

Instead of using several short sentences, we can add extra information to
existing sentences in these ways:

A. Relative clauses.
Relative clauses are clauses that start with relative pronouns and adverbs to
add more information to signify the thing or human which we talk about:
Examples:

*The car which Ahmad has bought is brand new.
relative clause
*We will visit the student who broke his arm in the football match yesterday.
relative clause
*The hotel where we usually stay is a five-star hotel.
relative clause
*The man whose house was destroyed in the explosion works in London.
relative clause
There are 8 relative pronouns and adverbs:
1. who: ( it is used to define human beings and should be followed by a verb),
examples:

*The boy who broke the window yesterday will be punished.
human who + verb

*The lady who is wearing a blue dress is my aunt.
human who + verb

2. whom: ( it is used to define human beings and should be followed by a subject
+ verb), examples:

*The man whom the kids talked to works in my father's company.
human whom + subject + verb

*The girl whom Jack has just met speaks four languages.
human whom + subject + verb



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3.which: ( it is used to define non-human beings and can be followed by either a
verb /or a subject + verb), examples:
*The horse which kicked Ahmad yesterday belongs to me.
non-human which + verb

*The computer which Jack is using now needs formatting.
non-human which + subject + verb

4.whose: ( it is used with human and non-human beings but in the possessive
case. In other words the noun that follows whose should belong or be a part of
the word that comes before whose), examples:

*The woman whose hair is blond is from Russia.
the hair belongs to the woman or it is part of it.

*We dog whose tail is cut is barking fiercely.
The tail belongs to the dog or it is part of it.

5.where: ( it is used when we define a place), examples:

*The school where I studied grade nine has been demolished.
Place

*I can't remember the city where the conference was held last year.
place

6. when: (it is used when we define words refer to time), examples:

*The year when I was born was 1985.
time
*I will never forget the day when we went to Wadi Rum.
Time
7. why: (it is used when we define reason), examples:

*The reason why she was angry was unknown.
Reason

B. Verbs ending in (ing)
When the sentence consists of two clauses and the subject is the same in these two
clauses, we can omit the subject in the second clause and add (ing) to the verb,
examples:

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*Kim walked down the street. She listened to her walkman.
Sentence 1 sentence 2 (the same subject in the two sentences)
She walked down the street listening to her walkman.
*Tim felt sorry. He had run over a cat by mistake.
Sentence 1 sentence 2 (the same subject in the two sentences)
Tim felt sorry having run over a cat by mistake.


*A German set a unicycle speed record for 100m. He traveled this distance in
12s.
Sentence 1 sentence 2
(the same subject in the two sentences)
A German set a unicycle speed record for 100m traveling this distance in 12s.

*Exercise 1: Fill in the gaps with the suitable relative pronoun.
1. This is the schoolI used to study.
2. This test is for students.native language is not English.
3. The students.lost his bag is waiting in the office.
4. The house.they live needs repairing.
5. Children ..eat a lot of candy often get bad teeth.
6. The girl..pen you borrowed doesn't need it.
7. Go and find the guests..arrived here yesterday.
8. Look at the horsesare drinking from the river.
9. She always recalls the afternoon.she fell in the wall.
10. I ate all the cake.you gave me.
11. My brother...hates fishing will stay at home.
12. The reasonthey killed him was not satisfying.
13. The film star..some reporters accused of forgery is never in the
public eye.
14. The tree..bark Red Indians use for curing burns grows in deserts.

*Exercise 2: Correct the verbs between the brackets:
1. Nawwaf denied these accusation ...that he spent his money on hid
family. (explain)
2. She reached the summit after a 20 day trip.the first lady to do solo
climbing. (become)
3. Ahmad stayed silentto answer the teacher's questions. (refuse)
4. After ..for Rami nearly an hour, he decided not to come.(wait)
5. Because .a sick, Jack couldn't come to the meeting.(be)

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Unit Twelve
Workbook


Mathematical geniuses

In ancient times, Arab mathematicians led the world in their subject. This

article looks at the origins of two branches of mathematics:

arithmetic and algebra.


Arithmetic

Musa al-Khawarizmi from Khawarizm, who lived from 780 to 850 CE, was

one of the worlds greatest mathematicians. He wrote the earliest Islamic

works on arithmetic and algebra, which were the main authority on the

subject for many years. He made Greek and Hindu mathematical knowledge

comprehensible to people of his time and supported the use of Hindu numerals.

He is particularly famous for being the author of the oldest Arabic work on
) (
arithmetic known as Kitabul Jama wat Tafriq.

