Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Georgios Stamtsis
Yicheng Luo
Introduction
FATS Models
!
"
# $
H
I
D ,C : @ : G E > ? F
L C,: @ : L 2K> ? ~ L 2
3 4
([ )
T
T _ ` a X b = O7PRQS
57698;:
D
(\ )
>
Z VRW X Y
0 ~ < 2
3 4 D
J C,:,6 @ C Z VRW X Y
1 *,+,-/.,* 0 %
( ) r 90q ~ 0 %
& ' r 90q
(^ )
U
B @9A : B 2
> ? ~ B 2
3 4
180q, 180q@
(] )
G
CD
where
(1)
By modifying the reactance of the transmission line, the
TCSC acts as the capacitive or inductive compensation
respectively. In this study, the reactance of the transmission
line is adjusted by TCSC directly. The rating of TCSC is
depend on the reactance of the transmission line where the
TCSC is located:
819 cscmax
0.2
(4)
L Ma
K ,Y ZA[>\
J
MN
'
III
, '
L Na
K ,Y Z>[A\
J
MN
'
(5)
Cost Functions
(2)
324 5,6
7 where
819 cscmin
TW
U V P SQ R
X
$
O MN
CD
x
x
b $ dc $ 9 c 9 $ e +f
$
x
x
2
Bids
Market
Operator
Retailers/
Consumers
Fig. 2
OPF
Power to purchasePrice to pay
Bids
[
]
[ ]
max
2
1
Supplier
Fig. 3
p min P
p max P
(6)
2:
P G:
P 2 :
pmin:
pmax:
%
%
[ "!$# ]
3
&
max
&
&
max
&
&
[*! ]
max
(
& ' )
[
]
(P , P )
where
Suppliers/
Producers
e +f
[
]
max
., - 0
T d / maxT
4 2.3 4 2 max3 4 .1 2.3
0d/
Consumer
(7)
2
2
Thus, once the TCPST is installed, the cost is fixed and the cost
function can be expressed as follows [5]:
i:
maxi:
X\[4]A^>_"[
( P )
p min P
(8)
WNX
max
(U6V $)
(12)
+
$
.0/21435
0.0003-
TCSC:
0.7130-
%6&7'")
*,+
153.75( $ /
) (10)
. :>=5
0.0003-
0.3051-
%&(')
*6+
127.38( $ /
) (11)
1 ?A@BDC
1FCHGC
and
1GJIC
are in K
9LNM<O,PRQ7S
PRQ7S
and
is
The cost function for SVC, TCSC and UPFC are shown in
Fig. 5.
UPFC
Investment [US$/kVar]
%&(')
*,+
188.22( $ /
) (9)
0.0015-
where
0.2691-
.98 5;:<5
1
SVC:
1(f)
2(Ph
Total
E(f,g)
B1(f)
B2(g)
f
Ph
g
LNM<ij(#7S
The unit for generation cost is K
and for the
9L
investment costs of FACTS devices are K
. They must be
9
NL <M k
i 7
(
# S
. Normally, the FACTS devices will be
unified into K
in-service for many years [10,12]. However, only a part of its
lifetime is employed to regulate the power flow. In this paper,
five years is applied to evaluate the cost function. Therefore the
average value of the investment costs are calculated using the
following equation:
SVC
TCSC
where
Operating Range [MVar]
ut
1 (f )
( f ) qr
( $ / lmHnpo )
8760 u 5
*
(14)
@
has a maximum
The inserted voltage of UPFC ;K=<?>
B
D
magnitude of 0.1 A , where C is the rated voltage of the
Genetic Algorithms
$
`
$
-1.0
-0.2
4
10
0.92
3
11
* #%$&(')
0.23
1
!"
0.75
0
3
7]9 TJS^Q]9
Y`_MV
78
(17)
u 5 (NOP7OOQ )
( )
7Q?eT
fg
78
(18)
u 100 (acbKd7 )
(16)
u 180 (NOP7OOQ )
FG
78
u plqrs.t
{ v w xzy
.| } ~ }
FACTS types.
:
4
10
-1.0
4
5
-0.2
0.92
3
11
-0.2
4
11
0.23
1
60.92
3
10
0.75
0
30.23
1
0.70
1
%J
xxx xxx
[2,3]. The
7:9
-0.1
csc
78
u 0.45 0.25
(15)
3
1
-0.5
2
0.29
1
0.75
0
11
0.23
0
entire population.
`j i
g
\z\
V k@m
Start
mlk j n i
LH
[
Input of
d
>e e
f
. }
(19)
"!$#&%(' % )+*-,
and
. /10
Because the GAs can only find the maximum positive value
of the objective function, a large positive constant
is selected
to convert the objective function into a maximum one. In this
Y n
paper,
is selected as 4000
H F .
