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VECTORS AND SCALARS
).. Scalar: A quantity that has a magnitude but
no direction. Examples: mass, Ienglh, time,
dcnsiry energli and temperature.
2. !'ector:A quantiry that has both magnitude
and direction. Examples: displacement,
velociry force, acceleration, momentum,
electric and magnetic field strength.
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR,
2.DIMENSIONS
r\ vector in a 2-dimensional Cartesian plane is rep-
resented by an .r-component and ay-componenl
I. Vector components are specified by a
scalar, which determines the magnitude of
the component, and a unit vecto! which
determines the direction of the component.
The unit uecto.s i ancl
i
have a magnitude
of I and point along the x-a-](is and y-axis
respectively.
2. A vector, A, can be represented by: A
=
A,i +
A,
i,
rvhere A, and d, are scalars.
3. The magnitude of a vector is a scalar quan-
tity (length) given by:
l-ll
--lrtl:
,. _ ,.,
- 'i,.,
,!
4. The direction ofthe vector (0) is given by:
.lA
tan0:-].ord=tan-L-J
Drample: A: 3i +
,1j
v
\{agnitude:
iAl
=
j3r
+4'1=i8-=5
Dircction:
tand
= *
J
d
=
tan-'| li.l
=
s.t'
\31
DOT PROOUCT
'l'he
dot product of trvo vectors, a and b, is de-
llned as:
a,b
=
tzbcos9
. 'fhe
angle 0 is the angle benveen the vectors.
.
The dot product berween any two vectors is
a scaiar quantiry. lt is sometimes ca.lled the
scalar product.
.
If nvo vectors are perpendicular to each
other, their dot product is zero.
CROSS PRODUCT
The magnitude of the cross product of two vec-
tors, a anci b, is defined as:
'axbi=absinl
. 'l'he
cross product beftveen vectors a and b
f
ields a tllrd vector that points perpendicuJar
to the plane in which a ar-rd b are oriented.
.
To determine the direction of the cross prod-
ruct, use lhe right-hand rule. Point the lingers
of your right hzrnd a.long vector a, and then
curl them toward vector b. Your thumb now
pcints in the direction of the cross product.
.
Ilnvo vectors are parallel to each other, their
cross product is zero.
.
axb=-bxa
A. OT,IE.DIMENSIONAL MOTION
Average velocityr,
=
#
=
ffi
l^,rl
Instantaneous velocity: u(t)
=
Ndt
Average acceleration: 4
=
fi
--
ffi
Ot
"l
Instantaneous acceleration: a(t) : duldt
Uniformly accelerated motion:
velocity: v
=
uo* ati uz
=
uol + 2a(x
-
xo)
position:x=xu + uot
-
l1at'}
.r=.ro+
|lu,+u)t
B. MOTION IN A PLANE WITH CONSTANT
ACCELERATION
4,
=
Constant, 4y
=
COnStant
v,= u,o+ a,t vt: rro* ort
v,2
=
ui+ 2a,(x
-
xo)
u|
=
uri+ Za,(y
- t)
r=xi+yj=ro+vot+iat2
v
,ro
PROJECTILE MOTION
Llere, n,
=
0, a,
= -g
Y.o
=
'/o
cos 0o, u
,
=
tro sin 0o
.
u,= u,o= constant, u_,
=
uo sin 0o
- 8r
-r-
=
(uo cos 0o)f, y
-
(uo sin 0
")t
-
!gt'
:
(tan
0-).r
-
:--&- f
2( uo cos Uol'
The range: .q
= t'
sin:e
^ 5
-
t,J sinl0
Mirximum height:y.,.
=
t
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
Angular displacement:'[he angle throu gh
which a body rotates is given by
g
=
f
Average angular velocity: A br-rdy rotates a
distance r from the axis of rotation with a
tangential velocity u,. During uniform circular
motion, the mzrgnitude of the tangential veloc-
ity is constant. The body rotates through an
angle 0 and the average angular velocity is given
r....-A0-',
"t*- Lt-7
Instantaneous angular velocity: c.,'(r)
=
Dev - oun"
rlverage angular acceleration:
"
=
*i
=
Instantaneous angular acceleration:
da d'0
dt dt"
t):
Centripetal acceleration: n,
=
ia (directed
toward the axis of rotation)
Period:r=1+=.#L
Rotadonal motion i,ith constant acccleration:
u=t,o+at
,,)'
--
,o' + 2a(0
-
0o)
0
=
0o1- ,,tot +
\af
o
=
ool-
ll,.."i
,),
ct,
7
A.
B.
A. NEWTON'S LAWS
Secondlaw: F^n=,rro
- o"'i"' n,
a1";'
O,n
a
..j
j'F
>
The acceleration is in the direction of the
applied force.
NeMon's second law also holds for several
applied forces.
c.
.)r,
,"oF;
=
//
/ro /,,u
,nO = O
IF
=
F, + Fz
Third law:'fo every actron, there is alrvays .rtt
equal and opposite reaction: if body A exet ls
a force F, on body B, then bodY B exerts atr
equal and opposite force -F,
on body ,-1.
llence, F,
= -F,
or F,
= -Fu.
D.
Awall pushes you with the same force with
which you push it, but in the opposite direction.
B
E
=tu
-FB
A
The gravitational force that the Earth exerts
on the moon is equal and opposite to the
force that the moon exerts on the Earth.
U,
D.
tt0
Ct
<--R-+
-4q
C
-a
The electrostatic force that the +4 charge
(:xerts
on tlie
- Q
charge is equal and opposite
to the force that the
- e
charge exerts on the
+r7 charge.
B. SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES
Center of mass in vector notation:
rl
,
- -il
L1n,r, -- l, ivhcre .II
= Irn. is thc
total miiss.
Newton's sccolrrl law for a systcrn of (/.)
l):trticlcs: Ir"*,
=
,t/a.,,,
C. WEIGHT, NORMAL FORCE, AND
FRICTION
l. IVeiglrt: The gravitational [orce exerteri on a
botly of rnass lr lt1, tlrt ll;rrtl.r. 11/
=
rrrg.
l. Nr)r'lrlill li)r(,(.:/\ lr)t( (., N, t:rt.Ilt.rl rIr,r Itorly
l,\ ;ln{rllr't strr lircr,. I lris lirrCt, il( ls
l)Ct l)Cti.
rlicrrl:rr to lltc lrotly. lVlrt,rr ir botly is;it rt,it on
lr lr:vcl rrrIlact:, N
=
/llll.
ll. li'ic(iorr: A lor.cc b0lu,t:trt) iwo surlitcos (lllt
opl)oSeS lllc n]Otioll ttIa body.
.
St:lric [rictiorr: lrriciirln;tl furcc (1..)
cx_
cilc(i \vllcrr a b0d1 is at rest relative to
ailother surface. The maximum force of
sratic Iriction is: F.
-
ri.N, where u is the
cucfficicnt ofsraric friirion benveLn the
trvo surfaces.
.
Kinetic friction: Friction force tF,)
cxcrted when a body slides acros, ari_
other surface. f.
=
ur.ru, where u* is the
coefficient of kinetic friction between
the two surfaces.
.
Between any two surfaces, r.r,_ < rr.
WORK AND ENERGY
lVork done by a force:
rr
=/"n.ar=
[o,rcosodr
(ioules),
n,hr:re 0
=
angle that force makes rvith
riirection of .rrotior.r.
*--ffil,-
l<
>l
tr
ab
\\rork done on a block, mass z.
Irrstan(aleous power:
p
=
dwt dt
=
F. u(lvatts)
t(inetic energy: ,f
=
l-
nru, (Ioules)
WORK.ENERGY
THEOREM
i'he lvork done by the resultant external force
on.a particle (or a system) is equal to the change
in kinetic energy of the particie (or system).
1^l
ry
=
A2
-
K,
=
Ztnu/
-
)rnu,l
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
i. Conservative force: A force such that the
r,vork
it.does on a particle is independent of
the path over rvhich the force is exerted.