) (
Another mathematician, Al-Nasawi, wrote Al-Mughni Fil Hissab Al-Kindi in

which he explained fractions and other complex ideas in a modern way. He also

introduced the decimal system in place of the sexagesimal system, which was

based on the number sixty, rather than the number ten. A third scholar, Nasir-
) (
ud-din Toosi, wrote many valuable books, including Al-mutawassat, a concise

explanation of arithmetic in Arabic and Persian. Arabic numerals were the

greatest contribution made by Arab thinkers to mathematics. The most

important of these numerals was zero, which was used in the Arab world at
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least 250 years before it was known in the West. Before the invention of zero, it

was necessary to arrange all figures in columns to differentiate between tens,

hundreds, thousands, etc.
Algebra

The word algebra comes from the Arabic Al-Jabr. Al-Khawarizmi was the
) (
author of Hisab Al-Jabr Wal Muqabala, an exceptional work on algebra which

includes analytical solutions to linear and quadratic equations. This work,

which was translated into Latin in 1145, introduced algebra into Europe. Better

known as a poet and philosopher, Omar Khayyam, who lived from 1048 to

1133 CE, was also an astronomer and mathematician who wrote an excellent

book on algebra. His work dealt mainly with geometric and algebraic solutions

to equations.
The word Meaning in English Meaning in Arabic
mathematician(n) a person who is specialized in
mathematics

ancient(adj) very old
arithmetic(n)
algebra(n)
*authority(n) a book or a person that has reliable
knowledge or information

*comprehensible possible to understand \
fractions
*concise(adj) short and clear \
complex complicated/ not easy
valuable precious/ priceless \
contribution(n) \
*differentiate(v) to show the differences between
author A writer
exceptional he opposite of ordinary
*solution(n) the answer to a (mathematical) problem
equation
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Derivation

There are four main parts of speech in the English language:
1. Nouns
2. Adjectives
3. Adverbs
4. Verbs

Nouns
Nouns usually end in one of the following suffixes:
* tion_______________ protection, reduction
* sion_______________ explosion, intrusion
*ment_______________ government, management
* ness_______________ brightness, loneliness
* ity________________ activity, possibility
*ance_______________ importance, appearance
*ence_______________ difference, intelligence
*ure________________ failure, pleasure
*ism________________ criticism, feminism
*ship________________ friendship, membership
*hood_______________ brotherhood, childhood
*dom_______________ wisdom, kingdom
*ery_________________ discovery, delivery

Person nouns usually end in one of the following suffixes:
*er_________________ teacher, player
*or_________________ actor, sailor
* ist ________________ pianist, scientist
* ee ________________ trainee, employee
*ess_________________ waitress, stewardess
*ar__________________ beggar, liar

Nouns come in different positions of the sentence; these positions are:
1. At the beginning of the sentence as the subject.
* Translation needs skills.
* Happiness stimulates strong emotions.

2. After the verb as the object.
* Growing up children requires patience.
* The Emperor of China lacks wisdom.

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4. After articles{a, an, the}, and after determiners (this/ that/ these/ those).
* The government is employing thousands of young graduates this year.
* I can't find a difference between the two coins.

5. After phrases of quantity {some, any, many, much, a few, a little, a lot of, etc}
* There wasn't any reduction in oil prices last month.
* Some passengers were injured during the plane landing.

6. After numbers {three, ten,.}, and possessive adjectives {my, his, her, our, your,
their, its}
* My ambition is to be a famous surgeon.
* Three actors were put behind bars last night.

7. After adjectives.
* They have presented a brilliant performance.
* She has received wide experience through her work with us.

8. After prepositions {at, for, with, on, to, against, of,.}
* She is fighting for freedom.
* Ahmad is good at translation.

Adjectives
Adjectives usually end in one of the following suffixes:
* ful_________________ careful, beautiful
* less________________ useless, homeless
* ous________________ dangerous, poisonous
* ive_________________ active, protective
* ent_________________ different, patient
* ic__________________ economic, historic
* al__________________ mental, horizontal
* ble_________________ capable, changeable
* ary_________________ necessary, legendary
*ish__________________ foolish, childish
* ing_________________ exciting, boring
* ed__________________ interested, pleased

Note (1): Adjectives are mainly used to describe nouns. Therefore, they come
before nouns in the sentence.
* He has sold his expensive car.
* She regrets the foolish mistakes she has made.
* I like to read legendary stories.
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* Poisonous snakes usually live in the desert.
Note (2): Adjectives also come after certain verbs{ be: (is, am, are, was, were,
been, being), seem, look, sound, feel, appear, become, taste, get}

* This cake looks delicious.
* Jack is active.
* Lara was absent last Monday.
* The new James Bond movie seems exciting.

