III Part

An Experimental Study On The Properties Of Concrete By Partially Replacing Sand Using Ceramic Fines
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Y.C.E.T, Kollam 2014 1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Concrete, as a constructive material, has been used in construction industry for about
two centuries. Approximately, the whole bulk of the concrete is used in one year is
more than one ton apiece. Therefore, doing research about using modern technologies
in production of concrete is of great importance. Furthermore, one of the most critical
problems of the world has been related to remove the wastage and reusing of it. In all
countries, large amount of wastage is produced annually most of these wastage are not
reusable or if they are, their recycling leads to wasting energy and pollution which in
turn increase the risk of these materials for the environment. Moreover, a good
strategy to achieve the two purposes of removing the wastage material and also
obtaining the positive qualities of concrete tile and constructive ceramics are among
the most commonly used materials in structures.The ceramic waste from ceramic and
construction industries is a major contribute to construction and demolition waste,
representing a serious environmental, technical and economical problem of society
nowadays. It has been estimated that about 30% of the daily production in the ceramic
industry goes to waste. This waste is not recycled in any form at present. However, the
ceramic waste is durable, hard and highly resistant to biological, chemical and physical
degradation forces. As the ceramic waste is piling up every day, there is pressure on
the ceramic industries to find a solution for its disposal.
The global production of ceramic tiles in the world is about 8500 million square
meters. This huge amount of productions has caused them to be among the most
commonly consumed materials in the world. Usually, The wastage related to tile,
ceramic and sanitary ware are created in different forms some of which are produced
in companies during and after production process due to errors in either construction,
human activities, and also inappropriate raw materials. Some others are produced in
transportation and distribution procedures and finally, the most bulk of them are
created as a result of destroying constructions. It is predicted that almost 3 to 7 percent
of daily production of ceramic in Europe change into wastage and this amount reaches
to millions ton per year. The properties of these materials are in a way that they are


unusable in other cycles of production. Therefore, they are useless in practiced and
cause damages to environment.
Indian ceramic production is 100 Million tons per year. In ceramic industry, about
15% to 30% waste material generated from the total production. This waste is not
recycled in any form at present. However, the ceramic waste is durable, hard and
highly resistant to biological, chemical, and physical degradation forces. The Ceramic
industries are dumping the waste in any nearby pit or vacant spaces, near their unit
although notified areas have been marked for dumping. This leads to serious
environmental and dust pollution and occupation of a vast area of land, especially after
the powder dries up so it is necessary to dispose the Ceramic waste quickly and use in
the construction industry. As the ceramic waste is piling up every day, there is a
pressure on ceramic industries to find a solution for its disposal
Some of previously studies have investigated the use of ceramic wastage in concrete as
sand or coarse aggregate. Lopez et al. observed that this substitution process would
increase slightly the compressive strength. Besides, Torgall and Jalali also concluded
that using ceramic wastage as sand and coarse aggregate can slightly enhance
compressive strength and also durability of concrete. Furthermore, the use of these
materials in non- structural concretes was performed in a study in which the only
problem reported was the high water absorption of the materials. Some researchers
were also done in which the use of the materials in concrete as a substitute or cement
were investigated. However, no comprehensive study has yet done in which the use of
the materials as sand and coarse aggregate in wide ranges and then determining the
ideal percent of substation have not been achieved either.Therefore, in this
experimental study, first the grinded waste ceramic tile and then its grading were done
in a way that the tile grading curve of the natural aggregates used in control concrete
was completely in compatible with the ceramic aggregates. After that, various
experiments were done on ceramic aggregates. Having been ready, in the first stage of
the study, the ceramic tiles with percents of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 were substituted
for sand. After that, a comparison was made between the compressive strength, spilt
tensile strength, flexure strength, modulus of elasticity, slump and also the unit weight
of new concrete and the control sample



CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW
Bahoria B.V., Parbat D.K. and Naganaik P.B (2013) had done study named The
replacement of natural sand in concrete by waste products. This study deals with the
current and future trends of research on the use of Manufactured Fine Aggregate
(MFA) in Portlandcement concrete. With natural sand deposits the world over drying
up, there is an acute need for a product that matches the properties of natural sand in
concrete. In the last 15 years, it has become clear that the availability of good quality
natural sand is decreasing. With a few local exceptions, it seems to be a global trend.
Existing natural sand deposits are being emptied at the same rate as urbanization and
new deposits are located either underground, too close to already built-up areas or too
far away from the areas where it is needed, that is the towns and cities where the
manufacturers of concrete are located. Environmental concerns are also being raised
against uncontrolled extraction of natural sand. The arguments are mostly in regards to
protecting river beds against erosion and the importance of having natural sand as a
filter for ground water. The above concerns, combined with issues of preserving areas
of beauty, recreational value and biodiversity are an integral part of the process of
most local government agencies granting permission to aggregate producers across the
world. This is the situation for the construction industry today and most will agree that
it will not change dramatically in the foreseeable future. Crushed aggregate, bottom
ash, foundry sand and various by-products are replacing natural sand and gravel in
most countries. This paper emphasizes on the use of material to be replaced by natural
sand which will give new dimension in concrete mix design and if applied on large
scale would revolutionize the construction industry by economizing the construction
cost and enable us to conserve natural resources.
AmitKumar D. Raval, Indrajit N. Patel, JayeshKumarPitroda (2013) done
research named The use of ceramic powder as a partial replacement of cement. In
this research study the (OPC) cement has been replaced by ceramic waste powder
accordingly in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 40%, & 50% by weight for M-25
grade concrete. The wastes employed came from ceramic industry which had been