,-
Path2
u.
Axis
F.
Path I
'rX*
r'F
GmM
---;-
r'
The gravitational force that the Earth
exerts on a satellite is an example of a
conservative force,
F=-kx
ry
l<-l
x
'l'he
olurtlu ftirco I thut rur ltlcul sprlng crcrtl
on un
gttached
rrrnss ls arr cxarnlllc of a
COnservatlve tbrce.
i
d....'''
,lo-tl
JY
Y*
..."'F p=keq
io;
'-
dr
The elastic force that is exerted on the
-q
charge by the + Q
charge is an exanrple oi a
conservative force.
2, Potentialenergy:
AU=
-ttt
where I,/is work done by a conservative
force.
3. Conservation of mechanical energy: The
total mechanical energy ofa particleiubject
to a conservative force is constant.
E= K+ U
=lmt + U= constanr.
4. Non-consen"ative forces:The rvork done by a
non-consenative force (e.g., friction) is equal
to the change in internal energy: W-,
=
716
=
-AU",,
and the sum of the systems rirech:Lni-
cal and internal energy remains constant:
At+ AU-,
=
A,(+ AU+ A{,,,
=
o.
LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS
l. Linear momentum of a particle: p :
mv;
Newton's Second Law can be rewritten
F
=
dPldt
2, Total linear momentum of a svstem:
p=Z
p,=L
^,u,
3. Coniervatio'n of momentum: If the ner ex-
ternal force on a system is zero, momentum
is conserved in the system. If F",,
=
6, thgn
p
=
constant.
4. Impulse: The force applied to a bocly over
an interval of time. When the force ii con-
stant,J=FAr=Ap
5. Collisions: Mass ,nr traveling at u,, collides
with mass rn, rraveling at ur,. After'ihe colli_
sron, ,T1r travels at u,,ancl m,travels at u.. If
F.,
=
O, linear momenrum is conserved."
frrUu* frrUr,= ffi!rrl flzUrr
.
During an elastic colliSion, both nro_
mentum and kinetic energy are con-
served. This generally occurs when
bodies collide and bounce arvay in
different directions. Conservation of
kinetic energy states
ll.rt
ZmLub:
+
int-u-,,
=)m,u,i +
im.u,,-
.
During an inelastic collision, kinetic
energy is not conserved. This generally
occurs when bodies collide and stick
together.
H. ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
Torque causes a body to rotate. It is de.
by r
=
r x F (vector
form) with magnitr
,
-
rFsin0.
.L
x
'l'=
torquc
r
=
radlus vector
F
=
appliedforce
0
- tlro nrrglo fonnorl hy r nrrrl lr
Attgrrlur nlonlcntunl: L ! r x
l)
(vr:tttut
lirrrrr)
rrrtrl nragnlturle i, -- rpsirr{t.
l.
=
angular tDonlgrltr.lnl
r * rildius voctor
p
=
linear rnomentum
0
=
ilngle forrned by r and p
z
x
Relation betrveen torque and angular
momentum:
dt
Kineric energy of rotation:
+
(
I m,r,r) ul
N{oment of inertia: The rotational analog of
mass.
1=
| m,r,2
Angular momentum and torque can also be
\r.rittenl,= Ic.randr:Ia
Common moment of inertia quantities:
Solid sphere
t=
3un,
5
Thin rod oflength I rotating abour its center
Axis
I
--P'
Y
1,,-,--\
\-[
\
End Point
i*u
, M(2
'12
(a)
IttNlr''
Electric Potential ofa point charge: tz=
f
6'
Llectric Potential ofa continuous chirrge dis-
tribution: r=fl+
E. CURRENT AND CIRCUITS
l. Current:'l'he rate at lvhich charge,
Q,
flttrvs
I)ast
an area in a circriit.
)
,-dQ
'dt
Iiesistance: Resistors decrease the rate at
rvhich charge floivs through a circuit.'Ihe
resistirity, p, of a conductor is a properry
ol the material. For a cylindrical conductor
rvith length l, cross-sectional area,4, and
resislivitv p, R= p*
Ohm's Law: \\hen a resistor in a circrrit is
constant over a range of voltage inputs, the
resistor is Ohmic. Iror a circuit with resis-
tilnce R, current 1, and potential difference
-\f/,
Ohm's Larv states AL': 1R
(lircuit:
A closed path around rvhich charge
llorvs. Llircuit elernents are
l.
Capacitor: A capacitor is a set of two oppo-
sitely charged conductors (each rvith charge
Q),
separated by an insulating material. If
the potential difference benveen the two
plates is AY, then
^()
Parallel Plate Capacitor: Trvo charged
plates rvith surface irrea,,1, separated by a
distance d.
(-- l-
-d
A. MAGNETIC FIELDS
l. Bar magnets: The magnetic field lines of a
bar magnet exit the north pole and enter the
sourh pole. I-ike poles repel each other, and
r-rnlike poles attract each other.
-
-'',/'--- \\l
2, i\lagne tic force on a moving charge: ,\ parti-
clc with cirarge 17 nroving at speed u through
a magnetic field B rvill experience a force
F
= 4v
x B with magnituds f
= 4ttB
sin 0. To
deternrine the direction of the force on the
particle, use the right-hand mle. The fingers
point in the direction of v and curl toward
the direction of B. The thumb ruiil point in
rhe direction of F.
3. Ilagnetic force on a current-carrying wire:
A rvire of length and direition / and current
l traveling through a magnetic field will ex-
1;erience
a force F
=
Il x. B r,vith magnitude
fr
=
1lB sin 0.
2. Firraday's Larv: A r,,arying niagnetic l.
through a coil oi wire will induce a;r elr
tromotiYe force (c) in the rvire.
..,1,f
.=_i\_
dt
C, MA,XV,/ELUS EOUATIONS
l. Garrss's Larv for elcctricirr':
co
e E' rtrt
=
--_
_-
J
:,
L Gauss's Law for magnetism:
ls.ae-o
J
3. Faradat's Law of induction:
f^ ,1O
bl..'ils=-.J
)dr
4. Ampere-Nlaxwell Law:
[g..t.
=
u l- tt t
d-
[e.,ut
.)
'
A. HEAT
I. Specific heat: The amouni of heat,
(1,
required to change thc temperanlre o[ ]
substance of rnass ln ltv an anroLrnt
-\
i'rs
given b1,
Q =
nrr;l I (c is thc spt't ilit:
ltertl 1l
lltc srrltstancr:1.
2. [-atcnt hcitt: f]tt: Il{'at llrilt tlot's i,trk tt,
cause a phase change is latent ileat r1-1, ui)(l
it is related to the heat aciclerl or remor',:cl in
the system (Q) by
Q:
ntf.
3.
'Ihermal
conduction:
-fhe
rate at rvhich hcat
flo\^/s (AQ/Ar) tlrrough an area,-l ovcr
a (li(rance d is givnn r.*
i? =
l-11
'-
'..'rr,".
'
-\r
rL
A7' is tltr: te,nl)eritltlri' rlillirrcitct' o,.i'i liii'
distance r/).
.1.
Thermal radiation:'fhe rate at rrhrclr u
bod1" with ernissivi4, s and surl:rcL' urea,.i
radiates energ-r- (P) is P : a7e7':
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
First Lalv of Therrnodyeramics:
'fhe
rlet nirirt
added to a system (Q) r:quals the change in in-
ternal energy of the s-ystem
(A
Ll plus ttre N ork
clone on the system (l44
Q = 'lU
+ Ili
Second Law of Tlrcrrnodlrramics:
1, Heat does not florv spontaneousil {ronr rt
colder bod1, t6 a rvarmer bodr'.
2. FIeat energy, is never cornDlt:.elY trans-
lornred into mechanical rvr.lrk.
3. llre rotal entronv in lhe rnriver.c
'^r"a\c\
during all natural processcs.
