Practical Application Of

Practical Application Of
Fastener Preload Guidance
Fastener Preload Guidance
Research
Research
John Ludman
John Ludman
-
- E.I. DuPont E.I. DuPont
Jerry Waterland
Jerry Waterland
-
- Virginia Sealing Products, Inc. Virginia Sealing Products, Inc.
July 29, 2008 July 29, 2008
2008 ASME Pressure Vessel & Piping Conference
2008 ASME Pressure Vessel & Piping Conference
Chicago, IL
Chicago, IL
NPS 8 x 600, 304/FG SW, 1 NPS 8 x 600, 304/FG SW, 1- -1/8 1/8 B7 Bolts (lubricated), B7 Bolts (lubricated),
400 psig, Ambient Temp 400 psig, Ambient Temp
750 ft 750 ft- -lb: ASME PCC lb: ASME PCC- -1 1
307 ft 307 ft- -lb: Gasket Minimum lb: Gasket Minimum
710 ft 710 ft- -lb: Gasket & Bolt lb: Gasket & Bolt
395 ft 395 ft- -lb: T3 Gasket Tightness lb: T3 Gasket Tightness
978 ft 978 ft- -lb: Simultaneous Component Analysis (PVRC 07 lb: Simultaneous Component Analysis (PVRC 07- -BFC BFC- -01) 01)
What Torque To Use?
What Torque To Use?
Current Methods For Determining
Current Methods For Determining
Assembly Preload (Torque)
Assembly Preload (Torque)
1. 1. Percent Of Bolt Yield Percent Of Bolt Yield
- - Ex. ASME PCC Ex. ASME PCC- -1 (50 ksi) 1 (50 ksi)
- - Turbine Contractors/OEMs (45 Turbine Contractors/OEMs (45- -60 ksi) 60 ksi)
2. 2. Gasket Requirements Gasket Requirements
- - Minimum Stress To Seal Minimum Stress To Seal
- - Maximum Compressive Stress Maximum Compressive Stress
3. 3. Gasket Min & Bolt Max Gasket Min & Bolt Max
- - Minimum Stress To Seal (Gasket) Minimum Stress To Seal (Gasket)
- - Maximum Compressive Stress (Gasket) Maximum Compressive Stress (Gasket)
- - Maximum % Bolt Yield Maximum % Bolt Yield
4. 4. Gasket Tightness ( Gasket Tightness (Tp Tp) )
- - Ex: T3 seal Ex: T3 seal
5. System Component Analysis 5. System Component Analysis
- - Ex. PVRC 07 Ex. PVRC 07- -BFC BFC- -01 01
1.
1.
Non
Non
-
-
Optimum Gasket Stress
Optimum Gasket Stress
Methods #1, #4 Methods #1, #4
2. Potential For Flange or
2. Potential For Flange or
Other System Component Damage
Other System Component Damage
Methods #1, #2, #3, #4 Methods #1, #2, #3, #4
3.
3.
No Consideration For
No Consideration For
Thermal Effects On J oint
Thermal Effects On J oint
Methods #1, #2, #3, #4 Methods #1, #2, #3, #4
Limitations Of Current Methods
Limitations Of Current Methods
Material Yield Stresses
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
100 350 500
Design Temperature (F)
S
t
r
e
s
s

(
k
s
i
)
Flange Yield
(A182 Stainless)
Flange Yield
(A105 Carbon
Steel)
PCC-1 Bolt
Assembly Stress
50 ksi 50 ksi

50 ksi root area pre

50 ksi root area pre
-
-
stress level
stress level
is
is
generally considered suitable
generally considered suitable
for joint systems
for joint systems
designed using SA193
designed using SA193
-
-
B7 low alloy steel bolts
B7 low alloy steel bolts

ASME PCC
ASME PCC
-
-
1 Table 1 Caveats
1 Table 1 Caveats
Be Aware:
Be Aware:
ASME B16.5 flanges were not designed
ASME B16.5 flanges were not designed
following ASME Section V111 Appendix 2 rules
following ASME Section V111 Appendix 2 rules