deemed unfit for sale due to a variety of reasons, including dimensional or mechanical
defects, or defects in the firing process. The results demonstrate that the use ceramic
masonry rubble as active addition endows cement with positive characteristics as
major mechanical strength and the economic advantages. Reuse of this kind of waste
has advantages economic and environmental, reduction in the number of natural
spaces employed as refuse dumps. Indirectly, all the above contributes to a better
quality of life for citizens and to introduce the concept of sustainability in the
construction sector.
AmitKumar D. Raval, Dr. Indrajit N. Patel and Prof. JayeshKumarPitroda
(2013) had done experiment named The effective replacement of cement for
establishing sustainable concrete. Ceramic waste powder is settled by sedimentation
and then dumped away which results in environmental pollution, in addition to
forming dust in summer and threatening both agriculture and public health. Therefore,
utilization of the ceramic waste powder in various industrial sectors especially the
construction, agriculture, glass and paper industries would help to protect the
environment. It is most essential to develop eco-friendly concrete from ceramic waste.
In this research study the (OPC) cement has been replaced by ceramic waste powder
accordingly in the range of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 40%, & 50% by weight ofM-20 grade
concrete. Concrete mixtures were produced, tested and compared in terms of
compressive strength to the conventional concrete. These tests were carried out to
evaluate the mechanical properties for 7, 14 and 28 days. As a result, the compressive
strength achieved up to 30% replacing cement with ceramic waste. This research work
is concerned with the experimental investigation on strength of concrete and optimum
percentage of the partial replacement by replacing cement via 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% and 50% of ceramic waste. Keeping all this view, the aim of the investigation is
to study the behavior of concrete while replacing the ceramic waste with different
proportions in concrete.
Siddesha H (2012) had done experimental studies named The effect of ceramic fine
aggregate on the strength properties of concrete. In this study an attempt has been
made to find the suitability of ceramic fine aggregate as a possible substitute for
conventional fine aggregate in concrete. Experiments were carried out to determine the
compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of ceramic fine aggregate and


comparison is made with conventional concrete. Test results indicate that, the
properties of ceramic fine aggregate are well within the range of values of concrete
making aggregates.
D. Tavakolia, A. Heidari, and M. Karimian(2012) in the experiment named The
properties of concretes produced with waste ceramic tile aggregate studied that a
large bulk of ceramic tiles change into wastage, these waste materials are not reusable
and recyclable due to their physical and chemical structure. Given the high amount of
concrete production and the possibility of wastage materials in them, using ceramic
wastage could be an effective measure in maintaining the environment and improving
the properties of concrete. The characteristics of ceramic aggregate are measured and
then being grind they are used in concrete as the substitute for coarse aggregates with
0 to 40 percent of substitution and also for sand with 0 to 100 percent of substitution.
Besides, all other parameters are constant. Finally the slump value, compressive
strength, water absorption, and the unit weight of concrete for the samples were
calculated. The findings revealed that generally using waste ceramic tile lead to
enhancing the properties of concrete.
Eva Vejmelkov ,TerezaKulovan , Martin Keppert , PetrKonvalinka , Michal
Ondrek, Martin Sedlmajer and Robert ern (2012) In the study named The
application of waste ceramic as active pozzolana in concrete production investigated
the application of waste ceramics as active pozzolana in concrete production. Clay
minerals become highly reactive when they are incinerated at temperatures between
600- 900C and then ground to cement fineness. They are mainly formed by siliceous
and aluminous compounds. The loss of water due to thermal treatments causes
destruction of their crystalline structure, and they are converted into unstable
amorphous state. If they are then mixed with calcium hydroxide and water, they
undergo pozzolanic reaction and form compounds with enhanced strength and
durability. Therefore, they have a potential to be used in mortar and concrete. In this
paper, a wide range of parameters of concrete containing waste ceramics as partial
replacement of Portland cement is presented, including a comparison with reference
concrete without any pozzolana additions.
VeeraReddy.M (2011) did Investigations named Stone dust and ceramic scrap as
aggregate replacement in concrete. In this study, an attempt has been made to assess


the suitability of stone dust and ceramic scrap in concrete making. In the laboratory
stone dust has been tried as fine aggregate in place of sand and ceramic scrap has been
used as partial or full substitute to conventional coarse aggregate in concrete making.
Cubes, cylinders and prisms were cast and tested for compressive strength, split tensile
strength and modulus of rupture after a curing period of 28 days. The results indicated
effectiveness of stone dust as fine aggregate and partial replacement of conventional
coarse aggregate by ceramic scrap upto 20 percent, without affecting the design
strength.
Fernando Pacheco-Torgal and Said Jalali (2010) done experiment named The
compressive strength and durability properties of ceramic wastes based concrete. This
paper presents an experimental study on the properties and on the durability of
concrete containing ceramic wastes. Several concrete mixes possessing a target mean
compressive strength of 30 MPa were prepared with 20% cement replacement by
ceramic powder (W/B = 0.6). A concrete mixwith ceramic sand and granite aggregates
were also prepared as well as a concrete mix with natural sandand coarse ceramic
aggregates (W/B = 0.5). The mechanical and durability performance of ceramicwaste
based concrete are assessed by means of mechanical tests, water performance,
permeability, chloride diffusion and also accelerated aging tests. Results show that
concrete with partial cement replacement by ceramic powder although it has minor
strength loss possess increase durability performance. Results also shows that concrete
mixtures with ceramic aggregates perform better than the control concrete mixtures
concerning compressive strength, capillarity water absorption, oxygen permeability
and chloride diffusion. The replacement of cement and aggregates in concrete by
ceramic wastes will have major environmental benefits.
V. Lo pez, B. Llamas, A. Juan, J.M. Moran and I. Guerra (2007) in the study
named The impact of the reuse of white ceramic powder on the mechanical properties
of concrete found the reuse of waste from construction and demolition is one of the
most important purposes in the European Union (EU) and also in Spain. One of the
most important wastes, due to its wide range of reuse possibilities is ceramic waste
from the construction and ceramic industry. The aim of this research was to investigate
some ofthe physical and mechanical properties of a laboratory-produced concrete to
which had been added varying proportions of white ceramic powder as fine aggregate,