Entropy: The change ln entropv (ASJ is relaieri
to the amountof heat adcled or rernrrred lroitt,t
systenl (Q) at constallt tenlperatr.rre I i l.
()
as=_l
rherrrlal efficiencr': 1
=
.\\ork
i't.
-
ll
' -
, ?,,,,,
(
).
Carnotefficiency:s. =
I
-
i.rl'r
GASES
Gases are Cescribeti b-v thcir pr-essurc p. rolLtnrt
7, irnd temperatr-rre 7l
1. Boyleh Law: P, V,
-
P,Ir'
v!,
2. Charles's l-au,: :
=
--
1 I.
3. ldealgaslarv: F-ora gas cont:]iningrtnu:,rbrr
of moles, l']V: nI?'1'(rvhere ll is tire urrir,ers.tl
gas constant).
4. Kinetic energv per molecrrlo of an ideal gas:
r=!mr=1nr
!t
5.
'lbtal
intcrnal energy ol a gas: 1 1
- ;\, ntl l'
-.G-
-o-
L,
i--i.-
*
\r\t
Switch
Voltmeter
Ammeter
B.
4.
5.
6.
Magnetic field due to a current-carryinfJ
rvire: The strenglh of the magnetic field a
distance r/ from a long rvire with current l is
rtl
B
=
,*a
To deterrnirre the direction of the
magnetic field, use the right-hand rule. The
tl-runrb points in the direction of the current,
and the fingers rvill curl around the wire in
the direction of magnetic field.
Ilagnetic field due to a solenoid: The mag-
netic field due to a solenoid is concentrated
almost entirely along a straight line at the
center ofthe loops. The strength ofthe mag-
netic fielrl lJ drie to a 5olenoid rvith n Iooos
irnd current tis ts
- 1t
rtl-
C'
Siot-Savart law: The magnetic fieid B a
tlislrnce ri frolrt u piece of nire r1l carry-
irrg ctrrrurrr / is
Hi'r'n
hy ri IJ --
lL
'l
dt
"
i i
41T tr
r\rrrJrerc's Lirw: l'itt' rlritgIIt-'li(: litltl IJ
llrorlrrr:rtl
l)\, ir curr('rit-citrrf iltg lviie ol
llrrgllr r/f ir r,'lrrt,'rl t,, Ill('lr)lirl crtrrrttl / ltv
Itt . ,ir rt I
J"'
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
I. )lagnetic flu The amount of the l.ragnetic
field that travels pt.rpenclicularly through
an arca,.i.
,l
=
ln
',1,t -,)
:itrN IJ
qid-u-/JI]L.J/rJ
o
IJ.S.
54.95
SRN-10:0-7.386-0743 6
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607 436
o2010 Research &Edlcaiion Assoclatro^ fc
PEA' and Ou,ck Ac.ess'3re regrstBrd lftrdemails ci
Rerea.ch & Fd!.arion Assocrat,o.. Nc. Pn.r!ed . lr. !SA
-lF
capaciror
Connecting wire
-
f--
Battery
Rcsislor
-iI-
,\n arnrneter nleasures current, and a
! oltmeter measures voltage drop.
Resist0rs in series: I?.,, : 1lr + n, + n-r
Rs
llusistors irr rrarallcl: --.!- .l
I I
"" P"'.."-"
li n
*
/r.
*
ll,
Rs
I'orvt'r: /' /-\t' /'/l -
ti;
:-r. Kirchholf's rrrlcs:
Loop'l lrt'ort,rrr: l;rlr lr corrrplt'lc cirt ttil loo1r,
.\U' t -\Y. I l!', r... 0
Iunction Rule:'ilre strrn of the crrrrent
{)ntering a junction equals the sLrm of the
current exrting the junction.
B.
'fhin
rod of length 1 rotating about one end.
Axis
i
I
-A
..-.-.-4\
-;\
\'''' l'
\
'
Mt2
'= 3
(b)
]nu'
Solid disk rotating about an axis perpendicular
to its surface.
],urn,
llotational kinetic energy: .! /J
(lonservation
of angrrlar momentum: !\4ren no
extemal torque is acting on a system, angular mo-
rnentum is conserved. If r",.
=
0, L is constant.
Work: W
-
r0
Power: P
=
T(,
GRAVITATION
\ewron's larv: F
=
8JI4
1r 1ro- center-of -rnass
ofM
r
Potential energy: U:
-CAA
Kepler's laws:
l. ,{11 planets move in elliptical orbirs with the
sun as one focus.
.\ line jnirll69py planet to t}e sun s\\eeps nut
cqual rreas in cqua-l rimes: rlzllr1r
=
j r r
=
1-l2,1
=
const:rnt (1-
=
anraular morneritum).
Angular frequenry:'fhe number of radians the
spring osciliates through in a period ol time.
. .-. .r?
Period: l he time it takes for the spring to com-
plete one oscillation.
)-G
s
\t
Equation of molion: If the mass is initiallV
cornpressed a distanceA and released from rest,
the subsequent equation of motion is given by:
.r(r)
=
,4 cos(Llr) . In this case, x,,,,.,
=.4,
where 11
is the amplitude of oscillation.
Velociry:.r(I)
= 4 - --r.asin(.ur)
'dt
rvhere r,,,,,.,
=
1",,,1
.lcceleration: a t 0 = + - -d
Acos(rr)
=
dt
.l'
- 0x
= -;lxw
rvherea.,,,^
-
ul
Potential energyt U
=
iLC
roral energy: u
=
ii;,,
-
l:,l;.,
.
)r,ru
no friction
J
o =
blockb center at rest
:fi-#q!i ,
not'ric'!ion
-ffi
:"ro
Oscillation of a spring with mass ,n
PENDULUMS
l. Simple pendulum:.F:
-mgsin
0;
[or small 0, sin 0
=
0.'Ihus, I :
-rngb =
ntL
9,6:
=
gl L and r
=
Z;r1f[ is rhe period.
.
point mass (rn)
.
inexrensible,r'veigl.rtlessstring
Fixed
Support
n1g cos 0'r'
rn8
Speed oIsound rvaves (in an ideal gas):
7' ,'
,,,
=
\"
,,'
I -
.,
=
ratio ol specific hcats,
11 :
i)ressllre, 0,, =
densit-v.
llelation to frcquency and rvavelenglh:
I)rrssrrrc wirve:
/,
::
/r0
sin(l-{
-
uJl
-
1X}'),
I
=
2nlX, a
-
Zxl
=
2rlr
\lrrrrrling rllrtcs: Lx;nttnlr,s ilrr.:lt) orgltn piPr.
opr.rr ;tl lrotit tnrls r't ;r stt'irtq Iixr,tl itl ltotlr r.ttrlr.
I
,
.t,t, r'll. llrtylllt ol
lript,or
:;lrirrg)
I )oyrplr.r t.l li'r't: /
olrservtti lrrrl rrctrral l'rr:rltrerrcies, u lhe sl)cc(j ol'
sotrrrrl, r.,,, tltt:.:;pccrl o{ llrr: ottservcr, anrl r, (}tc
spr'r,rl ol sorncr'.
A. ELECTRIC CHARGE
lrl('( tri( (
ltirrs(. ts ir Irrrrrliurrrlrlall
l)t.ol)cllV
ol
n;rlul(.. I lt(,r'l]irrgt'0rr ir
lltrrli<:lc
catr lrt';l0sitir,,r,
()r
u(.,litli\,(..
'lrvo
particles rvith like chargcs rept:l t'aclt otltt'r
\
'I\vo
particles with unlike charges atlracr oacil
othcr.
Coulomb's [,aw:'frvo particles olcl)xriic .i iin(]
a/, a distallce r an,ay fro nr eac h o iht', '.r',
ll r:':L'r l
Ibrce on cach other.
