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3. How would you correct the following problems with the oil-immersion lens?
b. Insufficient light while viewing the specimen
Make sure that the iris diaphragm is opened completely and that the condenser is close to the
stage.
c. Artifacts in the microscopic field
emo!e the slide" and clean all lens systems with the appropriate lens tissue or #ylol if the oil-
immersion lens is gummy or tacky.
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%rganelles of locomotion& 'one
(lass& (yanophyceae
)enus& 'ostoc
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2. +dentify and gi!e the function of the following&
f. Oral groove:
,ood intake and con-ugation
3. People with .+/0 are !ulnerable to pneumonia caused by the proto1oan Pneumocystis
carinii. 2his organism is known to be a member of the normal flora in most humans. 3hy then
are these indi!iduals to susceptible to this generally rare form of pneumonia?
People with impaired immune systems are e#tremely susceptible to pneumonia. +t is a common
problem in people with H+4 and .+/0. +mpaired immunity lea!es patients !ulnerable to serious"
life-threatening pneumonias known as opportunistic pneumonias. 2hey are caused by organisms
that are harmless to people with healthy immune systems. Pneumocystis carinii is an atypical
organism and generally harmless in people with healthy immune systems but it is the most
common cause of pneumonia in .+/0 patients.
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6b. How are they similar?
7oth can be heterotrophic" can ha!e a filamentous or unicellular habit" and can ha!e ase#ual"
haploid dominant" of alternation of generations life histories.
1. %utbreaks of cyanobacterial into#ication associated with lakes and ponds are reported
annually. 3hat would cause an increased number of cases in summer months? 3hy
aren8t cyanobacterial into#ications associated with swimming pools?
2he heat causes an increased number of cases in the summer months due to the water
becoming warm and stagnant which gi!es a great breeding ground for bacteria.
(yanobacterial into#ications are not associated with swimming pools because chlorine works
as a killing agent.
2. (yanobacteria were once called 9blue-green algae": 3hat characteristics would lead to
the name 9blue-green algae:? 3hat caused biologists to reclassify them as
cyanobacteria?
(yanobacteria is gi!en its name due to the blue-green ;cyan< pigmentation it has. 7iologists
had to rename it after e#tensi!e research because it was distinguished that these organisms
were a type of bacteria" and since algae and bacteria are different groups of organisms" these
newly classified organisms could not be algae and bacteria. 2hey resemble algae" but ha!e
the characteristics of bacteria.
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6. . woman with type . blood can ha!e a healthy baby with type 7 blood. 3hy doesn8t the baby
de!elop hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn de!elops when the mother is h- and the fetus is h=.
2he mother becomes sensiti1ed to this and de!elops h= antibodies which pass through
the placenta and destroy the infant>s 7(>s if she becomes pregnant with another h=
child. +n this case" no reaction is obser!ed because the mother>s and baby>s h factors are
compatible. 2here is not any .7% incompatibility and h factors are the same.