obtained from the demolition site rubble and from the waste of ceramic industries.
Initial experiments were carried out to characterise the ceramic powder and its
suitability as fine aggregate. Thereafter, the results of the concrete trials (compression,
flexi-traction and Brazilian test) show that the concrete thus obtained has the same
mechanical characteristics as that made with conventional sand.
Mohammed Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Kamarudin Hussin, Che Mohammed
Ruzaidi, Shamsul Baharin Rozaimah Ramly and Nur Khairiatun Nisa (2006)
done research named Concrete with ceramic waste and quarry dust aggregates.This
research focuses on a study of the strength of concrete with ceramic waste as coarse
aggregate and quarry dust as fine aggregate. The sources of ceramic waste and quarry
dust are obtained from the industries in Malaysia. Presently, in ceramics industries the
production goes as waste, which is not undergoing the recycle process yet. In this
study an attempt has been made to find the suitability of the ceramic industrial wastes
and quarry dust as a possible replacement for conventional crushed stone coarse and
fine aggregate. Experiment were carried out to determine the strength of concrete with
ceramic waste coarse aggregate and quarry dust fine aggregate to compare them with
the conventional concrete made (with crushed stone coarse aggregate). The properties
of the aggregate were also compared.From the test result and discussion, the following
conclusions are drawn from the study on ceramics waste coarse aggregate and quarry
dust aggregate, they are applicable for the range of parameters and materials in this
study. Ceramic wastes can be transformed into useful coarse aggregate and quarry dust
as fine aggregate. The properties of ceramics waste coarse aggregate are within the
range of the values of concrete-making aggregate and they are not significantly
different from those of conventional concrete. This research work is the basic for
further experiment on normal concrete with the use of ceramics waste.
Divakar. Y, Manjunath. S and Dr. M.U. Aswath (2012) had done an experimental
investigation named Behavior of concrete with the use of granite fines. Granite fines
which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks
to the desired shapes. While cutting the granite rocks, the powder produced is carried
by the water and this water is stored in tanks. After evaporation of water the granite
dust remained is transported and disposed on the lands. Disposing this granite fines is
a major problem in an Urban set up. Factories are situated close to the residential areas


that in case random disposal of the granite fines would lead to health hazards of the
people dwelling in the areas in particular and also would prove to be an environmental
hazard in general. With the properties of the granite fines, i.e., its size and fineness, it
can be very effectively used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine
aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete which is otherwise
porous. Filling up of the pores by the granite fines increase the strength of the concrete
and also a material which is abundantly available and which has a disposal problem
can be made use effectively. In this paper an attempt is made experimentally to
investigate the Strength Behavior of Concrete with the use of Granite Fines as an
additive.Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine aggregate in 5
different proportions namely 5%, 15%, 25%,35% and 50% and various tests such as
compressive strength, Split tensile strength and Flexural strength are investigated and
these values are compared with the conventional concrete without granite fines.



CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
3.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORK
To develop a suitable mix design using ceramic sand as a replacement for
fine aggregate.
To prepare concrete mixes using varying contents of ceramic sand.
To study the fresh and hardened properties of concrete prepared using
varying amount of ceramic sand.
3.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK
Using ceramic wastage in concrete production causes no remarkable negative effect in
the properties of concrete. In this experimental study, first the grinded waste ceramic
tile and then its grading were done in a way that the tile grading curve of the natural
aggregates used in control concrete was completely in compatible with the ceramic
aggregates. After that, arrange of experiments were done. Having been ready, in the
first stage of thestudy, the ceramic tiles with percents of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 were
substituted for sand.
Using tile, wastage in concrete leads to removal of those materials from environment.
Besides, decreasing the use of raw materials, using the wastage is considered positive
economically. Using tile wastage in concrete, with regard to reducing the costs and
keeping the environment clean along with wastage management, and ameliorating the
strength of structures, is an effective measure in sustainable development.



CHAPTER 4
CONSTITUENT MATERIALS

4.1 MATERIALS USED
The ingredients used in this work are same as those used in conventional concrete. But
here we introduce ceramic waste as a partial replacement for fine aggregate. The
materials used are cement, sand, ceramic waste, coarse aggregate and water.
4.2 CEMENT
In the present work, Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade conforming to IS: 12269-
1987 has been used. The physical properties of the cement obtained on conducting
appropriate tests as per IS:269/4831.

Fig 4.1 Cement



4.3 FINE AGGREGATE
Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 microns are termed as fine aggregate. The river
sand is used in combination as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS:
383. The river sand is washed and screens, to eliminate deleterious materials and
oversize particles.

Fig 4.2 Sand
4.4 CERAMIC WASTE
The principle waste coming into the ceramic industry is the ceramic powder,
specifically in the powder forms. Ceramic wastes are generated as a waste during the
process of dressing and polishing. It is estimated that 15 to 30% waste are produced of
total raw material used, and although a portion of this waste may be utilized on-site,
such as for excavation pit refill, The disposals of these waste materials acquire large
land areas and remain scattered all around, spoiling the aesthetic of the entire region. It
is very difficult to find a use of ceramic waste produced. Ceramic waste can be used in
concrete to improve its strength and other durability factors. Ceramic waste can be
used as a partial replacement of cement or as a partial replacement of fine aggregate
sand as a supplementary addition to achieve different properties of concrete.



Table1 Chemical Properties of Ceramic Waste
MATERIALS CERAMIC POWDER (%)
SiO
2
63.29
Al
2
O
3
18.29
Fe
2
O
3
4.32
CaO 4.46
MgO 0.72
P
2
O
5
0.16
K
2
O 2.18
Na
2
O 0.75
SO
3
0.10
CL
-
0.005
TiO
2
0.61
SrO
2
0.02
Mn
2
O
3
0.05
L.O.I 1.61



Fig 4.3 Powdered ceramic waste
4.5 COARSE AGGREGATE
The fractions from 20 mm to 4.75 mm are used as coarse aggregate. The Coarse
Aggregates from crushed Basalt rock, conforming to IS: 383 is being use. The
Flakiness and Elongation Index were maintained well below 15%.

Fig 4.4 Coarse aggregate


4.6 WATER
Water is an important ingredient ofconcrete as it actually participates in the chemical
reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the
quantity and quality of water are required to be looked into very carefully.



CHAPTER 5
MATERIAL TESTING
5.1 CEMENT
Laboratory tests were conducted to determine fineness, standard consistency, Initial
and final setting time and compressive strength as per IS 269-1976 & IS 4031.
5.1.1 Standard consistency of cement
Standard consistency of cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit
the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat
mould, when tested as detailed below
For testing consistency of cement take 300gm of cement in a pan and a known
quantity (about 30% of weight of cement) of water in the measuring jar. Water was
added to cement to prepare a paste and stopwatch was started simultaneously. The
gauging time shall be counted from the time of adding water to dry cement until
commencing to fill the mould. The gauging time shall not be less than 3 minutes and
not more than 5 minutes. A plunger of 10 mm diameter was attached to the moving
rod of Vicat apparatus. Cement paste was filled in the Vicat mould, which is resting on
a non porous plate within the gauging time.After completely filling the mould, surface
of the paste was smoothed off and making it level with the top of the mould. Slightly
shake the mould to expel the air. Place the mould under the Vicat plunger and lower
the plunger gently to touch the surface of the paste. Then quickly release it, allowing it
to penetrate into the paste under its own weight.Note the penetration of plunger on the
scale provided in the Vicat apparatus. If the penetration is between 5 to 7 mm from the
bottom of mould, the water added was correct.