.- ,
q,q,
r
fhe iorce that
4,
exerts on 17- is,:r1uai and lp
posite to the lorce that
4,
exerts on .i,.
ELECTRIC FIELD
All electricall_v charged particles create illr
electric field. This is deflnetl :rs rhe forcr: a rcs:
charge
4rrvould
erperience ilit,,r,crc p-lrci,ri in :r
particular location near the chareed particle.
r-!
_. _
(la
Electric fi cld due to.rpoint chirrge: i irr strnrirII
ol the clectric field produccd bv ir pojni chir)ltl
r7, ;rt;r rli.r;rrrct'r irom ih.,.irl-:
... ,ir,,.:
l,v
E=k!1,
GAUSS'S LAW
lllectric Fhrx: l hc arnounr of l
jrc
tlr:ctlir: ljr'l:l
that passes perpendicul:rrly throuilh ln an'.r..1.
,t : iE.rJrt
(larrss's
l-aw:
-fhe
total elecrlic flLrr iii;ougl: tr
closctj surface eqtrals ihe i)ntr)Llnt ol riurr:,r,
rnclosed in that srlrlacc riivirlcti bv tltL, frr,lr I i
[i\ i$ ronstllnt, i .
()
I
c.,l,r
-
:...r- I
L -o
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
'l-Ilc
cloctric potential, also klrrti",rr;rs voli::rgr:, i.
cicfineri as the electric potentiitl cncrq. ot'r Ltnit
cltarge.'J lrc
l)otenliill
rlilfrn'irr:r 1,. 1ur,r'n 1\,,1
poittts, A and [], in an t:lcclric lilirl is rltlin,rrl tr,
tlt0 rvork rlottc I:r'itn t'lltrrt;rl lrtJt t i0 Il0rt ]
l('\l (
lliuli(:,
4,,
lrorl
lroirrt
,\ io
lrrrrrl
i) rii,..irlr.rl
l)\' ll!. lr..il ( llltll(,
l!
.\t' t' l
tl
\\'lrlrr rvorl is tlorrr.lrt llrL r,ilr {r rl lrr,lri rir irrr,,.
itrl; r7,, lrorrr
lloirrl
r\ lo rroirrt Ii, tll!.r,r)l( ntrrl
rlilli'rt'rtr-e is givcn lry,\i.'
ttl
l)ott'rrt iul rlil li,rt,rrt c i,,,,,,,,i ti,'11i,,,1.'r.l r ir f ir.lri:
.\l/ ll, \.', /:'rl {rvircr,,r/ i:; ilri,rlirl rrrll l,r.
Irllr.rr
lroirrls
r\ itntl ll)
Llt'('lric I)0lcrttilrl Irrrt.rgy 0l rr poiilt r lIrr,,r'.
I ltt polcrrllrl r.rrt.rliY ol ,r ir.,,i r lr,lril(. i,/ ilt
rrrr llr,t:trir' !itlrl
lrlrrlrrcr.ri
lrv ilri,, l1;111,1,,1,.,
t
I
I
1
\
I
{
B,
B.
D.
M
I.rrv rrl pr.rrrrls rr
I.T.
rr'r r
,r.r,rrl
' (
,,\,
// \r'rili rrr,rjor lrxis) lirr ,\f - rrr.
A. SPRING WITH A MASS
'I
lrt.lirrt:r: on a ln:rss ilr sirnple lrarnronit.rnolior.r
is;rlrv;rys rlirccltrl opltosilc lo llrt rlirt.r.liorr rrr
rvlriclr tlrl rrr;tss is rrrovittg.
Irrrrct': /r lt (l sprirrg corrst;rrrt, .r rlis
t;rn('(' Irotn erltrilibrirtrn posilioil)
I rr.<lrrr.rrcy: I lrt, rrrrtrrltr.r ol ost.ill;r(iorrs l]tr.
sltrirrg cortrlllt'lcs irt ir pt'riorl ol titrtt'.
t
I l,A
t
r 'r-\rrt
i
mgsin 0
Simple pendulum in a plane
/- -40) -
-\ A0)
n t\ri
,l)
*'
Quick
Access*
w
Plt YSIIS t0UATI0ilt
S 8, flt{$ilrfi$
VECTORS AND SCALARS
l. Scalar: A quantiry that has a magnitude btrt
no direction. E.ramples: mass, Iength, time,
density, energy, and temperature.
2. \'ector: A quantiry that has borh magnitude
and direction. Examples: displacement,
velocil1, lorce, acceleratjon, nromcntrrnr,
electric and magnetic field strength.
COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR,
2-DIMENSIONS
- A vector in a
2-tlimensional Cartesian plane is represented
by an .r-component and a.l
golnponent.
l. Vector components are specified by a
scalar, which determines the magnitude ol
the component, and a unit vector, which
cletermines the direction of the component.
'1-he
unit vectors i and
i
have a rnagnitutle
ol I and point along the .r-a-xis and
_t
aris,
respectivell'.
2. r\ r,ector, A, can be repiesented by: A
=
A,i +
rl,
.i,
rvhere A. ;ind ,'.1, are scalars.
3. l'he magnitude of a vector is a scalar quan-
tiri, (length) given bv:
;l
=
r[
-.,n
]-+lj
{. I he tiirecrion ol r}re vector (t/) is givcn b1,:
,1
.1
l;ttr
u .
.rl,
or l/ - t,lt)
I
.-'
[xample: r\
=
:11 *
,11
v
,Uagnirude:
i/\l=.i3r+,1r
=.,25 =:
Direction:
tana={
{/=11p-ritj=rr"
DOT PRODUCT
-
The dot product of two
vectors, a and b, is defined as:
a.b=aDcos0
.
'l'he
atrgle 0 is the angle between the vectors.
.
'l'he
dot product betrveen any rwo vectors is
a scalar quantitv. It is sometimes called the
scalar product.
.
If lrvo vectors are perpendicular to each
other, their dot producl is zero.
CROSS PRODUCT
- The magnitude ot
the cross product of trvo vectors, a and b, is
defined as:
a x b
-
rhsn-t1
.
l'he cross product benveen vectors a and
b yields
a third vector that points perpen-
dicr.llar to the plaue in rvhich a and b are
oriented.
'
]b deterrnine the direction of the cross
procluct, use the right-hand rule.
point
the
fingers of vor-rr right hand along vector a,
ancl then crrrl them toward vector b.
your
thurntt norv points in the direction of the
cross product.
.
Iftwo vectors are parallel to each other, their
cross product is zero.
.
axb:-bxa
A. ONE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION
l. Displacement:
'fhe
distance between the
initial and final locations of a bodv in mo-
2.
tion: -r - -r
-,ro
.
[Jnits: merer (m)
.
I)isplacernent is a vector quantity.
.
r'ote: The total distance an objcct travels
mav nor be the same as its displace-
rnent. If an object travels one full cycle
around a I00-m circular track, the total
distance traveled is 100 meters, but the
clisplacement is zero.
\i'locity:The rate ar $.hich an object changes
oosition.
.\,, .,.uo" velociw, r, : ]'I
,\ l
-dx
In\lantrrneous vclocify: u,,'
-
,j,
.
[.lnits: m1s
.
\'elocin'is a vector quantit_v. It is repre-
sented bv a bodv's speed in a particular
rlirectiort.
r..ote: Il the velocity of a body is constant
nr er a period of rirnc, lhe in\tantxneous
ve)ociry of the bocly equals the average ve-
Iocih.a( even'mornent over the periocl.
,\cceleration:'l'lrt, rrte irt tvhich r,elocity
r I t.tt rgt s.
.\r't.rirge :rc('elcration: n .=
+l'
'at
In\l:rnlirn(.()us irct't.lerttlion: tilt\
=
!ll
'dt
.
l]nits: nt/sr
{. KinenraticErluations:Relatedisplacement,
r t.lor itt, ;tnJ irt celtratinn.