Individually select the Target Prestress

Individually select the Target Prestress
for each joint,
for each joint,
considering each joint
considering each joint
element
element
that will be affected by the
that will be affected by the
prestress
prestress

6.8.7.3 Torque Application

NOTE: Torque values are based on achieving
a bolt stress level of 50% of the yield strength
of B7 and Class 2 B8/B8M bolting material
(coating nut factor of .15)
DETERMINE the correct torque values in
accordance with the torque values in the
respective torque table (Attachments 5
through 9 if applicable).
Table 1 Caveats Are Not Well Known:
Table 1 Caveats Are Not Well Known:
April 8, 2008 revision of a large worldwide April 8, 2008 revision of a large worldwide
chemical manufacturing company chemical manufacturing company s s
Corporate Bolted J oint Assembly & Inspection Procedure Corporate Bolted J oint Assembly & Inspection Procedure
Gasket Stress Developed At 50 ksi Bolt Stress
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1
/
2
1 2 3 6
1
0
1
4
1
8
2
4
Class 150 NPS
G
a
s
k
e
t

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
p
s
i
)
Gasket Stress
Devel oped At 50 ksi
Mi ni mum
Recommended Stress
Sheet Gaskets
Maxi mum
Recommended Stress
Sheet Gaskets
Non
Non
-
-
Optimum Stress Developed On Sheet
Optimum Stress Developed On Sheet
Type Gaskets
Type Gaskets
Spiral Wound Gasket Stresses
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
1/2 1 2 4 8 12 16 20
NPS
G
a
s
k
e
t

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
p
s
i
)
Spiral Wound Min.
Stress
Spiral Wound Max.
Stress
Class 150 Spiral
Wound at 50 ksi
Class 600 Spiral
Wound at 50 ksi
Class 1500 Spiral
Wound at 50 ksi
Non
Non
-
-
Optimum Stress Developed On Many Spiral
Optimum Stress Developed On Many Spiral
Wound Type Gaskets at 50 ksi Bolt Prestress
Wound Type Gaskets at 50 ksi Bolt Prestress
Alternative Approach:
Alternative Approach:
Evaluate Simultaneous System Component Limits
Evaluate Simultaneous System Component Limits
Flange(s)
Flange(s)
Gasket
Gasket
Bolts
Bolts
Scope
Scope

Materials and Geometry
Materials and Geometry
*
* Flange Material Flange Material - - A105 and A182 Grade L A105 and A182 Grade L
* * Flange Class Flange Class - - 150, 300 & 600 150, 300 & 600
* * Flanges Sizes Flanges Sizes - - to 24 to 24 (16 diameters) (16 diameters)
* * Fasteners Fasteners - - A193 Grade B7 A193 Grade B7
* Two Gaskets * Two Gaskets - - SWG & ePTFE SWG & ePTFE
* Three Design Conditions * Three Design Conditions- - 100F, 350F, 500F 100F, 350F, 500F
( (all combinations analyzed all combinations analyzed) )
2 Flange Metallurgies x 2 Gasket Types x 16 Flange Sizes x 3 Des 2 Flange Metallurgies x 2 Gasket Types x 16 Flange Sizes x 3 Design ign
Conditions Conditions
PVRC Project 07
PVRC Project 07
-
-
BFC
BFC
-
-
01
01
Principal Investigator: Randy Wacker, E.I. DuPont
Principal Investigator: Randy Wacker, E.I. DuPont
Flange Assembly Preload Guidance
Flange Assembly Preload Guidance
Sampling of FEA Program/Output
Sampling of FEA Program/Output
3D Stress with Full Load 3D Stress with Full Load - - Graphic Graphic
Variation Variation in in Which Which Component Limit Is Reached: Component Limit Is Reached:
Different Gasket Type, CS vs. SS Flange Different Gasket Type, CS vs. SS Flange
Master Data Sheets
Master Data Sheets
Carbon Steel Flange, Spiral Wound Gasket Carbon Steel Flange, Spiral Wound Gasket
Stainless Steel Flange, PTFE Sheet Gasket Stainless Steel Flange, PTFE Sheet Gasket
Analysis: Torque Guidance @ Different
Analysis: Torque Guidance @ Different
Operating Temperatures
Operating Temperatures
Assembly Limit Torque, Class 150, A182 Stainless Steel, WN
Flanges, FG Spiral Wound Gaskets
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1/2 3/4 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Class 150 NPS
A
s
s
e
m
b
l
y