Note (3): Adjectives come after adverbs which modify them, especially: { so, too,
rather, quite, very, noticeably, extremely, .etc}

* The lecture about smoking was very boring.
* It is too hot today.
* Climbing mountains is extremely dangerous.
* They were quite confused when they heard the news.


Adverbs
Adverbs are usually formed by adding (ly) to adjectives.

Adjectives Adverbs
nice nicely
powerful powerfully
weak weakly
easy easily
lucky luckily
historic historically
economic economically
possible possibly
terrible terribly

Note (1): Notice that some adjectives end in (ly), such adjectives are:
{Friendly, lovely, sly, silly, lively, curly, lonely, likely, etc}

* She is likely to move house this week.
* Cathy's hair is curly.

Note (2): Adverbs are used to describe:
a. verbs.
* She drove her car carelessly.
* They quickly picked the lemons.
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* Quietly they are discussing the new suggestion.

When adverbs describe verbs, they may come in any position of the sentence as
shown in the previous examples.

b. adjectives
* The weather is extremely cold.
* It was a noticeably difficult exam.
* His prediction was nearly correct.

When adverbs describe adjectives, they only come before the adjectives as shown in
the previous examples.

c. adverbs
* He drives his car crazily fast.
* They carried out the mission extremely brilliantly.
* Ahmad was crying annoyingly loudly.

When adverbs describe adverbs, they only come before the adverbs as shown in the
previous examples.


Verbs

The suffixes which are special for verbs are:
* ise/ ize _____________________realize/ energize
* ate_________________________ activate/ elaborate
*ify__________________________ simplify/ beautify

But most verbs don't end in theses suffixes, examples:
Study/ teach/ build/ construct/ freeze/ comprehend/ convince.etc


Verbs come in different positions of the sentence; these positions are:
1. after helping verbs such as: {didn't/ doesn't/ don't/ will/ would/ can/ could/ may/
might/ shall/ should/ must/ ought to}

* The government will construct a bridge here.
* They don't produce any alcohol drinks in this factory.

2. after the preposition (to):
* I want to change my car.
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* She is likely to fail the final exam.
* They are going to discuss the new strategy this week.

3. We use the past participle after {had/ has/ have}

* They have pleased their parents.
* She has consumed three kg of rice.

4.We use present participle after {is/ am/ are/ was/ were}
* She is cooking a French meal.
* They are using modern machines.

5.after the subject (which may be a noun or a pronoun)
* Pollution destroys our atmosphere gradually.
* This company exports different products.


Examples on derivation
# Exercise:
Using the dictionary entry below, choose the correct form of the word to fill in the
blanks.

energetic (adj) :very active physically and mentally
energetically (adv) : to do something actively
energy (n) : power to do work that produces light, heat or motion

1. In the 21
st
century many people may use new sources of
2. The workers of the factory were so..in doing their job.
3. They painted the house..

understand(v) : to get the meaning of something
understandable(adj) : that you can understand
understanding(n) : the ability to think or learn about something

1. Yasmeen can.French, but she can not speak it.
2. The language of the report is beyond the .of most of the readers.
3. Warning notices must be

surprise(n/v): a feeling caused by something.
surprising(adj): cause to feel surprise
surprised(adj): experiencing a feeling of surprise
surprisingly(adv): in a surprising way
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1. It's..that our team lost the match.
2. She lookedwell.
3. The news of the manager resignation will.everybody.

exceed(v): to do more the law allows you to do
excess(n): more than necessary or acceptable
excessive(adj): greater than what is considered reasonable
excessively(adv): in an excessive way

1. They complained about the ..noise coming from the upstairs flat.
2. The price won't$100.
3. He started to drink..after he had lost his job.

cleverness(n): intelligent
clever(adj): intelligent
cleverly(adv): in an intelligent way

1. They players performed the coach's plan..
2. Only.students can solve this equation.
3. Patience, kindness and ..are three qualities that Omar has.





















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Irregular Verbs
Base form Past form Past participle Meaning
become became become
begin began begun
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt\ burned burnt\ burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt\ dreamed dreamt\ dreamed
drink drank drunk
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown \
hang hanged hanged
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept \
know knew known
lead led led \
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leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost \
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
run ran run \
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shine shone shone
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt smelt \
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent \
spill spilt spilt
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought \
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
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