:\-t
=
r,,r + -] rzll
r,+ l, I
_\.r=l
_,r
t,-- l" l
(tl
1rr.1:,,r,1111-r
.
Only applicable rvhen acceleration is
constant.
Example: An object accelerates at a con-
stant rate from rest to l2 m/s over a distance
ol36 m. \\tat rvas its acceleration?
trl
=
t/ol +
2aA;f *
^
I': t"
t 12 rn/r]r
-
0
2Al 2(36 m)
rr
=
2 nt/sr
B. TWO-DIMENSION,AL PROJECI'ILE
MOTION
- A projectile is :r boclv,.vitose nt:r rron
is affected or.rlv bv the force oi gra,".it;
)r,
! --- 7,
ii
.
Ignoring air resistance. a projel:t:ie :rcceler-
ates tolvard llartir:rt a consrant ratp ol !,
lvhich is ihe acceleiation clue ro
,{ravi1\.:
.
TIre
"r-
and y-components of :lctiol lrrr
independent of each other.
If a projectiie is launcheci rr.irh r spcetl ir, ei
an angle B above the horizontal, the rnorion is
clescribed as loilorvs:
Ilorizontal motion: Constilnt rclocirt.
n,= 0
u\o
=
I,'., cos 0
=
constallt
\-y
-
tr./: tr,,f COS 0
Vertical motion: Accclerates al a r:tle 1tl.!i
r/yc : L; sin I
j
r]i
-
(i'|r sln /r
I
;sr
Ran ge: 1'he total iiorizontal riis ranr:e trayel t:ci:
I,]
.R= llsin2d
ilIa-rimunr height: r\r rhis poinr, t' . 0:
u..r sinr 0
)r,,-
) o
I")xarnple:.\n object is Iauncher.l
,.rrrlr
;rn ir r:i.ri
speed of20 r,/s at a 25" engle abore tire hr,:i-
zontal. 1 {olv firr lrlvav is the ob.ject 1 :o ::: it:; i r
j
I :lI
position after 0.5 seconclsi.
i. Irind tire-r- and.y-positiotrs ol'lre ob jci:r:
-r- po sitio n:
l"\:
=
ll,
r,, -
tr- cos I f
1-1 :
120 m/s)lcos 25',)(r:).5 sl
Ar: I rrr
.r.position:
.\i
-
,rr
sin [/ll .l
Sr,
'\.l, =
(20 nr/s)(sirii:,")10.r,
'l
.,r.llrrr cj
U.i,rr
-\_1, -
11 ,n
2.
'l'hc
rlistanco r of titr: olrjt'r't Irorr iir,,
r,;ri13in is rlescribed t;\' tlri.,,r.r:ior:
r-9i*-t.i
lrind the nragnitrrdc ol rltis vccioi:
r,=19=11;-
'.q6
r .- l).5 nr
NEWTON'S LAWS
I:irst Larv::\n oirjcct irr nroliorr rvili stat irr r;ro
tion wilh constant,,,elocirv unless actecl on bv
an external force. lOr, an object itt r:i:st \vill \lir!
at rest unless acted on hv an rxtcr neLl iirrce.)
Sccond lau': [:,,"t
=
ittl
Third lau': To everv irctioil thr:re il rlrvavs
an equal and opposire reilction: Ir,
-
it,
or F,
=
-Fs.
FORCES AND FREE BODY DIAGRAMS -
A force is a push or pull on an objecr. |:e wtl)n's
2^d Larv states that lvhen an unb:rhnci:rl
c.
A.
3.
i Ar:cri.r,trio;r tltte
I to cra\rtv
I
9.8 t m/s
Clravitational
constant
c
6.67 r Io
,, N:+!
Kg-
Coulomb's
('()nstant
t
e x ro,Napi
i
Spced oflighr C 3.0 x 108 m/s
(iharge
of electron
-
1.60 x 10-
r'
C
I)lanck's constant lr U.63 x I0-3r J.s
l'ermittiviry' of free
r space
!
B.B5 x 1o
r,-L
\'.rn
l'crrneabiliw of
I rre s pace
lt,,
\fass of Frrth fil i.9i x I0rrkg
lladius ol llarth 6..17 r I0" m
\[ass ol sun tfl 1.99 x 10ro kg
B.
force, or net force, acts on a body, it causes an
alceleration.
L
. llnits: )Jcrfion: N
=
*8','
s'
.
Nct force is a vector that acts in the same
riirection as the acceleration of a body.
l. \Veight:The gravitational forceexerted otr a
body of mass rn by Earth. W
=
trtg.
2. Cornponents of weight: The lveight of a
bodv on an inclined plane that makes an
iulgle , ,r,ith the horizontal is resolved into
paralie I irnd perpendicular components
along the plane:
l_
=
rngcos I
F
=rngsin0
3. \ormal Force: A force, N, exerted on a bodv
bv another surface.
'l'l-ris
force acts pcrperl-
clicular to the interface benveen the bodv
and the sr-rrlace. \\hen a body is at rest on a
levelsrrrface,N=,18.
.1.
Friction: A force between nvo surfaces that
opposes the motion of a body.
a. Static friction: Frictional force (d) ex-
erted ivhen a body is at rest relative to
another surface. The ma-dmum force of
static friction is -F =
rr,N, lvhere Il, is the
coefficient of static friction between the
nvo surfaces.
llxarnple: ,\ box with mass I5 kg is at rest
on a 35' incline. \Mrat is the coefiicient
ofstatic friction benveen the box and the
i nclitre?
N
I. \Vrite Newton's 2nd Larv for the forces
rhat act perpendicrdar and parallel to the
incline. Since the box is at rest, d
=
0:
l)erpendicular:
l:,,",= tta
=
0
=
N- tngcos 0
,V
-
//lgcos I
l'araLlel:
l',,",
=
rna
=
0
=
l'
-
rngsin 0
l
-
tttgsin
t)
2. Srrl)stitute the tlefinition ol stltic lric-
tion into thr: parallel equation.'l'herr
sribstitute the expression for norinal
[orce and solve:
p,N
=
ing sin 0
,, ,
rrgliyy
{
|,
,v
lrg sin 6
/' -
lrtgcos H
p.
=
tan 0: tan(35")
1L'=070
b. Kinet;cfriction: Friction fbrce (/i) ererted
rvhen a bodv slides across another sr.lr-
filce. li : lr^rv, lvhere rrr is tlle cocfficicnt ol
kirrctic Iriclion l)ctweelr tl)e two srrrlirce:r.
Icnsion: I Ire lrrrce tllJl r \lrir)t or rupl
exerts on an object.
Iixample: The Arwootl lvlachine. Trvo mass-
cs, rn,
-
I 0 kg anrl rn,
=
20 lg,11e srrspentit:rl
I rortr rr grrrllt,y itttrl rr:lr,;rsctl Irorrt rcst. Wlr;r{ is
tlrc rrct r.lcrirtiort ol tltt: systenr?
L Note that m, will accelerate downrvard, and
rn, rvill accelerate uprvard. Assumingthe rope
does not stretch, the acceleration of each
mass and the tension on each mass are the
sarne. Write Nert4on's 2^d larv lor each mass:
t't. F.,,,- rtt a
=
I- rtt$
tn.: F,,",
=
tn
,a =
ilt ,8
-
T
2. Solve each equation for T and set them
equal to each other:
'l'-
tn! I nltg
'['=
tt1,g- tn.g
tllS + ttltg: t11.9- ttl.(t
3. Solve for ri:
ttll+m,a=m,g-ttl,g
ulnr,.+ rn.J
=
g(r?.
-
/7?r)
A(rn-
rn,)
(l--
lntt+ tn )
^
(q.8 nr/srt(10 kg
-
l0 lg)
' mts+ lolg
a
=
3.3 nt/sr
6. Centripetal Force:'fhe fbrce that causes a
body to move in a circle. For a body of mass
/n traveling with linear speed u a distance r
from the atis of rotation:
-
ll
r
=
tn_f
.