5.1.2. Setting time of cement

This test is used for detecting the deterioration of cement due to storage. This test is
carried out to find out initial and final setting time of cement.



a) Initial setting time
For checking initial setting time take 300g of cement in a pan and take 0.85 times the
water required to produce a cement paste of standard consistency. Stopwatch was
started at the instant when water is added to cement and a cement paste was prepared
within the gauging time. The cement paste was filled in the Vicat mould, which is
resting on a non porous plate. After completely filling the mould the surface of the
paste was smoothed off, making it level with the top of the mould. The mould should
be slightly shaken to expel entrapped air. Square needle of cross-section 1mm x 1mm
was attached to the moving rod of Vicat apparatus. Place the test block under the rod
bearing the needle. The needle was gently lowered to touch the surface of the paste
and quickly release it, allowing the needle to penetrate into the paste and note the
penetration.In the beginning, the needle completely pierces the test block. Repeat the
procedure at regular interval until the needle fails to pierce the block beyond 5 0.5
mm measured from the bottom of the mould. The interval between the time when
water is added to cement and the time at which the needle fails to pierce the block
beyond 5 0.5 mm measured from the bottom of the mould is the initial setting time.
b) Final setting time
For checking final setting time a cement paste was prepared and it was filled in the
Vicat mould replace the needle with the needle having annular attachment.Cement is
considered as finally set when upon applying the needle gently to the surface of the
test block, the needle makes an impression there on, while the annular attachment fails
to do so. The period elapsing between the times, when water is added to the cement
and the time at which the needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block
while the attachment fails to do so shall be the final setting time.

5.1.3 Compressive strength test
For checking the compressive strength of cement prepare a mortar of cement and sand
in proportion 1:3 with water cement ratio 0.4. Prepare cubes of side 76 mm. After
placing mortar in mould compact it with vibrator for 2 minutes. After 24 hours remove
the specimen from moulds and they are submerged in clean water for curing. The


cubes are then tested in compression testing machine at the end of 3
rd
, 7
th
, 14
th
and 28
th

day. During the test the load is to be applied uniformly at the rate of 35N/mm
2
.

Fig 5.1 Compression testing machine
5.1.4 Fineness test
This test is used for checking the proper grading of cement. For testing fineness of
cement take 100g of cement and this continuously passed through standard sieve No. 9
for 15 minutes. According to IS: 269-1976 this weight should not be more than 10% of
its original weight.



Table 2 Fineness Test of Cement
Sl.no.
Weight of
cement (g)
Weight retained
on sieve (g)
% weight of residue
(W
2
/W
1
) 100
1 100 5.1 5.1
2 100 4.8 4.8

Percentage weight of residue = (5.1+ 4.8) 100
= 4.95
This result satisfies the IS specification.

5.1.5 Specific gravity
Dried the Le-Chatlier flask and filled with kerosene oil to a point on the stem between
zero and 1ml. Recorded the level of kerosene oil in the flask as initial reading. About
64g of cement was introduced into the flask so that the level of kerosene rose above
the bulb portion. Cement should not be allowed to adhere to the sides of the flask
above the liquid. Inserted the stopper in to the flask and roll it gently in an inclined
position. The air expelled from cement until no further air bubbles raised to the surface
of liquid. The level of kerosene in the flask was noted.


Fig 5.2 Le-Chatlier flask

Weight of cement = 64g
Initial reading = 0.6ml
Final reading = 21.2ml
Volume of cement = final reading initial reading
= 21.2 0.6
= 20.6ml
Specific gravity = weight of cement / volume of cement
=
64
20.6

= 3.1


Table 3 Properties of Cement
Grade OPC 53
Specific Gravity 3.1
Initial Setting Time 120 min
Final Setting Time 400 min
Standard Consistency 33%
Fineness 4.95

5.2 SAND
5.2.1 Sieve analysis
1 kg of fine aggregate was taken. The sieves were arranged in the order of 4.75mm,
2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600, 300, and 150 with 4.75mm sieve on the top. Sieving was
carried out for at least 15 minutes and the weight of aggregate retained on each sieves
were obtained. The value obtained was compared with grading limit chart of fine
aggregate given below and the actual zone and the actual zone, and to which particular
sand comes under was determined.


Fig 5.3 IS Sieves
Table 4 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate
Sieve size
(mm)
Weight
retained on
each sieve (g)
%weight
retained
Cumulative %
Weight retained
%weight
Passing
IS Range
for zone II
4.75 0 0 0 100 90-100
2.36 16 1.6 1.6 98.4 75-100
1.18 155 15.5 17.1 82.9 55-90
0.6 294 29.4 46.5 53.5 35-59
0.3 302 30.2 76.7 23.3 8-30
0.15 187 18.7 95.4 4.6 0-10
pan 46 4.6 100 0 -

Fineness modulus = sum of cumulative percentage weight retained / 100
= (1.6+17.1+46.5+76.7+95.4) / 100
= 2.37


Fig 5.4 Grading cure of fine aggregate


Pycnometer was used for determining specific gravity. Take mass of empty
Pycnometer (W
1
). Then put 200 to 400 g of oven dried sample in the Pycnometer and
take the mass (W
2
). Pycnometer was then filled with water to the top and shaken well
to remove entrapped air. Take its mass (W
3
). Then empty the Pycnometer and fill with
distilled water alone and take mass (W
4
).