T
o
r
q
u
e

(
F
t
-
L
b
)
SW Gasket <100F
SW Gasket 100F - 350F
SW Gasket 350F - 500F
Analysis: Torque Guidance For Different
Analysis: Torque Guidance For Different
Flange Metallurgy
Flange Metallurgy
Limit Torque: Stainless Steel Flange vs. Carbon Steel Flange
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1/2 3/4 1 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Class 150 NPS
S
y
s
t
e
m

L
i
m
i
t

T
o
r
q
u
e

(
F
t
-
L
b
)
Stainless Steel, SW, 350F
Carbon Steel, SW, 350F
System Limit Torque, A105 Carbon Steel Flanges, Spiral
Wound Gaskets, 100F
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
NPS 24
Flange
S
y
s
t
e
m

L
i
m
i
t

T
o
r
q
u
e

(
F
t
-
L
b
)
Class 600
Class 150
Analysis: Torque Guidance For Different
Analysis: Torque Guidance For Different
Flange Pressure Classes
Flange Pressure Classes
Flange Stress @ Gasket Stress Limit
A105 Carbon Steel, WN Class 150 Flange, 290 psig @ 100F
Sheet Gasket 15,000 psi Stress Limit
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
55000
60000
1/2 3/4 1 1
1/4
1.5 2 2
1/2
3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Class 150 NPS
F
l
a
n
g
e

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
p
s
i
)
Flange Stress @ Gasket Stress Limit
Flange Stress Limit
Analysis: Evaluate Component Stress At
Analysis: Evaluate Component Stress At
System Limit
System Limit
-
-
Example: PTFE Sheet
Example: PTFE Sheet
Gasket, Class 150 @ 100F
Gasket, Class 150 @ 100F
Opportunity For Higher Assembly Bolt Load If Stronger Gasket Is Opportunity For Higher Assembly Bolt Load If Stronger Gasket Is Employed: Employed:
NPS NPS - -4 and NPS 10 4 and NPS 10 - - 24 24
System Limit Bolt Stress,
Carbon Steel, Class 150, SW Gasket, 100F
2000
22000
42000
62000
82000
102000
122000
1/2 3/4 1 1
1/4
1.5 2 2
1/2
3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
Class 150 NPS
B
o
l
t

S
t
r
e
s
s

(
p
s
i
)
Total Bolt Stress
Nominal Bolt Stress
Analysis: Understand Basis For
Analysis: Understand Basis For
Yield
Yield
As
As
The Bolt Component Limit
The Bolt Component Limit
Example: SW Gasket, Class 150 @ 100F Example: SW Gasket, Class 150 @ 100F
Gasket Tightness Developed; ePTFE/FG Spiral Wound, 100F
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
A105 Carbon Steel, Class 150 NPS
R
O
T
T

T
i
g
h
t
n
e
s
s

P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r

(
T
p
)
Flange System
Limit Bolt Pre-
Load Gasket
Stress (PVRC
07-BFC-01)
50 ksi Bolt
Pre-Load
Gasket Stress
(PCC-1)
Analysis: Identify Opportunities For
Analysis: Identify Opportunities For
Improving J oint Tightness
Improving J oint Tightness
Opportunity For Significantly Higher J oint Tightness Except NPS Opportunity For Significantly Higher J oint Tightness Except NPS 8 and NPS 12 8 and NPS 12
Summary Of User Benefits:
Summary Of User Benefits:
1.
1.
Knowledge based assembly torque guidance
Knowledge based assembly torque guidance
2.
2.
Reduced likelihood of damaged flanges
Reduced likelihood of damaged flanges
3.
3.
Greater Tightness Performance
Greater Tightness Performance
4.
4.
Greater margin against gasket relaxation
Greater margin against gasket relaxation