Centripetal force is directed inward,
torvard the rris of rotation.
.
Centripetal force is an example of
I
-
rna,w|cre o equals
f.
This acceler-
ation is calletl centripetal acceleration,
and it is also directed torvard the axis of
rotatio n.
Example: A person srvings a 2-m rope with
a 0.25-kg ball attached to the end. The per-
son exerts a force of5 N on the rope as she
swings the ball in a circle. What is the speed
of the bail?
-.
'\ turs ol rotalion
i
l. \\'rite Newlon's 2"'i [-alv lor the ball:
,,]
l'=ttn=tt1+
2. Solve for r,:
F,.",- rni
-
,
-
::!ltJ
-.
!rZ*
.
\ ,t
\
.U.Z;
(gr
WORK AND ENERGY
l. \Vork done by a force: \Vhen a force moves
an object over some distance, ri, the force
does rvork on the object:
lV
=
lr . rl
-
l.r1 r:os 1l
kr.r
. lJr)lt5: loults tl,:
"
t''
N.,,,
S'
Example: A l0-N lorce is exerted on a box
;rl lr
(i0'lngle
rtlrovr: the lrorizontal. fhe box
slirit s a lrorizontal rlistance of5 ltt. Calcrrlirte
Ilrc rvork rlorrt, by tlrt, Iirrt'r,.
'1.
Conservative force: A force slrch \.
nork it does on r parlit lc ir irtii'':'':
..
the prth over rrhich tlre [orct, is
'
rrr'cr
Examples: graviw, springs, electriL: iorce
Work-Energv Tlreorem:
a.
'fhe
rvork done by the resrLltant !rxt!rrita\
force on a particle (or a svstern) is equal
to the chanBe in kinetic energv oi the
particle (system):
t1r
=
J,(
-
,L
nti --
),
,nt.,,,.
b. I he rvork done bv i) con\crtirlL. (
'i.r, '.'
on an oblect is equal anci opposile tr) llrrl
change in potcntial energ-y oi the obji:ct:
t!,=
-ay
L.tir)
- -J'
F. dx
.
Cravitational potential
energl:
I)"- 11ry7
Conservation of mechanica.l energv:
'f
irr'
total mechanical energy ola particle subjrct
to a conservative force is constant:
K,+ U,= Kr+ U,: Er,,,r
=
coltstant
Example: A box slides from rsst dolvn a
ramp I m long lvith a 45' angie. :\ssumir.ig
there is no friction betrveen llie box an,-i
ramp, holv last is the bor trzrvclinrl at the
bottom of the ramp?
Calculate the hcight ol rhe riinrp:
sin0=t
- t
h
=
{ sin B: (9 rn) sin(45")
fu=6.4m
lnitjallli the mass has onl.v gravitarional
potential energ,v. At the bottom ol the
ramp, it has onl-v kinetic encrfl,r .\p])lv
conservatio n of enert'"-:
E
-
F.
,t
tngn
=;
ttlt'-
-
'
.I,,,,
-
.:r!fr rn \
,i
I
,.
l'.=lltn/s
5. Non-conscrv:rtive forccs: \\'lrc;r
'iott-
conservirtive forces lsrrc:[r irs friction rrr lp-
plied forces) do rvork on an ob ject
lll'.,,.,.,r:
AI
=
Ll/
,,,",
A' + LI + I\/
=
K.= ll.
6. Power:'fhe rate ofchange oIenerg] o\:er'tinlr:
1. ,\verage porver:
o-At--\tll
'--\r--1,
2. Iil\tfl nlirrrt.()lrs po\r'('r:
pi1
-
dW_:
-r--(r)
.
L,(t)
{Lt
.
l]nits: \Vatts {\\'l: I i s
LINEAR MOMENTUM AND COLLISIONS
l. [,incar rrr()rnor)lunl of lr plrrticlr::
P -
ttlu
.
Newton's Second Larv cln l;e rct'l ilterr:
,lr t
It= ltt(t -
'.
rll
I )rrits: kg
.
rrr/s
2.
'liriirl
Iincirr rrtrlrrrclrlturr ol-ir rvslrrrr:
r/-t/'-Frrrl
(lorrscrv:rliolr
of nrorlt'rtttrrrr: Ii llt,r lrct tr
lenutl litrt:t'ott a svslctlt is 7{'t{), r1r{,tirnlltll
is Iottsr'rvrrl itt l)tr'';\'slIttt: ll I',. t), tlIrr
,1,
l ()l)slill)1.
(
lollisiorrs:
l'vl;tss ttt, tt;rvllinli ;11 1,,, r'ollitlcr n'illt ,;rr",
lri-. lLt!r'lttrg ir( l'-.,. ,\lt( l 1ltI r rrllt'tou, itt.
lrilv('ls ill l,rr,illrl tI.. ltirV|ls ;ll r',,. ll 1
,,
0.
Iint-'ar morricnttur is r'oltst:r,.,r'rl:
ilt.t
t ttl..l._ ttt,l.. t t,1 t ..
D.
E.
' a. I)rtrirlganelasticcollision,bothntomen_
lurn arld kinetic energy are conserve<i.
'fhis
generally occurs when bodies collide
anC horrnce
away in different directions.
b. I)uritrg ar inelastic collision, kinetic ener-
gv is not conserved. This generally occurs
rvhen bodies collide and stick rogerier
5. Irnpulse: The force applied to a bodv ovcr
rn interval of rime. \Vhen rhe force ii c,rrr-
stant: i=FAt=Ap
GHAVI'iATION
Universal Law of Gravitation: l\vo massit,e
bodies, li, and rrr-,, exert attractive gravita-
tional forces on one another. This attraction
is inverselv proportional to the square of the
distance r benveen thent.
r
=9!.1":
!
r!
.
G is called the gravitationel constant
and is equal to
ti.rj; x lo
r, N1L
lor14_l
Kg
I
\9.\
l
. 'l'lre
distance r is measured from thc
center of mass of each body.
Acceleration due to gravity (a/s o callerl,'graui-
t{ttionaIfiekl'1:
-fhe
acceleration that any bodv
,.xl)erienc(,s
drre to rhe grevitarional pull ,il
.rlrrtl)cr lro{y, 11, is givr,n hV:
,,
(;1\'I
r ltn
Pot('ntial energy: 1,/ .-"'+"',
I:scape velocity: The rninintum speed at rvhich
.r lro,it, llr, cirrr e.cape from liarths (rri.l gravita-
' ir rr131,,,,11 rrirhnLrt f;rlling blrck lorvarrj'rlie Fltrrlr
occurs rvhen its kinetic energy,(= U :
I
.
-
ctn
ttn,
!t';tt
,, - \ ]
'"- \- r
'
Keple/s laws:
1. All planets mor".e itr elliptical orbits rvith the
srin as one fbcus.
2. A Iine.joining any planet to the sun srveeps
nrrt r.qllal areac in erltral linrc::
/
planet
velociry r,,. il it r.orares lhrough an angle ,9, its
:rngultrr vclocitl' (:,,) is given by:
_,=^q=1
.\1
r
.
During uniform circular motion, Ihc
rnagnitude of the tangential velocirv is
consrant" Ilorrever, the direction ofihe
rrr)genlial velocin is consranrlv
charrs_
irrg, LJLre ro rhc centripetal lorce.
Instantaneous angulir velociry: ,stt) ..
d.0_
Pcriod: Tht.p(rio(! is tl)r, l::np i, ,rf ..
"
f rX'd, ,u
complete one revolLrtion. lr is the reciprocal
oi
frequ encl:
r_ I ?t 2irr
'-,
j=
D
It
.
LJnits: seconcls (s)
Average alrgutar acceleration:,,
=
*,
=
?