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.1 1 10
%
w
t

p
a
s
s
i
n
g
sieve size
Sieve Analysis
% passing obtained
value
% passing limiting
value of zone II
% passing limiting
value of zone II 2


Fig 5.5 Pycnometer

Weight of Pycnometer (W
1
) = 400g
Weight of Pycnometer + sample (W
2
) = 650g
Weight of Pycnometer + sample + water (W
3
) = 1273.4g
Weight of Pycnometer + water (W
4
) = 1115.8g

Specific gravity = (W
2
-W
1
) / ((W
2
-W
1
) (W
3
-W
4
))
=
(650400)
(650400)(1273.41115.8)

= 2.7

Table 5 Properties of Fine Aggregates
SI No Particulars Values
1 Specific Gravity 2.7
2 Fineness Modulus 2.2



5.3 COARSE AGGREGATE

2 kg of coarse aggregate was taken. The sieves were in the order of 80 mm, 40
mm, 20 mm, 10 mm and 4.75 mm with 80 mm size at the top. Carry out sieving for 15
minutes and the weight of aggregate retained on each sieve was obtained.

Fig 5.6 IS sieves

Table 6 Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate
Sieve
size
( mm)
Weight
retained on
each sieve (g)
%
weight
Retained
Cumulative %
of
Weight
retained
% weight
Passing
IS Range
80 0 0 0 100 -
40 0 0 0 100 100
20 50 2.50 2.50 97.5 95-100
10 1350 67.50 70 30 25-55
4.75 500 25 95 5 0-10
Pan 100 5 100 0 -



= (43.5+84.6+99.6+100+100+100+100+100+100) / 100
= 8.27

Fig 5.7 Grading curve of coarse aggregate


The container was filled with the given aggregate in three layers and then overfills
with water. The weight of container with aggregate and water was noted. Empty the
container and allow the aggregate to drain. Refill the container with water and take its
weight. Place the aggregate on a dry cloth and gently surface dry with the cloth
keeping it away from sun light.
Take the weight of the surface dried aggregate.Place the aggregate in the oven in a
shallow tray at a temperature of 100 to 110 C for 24 hours. Cool the aggregates
and note down the weight of oven dried aggregate

-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 10 100
%

w
t

p
a
s
s
i
n
g
Sieve size
Sieve analysis
% passing
obtained
value
% passing
limiting
value
% passing
limiting
value 2


Fig 5.8 Cylindrical Container

Weight of container + aggregate + water = W
1
= 7139 g
Weight of container + water = W
2
= 5643 g
Weight of surface dried aggregate = W
3
= 2329 g
Weight of oven dried aggregate = W
4
= 2317 g
Specific gravity = W
4
/ (W
3
-(W
1
-W
2
))
=
2317
(2329(71395643)

= 2.78

Table 7 Properties of Coarse Aggregates
SI No Particulars Values



5.4 CERAMIC FINE AGGREGATE

1 kg of fine aggregate was taken. The sieves were arranged in the order of 4.75
mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18mm, 600, 300, and 150 with 4.75 mm sieve on the top.
Sieving was carried out for at least 15 minutes and the weight of aggregate retained on
each sieves were obtained. The value obtained was compared with grading, limit chart
of fine aggregate given below and the actual zone, and the actual zone, and to which
particular sand comes under was determined.

Fig 5.9 IS sieves with ceramic aggregate



Table 8 Sieve Analysis of Ceramic Fines
Sieve size
(mm)
Weight
retained on
each sieve (g)
%weight
retained
Cumulative %
Weight
retained
%weight
Passing
IS Range
for zone
II
4.75 0 0 0 100 90-100
2.36 195 19.50 19.5 80.5 75-100
1.18 138 13.80 33.30 66.70 55-90
0.6 100 10.00 43.30 56.70 35-59
0.3 280 28.00 71.3 28.7 8-30
0.15 221.9 22.19 93.49 6.51 0-10
pan 65.1 6.51 100 0 -

= (24.15+37.95+43.77+55.39+93.49) / 100
= 2.54

Fig 5.10 Grading curve of ceramic fine aggregate
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.1 1 10
%

w
t

p
a
s
s
i
n
g
Sieve size
Sieve analysis
%
passing
obtained
value
%
passing
limiting
value of
zone II
%
passing
limiting
value of
zone II 2



Pycnometer was used for determining specific gravity. Take mass of empty
Pycnometer (M
1
). Then put 200 to 400g of oven dried sample in the Pycnometer and
take the mass (M
2
). Pycnometer was then filled with water to the top and shaken well
to remove entrapped air. Take its mass (M
3
). Then empty the Pycnometer and fill with
distilled water alone and take mass (M
4
).

Fig 5.11Pycnometer with ceramic aggregate

Weight of Pycnometer (W
1
) = 459.4g
Weight of Pycnometer + ceramic sand (W
2
) = 759.4g
Weight of Pycnometer + ceramic sand + water (W
3
) = 1291g
Weight of Pycnometer + water (W
4
) = 1115g

Specific gravity = (W
2
-W
1
) / ((W
2
-W
1
) (W
3
-W
4
))
=
(759.4459.4)
(759.4459.4)(12911115)

= 2.42



Table 9 Properties of Ceramic Fines
Si No Particulars Values

5.5. WATER
Potable water is generally considered as being acceptable. Hence water available in the
college water supply system was used for casting as well as curing of the test
specimen.



CHAPTER 6
MIX DESIGN
The Mix Design is worked out based on IS 10262:2009
6.1 STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING
a) Grade Designation : M 30
b) Type of Cement : OPC 53 Grade Confirming
`dddto IS 12269- 1987
c) Maximum Nominal Size of Aggregate : 20 mm
d) Minimum Cement Content : 320 Kg/m
3

e) Maximum Water-Cement Ratio : 0.45
f) Workability : 100 mm (Slump)
g) Exposure Condition : Severe
h) Method of Concrete Placing : Manual
i) Degree of Supervision : Good
j) Type of Aggregate : Crushed Angular
Aggregates
k) Maximum Cement Content : 450 Kg/m
3

6.2 TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS
a) Cement Used : OPC 53 Grade
b) Specific Gravity of Cement : 3.10



c) Specific Gravity of
1) Coarse Aggregate : 2.78
2) Fine Aggregate : 2.7
d) Water Absorption
1) Coarse Aggregate : 0.5 %
2) Fine Aggregate : 1.0 %
e) Sieve Analysis
1) Coarse Aggregate : Confirming to Table 2
of IS 383
2) Fine Aggregate : Confirming to Table 4
of IS 383
6.3 TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING
F
CK
= f
ck
+ 1.65 S = 30 + 1.65 x 5
= 38.25 N/mm
2

