Met al s and Al l oys

Pr oper t i es and Appl i c at i ons

Fer r ous al l oys
Pl ai n c ar bon st eel s
Al l oy st eel s
St ai nl ess st eel s
Cast i r ons
Low -c ar bon st eel s
Cont ai n l ess t han 0.25%C
Not ver y r esponsi ve t o heat
t r eat ment s
sof t , w eak , t ough and duc t i l e
Mac hi nabl e, w el dabl e, not ex pensi ve
YS~275 MPa, TS~415-550MPa, 25% el .
Hi gh st r engt h l ow al l oy st eel s
(HSLA st eel s)
Cont ai n al l oyi ng el ement s suc h
as Cu, V, Ni , Mo i n c ombi ned
c onc ent r at i ons of >10 wt %
St r onger t han pl ai n l ow -C st eel s
Duc t i l e, f or mabl e and
mac hi nabl e
Medi um-c ar bon st eel s
Cont ai n 0.25-0.60 w t .% c ar bon
Can be heat -t r eat ed but onl y i n t hi n
sec t i ons
St r onger t han l ow -C st eel s but l ess
duc t i l e and l ess t ough
Good w ear r esi st anc e
Rai l w ay wheel s & t r ac k s, gear s
Hi gh c ar bon st eel s
0.60 -1.4 w t .% C
Har dest , st r ongest , l east duc t i l e of al l st eel s
Al most al w ays used i n t emper ed c ondi t i on
Espec i al l y w ear r esi st ant
For m har d and w ear r esi st ant c ar bi des w i t h
al l oyi ng el ement s
Used i n c ut t i ng t ool s, di es, k ni ves, r azor s, spr i ngs
and hi gh st r engt h w i r es
St ai nl ess st eel s
Hi ghl y r esi st ant t o c or r osi on i n many envi r onment s
Pr edomi nant al l oyi ng el ement i s at l east 11%
Chr omi um
Cor r osi on r esi st anc e may be enhanc ed by Ni and
Mo addi t i ons
4 c l asses: f er r i t i c , aust eni t i c , mar t ensi t i c and
pr ec i pi t at i on-har deni ng
Used at hi gh t emper at ur es (upt o ~ 1000 C) and
sever e envi r onment s
Gas t ur bi nes, st eam boi l er s, ai r c r af t , mi ssi l es
Cast i r ons
Theor et i c al l y c ont ai ns > 2.14 w t .% c ar bon
Usual l y c ont ai ns bet w een 3.0-4.5 w t .% C,
henc e ver y br i t t l e
Al so 1-3 w t .% si l i c on
Si nc e t hey bec ome l i qui d easi l y bet w een
1150 C and 1300 C, t hey c an be easi l y c ast
I nex pensi ve
Mac hi nabl e, w ear r esi st ant
4 t ypes: gr ay c ast i r on, nodul ar c ast i r on,
w hi t e c ast i r on, mal l eabl e c ast i r on
Nonf er r ous al l oys
Al umi num al l oys
Copper al l oys
Magesni um al l oys
Ni c k el al l oys
Ti t ani um al l oys
Ref r ac t or y met al s
Super al l oys
Al umi num al l oys
Low densi t y - 2.7 gm/c c
Hi gh el ec t r i c al and t her mal
c onduc t i vi t i es
Hi gh duc t i l i t y
Low mel t i ng poi nt and st r engt hs
Cast or w r ought
Temper desi gnat i on
Age har deni ng
Copper al l oys
Sof t , duc t i l e, di f f i c ul t t o mac hi ne
Hi ghl y r esi st ant t o c or r osi on
Ex c el l ent el ec t r i c al & t her mal c onduc t i vi t y
Can be al l oyed t o i mpr ove har dness
Col d w or k ed t o get t he max i mum har dness
Cu-Zn = br ass; Cu-X = br onzes
Magnesi um al l oys
Low est densi t y of al l st r uc t ur al met al s= 1.7 gm/c c
Rel at i vel y sof t and l ow el ast i c modul us (45 GPa)
Have t o be heat ed t o be def or mat i on pr oc essed
Bur ns easi l y i n t he mol t en and pow der st at es
Susc ept i bl e t o c or r osi on i n mar i ne envi r onment s
Compet i ng w i t h pl ast i c s
Ni c k el al l oys
Qui t e duc t i l e and f or mabl e
Hi ghl y c or r osi on r esi st ant , espec i al l y
at hi gh t emper at ur e
Essent i al par t of aust eni t i c st ai nl ess
st eel s
Used i n pumps, val ves i n seaw at er
and pet r ol eum envi r onment s
Ti t ani um al l oys
Low densi t y, hi gh mel t i ng poi nt
Hi gh spec i f i c st r engt h and el ast i c modul us
super i or c or r osi on r esi st anc e i n many
envi r onment s
Absor b i nt er st i t i al s at hi gh t emper at ur es
Hi ghl y r eac t i ve w i t h ot her mat er i al s and
henc e non-c onvent i onal pr oc essi ng
t ec hni ques have been devel oped
Hi ghl y used i n aer ospac e appl i c at i ons
Ref r ac t or y met al s
These ar e ex t r emel y hi gh mel t i ng met al s
Nb, Ta, Mo, W
Ver y hi gh st r engt hs and har dness
Ver y hi gh el ast i c modul us
W al l oys used i n x -r ay t ubes, f i l ament s
Ta & Mo used w i t h st ai nl ess st eel s f or
c or r osi on r esi st anc e
Ta i s vi r t ual l y i mmune t o al l envi r onment s
bel ow 150 C