Instantaneous
angular acceleration:
cr(r)
=
d='-- 4x
dt dt-
Centripetal acceleration: ..=
+
(directed
to\vard the axis of rotation)
'
Ilotational motion rvitJr constatrt acceleradon:
rr=lro+Oa
ur=--ur+2(\'O- g,))
0:ou+a,1
+)rat,
o=0,,+L(ou+,",)r
'lirrtlue
causrs a body to rotate.
.
When an L,xtcrnal iorce, /:, is applied to a
bodv a disrance r from a pivoi point (or
rrris ofrotation), the rorque on ihe bodv
is rlellned lrs:
.
T: rx Frvith rnagnituder= r|sin0.
. 'lbrque
is the rotational analog to force,
atrrl it has an analog to Newtorx 2.d l.arv:
a
=ld
.
litrque alu'ays poinrs perpetrdicular
to
rllc plane in rr,[rich a bod1,is rotating.
.
Counter-clockrvise rotatiolt is usuallv
tlelirrcd ;rs
'1lo:itive
torque, and clock-
rvise rotation is usuall-v defined as
,,nega_
tive torque."
.
lJr.rits: N. rn
Ii-rample: A 5-N lorce is applied at a
_15.
angle to rhe eclge of a 0.25-m disc. \,Vhar is
lhe torque on tlle disc?
,l
-1*
ursof
\-]-'.olation
Moment of ir:ertia:
'l
lte rottrrionlrl irrriLiog ol'
I n ilss.
1=lntr!
Crlttrrnon ntomcnt of inertia (luir:rtiti(.\:
(,.lssrr//re
all ltodies lie ftnt in llie x-y
1t{tine
rtrt:L
ttttnte abo!tt tl t ..-rtrii. tr:tl.,s5 ,t11.,',,.,.;
,.
,,,....
Jied;
nt is rnass rtndR is radius)
A. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
\lrgular tlisplircemenl:
flte angle throuitlr
rrhich I hodl rorares is gj\.(n hv /t:.
s
.\!'erilge angular r.elocitl.: A botlv rotares a dis_
';ilr(
p r irom thr..L\iS ofrot:rljon n ith a trngentiJ
tr
=
rF sin d
=
(0.25
m) (5 N) (sin .15")
iTi
=0.9N.m
tJsing rhe right-hand nrle, we can see tllat
the to-r(lue vector points rrprvard along the
aris of ro t a tion.
,\ngtrlar rnomcntullr is analogous to linear
rnomentum. A
f)article rotating with linear mo_
rnentrrrn p a riistance r from the axis olrotation
Iras atrgular rnonlentLlm rlcfinetl br,:
.
I. . r
l)
l\(,(.tor f,rnrrl lrrrd nrugttifurlc
I.
-
nttr) si:.. 0.
.
I:or a rigid roraring bociy, 1_
=
/,r, rvherc I
rs tllc rnom{.nt of inerria olrhr body.
.
Ilela{ion benveen torque and anguiar
,rrrr,r,a,r,,,,r, ,
=
44
rlr
(.onsen,ation
of arrgular monrenturn: \!hen no
t,xternal torrlue is acting on a svstem, angrilar mo_
II)entunl is consened. Ilr,",
- 0, L is constant.
.
\,rte: \\herr rlre rorque rrcting on a s\ s_
tent is parallel to the vector, r, berlveen
rhe bodv and the axis of rotation, the ner
torque on tlre :r',tenr iq zero.
Rotational kinetic cnerlav:
r=Iflrrir,.l*,,=),r"
Work: I,li= r0
Power: P
=
zo'
Rotational and Translation:rl,\nalogs
i I:l ;1,', itl,'l id' I ri rirt
A. SPRING WITH A MASS
-
'l-ire
forc.: on a
mass in simple harmonic motion is alrvrrvs
riirectetl oppo<ire lo rhe Cirecri,,n in .vii:r I iir,.
mass is moving.
Forcc:f
- -Lr(k=\pringeolt\t:r:1.:. -,ti.,:r.,,.
trom equilibrium posirion r
Froquency: "lhe
nuntber of osr:iilat,orrs rlrc
spring complere. irr a period ,ri
r.r:,e:
r_l 1 . t
r r )* tr)l
.
Units: cvcles/s, or s-r. or herrz 11 lzl
Angul:rr frequency:'l'he
nrunber of t.ircl:rns tht,
spring oscillates throLrgh in a
lreriori 1f ri.rc:
,--a-a .
^ ) \nt
.
llnits: rad/s
l)eriod: fhe tinte it takes tbr ilttr sltriltg io corrr_
plete one oscillarion.
'l'-2ui!
-
.i.
ti
I'.r;rratiorr ofrrrolion: Ir rIc.1,-11,j11,.r
,r.
i r
cornpressecl a tlistance .l antl rrlt,ascrl l;orir
res.t, the srrbseqLrent nrotion i:; rlivtn lr1.
J//)
=rlcos/-rt,.lrtlhrs,Js,,..r i,..rltrr,.
..1 is r he a nr plirut
jc
o f ost.ili;rt iorr'"
Velocitv: r (1)
-
,{!
-'
-*?1
sin(^./
dt
rvhere t:,,,,.,
=
a.,,1
.\cccleratiorr:
. .t1'
,,t,
=,,,t,i-
_*-
.lcu\ ..,r :
*..r
,)
,
ivhere a,,.,,
-
,.;,-1
Potential energv, U
=
|
Lr,
'fotulr'ners1:O=r,
.]I.,,,,,
)u
,,
,,
'lhe
time it tal<es a planet to travel from
,/ to ,? is the same as the time it tales to
travel from t, to lJ.
3. hrv of periods: The squaie oithe period of
.r planers orbir around the sun {f is propor-
tional to the cube of its semi-major zr_xis (a):
-
4r:a'
(;
Lt
xF
Strlid clli:trler. sc,lid rlisc. rllin h/,, )l)
rotaling about the _r, ory,axis
'llirn
disc rotating abour,r 0r.y
I Iollolv sphere
I hin rod crf Iength f rotatjrlg
irDout Its cenrer
'ilrin
lod of length I ror.tring
abour one enri
Quantiry
displacer nent
acct l cration
Momentum
Iiansluiion;il
mg
\Vhen the nrass/spring svstent hangs at
rest, the forces acting on it are balancecl:
L-,t,.t= nta
=
0
=
rrig-.t"r
/7rg
=
f,T
Dl ,t
['lrrg in the expression for f,'l/n into the
e(luation frlr the freqr:enc.v ol oscilla-
tiort:
,-;-
t - i- \ti
,: _L_.l{ _
-t_.g.!f!l!:
' :it
i Y
l;i' \ 0.t nr
f-
r-tllz
B. PENDULUMS
-
'l'he
periocl of a sirnpie
penclulum \vith length 1 is given bv
t
I
-:;1i
A. ELECTRIC CHARGE
-
Electric cl.rarge is a
lundarnental properfl, of nature.'l'he charge on
.r
I,irr{icle
c:ln he positivc or negetive.
. 'fu'o
particles rvith like charges repel
r.ach other.
.
'l\vo
particles with unlike charges at-
tract each other.
tJnits: Coulomb
(C)
Coulomb's Law: Tlvo particles of charge
4,
irnd
r7-, a clistance r arvay from each other rvill exert a
lorce on each other:
,_ , 4,4.
r'=i-
r'
Ihr' fbrce that r/1 eKerts on r/. is eqLlal and op-
posite to the force tltat
4,
exerts on ql.
Note:-lb determine the direction of the electric
lorce, riecide rvhether the force is attractive or
rL'prrlsive, given the signs of the charges.
[)xarnple: r\ charge of I pC is placed 2 m to tile
right ol the origin. A charge of
-2
pC is placed
I rn to the lelt olthe origin.!\'hat is the force on
a charge o1 -- 1 rrC located at the origin?
v
(lalcrrlate
the lorce tltat cach charge ex-
orts on -q. fhe positive charge (+4) rvill
r'xerl ,il1 itttlaCtive lorce sirrce opposttcs
irttracr, so it r.r.ill be directed to the right.