6.4 SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO
From Table 5 of IS 456
Maximum Water-Cement ratio = 0.45
Adopt Water-Cement ratio = 0.44
6.5 SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT
From Table 2 of IS 10262:2009
Maximum Water content for 20mm Aggregate = 186 liter


Estimated Water content for 100mm Slump = 186 + 186 x
6
100

= 197 liter
6.6 CACULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
Water-Cement ratio = 0.44
Cement Content =
197
0.44

= 447.7 Kg/m
3

6.7 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT
Volume of Coarse Aggregate = 0.62 + 0.012
= 0.632
Volume of Fine Aggregate = 1 - 0.632
= 0.368
6.8 MIX CALCULATIONS FOR UNIT VOLUME OF CONCRETE
a) Volume of Concrete = 1 m
3

b) Volume of Cement =
448
3.1
x
1
1000

= 0.144 m
3

c) Volume of Water =
197
1
x
1
1000

= 0.197 m
3

d) Volume of all in Aggregate = 1 (0.144 + 0.197)
= 0.659 m
3



e) Mass of Coarse Aggregate = 0.659 x 0.632 x 2.78 x1000
= 1157.84 kg

f) Mass of Fine Aggregate = 0.659 x 0.368 x 2.7 x 1000
= 654.78 kg

6.9 MIX PROPORTIONS FOR TRIAL NUMBER 1
Cement = 448 kg/m
3

Water = 197 kg/m
3

Fine Aggregate = 654.78 kg/m
3

Coarse Aggregate = 1157.84 kg/m
3

Water-Cement ratio = 0.44
Different trial mixes were prepared by slightly changing the Water-Cement ratio and
the workability properties are checked. The final proportion of the M30 mix was taken
as 1:1.46:2.58. Seven mixes were prepared for the test purpose. First mix was prepared
by mixing calculated amount of Cement, Fine Aggregate, Coarse Aggregate and Water
as per mix proportion. The other mixes were prepared by replacing fine aggregate with
ceramic fines in different percentages. Table 6.1 shows the quantities of Aggregates,
Cement and Water for 1 m
3
concrete.



Table 10 Materials For 1 m
3
Concrete
Mix
Designation
% of
sanitary
ceramic
waste
Cement
(kg)
Fine
Aggregate
(kg)
Coarse
Aggregate
(kg)
Sanitary
Ceramic
Waste
(kg)
Water
(kg)
Mix 1 0 448 654.78 1157.84 0 197
Mix 2 10 448 589.302 1157.84 65.478 197
Mix 3 20 448 523.824 1157.84 130.956 197
Mix 4 30 448 458.346 1157.84 196.434 197
Mix 5 40 448 392.868 1157.84 261.912 197
Mix 6 50 448 261.912 1157.84 392.868 197
Mix 7 100 448 0 1157.84 654.78 197



CHAPTER 7
TESTS ON CONCRETE
7.1 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE
7.1.1 Workability
Fresh concrete or plastic concrete is freshly mixed material, which can be moulded
into any shape. The relative quantities of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and
water mixed together, control the concrete properties in the fresh state. Workability is
defined as the ease with which concrete can be compacted. It is the property of
concrete which determines the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce
full compaction. The workability of various mixes was assessed by determining the
slump value and compacting factor according to IS 1199:1959 specification.
7.1.2 Slump test
It is one of the most commonly used methods of measuring consistency of concrete.
The mould is placed on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface. The
mould is then filled in four layers. Each layer is tamped 25 times using tamping rod.
The concrete at the top of the mould is leveled using a trowel. The mould is removed
from the concrete immediately by raising it in the vertical direction. This allows the
concrete to subside. This subsidence is referred as the SLUMP of concrete. The
difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of the
subsided concrete is measured. This difference in height in mm is taken as Slump of
Concrete.
7.1.3 Compacting factor test
It is more precise and sensitive than the slump test and is particularly useful for
concrete mixes of very low workability. The test works on the principle of determining
the degree of compaction achieved by a standard amount of work done by allowing the
concrete to fall through a standard height. The degree of compaction, called the
Compacting Factor is measured by the ratio of the density actually achieved in the test
to density of same concrete fully compacted.


Fig 7.2 Compacting Factor Testing Apparatus
IS 1199:1959 gives following specifications for the Slump test and Compaction factor
test.
Table 11 IS Specifications for Slump and Compaction Factor Test
Type of Workability Slump Value(mm) Compaction Factor
Extremely Dry - -
Very Stiff - 0.70
Stiff 0 25 0.75
Stiff Plastic 25 50 0.85
Plastic 50 75 0.90
Flowing 75 - 150 0.95


7.2 CASTING AND CURING OF SPECIMENS
Standard moulds were used for casting, 150mm cube specimen, 150 mm diameter and
300mm height cylinders and 50 x 10 x 10cm sized beam specimens for the
determination of compressive strength, Split tensile strength and flexural strength
respectively. Specimens were de moulded after 24 hours of casting and were kept in a
curing tank for water curing. The specimens to be tested were taken from the curing
tank on 3
rd
, 7
th
, 14
th
and 28
th
days of curing. The details of number of specimens
prepared for different tests on hardened concrete are given in Table 12.

Table 12 Details of Number of Specimens for Tests on Hardened Concrete
Si No Specimen Size (mm) Numbers
1 Cube 150 x 150 x 150 70
2 Cylinder 150 x 300 84
3 Rectangular Beams 100 x 100 x 500 28

Fig 7.3 Casted specimen


7.3 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
Testing of hardened concrete is important for controlling the quality of concrete. The
main purpose of testing hardened concrete is to conform that the concrete has
developed required strength.
7.3.1 Compressive Strength Test
In most of the structural applications, concrete is used primarily to resist Compressive
stresses. So Compressive Strength is used to denote the overall quality of concrete.
Compression test on cube is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete
because it is an easy test to perform and most of the desirable properties of concrete
are comparatively related to its compressive strength. The compression test was
carried out on a cubical specimen of size 150mm in a compression testing machine of
capacity 2000 kN at a loading rate of 14 N/mm
2
per minute. The compressive strength
is calculated based on the maximum load taken by the specimen in N/mm
2
.