Then reproduction, crossover and mutation are applied
successively to generate the offspring.
g
I F
n
H@L[
jn i
n
n
F \\
Maximal generation ?
End
VI
F
-1.0
2
-0.2
4
-1.0
10
7
4
-0.2
11
4
11
0.92
3
0.23
0.92
6
3
10
G1
~
G2
~
2
0
0.23
3
1
7
0.75
Case Study
Y
Output of the best individual
0.70
G4
~
1
9
4
Crossover
g
k jn i
H@[ [
L5
G7
~
L6
10
L10
9
L9
i
@g
lG G
k j i V n i j j n i
[ M
I
Line
\
2-5
4-5
5-8
7-8
Sf1
22.888
1.506
-
Sf2
81.734
6.420
2.347
Sf3
60.856
4.721
1.612
Sf4
77.417
6.084
2.246
St1
0.113
21.770
-
Limit
(O
M N )
120.00
70.00
65.00
94.00
3100
3000
2900
nmn
i jk l
2
2800
2700
2600
"
3)' $! $( &# &* % + ,
1
2500
2400
0
( P: )
/ 081 3 4 5 687 3 u
24
3
24
.
2
V k
\
Y
l[ H
m n I E
F H
E ]G o
W
n I o
V n i
F
]
\ [
150
200
24
(20)
VII
Conclusions
24
where C2-=; )< > 8? 9@ 8A DB C 1~C2-=; )< > =? @ 8A )B C 4 are the generation costs of the
U
U
different four time interval and 1~ 4 are the duration of the
four intervals.
f g
100
TVUXWRY&Z[]\_^a
`bZ$cXZ$[ed&f g \&cXh
50
jn i
VIII
@k lj m j i n
og
k jn i
k n
[
@
H @
[ [
-F
Appendices
H \ [ ]
\
[ \
]
\ [
TABLE AI
DATA OF THE 10-BUS TEST SYSTEM ( L B=100 M
, B=380 )
From
To
bus
bus
]
u 10
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
2
4
3
5
6
5
7
6
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
2.8
2.8
]
u 10
\][
Capacity
]
3.60
3.60
3.60
3.60
3.60
3.60
2.88
2.88
g! i k j n i VEn
1.2696
1.2696
1.2696
1.2696
1.2696
1.2696
1.0156
1.0156
100
110
120
120
150
70
100
85
L[
From
To
bus
bus
]
7
8
10
8
8
9
10
10
]
u 10
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
3.4
1.7
2.4
3.4
1.7
1.7
2.8
2.4
u 10
3.60
1.80
2.52
3.60
1.80
1.80
2.88
2.52
]
1.2696
0.6348
0.8888
1.2696
0.6348
0.6348
1.0156
0.8888
Capacity
]
70
65
85
80
94
155
115
50
jn i
TABLE AII
BID OFFERS OF MARKET PARTICIPANTS
Bus
1
2
4
7
5
6
9
10
Art
Supplier
Supplier
Supplier
Supplier
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
Consumer
150, 3
150, 6
150, 6
250, 15
100, 20
100, 20
100, 20
100, 20
IX
[1]
150, 5.4
150, 5.4
150, 5.4
250, 19
100, 36
100, 36
100, 36
100, 36
150, 5.5
150, 5.5
150, 5.5
250, 18.5
100, 34
100, 34
100, 34
100, 34
150, 4.5
150, 4.5
150, 4.5
250, 17.5
100, 30
100, 30
100, 30
100, 30
References
Biographies
Istvn Erlich was born in 1953. He received his Dipl.Ing. degree in electrical engineering from the University
of Dresden, Germany in 1976. After his studies, he
worked in Hungary in the field of electrical distribution
networks. From 1979 to 1991, he joined the Department
of Electrical Power Systems of the University of Dresden
again, where he received his PhD degree in 1983. In the
period of 1991 to 1998, he worked with the consulting
company EAB in Berlin and the Fraunhofer-Institute
IITB Dresden, respectively. During this time, he had also
a teaching assignment at the University of Dresden. Since
1998, he is Professor and head of the Institute of Electrical Power Systems at
the University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. His major scientific interest is
focused on power system stability and control, modelling and simulation of
power system dynamics including intelligent system applications. He is
member of IEEE and VDE.
Georgios C. Stamtsis was born in 1974. He
received the Diploma and the Dr.-Ing. degree both in
electrical engineering from the Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Greece, and the University of
Duisburg-Essen, Germany, in 1998 and 2003
respectively. His interests are focused in congestion
management and transmission pricing in deregulated
electricity markets including the application of game
theory. He is member of IEEE, VDE and the
Technical Chamber of Greece.
Yicheng Luo, was born in 1953, graduated in the
department of economy from the Liaoning University.
He is now an associated professor in the economic
institute of the Hebei Agriculture University. His
research interests are economic theory, finance and
deregulated electricity markets.