I he negative ch arge (-2q)."vill exert a re
ptrlsive force because Iike chzrrges repel,
so it rvill be directed to rhe right also.
,. ,.
(q)\-tl)i
1.,-^__-
l;n!
l:
,
-
a
rlirecrcd ro rhe righr
,. ,
t-tLltl-q)l
,'/-lr
l'rt:
/'
,
-
,i
rlirr.cred lo rl)e righr
2. Add up rhe forces.
L
=F',t'
-tt -:s
.
kq kq, 3kq.
+BB
i- _
3tfl.99 r l0eN.m:'/cr)(1.0 x I0-"C):
i"""
=
=
ox ro, N.tir:I;d to rhe rishr
ELECTRIC FIELD
-
A1l electrically charged
particles create an electric field. This is defined
as rhc force a tcst clrarge q., rvorrld experience
if it rvere placed in I 1:a.ricirlar localion near
the clrarged parricle.
,-F
t=,L
GAUSS'S LAW
Electric FIux Tl.re amounr of rhe electric Reld
that passes perpendicularly tlrrough an area A.
,r
=
[r:. ae .J
Gauss's Law: The rotal electric flux thror-rgh a
closed surface equals tlte amount of cl.rarge
cnclosed in that surface divided by the permit-
tivity constant, eo.
,
()
le.,1rr=-:1lrl.
J :n
Comrnon electric field conligurations. In all
cases, 11, is a test charge in the field.
Clrarge configuration: Poirrt ch(trge, q.l
E-field: E
=
r-11
r'
.^-, r
-Qo
.-
-
Clrarge configurationi lnlinite line clnrge witlt
unifornt density, A
f -field: I: 2I'
rl.
A. MAGNETIC FIELDS
l. Bar magnets: The magnetic fieid lines of a
bar magnet exit the north pole and enter rhc
south pole. Like poles repel each ottrer, ilnd
unlike poles attract each other.
Magnetic field units: Tesla ('f
)
,.N\
L
.
rn/S A. III
2. Nlagnetic force on a moving charge: A
particle hrith charge
4
ntoving at veloctt!'
v through a magnetic field B rvill e:rperi-
ence a force: F
= {v
x B wirh nr:rgr.irurlc
p-
=
quB sin0.
.
To determine the clirection of the
forr:e
on the particle, use the right hancl nrlc:
The fingers point in the dircction ol v
and curl toward the clirection ol B. The
rhumb rvill point in the direction oi F.
Example: A magnetic {ield of strength i.5
x 10']'f points along the positive
1,
a-us. A
proton travels through the field at ir specd
l].0 x 1 06 m i s alon g the
irositiYe
-y- il\is. \\hai
is the force on the proton?
1
i
1. Calculate the magnitude ol the n)agn{'ti('
fbrce. Ihe charge on a proton is 1.00
y
l0
I'C.
llte rngle fl,,(\voen Il)e
'r;1,{nHric
field and the velocilv vector is Sll'.
F= i1.ti0 x l0-'nC),3.0 x l0n nt,'s
l
5
.
Irt -..:\--,1 si;rl:lr;.)
L
.
n-1, s.
3.
lr= 7.2 x 10'r'N
2. Determine the direction of the lr.rc: us-
ing the right-hand rr,rle. The finllers poin:
irlong the clirection of the particle's vcloc-
iry (,r-a-{is) ancl curl tor,r,ard the niagnetic
he)d (1,-2L111. TLe thumb points along the
positive z-atis. Thus, the magneiic f'l.ld
l)oints
in lhe positivr: direcriolr.
trlagnetic force on a currenl-crrn inq n i rc:
A wire of length and direction I anri i:urrcnt
/ traveling through a milgnetic fielci u.'ill cx-
perience a force F : 1t x B !\,irh nl.igltitude
l;: /lll sin 0.
Nlagnctic field arotrnd a current-(:arryi:tg
rvire: The strengith of the rnagntrtic lir'lrl u
distance r/ liom a long rv'irc'rvith currelrt 1i:;
n:
,;7
I{agtrctic ficld :rrorrnrl a solenoirl: i iri'
tllrtIl)(:li(' l]clti rtrottttrl lr sollrtoir
j
is crirrr'r.r:
lr;rllrl ;tltttosl lrr(irlly ;rlorrlg tr sl ltililrt iirrr. rrt
llll) (('nt('r ol tltc loolls. I llt sll('t)Htl! (il
1ir.
rtl;rgn(:lic lit:ltl /l lrrortnrl:r solt:rroirl u,illr l
5.
lortps atttl ('ulrrnt I is 1l .
1r,,rrl.
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
l. l\'[agnetic fltrx:'fhe antotrnt ol thc nurgtIliic
lir:lti tlrlrt tllvr'ls
l)('rl)('n(lit
rrl;ult, tlrrrrrriiir
an a rca -,i:
O =JB
.
rlA
2. l:araday's l-arv: ,\ r':rrt irrg Inarcnet;{t iitl(l
tilrough a coil oi wirr:
,"r,ill
iritlrrct u;r t'1,,:--
trnnrotive Ioral r--: in tlr,,ui.e:
.
',,1,1, :
- -rv
-
tlt
Example: A 5-kg object is attached to a verti-
cal spring iind stretches the spring 0.20 m.
\Vhat is the natural frequency of oscillation
0f tlrrs system?
--
U
-::
rsr,
!.:
>.:
\'a
:<->n
.o+)O-(-0
spnns ar
'i ;(:
eodrrrbrium I
(
E-----]-\ -c.2om
I
l"l
I
c.
D.
('-\t:t,)
i
Clrarge configuration: Rirrg tt,ith clnrge
Q
anrj
radius R.
Il-field:E=['O=-:!:
-
!(rr + I?rll
Charge configurationi ltiitlite clnrged plane
ruitlt clmrge density o
Il-ficld: [
=
,
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
-
'l'he
electric po-
ten(ial, also know.n as voltage, is defined as the
electric potential enerp, per rrnit charge. TIie
Ix)lential
dilicrence [)etrveen trvo points, A anrl B,
irr rur tLrtric licLl is r[,lirrrrl irs tlrc lvork rlrrrrc lly
inl ('xl(.rnitl Iirrt r. lo rnovr.l llsl cltirrl;r.. ry,,, l.rrrtp
I)oint,,\
to poirrl lt rlivirlL.tl lrv llrt,test clrirrge:
Iy
fl' lr, I,
,/,"'
.
\Vlrclr rvork is rlorrt: lry thc elcctric ficld
in lnor,,ing r7,, lrorn poirlt A lo point B, the
lrott,nlilrl
rlilli,rt'trcc is
Hivcrr
ltv
I v.u
_
"
- -
_d
Note: Elecrric
fotentiai
energy is analogous
to gravitational potentiirl energ)'.
n"ote: Electric field lines point from high to
lorv potential. A positive charge placed in an
tlectric lleld rvill accelerate from high to low
potential, while a negative charge in an elec-
tric field rvill accelerate from low potential to
high potential.
Potential difference in a uniform electric field:
I v"
=
l,;
-
l',
=
Ed (rvhere ri is the distance be-
l\\'r,r.n
Pr)ints.\;rnti
Br
trt
I:lectric Potential ola point etrarge: f .-
'f
Electric Potential of a continuous charge dis-
.. r do
tnhutlon:i
-(J
-r
B,
lsBN- 1 3: 978-0-7386-C714-3
rseNJ.ro:o-i:Bs-o7ar-a
U.S.SJ.95
lll lllllll ilillii lll llllll
lll,rli;i',il
i;[i
9
il790738"607443fi
LO 2010 Fesearch & Educaiion Assoc Jt or. Inc
REA" and Ouick Access'are reg s1e.ed lrademarks .ii
Research & Educalon Assoclaiion lnc P4nted n lre USA

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