Fig 7.4 Compression test



7.3.2 Modulus of Elasticity Test
Modulus of Elasticity is the ratio of Stress to Elastic Strain of concrete. It is also a
measure of resistance of material to deformation. It was determined by subjecting
cylinder specimen having 150mm diameter and 300 mm height to uniaxial
compression. Cylinder specimen is fitted with the compressometer for measuring
deformation under the compression applied. The gauge length of the compressometer
was 20cm. Dial Gauge of compressometer gives the deformation under each increment
of loading. The strain is obtained by the ratio of dial gauge reading and gauge length.
Also stress is determined by the ratio of load applied and the area of cross section. A
series of readings were taken and the stress-strain graphs were plotted for various
mixes. From the graph Modulus of Elasticity of concrete was determined.

Fig 7.5 Modulus of Elasticity Test
7.3.3 Flexure Tensile Strength Test
Flexure strength test is a test to determine the modulus of rupture of concrete. The
specimen was taken from the curing tank and the surfaces were cleaned. The centre


supports and one-third distance from either the supports were marked. The specimen
was placed in the flexure testing machine and the load was applied at the rate of 1.8
kN/min without shock. The breaking load was noted and flexure strength was
calculated.

Fig 7.6 flexural test
7.3.4 Split Tensile Strength Test
Concrete is not usually expected to resist direct tensile force because of its low tensile
strength and brittle nature. But tension is of important with regard to cracking which is
a tensile failure. The split tensile strength test is a well known indirect test used for
determining the tensile strength of concrete. Tests were carried out on concrete
cylinders. In the test concrete cylinder was placed with its axis horizontal, between the
loading surface of a compression testing machine and the load was applied until the


failure occurred due to a splitting in the plane, containing the vertical diameter of the
specimen. In order to reduce the magnitude of high compression stress near the points
of application of the load, narrow packing strips of plywood were placed between the
specimen and loading platens of the testing machine. The split tensile strength of
concrete was determined for various mixes.

Fig 7.7 split tensile test



CHAPTER 8
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
8.1 GENERAL
The results of the experimental investigation carried out based on the tests mentioned
in the previous section are analyzed in this chapter. The test results cover the effect of
replacement of coarse aggregate with sanitary ceramic waste in concrete construction
with respect to mechanical properties and durability.
Each test result plotted in the figures or given in the tables is the mean value of results
obtained from three specimens.
8. 2 WORKABILITY
The workability of various mixes were assessed by determining the compacting factor
and slump value as per the IS 1199:1959 specification. Following tables shows the
values of compacting factor and slump value for various mixes of concrete.

Table 13 slump value of different mixes
MIX SLUMP VALUE
Mix 1 30
Mix 2 35
Mix 3 49
Mix 4 42
Mix 5 36
Mix 6 34



Table 14 Compacting factor for different mixes
MIX COMPACTING FACTOR
Mix 1 0.79
Mix 2 0.81
Mix 3 0.83
Mix 4 0.81
Mix 5 0.79
Mix 6 0.78

Fig 8.1 Variation of slump value with increased percentage of sanitary ceramic waste
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S
l
u
m
p

v
a
l
u
e

(
m
m
)
Mix


Fig 8.2 Variation of compacting factor with increased percentage of sanitary ceramic
waste

Fig 8.1and 8.2 shows the variation of slump and compaction factor for various mixes
respectively. From the graph of slump value, it is understood that the replacement of
fine aggregate with sanitary ceramic waste has not much effect on workability of
concrete. However it is found that as percentage of sanitary waste increases up to 20%,
there is a slight increase in the workability and then the workability decreases and
remains the same. However considering the compaction factor results, it was observed
all the concrete mixes were found to be in the plastic range. These results indicate that
introduction of sanitary ceramic waste in the form of fine aggregate in the concrete
mix increase the flow or collapse of slump.
8. 3 STRENGTH STUDY OF CONCRETE

8. 3.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete
Cubes size of 150mm and cylinders size of 150mmx300mm were tested for
compressive strength after 3
rd
, 7th and 28
th
days water curing. The results of
compressive strength are shown in the table 8.3. Cube compressive strength for
various mixes of concrete are plotted against percentage replacement of fine aggregate
with sanitary ceramic waste in fig 8.3.
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C
o
m
p
a
c
t
i
n
g

f
a
c
t
o
r
Mix


Table 15 3
rd
, 7
th
, 28
th
day compressive strength of cube for various mixes with
increased percentage of ceramic

Fig 8.3 3
rd
, 7
th
and 28
th
day compressive strength of cube for various mixes with
increased percentage of ceramic waste

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 3 Mix 4 Mix 5 Mix 6
c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)
MIX
3 day
28day
7 day
MIX
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm
2
)
3 day
7 day 28day
Mix 1 6.75 13.90 26.37
Mix 2 9.90 18.81 40.22
Mix 3 13.50 28.52 42.52
Mix 4 11.50 27.20 38.07
Mix 5 7.80 24.59 36.00
Mix 6 6.25 24.00 25.33


From figures it is clear that up to 20% addition of sanitary ceramic waste, the
compressive strength goes on increasing and then goes on decreasing for 30%, 40%
and 50% replacement respectively.
8.3.2 Flexural Strength
The rectangular specimens of ordinary concrete and sanitary ceramic waste concrete
were tested for flexural strength and the results are obtained as in the table 8.4. The
variation of flexural strength with the percentage of sanitary ceramic waste is shown in
the figure 8.4.From the figures it is clear that up to 20% replacement flexural strength
of concrete increases and then decreases for 30%, 40% and 50% replacement.

Table 16 variation of modulus of rupture (after 7 and 28 days) with
increased percentage of ceramic content
MIX
Modulus of rupture(N/mm
2
)
7 day 28 day
Mix 1 4800 5580
Mix 2 5199 6200
Mix 3 5999 6600
Mix 4 5760 6000
Mix 5 5400 5600
Mix 6 5000 5200



Fig 8.4 variation of modulus of rupture ( after 7 days and 28 days) with

8. 3.3 Split Tensile Strength
The cylindrical specimens of ordinary concrete and sanitary ceramic waste concrete
were tested for split tensile strength and the results obtained are shown in table 8.5.
The graph showing the variation of split tensile strength with percentage of sanitary
ceramic waste is shown in figure 8.5. It is seen that up to 20% replacement with
sanitary ceramic waste, split tensile strength of concrete specimen increases and from
30% onwards split tensile strength goes on decreasing. Maximum split tensile strength
is obtained for 20% replacement.

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
M
o
d
u
l
u
s

o
f

r
u
p
t
u
r
e

(
N
/
m
m
2
)
Mix
Modulus of rupture(N/mm
2
)
7 day
28
day


Table 17 Variation of split tensile strength (after 7 and 28 days) with

Figure 8.5 variation of split tensile strength (after 7 days and 28 days) with
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S
p
l
i
t

t
e
n
s
i
l
e

s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
N
/
m
m
2
)
Mix
Split tensile strength (N/mm
2
)
7 days
28 days
MIX
Split tensile strength (N/mm
2
)
7 days 28 days
Mix 1 2.33 3.25
Mix 2 2.38 3.75
Mix 3 2.41 3.82
Mix 4 2.33 3.68
Mix 5 2.26 3.25
Mix 6 2.19 2.97


8.3.4 Modulus of Elasticity
The cylindrical specimens of ordinary concrete and sanitary ceramic waste concrete
were tested modulus of elasticity and the results obtained are shown in table 8.6.The
graph showing the variation of modulus of elasticity with percentage of sanitary
ceramic waste is shown in figure 8.6. It is seen that up to 20% replacement with
sanitary ceramic waste, modulus of elasticity of concrete specimen increases and from
30% onwards modulus of elasticity goes on decreasing. Maximum modulus of
elasticity is obtained for 20% replacement.

Table 18 Variation of modulus of elasticity (after 7 days and 28 days) with
MIX
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (N/mm)
7 days 28 days
Mix 1 36.21 46.66
Mix 2 44.44 48.57
Mix 3 50.00 58.82
Mix 4 37.50 40.00
Mix 5 28.85 35.00
Mix 6 25.75 28.57



Figure 8.6 variation of modulus of elasticity (after 7 and 28 days) with increased
percentage of ceramic content

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
m
o
d
u
l
u
s

o
f

e
l
a
s
t
i
c
i
t
y

(
N
/
m
m
)

Mix
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (N/mm)
7 days
28 days


CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The main objective of the present investigation was to study the behavior of concrete
when sanitary ceramic waste in incorporated in one mix of concrete. From the present
investigation various mixes of concrete with different percentage replacement of
sanitary ceramic fines waste were prepared. The fresh and hardened stage properties of
these mixes were also studied and the results were compared with that of the ordinary
concrete.
The conclusions from the present investigation based on the limited observation made
during the study period are presented in the following session
From the present experimental investigation, the following conclusions are
1. Replacement of fine aggregate with sanitary ceramic fine waste increases the
workability up to 20% replacement of fine aggregate with sanitary ceramic waste
fines.
2. Compressive strength of concrete mix was maximum for 20% replacement and
there goes on decreasing further.
3. Flexural strength of concrete mixes was maximum for 20% replacement and there
goes on decreasing.
4. Split tensile strength of concrete mixes was maximum for 20% replacement and
there goes on decreasing.
5. Modulus of elasticity of concrete mixes was maximum for 20% replacement and
there goes on decreasing.



CHAPTER 10
FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
From review of literature and study of material which will be used in the specimen are
evaluated under mentioned in the following steps.

Conventional Concrete and Partially replacement of Ceramic sand are selected
for phase I project from complete study of literature collection.

Arriving of mix design proportion of M
30
grade concrete. Finally mix
proportions are prepared for concrete.

Mix proportion of mix design of M
30
grade of concrete is evaluated

The materials such as cement,Fine aggregate,Coarse aggregates are studied.

Compressive strength of design mix of M
30
grade of concrete is obtained by
average value from taking observation of three samples of cube 150mm size

Split tensile strength of design mix of M
30
grade of concrete is obtained by
compression testing machine.

The property of materials such as compressive strength,Split tensile tests of
concrete are determined also compared with standard IS code recommendation
provisions.

Conventional concrete and Partially replacement of Ceramic Sand will be
studied through analytical and experimental in future project



REFERENCES

1. Andres Juan et.al (2006) Reuse of ceramic waste in construction, Ceramic
material (Page 204 214)
2. Arun Kumar R (2010) Strength and Durability studies of Metakaolin
incorporated high volume fly ash concrete. Thesis report, TKM college of
Engineering, Kollam
3. Nagabhushana and h. SharadabaiUse of crushed rock powder as replacement
of fine aggregate in concrete Aug 2011
4. Swamy RN., Cement replacement material concrete technology and
design. Survey, vol.3.London: University Press; 1986.
5. Shetty M.S., Concrete Technology Theory and Practice S.Chand &
Company Ltd Publisher,2009.
6. Gambhir.M.L, Concrete Technology Theory and Practice Tata McGraw hill
Education Publisher,2012.
7. Binici H (2007) Effect of crushed ceramic and basaltic pumice as fine
aggregate on concrete mortar properties, Construction and building materials,
Vol 121 issue 6 (Page 1191 1197)
8. Cesar Medina and MI Sanchez (2011) Using ceramic materials in ecoefficient
concrete products and precast concrete products, Advances in Ceramics
Electric and Magnetic ceramics, Bio ceramics, Ceramics and Environment
(Page 533 550)
9. IS 456 2000 Indian code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
(fourth version).
10. IS 8112 1989, Specification for the ordinary Portland cement, IS Standard,
New Delhi.
11. IS 383 1970, Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural
sources in concrete, BIS Standards, New Delhi.
12. IS 2770 1967 Part 1, Test method for bond strength test, BIS Standards,
New Delhi.
13. BS 1881: Part 1: 1983, Method for determination of compressive strength of
concrete cubes, Testing Concrete, British Standards Institution, London, 1983.

III Part

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

III Part

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

An Experimental Study On The Properties Of Concrete By Partially Replacing Sand Using Ceramic Fines

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Y.C.E.T, Kollam 2014 1

You might also like